IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


// 


^/ 


^J' 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


12.8 


U,  1^ 


^     13.6       "■■ 
■it 

u 


11°    12.0 


I- 
i 


V 


f 


yl 


/ 


'^.*'*' 

> 


7 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  f  72-4503 


^v 


k 


\ 


V 


•s^ 


\\ 


0^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographicaliy  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usMai  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ini(  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


The 
tot 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


•J 


0 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


Tha 
pos 
oft 
fiinn 


Ori( 
beg 
the 
sior 
oth( 
fir9i 
sior 
or  il 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


The 

shal 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diffi 
enti 
beg 
righ 
reqt 
met 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fa9on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


tails 
idu 
odifier 
une 
mage 


Th«  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Gienbow- Alberta  Institute 
Calgary 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  fiimi  fut  reproduit  grdca  d  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Glenbow-Albeita  Institute 
Calgary 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet*  de  l'exemplaire  fiimA.  et  en 
conformity  avt. :  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
fir9t  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenqant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derni^re  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  dtre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  film^  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imeges  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


rrata 
o 


lelure. 
Id 


J 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

m 


%  "^ 


\  .\  ^ 


\  *■  '.^ 


k 


%\ 


N 


\'*- 


%  • 


■1i 

I 


X\ 


Till-: 


AXTELOPE  AXD   r)i-:i-:i! 


OF 


AMEJiK.'A, 


« 


ft"; 

,•1 


Li 


iK-   )>V 


"i^"-^^  ":<. 


^^■■■■■:.:m.^^\..^-:%. 


.;vAr,.-- 


<m'-- 


''/  d^'CL 


Till: 


\.\TivLori<:  AXD  J)IvI<:k 


.\.Mi:i!l('A. 


A  m.m|.|;i:iii;nsivi:    .(  ii;.\Tiric  ti;i;.\tisi;   i  |'..\    im,  naiii;.\i, 

lil-^lMUV,  IN(  I.I  l»IN(;    llli;  (  II.\|;A(  TKIMsTlcs,  lIAKlT.s, 
AlllMI  11>,    AM)   (  AI'Ai  irv    I-ni;    Do.MKS- 

TKAriuN  (I I'   Tin; 


AMIMK'Al'IIA  AM)  CKIIVID.i;  OF  MUMH  AMKIMi'A. 


nv 


JOIIX    DK.AX   CAToX,   M..  I>. 


NKW    YORK: 

JTHMSIIKI)    15V    Iiritl)    AND    noifJIIToX. 

r.OSTON:  Il.o.  IlorcillToN  AM)  (OMl'AXV. 

1«77. 


Co|iyri;;iit,  ISTT, 
llv  Joll.N   KEAN  CATm.N. 


/7A 


1 


111  V  E  R  s  I  D  E  ,   C  A  M  U  R  I  D  C  r.  : 
PRIXTIID   UV   U.  0.   UOLCUTl...\   AND  COJIPAXy. 


* 


riMirACR. 


'■'l"-    ".It, in, I     l.i.tniy    .,f    thnsr     M,lil„;il..     tl„.     ,M„->nll     ,,1'     vvlil,.|, 

1m>;iI\v;iv.  l.rr,,  will,  i,„.  :,  fav,,,-!!,  icrivat  i,,|i.  I.as  .„r, ,,,;..,!  „,v 
I.'iMiiv  |n,-n,an\  ,v-ais.  I|..  ul  ..,„M  ,,„j,,,.  ,|,„  ,„||  ,„„,,^,„,,  ,;,- 
li'M  >l-rt>  iniiM  l,a\r  a  -on,!  kn.n;  ir.l-,.  ,,f  il,,.  nahnMl  |,lsi,„.v  n|' 
tlic  nl.j.Mts  nf  Ilis  imrsiiit.an.l  t!i,.  i,,.,,-..  ,.,„.,,.',  h-  thai  kii  ul,.,|^v 
tli<-  III. .IV  .•(iiiijil,.;..  uill  h,.  ;    ;  i.||JM\iiirn». 

'■"'"'   '"■'">•>,,,,•..    I    liavr   k..].!    i,,    ,|,„i,...ti.ali,,M    til,.    Aiii.n.Mi, 

'^ I"!"'^""!   ^'11  "f  til.'    AiiHinan   .|,...r,.r   u|,i,.|,   |  t  ,vai ,  ,.x,...j„ 

'Ih-  M.,.,>..  aii.l  til,,  two  .s|H.,.;,.s  ..K'.vil,,.,,  ..)•  .\ni,,i,.ai,  l(,.ii,.|,.,,.. 
'Il'is  l,as  niv..ii  Ml,.  ..,,,„,it,n,iii,.s  f,,,'  inalv:.,;-  .,l,s..r\  at  i,  ,i,s  ,,f 
'I'-iii.  Nvl'i.-li  I  n.iiM  M,.l  ni.ik,.  in  tl.,.irwi|.l  st-it,.,  aii.la  liaMt  „|' 
i""ii:t:iiiy,.l..>,.rv:,ti„MS   lias   i„v,i,iii,lat,..|   a  vu>t  aii.Min,  ,,r   ia,,s 

" '"''— -imt..  .•o,Mi„.,,.„t  to  j,„!....l,.,.,M,.,lof  ..i,.,,,!!!,.  val,,,., 

'""'  ^"  "•'••^  ^   ''"'" l^"  attempt;  V,  ju.t  tl„.in   i,,   a   i\,nn    \vl,i,|,' 

^^""''l"'"l<-  tliuu  availal.l..  l„  ,,tli,.rs.  Tliis  I  un.|,.rt.,.  !<  m.iii,. 
yais  .ill.....  l„it  s.HMi  .lis,.,,v..r(',l  (hat  I  sli,.i,|,I  i„.v..|-  ...„„|,1,.,..  ,i„. 
wuik  t,.  my  ,nvM  satislactH.n,  f,.r  n,.\\  ..I.M.rvati,.iis  ...iiMaiiilv  ,1.- 
"'■""l"'l  a.l.liti.His  .;!•  chaMuvs  in  what  I  ha.l  th,„,-lit  linish,.,|. 
=""1  >"  inii^ht  I  r.Miti.m.-  (ny  yars  I.,  ,.,,„„■.  fhav,.,  h.,w- 
<'vr.  taken  tlu;  a.Ivi.'e  of  a  s.^iriitili..  tVicn.!  i,,  n,,  l-.u-,.,-  .h-lay 
'"  ^''"  '•^'"  '"1"'  "f  attaining-  .•,.,n,.I,.f.,.n,.ss,  ,.,.ns,l,H,s  that 
'"""•I'   iVMiains  to  In,  .lis..,,v..nMl  ,vlatin-  to    tin.  .,l,j,.,.ts    ,.f    my 

Mu.ly,  an.j   that  many  of  my  coiU'hiHions  may  rn|.,in..  m,,.!iii,.a. 
ti,iiis. 

I  Miak..  n,.  attfm])t  b.  oxliaust  tho  natural  hist,.rv  of  ..vn  th.- 
tV\v  animals  of  which  I  tivat,  l,„t  content  mvs,.lf\vitli  a  m..,v 
'"onograph  of  them,  leaving  their  osteoh.gy  ami  anat.Muv  ali.mst 


X 


niEFA  CK. 


ciilircly  for  otln-r  mid  iiiDro  coiiipctciit  liimds,  inviidiiig  tlicir 
iiroviiii'c  (iiilv  so  far  as  was  iircfssarv  to  Liivc  cointilctciK'ss  to  tlie 
'.'\tfi  iials  of  tin.'  animals  sliulicd.  In  a  ntiliiarian  \  icw  tlif  luancli 
wliicli  I  have  examined  may  \w.  of  the  most  interest,  luit  for 
strictly  scieiitiru;  I'eseareli  tlie  others  are  not  less  important,  for 
all  must  he  exhausted  before  tlie  natural  liistoi-y  of  an  animal  is 
undei'stood. 

If  I  have  been  nuire  minute  in  descril)inn'  th(>  eharaeteiMstics  of 
my  animals  than  those  who  have  i;one  l)efore  me,  it  is  hecause  it 
has  lieen  possible  for  nie  to  do  so,  by  limiting  mv  iiKjniries  to  a 
few  species,  while  others  have,  iwnbraeed  in  their  invi'stin'ations 
the  whole  oi-  a  hirL,^e  portion  of  the  animal  kinj^dom.  and  eoidd 
give  to  carh  species  but  a  very  limited  space,  and  so  must  con- 
fine thems(flves  to  a  few  facts  deemed  the  most  important,  neces- 
sarily omitting  others,  which  when  properly  understoi.id  may 
]>i'ove  of  the  greatest  scientitic  value.  Without  facts  we  can 
have  no  scieutilic  knowledge,  and  the  moi'c  lacts  we  have  the  bet- 
ter an;  we  (pialilied  to  form  correct  conclusions.  My  aim  has 
been  to  carefully  observe  facts  and  to  accurately  stati'  them,  and 
so  truly  exhibit  nature  and  her  workings.  If  I  have  stated 
many  facts  wliicji  others  liavo  not  observed  or  deemed  \\  M'thy 
of  note,  I  have  onutted   many  observations  for  fear  of  prolixity. 

It  is  not  to  be  ilenit'il  that  zoology,  esiiecially  wlien  treating 
of  the  larger  aniiiuils,  num  alone  excepted,  luis  been  the  sid)ject 
of  less  careful  study  than  many  if  not  most  of  tlu'  other  natural 
scii'uces.  From  the  great  extent  of  the  field  it  is  im[)ossiblo  for 
any  one  man  to  originally  ex[)lore  tlie  whole,  or  any  considerablo 
part  of  it,  except  in  the  most  ge'noral  way,  and  so  it  has  boon 
impossible  for  any  of  our  groat  naturalists  to  descend  to  that 
minutoness  in  their  investigations  which  characterizes  the  students 
of  some  otlier  branches  of  scicnoo.  Let  us  admire  the  painstaking 
archa'cjlouist  who  overlooks  nf)thing  wlrch  can  throw  a  rav  of 
light  upon  tlu^  subject  of  his  inquiry.  A  chip  from  a  flint  im- 
plement ;  an  impress  upon  a  [)iece  of  pottery  ;  a  hole  in  a  pebble; 
a  scratch  on  a  fragment  of  bone,  —  all  ar(>  noticetl.  recorded,  pon- 
dered, and  compared  with  others  brought  perha[)s  from  a  distant 
part  of  tlio  world,  ui.til  tluit  which  was  dark  and  unmoaning 


Pin:  FA  CE. 

XI 

^-1  I.|-v..nu„.,.U,.  s„..|,.,.t  ,„,,,„ ,„„,„,.,,,„„„, 

"I"!''  "Ill-"  nil"  l.av,.  i,„t  thus  I,,, I  tl„,„s,.iv,.,   „„  , 

'"'■"■;■■'"■>■' "-"'s  f.-i  will,  u.i,  ,,„.,,  „,■„.,,..,,  „,,,, 

""''-'"-"■-"■•l.i— >v™li„tl,is,„.vl „,.„.,.    i\ 

irihirc  f..ll  •   »  I,        ,               1-        ■  '.-^"'"-,'  »   111   \\  liicl 

"■'I-    Ml,    l„.sr,„.y„l    wl,:,t  ,„„.,.  „.,.s  tl„.  ,to„,,,,  «l„.  I,,.. 

-.c,,.,.,„.,iM,..  ,,,.„„,  ..i,.™„.,ii„„„.i; .,,i.,,  ,■„;,„:    ' 

"";'"f  "^' "S  ""■  "I'l'-t  of  ,1„,  ,nh„,,l    sd..,„.„,'  ii  i . 

-"""S  tl,.  I,.>„.st  i„  its  sta,„l,„,|  „f  r„||,„.ss ,.       "T 

com...t   ,,„K.|„si„„s.     J„    „,is    „.,„.,'"'""■     ■'■"■■   '" 

'-  oi'j-i».  I  i,»v„  ,i,„„„i,t  it  ,„,,,„,,„  ^„  „^^  I,,.;  „„,■■; '"  •' 

"■'";r '","-- '^''i- "f  f"''-.  i."W..« u.t ,  ;  ,r :: : 

111'  "liu'i-  .la,si„us  of  tlu,  »„l,i,.,.t  ,„„!  I,  .,,  ,1,  ■ 

:: - T'' -•-'■■'■■'' '"'''-'-"v^::.::;:";-;;; 

l»o  so  wnjiiH' it    „  ,l,.f.,;|  <-i,.,f  fi  1-  ■>ini|.(i  will 

-' -'•"■■ ^-^^^ti::z  z-rTT'-^-'- 
'-y  f'-'-^'^^'^  ^ "'-• '-iiii><i-iion/.;.  t  ;::::,' 

»"'<ll™»  "I  III"  I stim,  ,vl„.tl,o,-  tl„.v  „-,.,■  ■ 

-.ii't.     ill  11,0  f„il  /I,,,,,,.,  ,.,■,'■  "'■""'","""'  '•''""■'•^ 


J 


T 


xu 


PREFA  CE. 


only  siiy  that  mine  are  as  neai-  to  nature  as  I  could  rejircsent 
tlieni,  witlinut  any  attempt  to  improve  upon  what  nature  has 
actually  done,  for  so  I  thought  I  could  be  most  truthful  and  most 
instructive. 

1  must  here  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  many  friends  for 
encouragement  and  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  this  work, 
some  of  whose  names  will  be  found  in  the  text. 

Ottawa,  III.,  Murc/i,  Is::. 


represent 
iiture  liiis 
and  most 


CONTEXTS. 


I 


THE   ANTELOPE   OK   AMEIIICA 
THE    DEKII   OF  AMEKICA 

Ckuvis  Ai.ces  .        .        .         . 

C'i;i{vr;s  Canai)i:xsis     . 

C'i;uvi;.s  Takandus  . 

C"i;itvis  JIacuotis 

Ceuvis  Cor.c.MiiiAMs 

ClinvfS    ^'II!l;  IMAXL'S    . 

Hang  I  IKK  Gkokxlandicis 
Ckuvis  Acai-llcensis 

comi'auisons 

Groui'ings 

llAitiT  AND  Domestication- 

IIvimiDiTv  OK  THE  Cehvid.t; 

Aliment 

CoXGEXKIiS      .... 

Diseases  of  the  Deek 

The  Chase 

Vexisox    .        .        .         _ 
The  Skixs    .        .        .         , 
Appendix 
Index    . 


.    i: 

cr, 
.    n;( 

.     81) 

.    !»: 

100 
.   105 

II.! 
.  117 

2()9 
.   27(i 

;ii{i 
.  ;ii8 

.  .'341 
.'!44 
40.) 
410 
41.5 
4-.' I 


ILLUSTRATIOX.^- 


>r   Axri;i.i)ri:,   siion  im;    ns 


Aiir  r  T  yixu:  Amkuh'i. 

Km  An  ri.i.on; 

Ma.;mi  ii:i,  Se.  tiox   or    Iluiiv 

M.\..i:  .Mm,,se 

Femali:  Moosi:  .... 

Male  AVapiti  Deer     ... 

Fe.maee  Waimti   Deku 

Fawn  de  Waiiti   Deer 

Male  Woodeanu  Cai<ii!ol- 

Female  AVoode.vxj,  Cakihoc 

''^"■^'  "P  \V(.(.i,LAND  Cauidol- 
3[ale  Mule  Deer 

.A[aLE    BLACK-TAILEn    DeER        ... 

Mxi.K  Co.MMov  Deer 

Male  BAUREN-.GRorNDC'ARiiiou 

Female  BARiiEN-cRoi  xd  ('ARtKou 

AxiLEliS    OF   .AIoo.E    IROM    IlALUVX    .Mr<HM 

Antle.s  with  DOL..LE  Palms  oe  ScAxn.xAV.Ax  K,  k 

Antleu  of  Sweoi.sii  Klk 

Antlers  of  Wooulan,.  CAK.nou  '{u.o  ",>air.s) 

Anit.ers  of  Female  n-oo»LAND  Car.bol- 

AxTLERs  OF  Male  Wooi.land  CVr.rol-  (,wo  pal..)    ' 

Antlers  of  Female  wild  Lapland  IJe.n,,,  fr 

Antlers  of  Male  wh.d  Lafland  Ue.ndefr 

AxxLERS  Axn  Skelx.  of  Male  ^VooDLANO  Carh.,;  (a.ie.-  I. 

lli^ADS  AND  Antlers  of  Harren-grofxd  ciniRou  (after  Ki. 
Cuoux  AxTLERs  FROM  Wapiti  J)eer   . 

COMMOX    AXTLERS    OF    WapITI  DeeR    .  .  "  '  ' 

Dag  Aktleus  of  Wapiti  Deer    . 

Crowx  AxTLERs  OF  Red  Deerof  Eirope"        "        "        " 
AxTLERs  OF  Wapiti,  siiow.xo  iufid  Brow-tine    "        "         " 

ilMPLET    AxTLERS    FRO.M    Hed    DeeR    OF    KlRope  '  ' 

Head  AND  Antlers  OF  Hayden's  El  ic 

ABNORMAL  Form  OF  Antler  FROM    Blackmailed  Deer  "    . 


Mom: 


ail! 


lart 


■',  three 
son)   . 


P:iiro 
■Jt) 

■Ji> 


70 
70 
7!t 
70 

88 

U-2 

•jr, 

101 

104 
104 

1  ',!.•! 
I  '.!.-> 

i;i!t 

I'OI 

■2i>2 

-'02 
L'O.f 
I'O.'J 


.    -'Illi 
L'or 

.      210 
-Mo 

.    I'll 

L'U 

-'  I  :> 
iiir, 

iM7 
■22\ 


XVl 


J/JA'STHATJOXS. 


II  A 


lATAIt-iVI.     (il.AM) 


NoKMAi,  I'ldiM  oi    As  rr.Kiis  or  I5r.A('K-rAii  i:i>  l)i;i:ii     . 
^>'|>l;.^rAr.   I"i)i;m  or  Amlmis  o|-   IJi.ai  ktaii.i;ii   I)i.i;i!  av 

i:  vsi.ii    Vi  Ni; 

NditMAi.  loitM  oi-  Anti.i:!!-*  of  Ml  i.i;  l)E;i;ii  wnu  AiiNouMAr,  Tivi 

Am  i,i;i!s  or   A<'    i-i-i.co   l)i;i:ii 

ANri.i,i{-i  or  Common-   l)r,i:it  {-2  jiairs) 

l)i:i  (iiiMi.i)  Ami,i;i!s  or  Coai.mon    1)i;i:i[ 

Tails  or  ail  tiii;  Dkkk  (10  Hi,MirL's) 

IliM.  I.Lc.s  oi-  riii:  DioKi!  wiTK   l!Lri;iu;\ci;  to  tiii;   .Ml 

(7  li-iircs) 

TaISSAI.    (il.AM)    OI'    MoOSL  ...... 

TaI!SA|,    (Il.AM)    OI'     ^\'OOI)I.AM)    C'aUIIJOIJ       .... 

'I'aksal  (ii.vM)  OF  Mali:  M'ild  Hi;iNr>i;i;i!  oi'  Xokw.w 
'I'ahsm.  Ci.AM)  OI-  Fi:.MAi.i'   Wild  Ukim>i,i:ii  of  Nohwa 

^iLTATAIiSAI.    (;laM>    OF    ^Il'LL    DllU         .... 

Mi:tatai!<.\l  Gland  of  Iilack-tau  f;D  1)li:k 

!MLTATAIiSAL    (IlaM)    OF    CoM.MON    DkLII 

MLTATAIi-iAI.  (il.AM)  OF    C'lVI.ON    Di:LK  .  .  .  , 

SC.VNDIV  AVIAN    Kl.K 

Wild  ^Iai.l  Kiijoi'lan  Ui'.indllr 

"Wild   Flmai.l  I'^ikoi'Lan  J!i:im>li:i!     .... 
IvLD  Dllu  of  luitoi'i; 


.     221 


iNoUMAl.    DI- 


■2.>i 
i'.'U 


■lyi 

.     L'.53 

253 
.     258 

25S 
.     258 

258 
.     .'t2t 

.'i21i 

.    a.'jd 

333 


.      221 


)UM.M.    1)1- 


I  \  I : 


,VI.    (il.AM) 


221 
221 
22t 
224 

220 
2;!4 

2.")  (I 
2.')  2 
2:1.3 

■jy.i 

2."..'! 
2,J8 
2:18 
2.")  8 
2.J8 
.•!2t 
.32 '.I 

;!3;i 


THE  ANTELOPE   OF   AMEiUCA 


CLASSIFICATIOX. 


.W..,N0_to  ,1,..  an-ang.,n.nt  ,.f  Cuvi.r  th.,   Ki^luhOnl.. 


"f    .Maiiiiii;ili;i  is  iIk 


IM'MINANTIA 


iW    Tluy  ln.v.M.,  iM.isors  in  tlHM,,>,...r  jau-,  ami 
'^''cund.    Ilicyall  iv-inastica(.'  thrir  |u,„i 

Otlun-  p,.e„Iiariti..s,   nut    ohserv,.,!   in    ti ih.r  onlns  of  ,|„. 

— -'---fonnainapa.to^ti.J^nni^antia^^.^.^ 
^-3    .nay   l.   sopanttnl    into   divisions    or  classes  ;   to   ., 
-'-1'^  ...tun.l.sts  havo  al.vacly  given  appropnato  ami  conv      . 
n-c.s;lu,tasuostn.lytI..nanaiJ;..,nHle.sta„^^^ 

'■•'  --a,...  we  I.0I  constnUned  to  mako  changes  in  tl.s.  eh^^^^^ 
eat  ons  hy  enlargement,  din.inution,  oi-  transposition 
^^^^i  Ins.. K.  may,  with  p..p,.,,,,,,,.^,^^^ 

Jir.t.   Those  which  have  horns  or  their  e.p.ivulent,  antlers; 

;V-r.W    Those  wim.h  are  without  these  appendages. 

iiu!  luvst  of  these  may  be  represented  hv  the  nv    fl.         .  . 
t^.ogo.,tlu.sheepthell,,an!lthe:i^^:;:n;^^ 
|--s  the  camel,  the  Ihuna,  the  nu.slcs,  son.e  of  the  chevrl.li:::, 

ch.tif ''ti  ''f"  '^""'  "''^^  '""'"'  '"'  ^'^'^  constrained  to  further 
classify  the  l.rst  group  into  divisions,  as  follows :  - 

I'rrst.   Ihose  which  have  hollow  horns,  all  of  which  are  eni 
dermal  emanations  ;  and  ^ 


18 


■/■///•;  .wri.i.Di'i:  or  a.mi:i;i(.\. 


S,,-i,„,L  'I'Ikksc  wiiicli  liavc  s(.li(|  Ikiiiis.  or  inuiv  i.n.prrlv. 
iiiitlci's,   wlii.-li  arc  (isscuus   ill   tlicir  striicliin'  ami   art-    [n'ovidcd 

Witll   a    in/'Kisfi  II  t)l. 

Still  ur  liiid  siirli  important  (lilTrrcnccs  hiiidii^'  tliosc  wliidi 
••«'lii|M..s(!  cacli  nf  these  ili visions,  tliiiL  wr  :iiv  not  satisli.d  till  we 
t'lirtlwr  sulxlivi.!..  tlu-iii  into  cliisses  :  tlio  lirst  division  of  this 
J4'i"i)ii|i  into 

1.   'I'hosc  whifh  have  hollow  and  pc'sistciit  horns  ;  and 

'2.   Those   wliich   have   hollow  aiul   (kridiioiis   horns. 

All  thu  hollow  horned  rnniinaiits  le.ve  persistent  horns,  and  s(» 
ai-e  of  the  first  class;  except  the  American  antelope  {Aiidlor^i^ru 
Aiii,'rir,ni„)  which  has  :i  hollow  horn,  whicli  is  shed  and  repro- 
(inced  aiiiiiiallv,  and  so  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  second 
class.  Then,  an-ain,  those  which  have  solid  horns  or  antlers  als(. 
ruquini  ii  further  chissiiication  :  — 

1.  Those  which  liave  solid  and  deciduous  antlers,  which  em- 
braces all  tlu!  solid  horned  ruminants  except 

'2.  The  giraffe,  or  camelopard,  which  alone  has  a  persistent 
solid  horn. 

KKillTII   OUDKK. 


Si:<i>M>  (liidi  !•  nr 
riiK  I'.Kami  ( »ia)i:i;. 


I'lKsT  (liMici-  <>i-  Till-:  llnaiTii  (h 


5^ 

C   ft 


s 


S,.c(iii(l    I)ivi>i(.n    (if   till-    KiiM      l'ir<t  Divisinn  (if  llif  Kii-st  Croin, 
(in. up  (if  tli(.'  Ki.-lKli  Oriicr.  of  the  KiH-litJi  Order. 


hwi>iu\    Class  of  riio    I'irst    Class  Soc-oiid   Class   of  i'irst  Class  nf  tlio 

llu' St.ToiiilI)i-  of  tin.  Scciiiiil      tlR.     riiM    |ti-      I'irst    Division 

vision    of     the  Hivisioii  of  the      vi>ioti     of     lli,.       of      iju;      |.i,-^t 

I'lr-t  (iidiip  of  I'iiM  (iiMiiii  of      rii-sl  (ii-oiip  of      (iniiip   (if    the 

ilic  Ki-litliOi--  thcIlJKlitlKii--      the  Klji-litliOi--      Ki-liili  OnliT. 

ilt'f.  (iui-.                         (Ifi-. 


If,  however,  we  look  to  tlie  feet  as  a  means  of  classifying  tl 
ruminants,  wo  should  be  obliged  to  make  important  cluuH'-es  i 


ifi'    uropcrly. 
u't'    |)i'(>vitlc(l 

(Ikpsc  which 
isli(  (1  till  we 
i.sioii  oi    this 

Mlltl 

IS, 

mnis,  iiiul  s(» 

An(il')iui  jirit 

\  and  ri'iiro- 

I     tlir    SlTOlld 

antlers  also 
,  which  t'ln- 
a  persistent 


cr..\ssiri(\ii,,y 


11) 


llic  I'irst  (Inmii 
111  Oni.r. 


■'irst(l;i-s  ( 

f  tlio 

l''ir>t    l)ivi>i(m 

<.f       tlK' 

lir>t 

<iriiii|i    (it 

tlie 

I'j-litli  (» 

■,Ut. 

>f' 

1^ 

-2 

I  so 

'i-" 

-  c« 

n  a- 

isifying  the 
clumges  in 


■"'■  |-''i--."iM,.i,  H,.,.,,,,,,i,.. ,,,,,,,,,.,,,,' v,.iv,«.i,.,..  •    , 
;'";  " ^""•;' ""■' " ^ -f^'.' ;,.  ,n,r,.,v,„   ,, 

V     ',"■,"''"'';""■■' "-' l-l-.nlM.I,  .1.,,,,.  

"■'■■■'7' ;:",  " » I  ,"»....■;.,■  i,„„r,, ,,., i„g,i„.w,„-      , 

"•;•    iiiiiv  ,-.,    fiirtli.r  ill,,.    Hi,,    :„,„ i,,,,    ,„,„,„„,„^    „, 

"'"■",' ;-"!':■.  ^"wiii.i.i  it v,.i,i„,„,„,. ,,..  „„i  i„ , ':. 

"",;",  """  "'■""I"-  '";--•  -■!  -I"- "lin.lv  ,a,i,f,i,.„,       -    " 

■1-1  ni..,.s„.,,i,  .i,i,i,,,i,i,.»  ill  111,,  ,..,„.,.»,:„„  „r  ,,,.,„.„|  "'^ 

1  n..|,,,.  It  ,»,|ial„-..  ,,f,,.,,n,,,,,t,,,,,,,,,,,f  ,,,,,,,,.,,         ;_ 

IB  .1      ,„     ||„  „,,|„,,„  „,  ,|„„.i,.  ,  ,|i      ,„;,.„,   j,^    1,^,  ^^ 

,"   "''V   r""'"""."'  ' -■'""■  "'■  ' -l"l'MK..lt  .If    llivvi, 

:::t  •;:; .  ;;;;:ri;:y;;;t:;:;;;;;::;-r;i;l^ *' 

m..      !■    iL ';'""'-""""""•  "■'"'  ''"  "!'■>  I'"va  g,iii,.   I„,r,„; 

.■migiii.,,,!  ,„„,  ...taUisii,,:  1.;;  '  ""'"-■'"='  •"  "'■" 

I  »lu.ll  li.t  „.™t  „f  tiio  Pning  ,!,„.,,  .„.  Aini.n,,i„  A,„„l,i,,. 

i^.^.st  ,„  ti.e  .uiiiiml  ocoiioniy,  ,,r„vi„i,,  to  its  dhc.v.-Jy 


20 


Tin:  .\\ri:i.i>ri:  in-  .i.i//;/;/'  .1. 


or  cvt'ii  Inr  Iiall'  m  cciiliirv  Inter,  :iii(l  wlicn  disrovcrfd  uml  aii- 
iiDiiiircd.  wcri!  (llsci't'ditfil.  MS  l)fiii<j  ;it  viiriain-i'  witli  wliiit  wri'c 
foiisidcicil  well  (•>l;ilili>lii'd  /.uiiln^ical  laws.  Tlirsf  jirrtdiariticH 
will  bi'  I'ldlv  coiisidt'ii'd  as  we  proceed. 


Adult  Antelope. 


Kid   Antelope. 


J 


I'l'd  :iii(|  iiii- 
i  wliat  wen- 
prciiliiirilicH 


^^ 


\. 


,%v^^ 


Aiirilopc   iiiHrlnimi. 


A.\Tir.()CA|'|j.\    A.MKIIK  .\\A.  (),;,». 

American  Antelope  :   Prong  Buck. 

Aurilonipn,  An.mra.M o,,..  , ...,.■  i-i,,..  sn.  ,s,m. 

-'■  y-  (ii;\v.    KiiMU-l-v    .M,na-- 

"■I'i''.    IS.'lM. 

'^'  "•  ^   l!\.ii.,   X.   Am.   (»„:„|. 
".  III,;.  Is.-, I.  ,.|.  |,,^.ii_ 

IJaiiii..    r.   s.    I'at.    on:    A-rl. 

'{'•p..  l>i.".l'.  pi. 
I!aii;i..     I'-.u'liu:     R,     ]{.     i.,,j,^ 

N'in.  cr.c,  is,-,7. 
'Iai;i  a\.  F.iiiii;,.  :>,-,(i. 

■       •       •       •       Ol!l>..  (Illlll.   Ccou..    IS].-,. 

Haiii.an.  I'.  Am.,  -.'.-.(i.  |«i>,-,. 
l'"i  <;iiTv.  (';,],.  \.  II. _  |,,_  m..;5_ 

'Maximilian-.  K'-is,.  in,];,,  in,;,.,," 
.N'nifl-Aiii.,  I.  .In;;,  is;):). 

■      •      •      •       '-KWIS    i^-    Cl.AKK.     Ivx|„.,|i,i„„ 
I'.v   I'miiI   All,m,  I.   Ill   ,,,   s,.„ 
ISdl.  ' 

•     •     •     •      "am.  .Smith,  Li,,.  'JV.ms..  \ili 

DKSMAIiKM,    3r,niiiii.,     II.     .17!) 
1S-_>L>. 

l{i«  iiAi;i)s..N-.  F.  r..  A.,  II.  lioi. 

Gii;m;i..  Z,),i!,.<ri,.;   .Sjingt.,  .'io,'). 

A.,fil«,M.  (»k'raiiocor«s)  ft.rcifrr.     IIam^'smh,,   c;,;,,;   c,,,,  y. 


AnrilojM' 

AiifiloiM'  fiircifVr.     . 


Aiitiloriipi-ii  fiiicifor. 
AiitlI(>|M'  Hiiliiiiitii.    . 


"VVA'i.vr.i;.  .Slip.,  I\'.  .|();;. 
I)i;sMAi!i.sT,  .Alaiimi..  H.  .[70. 
.SMiTir.  Trans.   Li„„.  s.    I.oml., 

XI I r..  28,  Fiir. 

Imn..  (JrifK  Civ..  IV.  ;;i>;j. 
I)i:sMAiji:sT.  Mamm..  I[.  .i7<). 
Wa(;\i;i;,  Sclireb.  Siinnt..  V.,  J 

12."»(». 
Ooir.,..v.   Pr.   Z,„il.   Soc.   Unul, 

IV.  IL'I,  IS.IG. 


mm 


22  •////.    WT  I.I.I  in:  ,>r  .\. mi:  an  a. 

.illlil<>|M'   (IHciilllOtTION)   IMlllliltil,       II.WI.     Smiiii,    (iiill.     (  i,\..     \. 

.!•.'•■!.  I.M'7. 

AllHl0|M'    Ullfj'flrVll «.I;AK    I'r.   /.(M,|.   S,,r.    I,nlH|. 

<'rr\lllS    hidllilfllS ni.AINVII.I.I,.     Hull.     Sn,..     n.iln. 

mat.,  7;!.  l.slC 
IHn-iiiuMTros  fiircifcr Si  m.in  am,..  Kmi,.,'.  Sv.N'.icn-k- 
ll.'iiMll..  IS  I  I. 

IniM.    Horns.    Arcliv.    Skuiid. 
Miit..  II.  •-'>".s.  l,s,")(t. 
IHcrillMUM'ION   Allll'lJniiiiis    .     .     .     Ti  I!Ni;i(.    I'r.   Z(m,|.   .So,..   I.on.l.. 

X\  III.  171.  |.s.-.(i. 

IVllJllillllllK-illllC lllUNAM.IZ.     N.iV.     His,,.,    '.',•>  \, 

;i-'.").  pi.  i(;.".i.  (Uichiinisoii.) 

^'ii'H'n' (Joss.  .lomn..   i;».  III. 

C'ANAmAN     \'tlVA(il.i;s.      (iJicll- 

aidson.) 

('J'niis  iMnirciltlls l{AiiM:s..ri:.     (  Ui.-l.anUn... ) 

A|tistOl-|lickosllJ.s|| Cmiukvii.i.i..    Hiul.    I'.ay,   1  (;.'.. 

17'.»n.      (Uirlianisun.) 

IN'Ollff-lioill  Alltcl<)|t(' Smitm.  (iiiH.  All.    Kiiind..  IV. 

17(1.      Kii;. 
(ioDMAN.    Nat,    Hist,,   II.   ;iL'l. 

r>Aii!i., iviiio  u.  II.  i{oi).,viii. 

ooo. 

Proil«'-l»IICk I5AKTr.i.TT,  I'r.Zool.  ^^..c.  J.oii.l., 

IS  (;.'). 

Catun.  'IVaiis,  Ott.   Acad,  Nat. 
Sci.,  8,  1S(;S. 

Sizi.  l(">s  tliaii  \'irniiiia  deer;  form  mhiLst;  IkmIv  slimt ;  neck  slioi't, 
fifxililc,  and  enct  :  luad  large  and  elevated.  Horns  hollow  and  dci^idu- 
ons.  witli  ;i  slioit.  triangular,  anterior  process  about  midway  tlieir  lenytli, 
compressed  laterally  helow  the  snag  and  round  uhove.  Horns  situate 
on  the  super-orbital  arches.  Tail  short ;  legs  rather  ^liort,  slim,  and 
straight.  Hoots  bilid.  small,  pointed,  convex  on  top,  and  concave  on 
sides. 

No  cutaneous  gland  oi'  tuft  of  hairs  on  outside  of  hind  leg  or  inside  of 
liock.  No  lachrymal  sinus  or  gland  below  the  eye.  ^Mucous  meml)iane 
very  Jil.ack  ;  lips  coveretl  with  >liort,  white;  hairs,  with  ii  black,  dividing, 
naked  line  in  front  of  upper  lip,  extending  from  the  month  to,  and  sui'- 
rounding  both  nostrils.  Face  brownish  black,  with  sometimes  reddish 
hairs  upon  it.  Top  of  head  aI)ove  the  eyes  white;  cheeks  and  under 
side  of  head  white.  Ear.>  white,  with  dark  line  around  the  edijes,  —  most 
pronounced  on  front  edges;  a  brown  black  patch  under  each  ear.    Horns 


//  \iii  r  I  /■ 


irili:    ('ii\..    \'. 
Sdc.   I, mill. 

II.  ^>n'.     rililn- 

1,1;.  Sv.\'(liii.k- 
Ai<'li\.    Skaml. 

III.  .S()c.    I.oinl.. 

V.    Ili^p..  ;;l'|. 

Uirlianlsiiii.) 
I  I  I. 
Kil.llS.     (I{icli- 

Uii'liai'iUiiii. ) 
ml.     r.ay,   !('..'». 
■(ImiIi.) 

.    Kih-il,.   IV. 

[list.,  II.  ivn. 

II.  Uep.,VIII. 

M)l.  SSdc.  Loud., 
tt.   Acad.   Nat. 


t ;  neck  .sliDi't, 
i\v  and  dcridii- 
y  tlicir  It'iiytli, 
Horns  .situate 
lort,  slim,  and 
1(1  coiicavo  on 

oi;'  or  insidt)  of 
)us  incinljiano 
)la('k,  di\  idiny. 
h  to,  and  sui- 
etinu's  rt'ddish 
'ks  ami  under 
edges,  —  most 
;h  ear.    llorns 


tJJl 


l'la.'k.u,,l,yelUv,.I,  „I,i,e,i,..      To,,   ami    -id,.   .,f  .....K.  ,|,..   l,.,.,.    „„, 

;M;l-'-l''''-l'>..'U«s..,yell,.U=l.dnW,lds.„,,io........,,,,.,,,^ 

""■.r '■••^;:  .■"-'-"^    i"-"-i-.munn,  ui,|.  a  uhi, ',,:,„.!. 

:•""";.'■."'"'••       '••"'"'"■-.  will,  a  t;.u,:.un.    Inir.nn    „.,..      Tl,,.,..     ,    ,„ 

'""•'■'''-';^'' -'"'"' -■'"'"•'.  a  nuam ;daml  nnd.-r   'a,l,  ..r. : .Im. 

""'■  '■•";''    I"";"""'-  "'■    'I-   -/'/'o. ,!...,■   |„.|,i,„|   ..,.., .,^.   ..,„, 

'" ■'""•'-■'-•'-  -l-:n,l..n.,r,.d.,.,.r, I,..,  I ,,,„.,,,   in  all  el....... 

^^■|ii^■ll.•.le^,•n,..i,.Maln.a.|v^iv..,M.|•  ,I,is  inl-r-.-tin:.  :,„i,n:,l 

"7  ';'-'l'-tlH.nafuraIi>t  t.,  .iistin^.nshi,  In.,,,  all  ,„  I,..,.  ,,„;Hlr„- 

'"■''""   '•^■" ^"'^-M'l^'i"sitsi,;,t„,Mi   l,i.-l,,rv.  M..r.lo,.si,  „iv,. 

'■vii  ;,  >M,.,|,Ms  uf   it.      T,.   ,1,,   ,l,i,_  ,,.,    ,„,,^, 

ji.iri  iri,|:i,.itii.s. 

iiAiu'iw  r. 


'Il-I'''l|.|        Im       M-,.|.;||,,|. 


"   ':'"", ■■"'V-.l,.,,..!    ,,.    .\..,,|,  AMwrien.  I.,„    „.   ,,„.   ,„,„,„.,„.. 

IVLI.M,  „|,|„.  ^veston,  ,„,.,  oft|,is,.,„,i„„,.n|, ,i,„,,, 

'".'V    '".'  ■■" '""    "••   "vi'l'-nro    that    tl,..    |',.,,„„.   i;,,,.,,    ,,,, 

;;^'-    -'    ';''-'";^'"-    ;-l    ..r    ,ln.    Mississippi    Ri,,,,,    „„,    ;,    ^. 

;-v    w,..      Mho    Misso,„.i    Niv,,,..      W..s,..:,r,i.   i,    o,.„i.,„||  • 


'"■■;;■■""■  ^■'■'"■^  "^"-      ^'y   i..ron.,ati,.M   is  f„||   ,!,„    tln.v   woiv 
.■,..     V  n..n.oro,.s  th..o,,o,.,.^^^^ 

po.-ns.,,   (»n..on.      They  are  very  seatvo.  if  a„v  ..is,     „ 
^-•...v:a.nl(.,,ir,.,.,Msattl.is,i,,,...^ 
"     '1    l;v.l..'m.       Ih,.„.   „„i,,.    .,„.,.„,,.,„,,,.,.„,    ,1„.  .n.pies 
".'";.'".-'"";•""''-' ""'•    -HI,    ia.itn.lo.       Within   tin. 

'  ^'.    nak...l    „,oun,ains.      Their   tav..ri,..   hannts  an-    the   nal      I 

':;■;;;;:  ;-'''-ning..un,ry.  ir they .......... ,..„„,„;;;';::; 

*'•'•'''•'''  '''=^Min..se  aninml.s  uvoi.l  ,h..n,  at  nnv  saerili.v 


1   lei-roi's 


'"   -'"I'"n,,l,.stm.|s„ftl„.n,„p.  Iwll,.,,!,.,,  in  ll„.  ■ ,„ 

.Il,u   l„™l,ey,-u  rcg,,,,,  „.|,i..h  U„.y  l,ave  now  ,,„it„  ,1,- 


24 


THE   AM'ELOPE   OF  AMERICA. 


ITS   DlSCOVEItV. 

'I'liis  iuiimal  dllViTs,  in  many  imiMirtaiit  particulars,  from  all 
other  rmiiiiuiiit.s.  It  has  been  long  known  to  tho  liuntcM's  and 
trajipcrs.  hut  the  seientilic  world  is  indelui'd  to  I^owis  and  Clark 
tnr  th(!  first  aeciirato  iiil'orniatidii  cuneerning  it:  not  from  the 
description  of  it  which  they  give,  for  they  do  not  pretend  to 
descrilie  it,  and  only  speak  of  a  few  of  its  ])ecnliar  habits;  hut 
rather  from  llu;  specimen  which  they  brought  with  them.  They 
sometimes  speak  of  it  under  the  naiu(>  of  goat.  Kichardson's 
descriptiiin  is  the  most  satisfactory  up  tn  his  time.  Audubon 
and  iJachman  add  valuable  information,  especiallv  of  its  habits; 
while  later  still,  JJaird  has  given  us  a  descri[)lion  which  is  re- 
jnarkable  for  its  scientific  accuracy,  especially  when  w(i  consider 
the  means  at  his  command.  These  gentlemen  all  labored  under 
some  very  important  errors,  and  wen;  not  awai'e,  or  could  iu)t 
bcdieve  in  the  existence  of  those  anomalous  characteristics  which 
widely  distinguish  this  animal  from  all  other  ruminants,  and  en- 
title it  to  a  separate  i)lace  in  natural  history. 

'Iheso  luarks  or  peculiarities  will  bo  considered  in  their  propiu- 
places. 

This  animal  is  not  so  largo  as  the  Virginia  deer,  and  is  more 
in])actly  built.  A  fair,  averag(^  adult  mah^,  as  lii^  stands  nat- 
urally on  the  ground,  will  measure,  from  the  cMul  of  the  nose  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  four  feet  ten  inches  to  five  feet.  Height  at 
shoulder,  two  feet  ten  inches  ;  at  hip,  threc^  feet  one  inch;  length 
of  tore-leg,  one  foot  six  inches;  and  of  hind  h'g  one  foot  ten 
inches. 

TIIK   ILKAl). 

The  head  is  short,  and  rather  bi-oad  and  (lei>p  from  th(>  upper 
to  the  lower  side.  The  face  is  rather  concave.  'l"h(>  nuizzh!  is 
fuller  than  on  the  deer.  The  upper  lip  is  covered  with  hair  ex- 
cept a  narrow  line  in  the  middle,  which  is  naked,  and  extends  up 
so  as  to  embrace  the  nostrils,  which  an*  large. 

The  Eije. 

The  eye  is  larger  than  that  of  any  other  (]uadni|)ed  of  its  siz(\ 
liy  a  careful  comparison  of  the;  living  eye  with  the  taxidermist's 
scale,  to  enable  me  to  order  artificial  eyes  of  the  [iroper  size  for 
nu)unting  si)eciinens,  I  found  it  necessary  to  select  the  next  to 
the  largest.      Indeed  the  eye  is  very  nearly  the  size  of  that  of  the 


coi 


ars,  from  all 
liunttM-s  and 
is  and  (.'lark 
)iit  from  tlie 
I  pn'tcnd  to 
'  lialtits  ;  ])iit 
liciii.  Tlicv 
liicliardson's 
Aiidulidii 
if  its  lialiils  ; 
which  is  !•(> 
\V(i  consider 
bored  nnder 
or  couhl  jiot 
ristics  which 
Lilts,  and  eii- 


tl 


icir  propiH' 


and  is  more 
^  stands  nat- 
th(>  nose  to 
Ileiglit  at 
inch;  h'ligtli 
ma   foot   ton 


II  th(^  nppor 
k;  nuizzh!  is 
ith  liair  ex- 
l  extends  up 


I  of  its  size, 
axidermist's 
iper  size  for 
the  next  to 
f  tliat  of  the 


riii:  i:.\n.—  Tiii:  ii(>i;\s.  ■2:> 

elephanf.  and  much  lar^r^r  tlian  that  of  tlie  Imrsi^  <>r  the  ox. 
Those  ulio  examine  oidy  tile  dead  subject  woiil.i  most  likrly 
lie  deceived  ill  tlie  lai-viiess  of  the  eye.  '  'I'lie  ,.ye  is  bla.'Iv  —  in- 
tent.ly  l,|;,ck —so  that  it  is  impossible  to  (hsti'iiniiish  the  pupil 
iiv'iu  tile  iiis  or  its  siirroiindiiio'.  X.>  while  p;irt  is  ever  visible, 
unless  the  eye  is  turned  to, wie  side:  l,ui  all  that  is  se.^n  is  ..m" 
"'li''"'"'  hriliiinl  black.  ]Jut  for  all  this,  tl„>  expressi.m  is  soft. 
.uviiile,  and  vinniii-      In   this  resjiect,  it  is  the   rival  of  the  true 

ailtel(ipi.  Liazelle. 

I  had  Mil,.  ,,f  tlnse  in  my  en.mids.  whi.h  ca from  Asia,  and 

at  thesame  tiin."  sev,.ral.,f  the  Vvnuy.  Ducks,  including  a  male 
OIK- ye;,r  old  that  was  not  much  lar-er  than  the  feinal.'  uazelle, 
which  was  fully  adult.  In  size,  tin-  eve  of  the  I'roiit,'  IJiu.k  was 
hii-er  than  that  of  the  m;,/,.11,..  which,  how.- ,■)•.  was  .•nushlc.r- 
:i''ly  l:ir-er  than  tli;it  of  tlu'  common  de..r,  more  than  four  tim.'s 
'"•'•siz''.  In  c,,lnr  and  expression,  th.'  eves  of  ih,.  two  were  as 
nearly  alike  as  |,.,,sslb|e  —  b,,th  vry  black,  but.  as  stated,  ..f  a. 
n.ild,  soft,  and  alfectionati!  expression. 

'I  he  eye-wiiikei>  aiv  loun-,  coarse,  and  stiiT,  m.,re  on  the  upper 
than  the  h.wer  eyelid,  but  m)t  very  abuiuhiiit  on  either. 

'rite  K'i)'. 
'I'lie.'ar  idways  stands   erect   wlien   th.-  animal   is  standino-  at 
•'ase.      \\||..„  it  becoiiH.s  excited,  the  .-ars  ar,-  proj^-cted   forwanl 
b>  catch  flu.  h.ast  sound,  which   imparts  a   h.ok   of  animation  to 
tlie  ammal. 

The  ear  Is  liv  iuclies  lone-,  and  three  inches  broad  at  tli.. 
wid.'st  part,  and  t.-rminates  in  a  prettv  sharp  point,  and  is 
eovered  with  liair  iiisiile  and  out. 

The  lTnr)i!<. 

As  the  horns  of  tl,..  Anierl,.an  Antelope  constitute  one  of  its 
most  remarkable  characteristics,  ami  one  wIiL-h  strikin-dv  dis- 
tmi^mshes  It  fn,i„  all  other  ruminants,  it  is  proper  tliat  we 
sliould  examiii,.  them  with  cousl.h. ruble  care. 

''",'"'  ''''"^'   ''""^•""  ^^''i'-l'    '   lind   to  the  .h'ciduous  character  of 


';<-iorns  of  this  antelope  is  in  the   letter-press  of  Audubon  an 
I.acliiuan.i  where  they  say,  ••  It  was  supposed   bv  the   hunters  . 

'"'•^  '  '"""  <''^"    IIh"   Pron-liorm.d  Antelope  dropped  its  horns 
'•"t  ■•"Y"'  P<'''-on  had  ever  shot  or  killed  one  without   tlies..  orna- 
'"•■"tal  and  useful  appendages,  we  mana-.-d  to  prove  the  contrary 

1  (iii,i,lriii„,h  <f  Ami  lira,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1 1)8. 


20 


THE  AMIJ.OPK   OF  AMF.HKA. 


to  tlic  iiicii  iit  tlif  fort  liy  knocking;'  oil'  tlic  bony  pari  of  tlio  liorn 
iind  sliowinti,'  the  lianl  sjjonoy  mciiibrimi!  liL-ncalli,  wi-U  attached 
to  tlic  skull,  and  perfectly  inunovahle.*' 

The  liiinfers  were  riujit,  and  tlie  scientists  wer(»  Avron<r  :  but 
we  see  how  near  .Mi".  Audubon  canio  to  discoverini;-  l]i(>  trutli, 
and  liad  he  lieen  a  little  more  patient  in  liis  investinalions,  and  u 
little  less  wedded  to  jireconcei ve(l  opinions,  he  would  have  had 
tlio  honor  of  this  inqxtrtant  discovery.  I>ul  that  w;is  reserved 
to  otliers. 

Some  years  later,  on  the  Idtli  of  April,  1s:2s,  Dr.  ('.  A.  Can- 
field,  of  ^bmterey.  California,  in  a  ])a|)er  which  he  sent  to  I'l'o- 
fessor  Ibiii'd  of  till'  Snntlisonian  Institute,  communicated  manv 
new  and  interesting  facts  concernino-  tlie  phvsiolooy  niid  habits 
ot  this  animal  :  and,  amony  others,  the  sur])risinLf  announcement 
tliat  althoun'h  it  has  a  hollow  horn,  like  the  ox,  yet  this  horn  is 
cast  off  and  I'enewed  annually.  This  statement  by  Dr.  C;',nfi(dd 
was  considered  by  I'mfessor  IJaird  so  contradict or\-  to  r;ii  zoliloi;'- 
ical  laws,  which  had  been  considered  wel'  stablished  by  ob- 
served facts,  that  he  did  not  venture  to  pul  it,  till  the  same 
fact  was  furtlu'r  attested  by  Mr.  liartlett,  suneiinte)i<lent  of  the 
gai'dens  of  th(^  Zoiilogical  Society  of  London,  who,  in  1 S. '),"■),  re- 
jjcated  the  fact  in  a  })apei'  published  in  the  I'l'oceedings  of  that 
society.  Ill  the  February  following,  the  jtaper  which  Dr.  Can- 
lield.  eight  years  before,  had  furnished  the  Smithsonian  Institute, 
c'ontaining  th(>  first  well  attested  account  of  the  interesting  fact, 
was  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  that  societv. 

At  the  time  I  gave  an  uccount  of  .Mr.  Hartlett's  observation, 
in  a  pa])er  which  1  read  before  the  Ottawa,  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  ISt'iS,  and  which  was  published  by  that  societv,  I  was 
not  aware  that  tlu^  same  fact  had  been  previously  coiiimtinieated 
by  Dr.  Caiilield  to  Professor  I)aird,else  I  should  have  taken  pleas- 
ure in  mentioning  it. 

This  animal  has  a  deciduous  hollow  horn,  whii-li  envelopes  a 
pcrsisl<Mit  (-(u-e.  which  is  a  process  of  the  skull  like  the  core  of  the 
persistent  horns  of  other  ruminants.  This  shell  is  true  horn, 
anil,  as  we  shall  presently  see.  has  the  same  general  svstem  of 
growth  as  other  horns,  although  it  is  cast  annually  like  the 
antlers  of  the  deer,  and  so  reveals  to  us  an  inti'iniediate  link  be- 
tween those  ruminants  which  have  persistent  and  those  wliieh 
have  deciduous  corneous  appendages.  Only  the  lower  jiart  of  this 
horn  is  hollow,  the  core  extending  up  scarcely  half  its  length. 
When  the  horn  is  matured,  the  poi'tion  above  the  core  is  round 


77//;  //()/;.\s. 


27 


(if  tlio  liorn 
\'v\l  Jittiiclicd 

WTdiig  ;  l)iit 
!4'  11h!  truth, 
itioiis,  and  si 
1(1  have  had 
^'as   rc.S('rv('(l 

.  (".  A.  Can- 
sent  to  Pro 
ieat(>d  many 
'  and  liahits 
niounct'nu'iit 
ihis  horn  is 
Dr.  (V.nllcld 
()  :;  1 1  zoIiloLj- 
slu'd  hy  oil- 
ill  the  same 
idcnt  of  tlu! 
in  Is,"),'),  re- 
lings  dl'  that 
elM)r.  Can- 
an  Institute, 
resting   I'aet, 

observation, 
\-  of  Natural 
H'icty,  I  was 
uuuunieated 
taken  pleas- 

(>nvelo])e8  a 
e  core  of  the 
^  true  horn, 
il  system  (if 
lly  "like  tlu" 
iate  link  he- 
ihose  which 
•  jiart  of  this 
L  its  length, 
ire  is  round 


and  wi'W  |i(»lis]ied,  and  is  Mack,  except  that  the  toji  is  frci|Uenilv 
'if  a  white  or  (hdl  ydh.wish  shade.  The  l.iwer  ].art.  which  is 
h'llldw.  is  tlat.  thinucsl  anteriorly,  is  siriate(l  and  rounli,  with 
iii'ire  (ir  less  Iiairs  oil  the  surface  till  they  are  woi'ii  (,11".  \o 
annular  ridges,  as  is  usually  ol.scrxcd  on  the  hollow  horns  of 
(It her  ruminants,  are  ohservcd.  These  I'idgcs  result  from  the 
gi-owlhof  the  liorii  i,cing  i,iiii,M|,,dly  at  the  base,  while,  as  we 
shall  se...  the  growth  of  the  horn  of  this  animal  commences  at 
""■  '"P  :>ii'l  prdceeds  downward  to  the  base.  Whoever  will 
carefully  study  the  jirocess  of  the  growth  of  this  horn  will  readilv 
understand  why  it  is  striated  in  strnetun."  instead  of  ainiiil.ar. 

The  older  the  animal  is  the  earlier  in  the  season  (hies  the  hdrii 
niatiire.  and  the  sddiier  it  is  east  oil',  in  dbedience  to  a  universal 
law  which  governs  the  growth  and  sheddino'  of  the  antlers  of  the 
deer,  although  (here  are  occasional  except  ions,  a.-,  to  the  time  of 
the  shedding  ill  individual  cases  in  some  of  the  species  of  ileer, 
:nid  possibly  more  extended  observations  would  show  except  ions 
in  this  animal.  The  aged  sp,..,.im,.ns  usually  cast  their  horns  in 
O.MolM.r.  while  the  kid  carries  his  first  horns  t'ill  .hiniiarv.  In,l,.c.l 
"11  late  kids  the  horns  aiv  but  slightly  developed  the  lirst  year, 
:iiid  are  fre(pieiitly  cai'ried  over  and  grow  on  to  maturity  the 
iicxt  year,  when  they  become  larger  thai,  when  they  mature  the 
lirst  season,  and  are  east  earliei'. 

The  horn  of  this  animal  is  situated  just  above  the  :'ye,  diivctlv 
upon    the   super-orbital   arch;    it   rises'  u.^irly  in    a    ve'rtical    posi- 
ti(in,  or  at  an  angle  of  about  one   hundred"   d,.grees  to  the  face. 
so  lar  as  the  core  extends,  when  .soon  (•ommeiices  a  posterior  cur- 
vature, growing   shorter  towards   the    j.oint.  where    it    much    re- 
sembles that  on  the  ehamois.      The  horn  of  the  female  cannot  be 
detected  o„  the  kid,  on  the  yearling  it  can  ..asi!v  lie   felt  :   later    I 
have  found  them  half  an  inch  long,  and  less  thali  that  in  diameter 
iit    the   base,  and   it    is   only  o,,   the    fully  adult    female   that   the 
'""■"yd»P":i'^-:'l'"Ve  the  hair.      1  have   nevr   met  one^   more   than 
;""■   iii«'h  long,  but  others   have   found   them    three    inches    Ion-. 
'J'lie  female   is  less  .•ormitcl  than   the   females  of  hollow  horiUMl 
animals  which  are  persistent,  while,  with  ,.ne  ex.eptio,,,  f,. males 
of  those  species  whi.^h  have  (heidiious  corii.MMis  members  are   ..ii- 
tirely  unprovide.l  with  these  weapons.      When  looking  for  some- 
thnig  intermediate  between  these  t  wo  great  families. if  ruminants, 
this  teature  may  be  referred  to  at  least  as  a   make-weight  in   thJ 
argument. 

1  will  lirst  describe  the   superlieial  oeciirrenees  which  are  man- 


pi 


28 


Tin:  .\yri:ij>i'i:  or  amkiika. 


ifcst  diii'iii^'  the  <ir()\vtli  and  tlic  slicdding  of  tin;  Iu)rn  of  tlio  anti;- 
lo|)o  and  will  tln-n  proceed  to  examine  niofe  minutely  the  origin 
and  ]ii(ieess  (if  tliat  growtli. 

Altliouu'li.  as  l)cfore  sliown.  both  male  and  female  antelo])(>s 
liave  horns,  Ave  can  only  distinctly  detect  even  the  rudiments  of 
the  horns  on  the  male  at  the  tiin<'  of  its  birth.  It  then  may  be 
felt  as  a  slight  protubei'anci!  on  the  sknll.  This  rapidly  increases 
in  si/.i'.  and  when  al)ont  four  mouths  old  the  horn  bri'aks  through 
the  skill,  and  a  hornv  knob  appears.  At  this  time  it  is  not 
iirmlvset  u|ioii  the  core,  which  as  yet  is  but  ;  idimentary,  and  the 
little  horn  may  be  moved  about  appreciably.  After  this  the  core 
gi'ows  pretty  rapitUy.  and  soon  fixes  tlu^  horn  niorc^  lirmly  in  its 
]>ositioii.  ( )n  an  earlv  kid.  in  my  grounds,  this  little  horn  ma- 
tured and  was  east  off  on  the  second  day  of  January,  when  I 
found  it  ipiite  thrown  off  the  core,  and  suspended  by  a  slight  libre 
on  one  side,  and  so  T  saved  it.  The  next  day  I  found  the  other 
liorn  in  the  same  cdiidition.  which  I  likewise  saved.  At  this 
time  the  horn  was  fiiUv  one  inch  long. 

The  new  horn  had  already  commenced  its  growth,  and  tlu^  tip 
was  already  hanlened  into  jterfect  liorn,  and  was  extended  ap- 
])reciably  above  the  core,  which  at  that  time  was  less  than  nine 
lines  long.  The  new  horns  grew  very  vapidly  through  the  win- 
ter, so  that  in  six  weeks  the  cores  had  more  than  doubled  in 
length,  and  the  horns  were  extended  more  than  an  inch  above 
the  cores,  and  the  hardened,  perfected  horns  had  extended  down 
to  near  the  toj)  of  the  cores. 

I)Ut  this  process  is  better  observed  on  the  adult  males.  This 
law  seems  to  govern  the  times  of  shedding  the  horns  of  the  ant(>- 
lope, —  the  older  the  animal,  the  earliei'  the  horn  matures,  anil 
the  sooner  it  is  cast.  On  old  bucks  the  horn  is  shed  in  Octo- 
ber, while  oil  tilt'  early  kids  it  is  shed  in  .laniiarv,  and  still  later 
on  later  kids,  or  else  it  is  carried  over  till  the  next  year.  A  lat(( 
kid  in  my  g  uiiids  on  the  first  of  December,  the  horn  was  not 
more  than  a  ipiarter  of  an  incli  aliove  the  skin.  It  grew  slowly 
ail  wiiiti-r,  and  till  the  time  of  its  death  in  ^hiy  following. 

Let  us  observe  the  horn  of  the  adult  male  aiitelojie,  whii'h  is 
shed  in  ( )ctober.  If  we  mak(>  our  examination  so  soon  as  the  horn 
is  cast  oil",  we  can  readily  understand  the  process  by  which  it  is 
removed.  i>y  looking  into  the  cavitv  of  the  cast-off  horn,  we 
shall  see  that  it  extends  but  about  half  way  its  length,  or  a  little 
way  above  the  prong:  and  we  shall  also  see  that  it  contains  a 
large  number  of  coarse   lightish-colored    hairs,  all    of   which  are 


Tin:  iKjRxs. 


•".» 


lorn  of  tlie  anto- 
lutcly  tlu!  origin 


Vni;il(>  iuitclopos 
iu"  ni(liiii('iits  of 

It  then  may  be 
I'lipitlly  increases 

brraks  tlu'Diigli 

time  it  is  not 
iientary,  and  the 
tcr  this  tlic  core 
ori!  lirnily  in   its 

little  luirn  nia- 
aiinary.  when    I 

by  a  slight  iibre 
foinul  the  otlier 
saved.     At   this 

I'tli,  and  tli(>  tip 
iis  extended  ap- 
i  less  tlian  nine 
hroiigh  the  win- 
lian  dmiblcd  in 
an  inch  :d)ove 
extended  dowii 

It  mail's.  This 
riis  of  the  ante- 
n  matures,  and 

I  shi'd  in  Octo- 
,  and  still  later 
:t  year.  A  lat(^ 
e  linrn  was  not 

It  grew  slowly 
illowing. 
t('lo])e,  which    is 
ioon  as  tli(^  horn 

by  which  it  is 
itst-ol'f  horn,  we 
ngth,  or  a  little 
it  it   contains  a 

II  of   which  are 


liiiid\  attached  to  the  horn,  juul  many  of  tlicm.  l^waids  the 
lower  p.irt.  passing  (piit.'  throngh  il.  \Vc  sec  the  c,,rc  ,.|'  ih,. 
hern  is  cuvercd  with  a  thick  vascular  skin,  which  is  pr.'llv  well 
i'"vei-ed  with  the  sauii'  kind  of  hairs  as  lli,,sc  swn  in  the  ,;i\itv 
of  the  h.irn.  We  now  a])preciate  that  these  hairs  grew  fmni  the 
skin,  and  mere  or  less  penetrated  the  shell  or  hern,  and  when 
this  was  removed  sonnj  were  torn  from  the  skin  and  uthrrs  freni 
the  horn. 

We    oi.serv.'.  further,  that    the   ii.^w   hern   hnd  ceinnieucd    its 
growth  a  e,,.|sjd,.ral)le   lime   bef.ire   the   old  one  was  cast,  for   the 
new  h..rn  was  extended  several  incli.'s  ahovi^  the  top  of  ihe  ,-,,|v. 
nearly  in  a  verlii-al  direction,  though  with  a  slightly  postei'ioi-  in- 
•'''"='fi""-      '''l"'  tnp  of  this,  for  nearly  half  an   inch,   Is  already 
har.lened  into  perl'ect  hern.      15. 'low  this  it  is  softer,  and  a    little 
way  down  it  has  lost  the  hoi'ny  tcxhuv,  hut  is  a   pivttv  liian   and 
seniewhal  llexil.K.  mass  (l(,\vn   to   the   cere  and   ai'eiind    ii.al    (he 
upjier  part  of  which,  how.'Ver.   it    has  rather   the  appearaiiee   ,,f 
thick,  massive  skin, of  a  high  tem[ieratnre,  shewing  great  a,'tivity 
iiMlh-  l,lo,„|-vesse]s  i)ernu'ating  it.      As  we  pass  li,wer  (h.wn.  the 
skni   i-,   thinner,   and  shows  less   exciti'ni.'iit   or   a.'tivitv.      Ipen 
this  skin  enveh)ping  the  cere,  we  lind  the  hairs  ahvadv  ilescrihed. 
This  was  the  condition  of  th.-  new  development  when   the  old 
hern  was  cast  olV.     It  shows  that  the  new  horn  had  ahvadv  made 
eonsideral.le  upward  growth  from  the  top  of  the  core,  whiih  onlv 
extended  up  into  the  old  horn   a    little  ahove   the   sua-    ,,r  abou"t 
lialf  its   leiigih;    all  above   this,  .,f   the   old   h.uii.  was^  solid,  and 
was  not  intersected  by  the  jiairs  as  it  was  below. 

Now  it  is  perfectly  manifest  that  as  tin;  new  horn  was  exten.h'd 
HI  length  above  the  core,  it  must  have  carried  with  it  the  old 
horn  which  it  detached  from  the  .-ore.  and  tearing  out  the  hairs, 
the  roots  of  whicli  were  in  the  skin,  and  manv  of  which  extended' 
into  or  through  the  old  horn.  Cntil  th.'se  were  niostlv  torn 
asuu.ler,  or  were  withdrawn  from  the  canals  bv  which  they  Jnul 
l)enetrated  the  shell,  they  served  to  prevent  it  "from  bein-'  Vasilv 
lost;  but  iinally,  when  tliese  Avere  all  or  nearlv  all  severed,  it  fell 
oiV,  as  a  lavorable  position  occurred,  or  some'  slight  vioK-nce  as- 
sisted the  removal.  I  jiave  never  observ(>d  th.^  animal  to  assist 
tins  process  by  rubbing  its  liorns  against  convenient  objects,  hut 
my  opportunities  have  not  been  such  as  to  authorize  (he  state- 
ment that  they  do  not  sometimes  do  so. 

Wlien   the  old   horn  was  cast  olT,  the  new  one.  as  w.^   iiave 
ah-cady  seen,  had   made  a  considerable  growth  above  the  core 


;50 


riih:  A. \ '/'/■: /.I >/•/■:  <>r  .\mi:i:i(\. 


wliicli  \v;is  iilrciitly  ti|)|)('(l  with  pcrfcrtcd  lunii,  and  ;i  srctloii 
l)('lt)\v  it  was  nion;  (ir  less  lianlcin'tl.  or  partially  cunvcrtt'il  into 
liiini.  This  iiitcrvciiiii^'  st-ctioii  gradually  moved  ..own  iIk^  hoi'n, 
constaiitlv  inva<ling  tlui  .soft  skin  liclow,  and  i'olldwcd  ahovc  with 
jirriVctctl  Iiorn.  All  this  time  the  horn  was  mowing'  in  Ifii^th 
above  the  core,  and  assuming  that  |iostci'ior  ciirvatin'c  near  its 
npitci'  part  whirh  so  much  rcscndtlcs  the  cui'vaturc  of  tin-  iioru  of 
the  chamois.  After  the  horn  is  perfected  down  to  the  icp  of  the 
core,  it  ceases  to  increase  in  leun'th,  while  the  apparently  convei't- 
in<r  process  steadily  lu-oe-rcsses  downward  aloiiii"  or  around  the 
core.  The  con^  heinj;'  laterally  compressed,  the  horn  assumes 
that  form,  not,  liowover,  conforming  [irecisely  to  the  shap<'  of  the 
core,  l.ut  extending  considerably  in  front  of  it,  where  it  is  thinner 
than  tlie  ]>osterior  }»art. 

At  the  upper  extremity  of  the  with',  ihitt(uu'd  part  the  snag 
or  ])roiig  is  thrown  out,  which  consists  of  little  more  tluiu  an 
alu'upt  termination  of  the  with;  part,  with  an  elevated  anterior 
point. 

I)V  the  latter  part  of  winter,  on  the  adult,  the  liorn  lias  at- 
tained ab(jut  this  stage  of  growth.  From  this  it  presses  on.  hard- 
ening in  its  downwai'd  growth  till  the  latter  part  of  summei',  or 
the  commencement  of  tlu^  rut,  by  which  time  thi!  growth  is  per- 
fected down  to  the  base,  and  is  a  complete'  wea[)oii  for  warfare, 
and  it  so  continues  during  the  rut,  and  until  tlu^  growth  of  the 
new  horn  is  commenced  and  loosens  the  old  (»iie  from  its  core, 
and  raises  it  from  its  seat,  as  has  been  described. 

l)Ut  science  is  by  no  nu'ans  satislied  with  these  superficial  ob- 
sei'vations.  It  is  exoeedingiy  interesting  to  watch  the  progress 
from  day  to  day  ;  to  observe;  how  the  old  horn  is  thrown  olf  and 
the  new  one  grows  on  to  perfection  ;  but  we  desire  to  know  /tnti' 
it  is  that  the  soft  warm  skin,  everywhere  permeated  with  blood- 
vessels, in  a  very  high  state  of  activity,  a])])ears  in  so  short  a 
time  to  be  converted  into  the  black,  hard  shell,  as  perfect  horn 
as  grows  upon  the  bulValo  or  the  antelope,  which  takes  a  lifetime 
to  perfect  it.  In  this  investigation  I  am  indebted  to  the  able 
assistance  of  Professor  Lester  Curtis  of  Chicago,  whose  superior 
instruments  and  skill  with  tlu!  microsco[)e,  readily  solved  what 
ai)pears  to  the  su[)erlicial  observer  so  exceptional,  and  I  may  add 
so  wonderful.  We  found,  however,  that  this  growth  is  not  so 
exceptional  after  all.  It  is  like  the  growth  of  the  horns  of  other 
ruminants,  like  that  of  the  hoofs  and  claws  of  animals,  and  of  the 
nails  on  the  human  subject.     And  it  is  only  because  of  its  ra[)id 


!I<A. 

Imi'ii,  and  ;i  scctimi 
tiiilly  couvci'trd  into 
ovcd  ..own  lli(!  Iioiii, 
I'dlldwcd  aliovc  with 
s  j4r()\viii;^'  in  IcnLitli 
n'  ciirvatiirc  near  its 

mature  (if  till'  ]\n\U  of 
wii  to  tlir  tc|»  of  tjic 
!  a])[iar('ntly  convrrt- 
iilon!4'  or  arounil  tlic 
I,  til*'.  Iioru  assuiiu's 
y  to  tlic  sliapc  of  tlic 
t,  wlici't'  it  is  tliinncr 

toned  part  tlic  sna<^ 
little  more  tliaii  an 
an  elevated   anterior 

It,  the  horn  has  at- 
s  it  presses  on.  hard- 
part  of  summer,  or 
le  the  gi'owth  is  per- 
wea[)on  for  warfare, 
:il  tho  growth  of  the 
;1  one  from  its  core, 
hcd. 

these  siiperlic'al  oh- 
•  Avatch  the  progress 
•n  is  thrown  oil'  and 
dcsin,'  to  know  hu/r 
rmcated  with  hlood- 
)pears  in  so  short  a 
hell,  as  i)crfect  horn 
liich  takes  a  lifetime 
ndehted  to  the  able 
cago,  whose  superior 
veatlily  solved  what 
onal,  and  I  may  atld 
lis  growth  is  not  so 
)f  the  horns  of  other 
if  animals,  and  of  the 
beeiiuse  of  its  rapid 


■/•///;   J/n/,'\s. 


81 


progress,  and  that  we  can  see  uioiv  nf  it  than  we  ran  of  the 
gn.vvth  of  tiles..,  that  it  se.Miis  to  us  .so  strange.  Wr  .„■,.  hurn  in- 
--•idiug  skin,  or  skin  api-arent  ly  converted  to  h.,rn.  as  we  hav 
Mcv,.r  s,...|i  il  iH.fuiv:  hence  it  is  that  even  the  general  rrader  feels 
a  givatcr  intdvst  t,,  know  linw  this  takes  place,  wliilr  he  has  frit 
""  iiil.'ivsi  t,,  in,, nil,,  ||.,\v  I, is  nails  oiuw  'Kvauso  hv  sees  uotliin-' 
'M  their  ginwih  whieh  is  ex.Tpt ioua I.  no  evi.lenee  that  tin-  skin 
IS  converted  into  nail.  W,-  shall,  howev.-r,  lind  something 
aiioiiynioiis  Iicsidcs  the  rapid  growth. 

I"ii>t.  il  is  ne.vssary  to  iii.piire  what  is  this  coiv  ,.ver  which 
this  horn  grows  and  forms  a  .shell,  and  what  is  this  eoNeriic- 
^vhl^h  euvelnpes  it,  and  whieh  appears  l.efore  our  ..v.vs  to  he  cuu- 
verted  into  horn  so  rapidl\-  ? 

I'lie  .-or.,  itself  is  a  proper  l.ouc,  a  ].art  of  the  skull  itself 
clcval.Ml  at  Us  upper  part  iiit<.  the  form  ohserved.  and  is  p.u-sist' 
*■''»  through  the  life  of  t\u-  animal,  as  anv  ..iher  internal  hone 
Ihe  hrst  .•overing,,f  this  hone,  like  that  of  all  other  hones  is  -i 
rrn.stnnu.  traversed  l>y  arteries,  which  throw  olT  great  nuinlM.rs 
"t  I'ran.-hes  whirl,  penetrate  the  hone  through  canals,  thus  alVord- 
nigtoit  nourishment,  and  contributing  to  its  growth.  Imin..,li- 
ately  upon  th,-  periosteum  reposes  the  skin  witJu.ut  the  interposi- 
tion ol   any  mus..ular  tissue.      This  consists,  iirst,  of  a  layer  of 

skin;  .serond,  of  dn-ma,  or  coriuni  :  and  third,  rpidvnniH.  All 
these  togetlu.r  constitute  the  skin  which  immediatelv  overlays 
he  periosteum.  The  naked  eye  is  incapahle  of  iiidi^hluali/in.'^ 
these  separate  parts  composing  the  skin,  and  so  it  appears  as  if 
the  whole  wen.  convcu-tcl  into  horn,  wlii..],  appears  to  take  its 
phice  c,yer  the  periosteum;  but,  by  the  aid  of  the  mii-roseope, 
these  d.ilereut  parts  are  plainly  revealed,  and  we  readily  deter- 
nune  to  winch  the  growth  of  the  horn  is  due,  and  the  exa^t  mode 
ot  that  growth. 

The  illustrations  show  the  ..pidermis  and  the  outer  section  of 
the  sku.  winch  oveWays  the  periosteum.  Fig.  1  under  a  power  of 
.0  diameters,  an.  Ing.  ■>  magnified  -)G  times.  These  we  shall  tho 
iK'tter  understand  as  we  proceed. 

Tli.>  hghtish-eolored  hairs  previously  .lescribed,  which  rather 
sparsely  cover  the  .skin  which  envelopes  the  core  before  the  horn 
•s  formed  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  horn  when  its  growth  is 
cou.pl'-t.;.  ,  passing  .pdte  through  it,  and  slu.wing  theiiLelves  on 
t^lc  outside,  have  their  roots  In  the  inner  part  of  tlie  skin  tissue 
next  tlie  periosteum. 


32 


TiiF.  J, x'ri:/. ()/'!■:  or  .\mi:i;/c.\. 


It  will  !•(•  uliscrvcil,  oil  cxiiininiiiL;'  Fii;\  1.  tliat  tin-  oiilrr  purt 
(»l'  the  skill  A,  pri'sciits  :ui  iiTcLfiilar  corriin'atfd  apiicarinicr,  occa- 
sioned liv  protuhcnmccs  and  depressions,  called  jxi/i/l/ir,  varying 
c(jnsider;il)ly  in  lieiMJit  and  deptli.  Willi  this  uneven  siirlaco 
lenninatt*  (hose  Mood-vessels  ot"  the  skin  which  carry  the  red 
l)lood  in  siillicieiiL  (pianlities  to  prodnc(>  a  .stain.  I'poii  this  nn- 
even  surface  rests  the  epidermis,  or   the   outside  eoatini^'  of  tlie 

Fig.  2 


Fic.l 


■■■.% 


■'4 


M^ 


\-^^    }> 


1  _ 

1  0  0 


OP   AN  INCH 


1 

1  fl  (i  (I 


OF  AN  INOII   X  -9l'). 


Thill  section  of  a  prowiii!^  liorn  of  an  antolopo.  cut  pi'i-pcniliciiliir  to  tlio  Piirfaco. 

Fi(i.  1  sliowf  tlio  i;i'neral  structure  under  a  low  power.  Fio.  3.  more  liiylily  niagn!- 
lioii.  siliows  tlie  cell  structure..  The  letters  refer  to  the  same  parts  in  each  liu'iiri'. 

a.  The  connective  tissue  continuous  with  the   pc-riosteuia  of  thu  core  of  the  liorn. 

i.  The  papilla.',  nnj  l(ir(/e  ami  irrcf/iilar. 

c.  The  ci'll  L'rowtli  upon  the  papilla'. 

(I.  Thi^  outer  jjortion.  seen  to  lie  niiulo  up  of  the  flattened  and  desiccated  cells  of  tlio 
layer  beneath,  already  converted  into  horn. 

skin.  If  tliis  appeals  to  want  uniformity  of  structure,  a  critical 
examination  hIkjws  that  this  residt.s  from  a  change  of  form  of  tlie 
cells  of  which  it  is  composed,  which  become  flattened  and  consol- 
idated by  coini)ression,  and  by  evaporation,  or  by  becoming  dried 
up.  Thus  is  the  epidermis  converted  into  true  horn.  Chem- 
icallv,  tlu^  constituents  of  epidermis  and  of  horn  are,  nearly  idon- 
tical.  The  true  horn  at  d  is  but  the  flattened  and  ilried  up  cells 
which  were  formed  upon  the  papillae  A,  and  were  pushed  up  by 
new  cell  formations  beneath  them,  till  they  reach  their  final  form 


77//;  //ii/;.\s. 


88 


II'  ciiilrr  part 
■ariiiicr,  occii- 
)ill(i\  vai'viii^' 
K'Vf'ii  surliicu 
arrv  tlin  red 
[xtii  this  im- 
Kitinn'  of  tlio 

fc        Fig.  2 


X  29i!. 

1  the  surface. 

ore  liiylily  inagni- 

,ch  llu'iirc. 

0  of  (ho  liorn. 


ccatcd  cells  of  tlio 

lire,  a  critical 
f  t'orin  oi  tlic 
(I  ami  consol- 
'coniiiig  dried 
lorn.  Chom- 
',  nearly  idon- 
ilried  up  cells 
iislied  up  by 
eir  final  form 


■'""'  'i''^'i":«li"i'  in  tlip  1m, rn.      TI,,.  ,.„lir..  ..|.id,.nnis  serins   f,,   1„. 

'•■'IlipMSrd  nf   t|„.s..  Ulilmt,.  cells,   lar  Ion  milliltr    {n    1„.  .  |,.t ,  ■,  I ,  ■,  |.  nr 

cs-n  llicir  .■\ist,.|i(v  siis|„.rtcd.  I._v  an  cxajninat  i.-n  with  ihr  naLd 

{'\C, 

'I"Ih-  s.Minv  .,f  (I, is  iioni.  tlirn.  is  ()„'  r|,id.Tinis.  'r|,is  ,.||,,,i,. 
nii.l.'i-M,.sa  clian-v.  and  is  coiiv.Tlrd  ini,.  Imrn.  nliil,.  ||„.  „.,,,.,, 
l""iv  uf  111,,  skin  hriicafli  iviiiains  siil,>tant  ially  n  iiclian-vd. 

'-'■"  ""'  '"'  """■''  l'.ii'li''"l:ir.  and  ciid.MVcM-  In  i-\^,\:uu  Imw  lliis 
li"i-n  -TMWlh  |,r<Kv..ds  — Ii,,\v  I  his  chanuv  takes  plare. 

As  heluiv  iiiiinial,.,!.  i„iii„.,liatrlv  ,i|„,i,  ihis  ,,,,,. wn  snria.'e  — 
''"■  I'^ipilla..— ih..  deniia  .vlls  aiv  always  hein-  tunnrd  will, 
"""•'■. .!•  less  rapidily.  as  the  .■xi-mcics  .,1'  il„.  ,h.,nand  may  iv- 
'I'liiv.      The   new  ...lis   funned    heine-  alwavs  al    the   1.m|  |,„n.  are 

'■Ver   ,Hlshin,n-  tip   Iheif  piv.ieee.ssurs   tn    snppiv   the    deaiand    al.nv.. 

l'i''"lii'v,l  either  hy  th,.  ordinary  wast.,  al   the  surfa^ f   the  skin." 

•"■" ^"-a'-nlinary  (h.n.aial  ,,f  a   -n.win-  Imrn.      At    the  same 

[''■■"■"•••'"damun-  the  strnet.iral   .vlls,  pie'im-nt  cells  aiv   fm'ine.l 
HI    which   the  c,.l„riii.--   malh.r    is   -..imrar...!  an.l    earri...l    ni.    lur 
IlK'y   a.'..,.m,,any   th..    furm..r    in    lh..ir    pr.^eress.      At    lifst    th..s,. 
'••■lis  aiv  n-.arly  s|,h,.|.i,.al.  with    mic|..i    i,,    th..ir  ....niivs.       \s  t|,ev 
■i''"  iMish,..l  up  l.v  new  f,.rmali,,ns   Iviicalh.  th..v  assnm..  irivn,!.;,. 
h.nns,  an.l  linally  th..y  l,e,..,me  llall..i.,..l  .ail.  till   at    last   ihev  1...- 
'■>n'.'  .■xce..,|ii,e.K-  thin,  with  .vriv.spon.linulv  ..xpaixl..,!  surfa.vs 
I  iH's.-  Il;.tt..n..,l  an.l  .h.si....aled  c..lls  lH.,.,.me  v.-rv  mnch  .vmpa..tvd 
t-MVil,..r  an.l  har.l.  an.l  thus  is  th."  h,.rn  l.nilt  up.     S,,  w..  see  that 
<!'"l""'n  '^''>"t  ll"-liar.lem.d  and  thick...,..,!, a,r..r..pi.|e,.,nis     Th,. 
.'xa.'t  p,v^,.,.ss  ,.f  this  <.,.owth  may  n„t  he  stal,.,l  in  its  ,ni,„„,.  d.- 
<^"l  with  al,s..h,te  certainty.      It:   is  very  ..[..ar,  h..w..ver.  that   th.. 
'"'^.'■';  I""'"""  <>f  <1'«^  ('pi'l^'nnis   l,....„n„.s  .■„ns„li,lat..,l  inh.   h„rn 
^'",•1,  ,.|,.av,.s  otr   fn.m  th,-  .s„f(er  p,.rti„n  within,  alwavs   h-avim.' 
a  .stratum  ,.1  epi,l,.rmis  ...x^.i-ine-  ,1„.  ,.,.,.i,„„.      xh..  ,n,t..r   hanf 
en.^.i  shelL  „r  fnm  h,,rn.  ,s,.,.ms   (,.   |„.   lift,.,!   ..ff  „,■  .separate,!    l.v 
the  ,n..reas...l  cell  gn.wth  .s.,  as  t..  h-av..  a  lin..  ,.f  .le.narcation   h,:. 
twe..n  ll„.  pcrfcvted  Imrn  and  the  epi.lernd.s  heneath,  thon-d,  th,. 
nntr„.nt_vess,.|s  still  maintain  tla-ir  int..^ritv.  as  is  the  ca^-  with 
the  p..r.s.Htent  lu.rn  ,.f  ..tl.er  rnminants,  t.nt'il  thev  a.v  s.-vcv,!  l.v 
til"  <■■■■■'  .^■■'-■-'^^      I         ,  .  ,     , 


H'  m.al  catastroph..  ^vhich   l,„.sens  the  Imrn   from   tlie  c.r..,  and 
tlin.ws  it  off.  ' 

As  the  .s.)li,lification  ur  conversi..n  of  tids  ot.ter  p,.rti..n  ,.f  tl 
epa  ..rnns  mt.)  horn  procuresses  ,lownwar,ls  ahni^.  tlm  ore,  the  n, 
sohd.hed  portmn  remains  heneath  it,  c..mparativelv  inactive,  u„ 
undergoes  little  change  till  the  perh.d  arrives  in  "the  succeedin 


;;j 


77//;  .\.\ri:i.i>ri:  nr  .iMj:i;ir\. 


year  ulicii  llic  I'uniialidii  nl'  new  cills  ii|i(in  tlic  |>a|»illa'  incfi'ascs 
to  a  (I('l;itc  (•(iiiiiiicir-iiratf  willi  tlic  (Ii'ImmikI. 

'I'liis  iiicnascd   ai'ii\iiy  |ii>t    cMiiiiiirih'cs  al    tlir   u|>|icr   |iarl    of 

lIlc  rule.,  wliiTf  lln'  llc\v  Imi'll  ci  Hll  II  irliccs  its  nrii\\|||.  ||i'|'r  tlic 
(Icilialld   i.s  create!'   tliail   e\  e|-  nrelirs   |i>\\  el'  down  oil    lllecole:    here 

all  iiii'icased  lIo\s  of  Mood  >1  iiiiiilates  to  a  more  ra|iid  forina'.ioii 
of  cells,  wliieli  are  siicccssivelv  forced  up.  llattciicd.  and  airaiiced, 
siilliciciil  to  form  a  considcral'lc  part  of  tlic  c\Tnidrical  portion  of 
llic  horn  licforc  any  ureal  actisily  is  oliscrvc(l  l)clo\v.  and  these 
act  with  siillicieiit  force  to  lift  tin;  lioni  from  its  seat,  tear  asunder 
llic  hairs  wiiicli  connected  it  with  tlic  sUin,  and  linally  cast  it  olT. 
An  acli\c  circulation  is  still  Ui'pt  up  liironeh  tliis  iicwIn -formed 
c\liiii|ci',  which  is  slill  somewhat  soft  anil  lIcxiMe,  ami  (|iiit(^ 
warm,  which,  howcM'i'.  oradiiallv  dries  ii|)  and  hardens  into  tln^ 
ueifect  horn,  at  the  upper  part  lirst.  and  |iroc'ressing' downward. 

Now  the  |ieciiliar!l;  al)i>nt  this  is,  not  iliat  the  ciiidcrmis  is  the 
sonrce  of  the  horn,  or  is  converted  into  horn,  hiit  that  ii  very  lim- 
ited section  slionld  he  stimiilaled  to  extraordinary  activity  till  its 
work  is  accoinpli.-lii'd..  and  then  siilisides  into  a  comparatively  dor- 
iiiaiit  stale;  and  tlien  another  portion  wakens  to  the  same  vigor- 
ous action,  to  he  aeain  succeeded  hy  another  activi^  seclioii  still 
lower  down  ;  this  state  of  activity  commciiciiig  at  the  top  of  the 
cori'  and  gradually  passing  along  down  it,  followed  hy  the  per- 
fected horn,  and  the  ipiiet  condition  of  the  ejiitiermis  lining  its 
cavity  ;  and  that  this  extraordinary  phciioiiu'inin  should  occur 
annually.  The  horn  from  the  epiilermis  was  to  l»c  cxpcclcd,  for 
the  cells  when  forced  to  the  snrface  of  the  euticle  on  our  own  skin 
even,  :ir(!  always  of  a  horny  texture,  and  in  that  condition  are 
Worn  away  by  friction,  or  are  thrown  olV,  with  greater  or  less 
rapidity,  and  art^  siu'ceeded  hy  those  heiieath,  which  are  hrought 
to  llie  surface  to  he  thrown  or  worn  oil'  in  their  turn;  hut  in  the 
ordinary  cuticle  this  process  is  regular  ami  continuous,  while  this 
is  spasmodic,  or  rather  j)eri()ilic. 

'J'lie  horn  of  the  ox  grows  from  the  cuticle  as  well  as  this,  hul 
it  is  of  slow  and  regular  growth,  and  is  pushed  up  from  its  hase. 
wliih;  this  horn  grows  from  the  to[)  dttwnward,  taking  up  or  con- 
verting in  its  [)rogress  the  epiilermis  all  the  way  down  the  core. 
While  till-  growth  of  this  horn  is  undoubteilly  on  the  same  ])rin- 
eijile  as  the  growth  of  all  other  horns,  here  is  an  important  modi- 
fication of  the  process  rendered  necessary  hy  the  deciduous  char- 
acter of  this  horn.  Its  growth  must  he  I'haracteri/.ed  by  extraor- 
dinary energy,  when  it  is  to  be  accomplished  in  a  few  months" 


(. 


'ULi 


•////;  I'M  I..     I  in:  ii,i,i. 


oO 


[)lll;i'  iiH'l'i'llsrs 

ii|)|ici'  i>;irt  itf 
ill.  Il.'iv  tlic 
tlic  core  ;  lirrc 
i|ii(l   l'i)nnii!ii>M 

iiiid  :iri';inij,i(l, 
\v\\\  |)Mrtl()ii  lit' 
l(i\v,  ami  tlii'sc 
t,  tt'iir  asmidi'r 
ally  casl  it  olV. 

iit'\vl\  -i'oniH'd 
lilc,  ami  ([iiitci 
nli'iis  into  tlio 
lo-  (Idwiiward. 
pidcniiis  is  \\w 
lat  ii  very  lini- 
activily  till  its 
[)iirativ<'ly  doi'- 
lic  same  vijj,!)!'- 
vii  si'i'tiiiii  still 
the  tiij)  of   the 
I'd   by  llic   pi.'!"- 
rmis   liuiiii;'   its 
1   slioulil  (K'ciir 
)f  csjH'cti'd,  lor 
n  our  own  skin 
t   ('(iiiditioii   iire 
!;;ri'at('i'    or   less 
\.'\\  ari'  hroiiglil 
ini  ;  l)ut  ill   till' 
lous,  wliilc  this 

I'll  as  this,  l)ul 
I  i'roiii  its  base, 
king'  up  or  con- 
down  tilt'  eoi'c. 
the  saintj  prln- 
mportant  nioili- 
deciduous  chiir- 
izod  by  extriior- 
a  lew  months' 


'' •    "'''''•    '"    ^'11    "'li-i'  ''iises    tl„.    wiinlr    !i|',.   ,,|'    tl„.    ;,,,!, nal    is 

d-\-I..d  I..  Ill,,  ^'luwlh  nf  il,,.  hnr,,.  \v|n,.|,  is  ,vu„i,n-  and  appiuxj- 
"'■Jl'l.v    iinil'nnii,  tliMi|M-l,  ,|,,\v,.r  in  adsan.'rd  lilV  than  carlirr. 

'I'll''  onl\   rs.M.ptJ,,,,;,!  iraliiiv  nbs,.|v..d  a! tl„.  su,, ,•,•,-  ,,r  ihis 

'■;•"  ,U'i'"^vll,,  wlilrl,  uianih.-,!.  suHi  .-M  rannlinarv  adivitv  ;,|, 
liiiirs.  is  tl„.  \,.ry  innisnal  si/r  and  o,vut  irn-i;i,.,H|  v  uf  ,1,,. 
|"M'il'"'.  i'""i  wliirl,  lliec..|lsnri^i„at,.and  iv.vi  vr  t  heir  n,„iri.|,- 
'.'"■'"•      ''   '"■"  'l'iM"'-i^-  point   w,.aiv  tMlnuk    fnr   this  u,,„d,.r- 

^''    l''"'""""' I'^i^i'i-    MO    parall,.|    in    tlm   animal    ,.r,„„,n,v 

N:il!.r.'lia.  pruMdrd^Minrihino-   i„    ,1,,.,'    papilla,  whir),    pn.lu.l.s 

II.  .Ml.l   II    ^^v   kllru-   I,,.,!...-  hnw   I..   |,„,k    In,.  ||,is    s,  ,|n..l  hi  IP  •■.   ,„•    p,.,.- 

''''!"  """'''    '•"    '■'•i'i''"II.V'o,„|,,,n.    Ihoo    papilla,  with    lllnsr   nf 

"ll"'!'  portiuiis  ,,t  skin.  th,.  pcniliarity  ini-ht  b,-  .|,.i,.,.l,.d  whirl, 
P'''"hi...s  this  iviuaikablr  ivsiiH,  if  ^s.  may  not,  attribute  it  1,.  iho 
iniai'asi'il  >,/.(.  ,,1'  the  papilla-. 

TIIK   'All,. 

''■'"■  '■■'il  "f  tl'-'    I'nmu-   IJuck  bears  no  res..niblanre  to  t||;,t  uf 
■•mvol    the  smaller  spreirs  of  d,.,.r,  but    r..,notelv   appn.aelu.s   f,, 
'''■"  "I    ^vapiti.      It    is  vry  short,  not    more  tlian"thre..  inches  ii, 
len-th,  and  is  ....vn-.l  with  roars.,  hairs  whiel,  aiv  a  little  short. .r 
"".the  n.Hler  si.h.   (han.m  the  npper.      It    is  iiearlv  ronn.l.  ami 
"'■•"i.tiMns  Us  siz..  t..  n.'ar  the  en.l,  where   it  terminals  ^^i,h   h 
''1'""   1-n.l.      It  is  usually  .'arrie.!  d.,s..|y  depress...!  ior  so  slmrt  :t 
""■'"'"■i-.  an.I  ,s  nev..r  se.'i,  ...v.-t...!  to  a  v.'rti.-al  p.,sition.      Wli..,, 
''"V^""nal  is  .'.K.'it...loraniiiiate.l  th.'  tail  niav  be  s..en  rais...|  to  a 
horizontal   position  or  a  little  abov..  it.  but  that  is  all   th.-  .•ham-v 
■11  Its   position  observed   under  any  eiivumstaiu-.'s.      Jt    is  ns.'l.^s 
asa  w..a,,on   tor  .lefense  against  the  attaeks  .,f  Hies  an-l   nn.s.iui- 
t|H's;  Ironi  whi..li,  lu.wever,  it  .lo.'s  n„t  snir.'r  nearlv  so  n.iidi  as 
tin.  dec.r,  probably  because  of  the  o.l.-r  with  which  it  always  sur- 
rouii.ls  itselt.  - 

TJJE  FOOT. 
The  feet  ..f  l,Iu'  Prong  Buck  are  bifurcous,  consi.lerablv  sniall.'r 
than  those  .,t  the  dcr,  slim  and  sharply  p.,i„ted,  stninglV  ..onv..^ 
on  top,  having  the  outer  e.lges  slightly  concave.  Jn  general  th.'v 
resemble  the  feet.. f  tlie  anteh>pe  gazelle,  though  tlTe  latt.'r  ar^c 
considerably  longer  an.l  more  pointed,  the  points  incline.l  to  cross 

he  lub  ts  ot  all  these  animals  have  a  decided  infiuen.'e  on  the 
turm  and  the  size  of  the  f..ot,  for  which  allowance  must  be  mad.-' 


80 


iiii:  wii:/. <>/'/:  or  .\\n:i!i<\. 


ill   nil   Mlir  culiiji;!!  i>iili>.        l''|Mlil     liiiilc  rdll^tllllt    use.  ot'ti'll   ill    rnll^ll 

iiml  sli'iiv  ;;riMiii,|.  |||.'  I'm.,!  nf  \\\>-  wiM  iiniiiKil.  Iiy  rMiitiuiiiil  aina- 
si'ili,   is    rrdiiccil    ill    si/i'  iilnl    rli;ilii4Vi|    in     I'urill.  iis  (•(illl|i;il'c(l    uitli 

those  lliiil  111'"'  ki'l>t  ill  |t:irks  u  licir  tlifv  riiiiLir  luit  little,  and  tlieii 

(fellCIMllv  nil    the  Si  d't    ^I'ilsS. 

There  is  an  einire  want  "i  e\el|  the  IMldiniellt  III'  llic  |)iislerinr 
aceessai'x  li(i(il'>  liiiiinl  i>\\  ihmiK  all  (pllier  iiiiiiiiiants,  sit  iiate  almve 
tlle   useful    hMiil'-.       'Ihe     h^    errallier    font,   where   ill    iilhel'    rilllli- 

iiaiils  these  aeees>ar\  linni's  are  altaehed.  is  as  clean  and  siiiuoth 
(111  the  I'l'iiiiLi'  r>nek  as  nil  the  limse.  and  even  inure  so,  lor  tlieie 
is  no  a|i|ie;iranee  of  tliat  tuft  of  loiiu'er  hair  wiiieh  is  ohserved  on 
iiearl V  ail  lioi'so  at   tliis  plare. 

Tiie  eolor  of  the  jpiof  i>  iilaek  throughout. 


rilK    (11, ANUS. 

'I'lie  I'eniaikalili'  svsteiii  of  cutaiieoiis  L;'laiids  found  oil  this  ani- 
mal is  a  sti'ikiiiL;'  iliaraeirii^^i  ie.  In  the  s|ieciiie  deseript  imi  of  the 
riolio'  Iiiiek,  the  iMiuliiiU  iif  eai'h  of  tliese  glands —  ideveii  ill 
iniiiilii.r  —  is  !4'i\cn.  'lliex-  seci'i'te  a  siilistaiiee  ol  ii  waxy  eoll- 
•sisieiiee,  of  a  salVrnii  eiilor  and  of  a  i>un!n'en|-  odor,  some  more 
eo]>ious  than  ol  lieis. 

Sir  John  iliehaiiUon  was  the  lirst  to  notice  any  of  these  glands. 
lie  sa\s:  '• 'I'here  is  a  dark,  blackish  l)rowii  i-jtot  at  the  iiiigle 
of  each  jaw  which  e\ii<lcs  a  strong  luMviii  odor.""  ^  Altlioiigii 
Ivicliardsoii  does  not  seem  to  have  made  any  study  of  the  glands, 
nor  does  lie  even  iiK-iition  tliem  liy  name,  tli(3  passage  (quoted 
points  directlv  to  those  I'ouml  Kelow  the  ears. 

Dr.  Caiilield  seems  to  have  heen  the  lirst  who  hestowed  any 
serious  siiid\  ii[ioii  the  glands  of  this  animal.  Jle  says,  " 'i'lii; 
stroll"'  and  peculiar  odor  conies  princi[)ally  from  th(>  ischiadic 
glands.'"  rii's  oliser\atioii  was  iiiado  on  the  living  animal,  while 
liichardson.  ;Vi  n  the  deatl  suhject,  ascriheil  it  to  [\u\  suhaiiricular 
glands.  !;  I  agree  witii  Dr.  Canlield,  thut  the  hip  glands  are  the 
most  ellec'Live  in  tile  emission  of  this  odor,  it  is  because  the  sid)- 
stance  secreteil  is  more  pungent,  for  it  is  less  in  (puintity  than 
that  secreted  by  the  glands  on  the  head.  The  single  gland  on 
the  i)aek  is  large,  but  nut  so  active  on  llie  sul)jects  1  liuvt;  ex- 
iiiniiu'd  as  some  of  the  others  ;  but  in  fact  each  does  its  jiart  in 
tainting  the  atmos[)here  wliicli  snrroiinds  the  iinimal.  If  tlie 
glands  between  the  toes  do  not  contribute  nincli  to  the  odor  we 
observe  in  the  atmosphere,  they  iire  siillicicntly  active  to  taint 

1  Fauna  liortala  Americuna   p.  207. 


'•i:\/7.\f.s. 


'M 


I'ti'ii  ill  nmuli 
iiliiin;il  ;ilir;i- 
lii|i;ii'i'il  u  itii 
til',  anil  iIh'Ii 

lllr    |)ii-,|c|inl' 

-it  iiati-  al)ii\  r 
iillii'i'    I'liiiii- 

1  ami  siipKit  li 
SK,  t'nr  tlinc 

i    l)l).SI'l'\  I'll    1)11 


1  III!  I  his  aiii- 
i^ililiini  III'  till' 
—  i;l('\rii  ill 
a,  waxy  cihi- 
,    Siillic    lilorr 

tJK.'Si'  njaiiils. 
at  till'  aiii;li' 
^  Altliou.i;Ii 
i  Ihc  ^lamls. 
•ssage  (juoti'd 

)L'st(>\V('ii  any 
'  says,  '•  'I'lir 
the  isi'liiailii- 
animal,  while 
siihaiii'icular 
;liUi(ls  an'  thr 
aiisi>  till'  siil)- 
liuuitity  than 
igli!  n'laiul  on 
Ls  1  Iiuvi!  ex- 
it's its  ])art  in 
iniiil.  If  tliu 
>  the  odor  we 
2tivo  to  tiiint 


til.'    unMlli,!    ;i(     rvery   S|e|,.        '|u   „|e.   allil    I    think    t s(    p^'^MiH, 

lhl<  i-,  not  a-liTlil.l.Mill,!  yet,  it  is  nut  >..  llliple;|,;ml  ;|,  In  ||,;||^,.  i, 
(lisaeivciMe  1m  1.,.  Ill  :ir  {•>  nr  |,i  i'\;|IIMI|e  lln'  ,lllil||;||.  |(  j,  ,.||il,. 
•lilTerrllt     friiln    tint    ul'     ij,,.     m:,],.     :^-,  ,;,,  .    ;,,„|      [     ||,i|,|^      le^.   .,r|V|IMN  e. 

'rills  ihImi'  is  scaiv.'ly   iceiiMe  ill   ih,.  r:iv^  ,,  ,,|'  ;i   |Vw  iiiMinh,  .i|,|  ; 

is     ViT\      |.r<V|itil.lr     whrli     it       is    ;,      \,,ir    ,,M.    :,||,1     >,,.|n>     til    -liiW 

strnii-'.  !■  v.\\\i  ;,ov.  iiiiiil  the  aiiiiiial  lirc,,iii,.s  ihiv,.  \..;n,~,,l,|. 
''''''■'  "'I'"'  '-^  ""'  'llliivls  line  I,,  Ih,.  sirivliui,  ,,)■  Ih,.  -|;in,|, 
l""l"''-  '""  partly  ;iri>es  tVulll  \\n-  n\ly  ..ei'ivt  imis  i  if  tln'  -^kil,.  ;is 
'"■'>     '"■    "h-erseii     liy     nil.iiill--    th,.     liii^,.,^     i||„,n     the     skill.   ;il      ill.' 

'' -•  "I'   llie  hair  mi  the  sides  mid  hark. 

The  aelivily  III"  the>e  MJaiids  is   II..'  .•,,iiliii,.,l  t,,  ,1,,.  nlllill^•   s,.;,. 

^""-  '"!>   'I' '"!•  'ii'i.v  1 lisrrved  .'it    all    >,.a>M|is.  iIimiimIi  i7  inav 

•"•  ni-re  inarkeil  diiriuM'  ih,.  nn.  X,„.  is  if  .•,,|,|i|„.,l  ,,,  ^h,.  |,,a|,'.. 
I"i'  ill"  h-male  ,.||,iis  the  ndiir  as  w,.n.  MiMii.^li  J  (lii,,!^  j,  ,„,,  ^,j 
■■'"■"".-=    '  ''■•'^"    ""    I':"''--  \\lii'-l'  "arrant    n,..    i,,    savin..'    that    tin' 

""^''    i-"^"''<^H'il"«l     I'y    Ihiise    iilan.ls.        1    hav,'..atei|    it"^rrei|,|,.|„  j  y 

■'ii'l  .-il  diliereiil    s,.asi.nsi.r   the   _\ear  williiiiii    Mlis,.nin.4  aiivlhin.".' 


'I    1  he    kind  :    II. ir    have    I    he,. 


"  '''''h'   'o   learn   .iiiNthiii-'  iVum    the 


I'linters  ti.  warrant  such  a  eiiiirhisinii.  W,.  niav  well  s,,,,,,,,,,. 
th.it  -lands  enniiu,.,]  ti,  the  skin  w.nild  he  l..ss  liki'.jv  tu  taint  the 
llesh.  tliaii  those  more  intimately  r,.iiiu.,.|,.,l  wit|,  n',..  |I,,,|,  ,,,  ,|„, 
eireiila!  imi. 

Alter  Canli,.],!.  Martlet  I:  i,..xt    nient  imis  t  he  -lands  of  ihi.sani- 

"l  =  'l-    1""     'i<'  dues   |„,t     seem   (,.   h.ave    studied     IJ,,.,,,    ,.|,,s,.h.       This 

was  ri'M-rved  to  Dr.  Muvlv,  to  whom  we  are  in,|..|,t,.,l  |\,,'  ,|„,  n,,,- 
'■•'"■'•'"'  '•^^^""inatiiin  and  deseri|,f ion  oC  them.  H,.  ,|,..,.,ii„.,  ,|,„,„ 
:dl  and   -ives  their  enrreet    lueatiun,  althmm'!,  ii,  his  snmniarv  he 

'■'Hits   the   laree   olandiin    the    hark.      As   I „lv  liad    the  di.ad 

snli|i.et   fndeal  with,  heninhlof  eourse  fom,  i„.   a'ei..nraLeooini,m 
"!  the  I'elalive  aetuity  of  the  diirerent  el.ainN. 

(JKMTAI.S. 

The -enitalsuf  this  aninitd  are  m,„.h  like  tlmse  of  the  ant,-!,,,,,. 
I"'"|"'''.       Ihe   sernti, 111,  however,    is  smaller   than    that    of  alnmst 

='.">'"'"■'''■" '""f  "'■  its  si/,,.,  am,    is    not   a    twentieth    part    the 

si/i'ot   that  of  li...  o,,at.      U   is  slightly    |iemlent,  thouidi    less   s,. 
••vu  tnan  that  of  the  eommon  deer.      The  tlieea   extends   „,,   ,he 

•■'l"l'"nen  about  four  inehe.s  on   the  t.duU.     It   has   not  tmv   luv- 
]Miei'.  ■     ' 


r,8 


77//;    \\ri:i.(H'K  of  amkhka. 


'VWV.   COAT. 

X'iv.  Miii-'h'  ]iroii<>iiiu'cs  tlic  hair  nf  \\\v  juiti'lopc  to  Ixi  like  tlie 
wiKil  (if  ihc  sli(H'[).  lie  says:  '•  l-'i'oin  a  review  of  the  i'orco'oiiio- 
aiiatoiny  and  extcnials  of  tlie  I'roii<;'  IWick,  if  1  wen'  asked  bv  ti 
single  tenii  (o  denote  what  the  animal  is,  I  should  he  ohlin-ed  to 
(ieiinanize  the  Knglisli  [ihi-aseohiu y  and  naiiH'  it.  eii-irfe-liodfed, 
slieep-liaircd,  (h'er-headed,  n'oat-^landed  aiitelope, — an  expres- 
sion, however  rn!4e;ed.  yet  explicit  eiioueh  to  i>alHe  those  who  are 
skeptieal  of  eradational  fofnis."  I  shall  not  stop  to  discuss  the 
chai'acteristics  stated,  but  will  merely  observe  that  I  liave  been 
nnal>le  to  detect  the  I'esemhiance  which  the  hairs  of  tin;  l^-on^ 
Ibick  bear  to  till.'  wool  of  I  he  sheep.  Thev  are  coarser  than  tlie 
hairs  of  any  of  the  deer  :  they  are  liollow,  with  a  larger  internal 
cavity,  are  comparatively  non-elastic,  and  exceedinolv  fragile. 
When  bent  sliort,  they  break  down  and  never  straigliten  again. 
They  t(M'niinate  in  exci'ecHngly  shar|?  ])oints,  and  although 
crinkled  are  not  wavy,  like  wool.  They  have  no  more  felting 
pr'  jierties  than  dry  brush-wood.  The  hair  is  lai'^est  a  small 
distance  al)oV(>  the  root,  thence  it  tapers  verv  graduallv  for  a 
short  space,  and  then  more  ra[)idly  lo  the  sharp  point.  It  is 
very  brittle  and  easily  broken  oil'  below  the  point  and  above 
the  middle.  'I'lie  large  internal  cavitv  is  filled  with  a  litdit, 
spongy  pith,  and  the  whole  is  so  fragile  as  to  be^  readilv 
crushed. 

The  lower  ha.lf  of  the  hair  is  covered  with  an  oleaginous  sul)- 
stance  which  gives  it  llexil)ility  and  endurance. 

Other  naturalists  have  failed  to  observe  the  line  nnder-f'ir, 
found  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  on  all  of  tlu;  deer,  which  cer- 
tainly also  exists  on  the  I'rong  J}uck  as  well,  and  in  considerable; 
quantities  during  the  winter  and  spring.  Pluck  a  loclc  of  hair 
fi'om  the  side  of  the  mounted  s|)ecinien  in  my  collection,  by 
gras])ing  it  near  the  roots,  and  sullicient  fur  will  con-.e  with  it 
ti)  hold  the  hairs  togvtlier  when  suspended  bv  a  very  tew.  This 
fur  is  whit,',  line,  ami  long,  not  crinkled,  but  cui'ved  into  lariiv, 
ii'regnlar  convolutions. 

This  fur,  lik(>  the  fur  on  the  deer,  is  not  pointed,  as  is  tin; 
hair,  but  is  of  a  uniform  size  its  whole  lengtli,  and  terminates 
al)ruptly. 

In  winter  costume,  th(>  hair  on  the  body  is  from  an  inch  and  a 
lialf  to  two  inclies  in  length.  On  the  wliite  patch  on  the  rump, 
it  is  from  two  antl  a  half  to  three  inclios  in  lenuth.     The  mane  is 


\\§\ 


I 


col. on. 


sn 


l)(^  like  tlu! 

10  ion 'going 

iiskcd  by  a 

>    obliged    to 

'alli'-liooffd, 

-;iii    r\])rcs- 

osc  will)  ;n'(! 

discuss   tlui 

liiivc   bcM'ii 

tli(!   1^'ong 

icr  lliuii   the 

gri-  iiilcnml 

gly   IVagiK'. 

Iitcii  again. 

I     although 

lore  iVltiiig 

'st   a   small 

lually  i'of  a 

oiiit.      It    is 

and   above 

itli  a  light, 

1)1'    readily 

giiioiis  sub- 

'   under- f'lr, 

wliieh   ('01'- 

!()nsiderabl(! 

oelc  of  hair 

llectioii,    by 

iM'.e   with    it 

lew.      This 

into  large, 

1,  as   is  the 
tenninatos 

inch  and  a 

the  rninp, 

rhe  mane  is 


le    oli- 
dceii 
1 1 


t'nur  inches  lung.  Oi:  the  legs  and  face  the  hair  is  short.  (|iiite 
solid,  and  with  ait  the  under  fur.  (  )n  the  belly  it  is  not  so  dense 
as  alM)\(..  iiut  liner  and  softer,  and  has  the  fur  hi'iieath. 

<  'oh.r. 

The  colur  of  this  animal  is  (piiti'  uniform  on  dilb-ivnt  individu- 
als, ilmugh  a  dilVereiice  in    the  de]ith   of  the  shades   niav 
^'■'■v<'d.      (  )ii  the  female,  the  coloi'cd  |iorti(iiis   are   no!    of  sn 
a  shade  :is  on  the  niali',  and  on   the  whole   the   niai'ks  are   not   s 
pronounced,  although  the  white  is  (juile  as  immaculate. 

At  birth,  the  young  have  substantially  the  same  markings  as 
the  adult.  lhoi;gli  the  dark  slunles  dee|H'ii  somewhat  as  tliev  ^row 
'>lder.  Not  lh(  least  appearance  of  those  spots  is  observeddn  the 
lawns,  wiiich   so   h.'aiitiflilly  ornament  the  young  of   the  smaller 

Ill  a  large  majority  of  cases,  downward  from   a    line  (b'awn    be- 
twcn  the  outer  base  ,,f  the  horns,  the   face   is  a   dark    brown   .,r 
dull  Mack.      Two  inches  forwanl  friun  this  line  Ihe   dark    portion 
is  narrowest,  and  is  scarcely  two  and  one   half   iih'hos  wide,  while 
it  is  nearly  tbiir  inches  broad  lower  down.     While  this  dark  color 
'•uibraces  ihe  nostrils,  it  is  separale.l  from  ihein  by  a  while  >ri,H. 
:dong  the  upper  lip.  which  in  front  is  seven  lines  'broad,  wi.leiiino' 
p"steriorlx,   till   at   the  angle   of    the   iimutli    it   is   more   than   an 
'i";l'  '"-"ikI.      Ib'H^  it  unites  with   tlm  white,  which   embraces   the 
'•liHi  and  most  of  the  lower  jaw.  and  extends  along   the  ch,.,.k    to 
<li''<',ve.  th..  upper  portion  sha.Ie.l  v.itli  ivd.     One' in. 'h  below  the 
•  ■ye.  and  involving  the  posterior  portion  of  the  cheek,  is  an  iriv-- 
>'kn-   dark   brown    patch,  fnmi  two   to  three    inches    in    diaiuetor 
This  Is  111,,,  t  coiispi  -uoiis  on  the  inal.'.      This  mark   is  surrouiidod 
hy   the    lawny   yeP  .u    of   the    back,    except    lu'lweei,    it    and    the 
lower  part  of  ,!„.,,, r,  where   is  a  white   patch    two  and   one   half 
""•!'<' '  l"Mg  ,Mid  one  and  .uie  half  inches   broad.      There  Is  a  dark 
'•"■'•I-  aioienl  the  eyes.      Above  the  black   on   tie   fac.   to  the  ears, 
is  while.      The  ears  are  while  on    both   si'     .'     \    mud,    less   ,,ro- 
";"""■'■<•  ••"'  «'>"  oulside.      Th.'    edges   of   the   ears   are    black,  co,,- 
sidcrahly  l.-.s  so  on   the   back   .'dge   t!iaii   oil    the   top   and    fr.uit. 
I  lie  .'yclashes  are  of  an  intense  black.     So  we  iiiav  sav  the  whole 
l'"a.l  IS  whit...  .'x.-ept  the  fa.'.',  the  spots  iK'Healh  th.'  .-ars,  a  -ir.-ie 
="""M'I  II'-'  •".v.'s,  Iheey.'lash.'s.an.l  lii.- ...Ig,.s  ,,f  III.' .'ars :  ihoicd. 

s-in..|iiuestli.'r,iss.'ty..ll.e,v  marks  th,'  ba,.k    part   ,.f  ih.'  .^l U 

iK'  long,  .'oarse,  stilV.  .',v.'t  hairs  of  th.'  man.'  aiv  v.'rv  bla.'k  at 
the  .ait.'r.'iuls,  l.nver  d,,wn  th.'v  ar.-  rufous  brown  sha.liii...  to 
white.  '  '^ 


I'       I 


40 


Tin-:  A. x'li: /.(>/> I-:  or  amihhca. 


Tlic  |ii('vailiiiu,-  cdlfif  (.f  ilic  liddy  is  a  dull  nilous  yellow.  Tins 
('i)vcis  tlir  iicck,  cM't'iit  till'  iiiiiiu'  aiitl  till'  IdWcr  portion  of  it. 
It  cdNcrs  till'  lini'k  ami  siurs  halt'  way  ilowii,  llu'  slioiililcrs  anil 
hips,  I'Mcpt  till'  whiti'  jiatc'h  on  tlir  rump.  This  conspicuous 
whito  mark  commcnci's  at  the  anterior  ciul  of  the  sacrum  ami 
wiilrns  1(1  the  extent  of  ei^ht  oi-  ten  inches,  passes  iluwn  arnuml 
the  tail,  ami  unites  with  the  white  below,  hetwren  the  le^s.  In 
iniinv  specimens,  this  white  patch  is  iliviiled  hy  a  slight  line  of 
Yellowish  hair  extemlini;'  down  the  hack  and  along  the  upper 
side  of  tlie  tail.  Freijuentlv  on  the  male  the  color  over  the  s|)ine 
is  apjireciablv  deeper  than  on  either  side.  The  tail,  the  lower 
pari  i<i  the  sides,  the  belly,  the  inguinal  region,  the  legs,  and  the 
under  side  of  the  lu'ck  are  white,  except  that  tiie  white  under  the 
neck  is  broken  by  three  bands  of  the  yellowish  color  above,  which 
are  broader  at  their  base  on  either  side  of  thi'  neck,  and  beconje 
quite  narrow,  and  are  sometimes  broken  by  the  white  under  thi^ 
neck.  'I'liis  appeai'ance  of  the  diU'erent  colors  on  the  neck  shows 
the  while  in  pointed  sections  on  the  lower  sides  of  it,  the  ])oints 
projecting  into  the  colored  ]iortions  above.  'J"he  white  on  the 
front  of  the  legs  is  not  as  clear  as  on  other  parts,  and  is  tinged 
with  a  russet  or  brown  shade. 

( )n  manv  speciuu'iis  a  shaded  line  may  be  observed  from  a 
])oint  between  the  fore  legs,  extending  back  to  the  uinf'i/ti-Ks. 

The  portions  covered  by  the  dil'ferent  colors,  or  the  dividing 
lines  between  the  colors,  are  somewhat  variant  on  dilVerent  indi- 
viduals :  but  they  always  pri'serve  their  distinct  characteristics, 
'idle  white  is  perlia])s  most  immaculate  on  the  rumj),  but  is  very 
])ure  evervwhere,  except  al)out  tlie  head  and  on  the  legs,  where 
it  is  a  little  more  dingy. 

Till'  hairs  from  the  colored  portion  of  the  animal,  when  exam- 
ined siiiglv,  are  at  their  lower  extremities  white,  turning  to  a 
dull  bluish  sliaiii  higher  up;  then  they  become  yellowish-tawny, 
and  at  the  tips  lilack.  The  ends  of  the  white  hairs  freiiuently 
become  soiled,  SO  that  their  j)iirity  is  obscured,  but  the  soiling 
rarely  penetrates  to  a  great  d  ■[)\.\\,  and  by  oi)ening  them  their 
beauty  is  inaiiifest. 

As  stated,  all  the  cuticle  not  covereil  with  hair — about  the 
amis,  the  eyes,  and  the  mouth,  —  as  well  as  mucous  membrane,  is 
very  black,  while  the  healthy  skin  under  the  hair  is  of  a  salmon 
color.  'I'hi'se  colors  remain  aftei"  the  death  of  the  animal,  iil- 
tliongh,  if  a  ])atcli  of  hair  be  removed  from  the  living  animal,  tlie 
epidermis  thus  exposed  very  soon  becomes  black. 


I'lii:  sKiw—  vi:ms(i.\.-^^  M.i,\ii:\i\ 


41 


yellow.  Tliis 
portion  of  it. 
shoulders  juul 
s  eonspieiioiis 
;•  siieriim  iiml 
down  around 
tlie  lej^s.  In 
sliglit  line  of 
ug'  tile  u[)per 
)V('r  the  s[)ine 
lil,  the  lower 
\  legs,  and  the 
lite  under  the 
[•  above,  whieh 
,  and  heeonje 
lite  under  the 
le  neek  shows 
it,  the  ])oints 
white  oil  the 
and  is  tinged 

,erv(Ml  from    a 

miihUlfiix. 

■  the  dividing 

ililVerent  indi- 

•haraeteristies. 

[),  but  is  very 

le   legs,  where 

I,  when  exam- 
turning  to  a 
How  ish-tawny, 
irs  fre(|uently 
ut  the  soiling 
ig  them  their 

r  —  about  the 
nu'inhrane,  is 
s  of  ii  salmon 
lie  animal,  al- 
ng  animal,  the 


Tin;  sKi\. 

Xwt  will. standing  Sir  J,,hii    Kicliardsoii  iidonii.s  us  thai  the  >kiii 
"'  ''''^  aiil.'iopc  is  of  no  vahh'  as  an  ariirle  of  trade,  and  allhoiigh 
'   '''J"!!    'li''I  ill    ill''  pr.'.-,.nl  day  it    is  noi    pii/cl  by  the  traders.  I 
mii>l    say  thai   Ihave  sfvrral   >kiiis  of   thisaniiiiai   taniUMl  bv  tin 
Iinliaii^.  which  Miv  reniarkaMi'   I'or  their  whit.Miess,  softness,  ehis- 
iK'ity.  and   tenacity,      in  ali    these    ivspccis.   except    in   strength, 
'I"?   'II'''   superior    to    the   skin  of   the   i\i■^■^■.  in  which  respcM    the 
latter  may  have  a,  slight  prefereiic.'.      I  iiave  no  doiibt  it  is  a,  verv 
eveelleiit  article  for  wash-le.itiier.  riv:iling  the  skin  of  tiie  chamois 
'"'■   I'll-   purpose.      1    cannot   be   mistaken   in   the  identitv  of  the 
skins  wliich    I    have,  for  enough   of   the  hair   remains   around  the 
'■''.-' -^  "ii'l    "II    till'    t;iil    to    li\    their    ideiilily  beyond    dispute.      I 
liii\e  had  the  skins  tanned  with  the  Iiair  on  for  robes.      Although 
l'li:iiil  .'iiid  warm,  the  hair  is  so  fragile  that  they  are  of  little  value 
lor  this  purpose. 

N'KNISON. 

Allhniigh   Ilichards.iii  informs  us  that  the  Indians  will  <mi1v  eat 
''"'  "'■^''  "''   ''"'  ;ii"ti'l"pe  wImmi  other  meat  fails   them,  1    kmiw  of 
II"  "II"  \n1io  has  tast.Ml    it  that  has  fail.-d   to  Iiml   it  a  delicate   and 
'•lioiee  morsel,  which  is  much  relished    by  the   invalid.      At   Chey- 
'•iiiH'  ••Old  Laramie.  Iraveh-rs  by  the  Pacilic  road  .ujov   their  aiite- 
'"!'<'  ''iH'ps  very  luiich.  many  preferring  it  to  the  ihWi  of  the  deer 
•""'   ''"•  buffalo.— all  of   whi.-h  are  tlmre  prox  ided  in  abuiidan.-e. 
It  IS  dark  colored,  line  graine.l  and  very  tender,  with  an  agicable 
lliivor.      It   is  not  as  nutrlli.Mis  as  the  llesli  of   the  ,|eer,  and  espe- 
'■'"">'  "''  ''"■  '•"■;•     II'   ii^<''l   as  a  constant  .li.'t  one  soon  <-lovs  of   it 
iind  desires  no  more.     After  almost  living  upon  it  for  two' wveks, 
|Jiiil.'   lorgot  howmu.'h    I   enjoyed  it  at  iirst,  and  agn-ed  with 
Hichardson-s   Indians,  and  rejoh-ed  at  the  change  to  the  ilesh  of 
^'"'  "'•''■■•and  the  bulfah..     This  meat,  however,  needs  to  be  well 
dresse.l   with    butter   to  develop    it.    pHnie   exeeUen.vs   ami   tine 
ll:iv..i'.  ev.-n  at  the  Iirst,  for  broiled  without  accessari.'s  it  is  rather 
'li'y.      If  butter  is  not  at  hand  (hen  fat  pork  or  bear's  gr.Mse  will 
'l";.ery  well   as  a  substitute,  but  something  softer  than   (allow  is 
quite  neeessary  to  its  full  (Mijoyment. 

ALUtENT. 

A„f;io,„i.,yf  Amn-ir>nH,  is  not  only  a  vegetarian,  but  is  strictly 
an  herbaeem.s  feeder,  avohling  arbore.ms  f.u.d  if  k-ft  to  liis  own 


42 


TIIF.    ASIFJ.ol'I-:    (ir  AMKIUCA. 


clioicc,  iiltl)i>ii<^li  pndialily  it'  driven  liy  dire  necessity  lie  mij^Iit 
t;il<e  tree  I'imkI,  luit  this  is  only  iiit'ereiiee.  My  oltservatiuns 
on  tliis  point  liave  heen  ciiret'nl  iiml  continnous  with  exeell(^'nt 
o]i|)(irliinities.  I  have  ot'ten  spent  Imni's  watchini;'  thein  wlien 
t'e.'dinu;.  \  lia\e  iVeipiently  tried  tlieni,  with  twin's  and  leaves 
when  these  were  yiiiniL;'  and  tender,  !is  well  as  when  i|nite  nia- 
liired,  of  every  tree  and  slirul)  within  my  reach,  inelndini';  the 
ha/el.  several  kinds  ot  oak,  the  hickory,  the  sii^ar-niaple.  the  ash, 
and  the  ninliii'rry,  hut  could  never  induce  them  to  taste  of  any, 
though  the  deer  seized  them  i^ree(lily.  In  winter  I  have  seen 
them  |iick  u|t  the  dried  oak  leaves  from  the  eroimd  possil)ly  foi- 
the  tannin  they  containeil,  ami  as  a  suhstitute  for  some  "rass 
found  in  their  native  raiie-e.  hut  was  not  foinid  in  inv  grounds, 
hut  I  never  saw  them  touch  tlu'  green  leaf  of  a  tree. 

The  dried  ami  fi'osted  leaves  were  not  taken  for  the  nutriment 
i.ie\  contained,  for  they  practically  ('oiitained  \\<\w  :  and  the  l)lue 
gr,,-  '-as  ahundant  and  Mccessd)le.  so  that  they  did  not  want  for 
food.  I  have  observed  them  once  or  twice  in  wintei'  time  to 
pick  the  fine  short  piirasitic  liclu'us  from  the  young  live  trees,  hut 
never  the  coarser  mosses. 

They  would  eat  ajiples  sparingly,  hut  I  never  knew  them  t.» 
take  acorns,  wild  plums,  grapes,  or  cherries.  They  are  fond  of 
all  the  kimls  of  gi-ain  which  I  have  ever  olTei'ed  them.  In  win- 
ter they  will  pick  llie  leaves  and  heads  of  timothy  hay  and  of 
clover,  and  tine  clover  rowen  they  take  (juite  fi'eely,  hut  pri'fei'  to 
scrape  away  the  snow  for  the  grass  when  that  is  possihle.  Per- 
ennial gi'asses  suit  them  best.  In  my  grounds  they  preferred  tlu; 
lihie  grass  :  hut  sometimes  c!'op|ied  the  white  clover.  I  never 
saw  them  touch  the  wi'eils  of  which  the  deiM'  are  so  very  fond. 
Hread  and  cake  they  took  gratefully  if  it  was  fresh  and  good, 
hut  if  stale  they  rejected  it.  Altogether,  they  ai'e  dainty  I'eeders 
aii<l  very  select  in  the  dioiee  of  their  food.  In  a  wild  state  they 
no  doulit  live  ])rincipally  on  the  various  kinds  of  hulValo  gi'ass, 
but  probably  lind  many  other  kinds  of  herbaceous  t'ood  with 
which  we  arc^  not  ac(piainted. 

They  are  fonil  of  common  salt,  and  should  have  it  alwa\s  by 
them  when  in  i)arks  ;  and  if  soda  be  mi\e<l  with  it,  no  doubt  it 
would  be  better  for  them,  for  their  native  plains  generally  abound 
witli  cruile  or  sul})hate  of  sodium,  and  long  iisy  may  make  this 
better  for  them,  than  in  the  t'orm  of  the  chloride.  At  least  it  is 
worth  the  trial  l)y  those  who  have  pet  antelopes. 


Iltli, 


Iv  III'  iiiii^lit 
iilt.scrvatioiis 
itii  ('\(^("ll^'iit 
tlicin  wlicii 
■i  iiinl  leaves 
11  iiuite  Dia- 
icliKliiii;  the 
iple.  the  asli, 
aste  of  any, 

I  have  seen 
])()ssil)|\  t'of 
SMine   grass 

iiy  gi'Diiiuls, 

I'  nutriment 
nil  the  l)hie 
lot  want  (or 
ti-r   time   to 

e  trees,  i)Ut 

lew  tliem  to 
are  fond  of 
II.  In  win- 
hay  and  of 
lit  |)refei'  to 
ihh-.  Per- 
•eferred  tiie 
I  never 
•  very  foiuh 

and  good, 
nty  feeders 

state  they 
Halo  grass, 

food    with 

always  l)v 
11)  doiiiit  it 
lly  aiioiiiid 

make  this 
.  least  it  is 


iiMiri: 


MAISIT. 


43 


'i"i!"  inM>t  infi-sting  features  of  the  lial.its  of  this  animal,  will 
1"  de',.'lo,,..d  when  w.'  .•ome  to  treat  of  its  doinesti,ation.  In  iis 
ulld  -lale  it  is  very  timid  and  shy,  avoi.ling  its  enrmi,.s  xvitl,  as 
iniK'h  inh.lliuv,,,.,.  as  the  derr.  except  that  if  is  m,av  liaMe  to  1„. 
hetiaved  into  danger  hy  its  .airiosity.  In  lle,.tness,  it  ox..,. Is  all 
"'l"'iM"="liiM"''l-^  "f  ""r  .•ontin.'iif  :  Imt  as  mighi  t„-  ..xpeet,.,! 
ti'in  thls,ii  i.  short-winded  and  so  eam.ot  maiiilaiii  its  wonder- 
'I'l  >! d  for  a  i^reai  length  of  time. 

A-  has  he,.,,  stated,  ii  s,M.ks  tr.M.less  plains.  ,-a vines,  an.i  iolli„„- 
t"ot-lnlls,  av.iding  the  high  mountains  and  heavilv  lii„l„.,vd 
regHHis.  though  at  times  it  niay  he  fo„nd  in  park-like  eou„i,.i,.s 
wl,e,'i'  t  ,'ees  a,-e  sparse, 

Th-y  are  exceptionally  g,vgari(Mis  in  their  lial.its.  I),',  {'a,,. 
li-M  >ays:  -l-Vom   the  lirst   of   September   to    thefiist  of    M,nl, 

"'"'■'"l"'^  '    '"    ''^",ds.  the    luieks.  ,loes,    and  ki.lsall  to,.v,her 

•^'    ''"''•"'l"t    that  time    the  does    separate    thenisid  v.-s  f,-o,„   t  he 
I'aiid  on.,  hy  ,„„..  to  .hv.p  their  kids  :  thev  pn.duee  tun  at  a  Im-il, 

Atle,'    a    httle    time    the    does    eolleet    togchm.  with    thoi,-  v ,.- 

Pi'-hal'ly  h.r    „,utual    p.'oteetion    against    eovolrs;   the    old'  hacks 

'"""•    "7"    time   gooir   alone,  each    hy  himsed'  or  at    s|  two 

togcthe,-,,  h.avmg  the  y.Hing  l.ncks  and    vo„ng   do.'s  t ether  in 

>^mall  liaiids. 

•'  The  ,.ld  l,„cks  now  for  a  month  „r  two  wander  a  -nvat  deal 
■•'"'I  are  sec,  n,  the  tin,l.e,--h,„ds,  and  iii  other  places  udimv  Ihex- 
n-ver  go  at  any  other  season  of  the   year,  evidentiv  '  (iivd  of   ,  h'c 

^"■'''     =""     "^■^■'"-'  *■' '   -'"-i-^v.      After   two  or  'tl„-ee    „,onths 

Ii."  ynnng   meks  and    does  join  the  ohl   does  and    Iheir  ki.ls.  and 

Mialy    ,ytlieli,.st    of   Septe.nl.er,  all    are   together  e    n,o-e  i„ 

'ai.dsot  hundreds  or  thousamls.  Any  particuktr  hand  of  aiite- 
i"|H-  does  not  leave  the  locality  wh-re  they  grow  up,  and  never 
'•ange  mo,-e  tlian  a  few  miles  in  .lilVeivnt  .lirecti.ms  - 

.    '''"'  """•'•"■^  '^"  ^^'•■-  ^  'l'P'''-lv-s  tame  antelope,  which    I    „,en- 
ti;.n.n  another  plaee  as  the  only  instance  of  which    I  ],ave  heani 
"t    tl,e,r  breeding  m  domestication,  shows  that  the   habit  of  the 
-x.'s  separating  during  the  latter  part  of  the  period  of  .testation 
's  -imte  as  much  attributable  to  th,.  inclination  of  the  male  as  of 
tl.-  lema  e.      J  ,,u„le  f.-om  a  letter  to  me  bv  Hon.  L.  IJ.  ('...oker 
who  kindly  investigated  their  habits  for  me,  which  shows  this   as 
wj-1    as  Illustrates  several  other  characteristics:   ''In  the  spriu.^ 
while   the   fcuale  was  with  young,  the  male  seemed  to  lose  Ids 


HI 


w 


44 


Tin:  A. \Ti: /.(>/'/■:  or  AMi.iur. 


;ilTi'cti<iii  fill'  licr.  iind  r('|)(';itc(lly  went  away,  cscapiiiL;'  wlu'ii  it 
I'Diild  ;  and  in  niic  iiistaiici'  was  cauji'lit  scvt-ral  miles  away.  The 
rt'iiialc  never  eseajied  (ir  went  away  williont  llie  male.  'J '"',>' 
wcrenl'teii  allowed  til  riiani  about  the  i'aian  (:i<i<)  acres)  at  will, 
and  (il'tcn  straxed  awav  tn  the  neieliliors,  who  would  doi;'  tlieni 
home  :  and  the  antelo|ies  seenu'd  t(»  enjoy  it,  and  woidd  ..et  in  a 
j)lavt'ul  manner.  ap|iai'etitly  exuUinj;'  in  their  supei'ior  s|»ee(l.  and 
tantali/.inn'  the  do_i;'  hy  st()pj)ing,  etc.  They  were  alTet-tionate 
and  tame  to  those  with  whom  they  were  familiar.  During  tluj 
I'utliuL;'  season,  the  laiek  was  intensely  cross  and  wieki'd  to  every 
one  who  caine  near."  The  account  given  hy  Di".  ('anlield  shows 
us  thai  they  have  strong  local  attachments,  wliich.  however,  havi' 
heeii  hrokeu  u|)  l»v  tlu',  advaucc!  of  civili/.ation,  not  only  at  tin* 
place  where  his  ohservations  wei\'  made  more,  tlian  twenty-live 
vears  ago.  hut  in  a  kirge  portion  of  the  country  where  they  were 
i^^.  I'lv  so  aliundant.  I'rohatdy  in  Caniield's  time  they  were; 
m.'ie  ,il)undant  in  California  than  anywhere  else;  and  yet,  ii 
cpiarler  of  a  century  later,  scarcely  any  were  thent  to  be  found. 
1.'  Iie\  V  appear  to  be  less  gregarious  tluin  he  describes,  it  may 
l>e  because  (»f  their  diminished  numbers  everv  where;  and  if  tliev 
wander  now  more  than  tlien,  it  is  [)r()bal)ly  because  they  arc; 
more  freipiently  disturbed. 

( )f  their  combative  disposition.  I  am  not  eiuilded  to  speak 
from  [lersonal  observation.  The;  tlu'ee  years"  old  buck  I  luul  in 
my  grounds  never  manifested  th(3  least  disposition  in  that  direc- 
tion, but  I  did  not  have  him  during  the  rut.  Mr.  C'rooker's 
letter  shows  that  Mr.  Cii)l)erly"s  nuinifested  Jis  belligerent  a  dispo- 
sition during  tin-  rut  as  any  of  the  deer,  and  it  is  oidy  then  that 
any  of  them  are  disposed  to  fight  among  themselves  or  to  make 
war  on  others. 

Jf  the  accounts  of  hunters  may  be  relied  upon,  the  motluM-  does 
not  lack  courage  in  defense  of  her  young,  as  ir.  is  saiil  she  attacks 
the  coyote  successfully  with  both  feet  and  head.  Her  superior 
ugilitv,  no  doubt,  is  of  great  service  in  such  an  I'ncounter.  It  is 
said  she  conceals  her  young  with  great  sagacity,  till  tliey  are  old 
enough  to  flee  with  her  from  their  enemies. 

As  to  the  belligerent  disposition  of  the  bucks  during  the  rut, 
I  quote  from  Audubon  and  Bachman  :  ^  "  The  rutting  season  of 
this  species  commences  in  September;  the  bucks  run  for  about 
six  weeks,  and  during  this  period  fight  with  great  courage,  and 
even  a  degree  of  ferocity.     When  a  male  sees  another  approach- 

1  Vol.  ii.,  p.  1117. 


: 


: 


iiMirr. 


(Iocs 

It  is 
V   ol.l 

nit, 
sou  of 
about 

:uk1 

(liicll- 


i 


inn-,  or  ;icciil('iit;illy  ('(iiiit's  it])(m  one  of  his  livaK.  Imtli  |iarlii's  run 
at  cai'li  ('tliiT  witli  their  hcails  luwircd  and  ihrii'  exes  iljishiu!:;' 
auurily.  and  wiiih'  tliry  st  liki-  with  tlicir  hmns  ihr\  wheel  and 
luMind  with  priidieiDiis  aetivitvand  rapiihl  v.  ^ix  inti,'  and  I'eei'iv- 
iii^-  severe  wnnnds,  sduietinies,  like  I'eueers.  ^'el t inv;  within  eaeh 
other's  '  |ii)iiits.'  and  each  huMliinn'  liis  antan'onist  with  the  n- 
eui'M'd  lii'auchi'S  ol'  his  horns,  which  liend  eonsiiieraliiv  inward 
and  downward." 

I"'or  niysejt'.  I  jiave  ni'vei'  seen  them  in  l>atile.  noi'  lia\e  I  seen 
any  one  who  Iiad  seen  them  fn^^ht  undei'  sn<'li  eirenmslanees  as 
eiialiled  him  to  n'ive  me  a  elear  idea  of  their  mode  of  lialtle.  so 
we  may  take  the  description  ipioted  as  aeeni'ate.  In  this  eoimee- 
lion,  and  for  the  purpose;  of  ('om[)arinL;'  this  hal>it  of  our  animal 
with  tlie  African  antelope,  I  may  refer  to  what  Spari'nian.  who. 
more  than  a  century  aL;'o  studieil  the  various  species  of  that 
animal  in  his  native  raui^'c.  savs:  ••  The  last  mentioned  antelope 
I  Aiililupi-  "r//x).  accoi'din;4'  to  the  ai'counts  o'ixrn  me  li\  si>\eral 
persons  at  the  Cape,  tails  n]ion  its  knees  when  il  L;oes  to  Imll  anv 
one.""  1  lie  ascrilx's  tin;  same  lial)it  to  the  u'nu.  Altliouuli  this 
is  the  only  author  I  lind  who  speaks  of  the  mode  of  ii^htini:,'  'if 
the  tiiie  antidope.  it  is  (juite  prohaWle  tiiat  this  is  a  o,.i||.cii.  char- 
acteristic, and  if  so,  it  shows  how  widely  they  dil'fei-  in  (his  re- 
L;ard  from  our  aninnil. 

The  ruttine-  season  occui's  wlien  the  horn  on  tlie  fidl\  adult 
has  aliout  ]ierfectt'd  its  "growth,  and  liefore  it  has  lieeii  loosened 
liy  the  new  o-i-owlli.  and  so  is  best  adapted  as  a  Wfapon.  As  its 
erowtli  is  not  ('omplctcd  until  July  or  August,  and  it  is  cast  oil' 
in  ( )ctoht'r  or  Novend)er,  on  the  old  specimens,  ami  is  loosened 
soini!  tinu!  before  it  drops  olT,  we  see  that  the  light ine'  season 
must  be  limited  to  tlu'  rutting  season.  Indeed.  I  have  a  mounted 
spi'cimen  which  was  killed  in  the  latter  part  of  .July,  from  which 
1  had  no  dilliculty  in  removing  the  horn,  for  the  {)nrpos('  of  ex- 
amining the  core  antl  the  cavity  of  the  horn.  1  confess  to  a  lack 
of  that  information  on  tlie  subject  which  will  enable  me  to  sav 
how  long  the  liorii  continues  a  perfect  weapon,  and  as  tiiat  must 
measure  the  time  during  Avliich  tlu;  males  ai'i;  inclined  to  wag(; 
war  on  each  other,  I  cainiot  say  how  long  that  continues  ;  but,  as 
lln'  principal  cause  of  hostility  must  be  rivalry  in  love,  it  may  be 
safe  to  assume  that  it  is  limited  to  tlu;  rutting  season. 

Dr.  Canliekl,  speaking  of  a  domesticated   American  Antelope 
which  he  had  in  his  grounds,  says,  "  He  was  the  most  salacious 

1  SpiUTiiiiXii'.s  ]\)ijwi<.s,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  l.'ii*,  iilso  /bid.,  \>.  -I'l-'. 


m 

I 


'  IP.H 


46 


Tin:  Asriii.oi'i:  or  ami.hha. 


illliniiil  I  Ii;i\c  cvt'i'  seen.  Wlirii  (lii'cc  liidiitlis  old.  lir  idiiiliicm'ctl 
to  lcil|>  ll|Hi||  llic  otllt'l"  pet  illlll'loiifS,  tilC  (1iil;s.  Vdlllli;'  cjilvrs, 
slic('|>,  <^(i;ils.  ;m(l  I'Vfii  |H'ii|ilc  sitting  dnwn  (n-  hcnt  i)\cr  to  jiick 
ii|)  iiiiytliiiiL;'  iVi'ii)  tin-  n'nmiul  :  iiml  as  Iki  j^tcw  (iMci-  tlic  more 
salacious  he  liccaiiic.  Ilr  alwavs  raised  liiiiiself  on  his  liiiid  feet, 
and  tiieii  walki'd  ii|)  liehitid  tln'  animal  that  he  wIsIiimI  to  leaji 
on,  anil  withoul  snstainin,u;'  himsell' at  all  liy  his  liell\  or  t'nrc-lej^s. 
he  commenced  wulUinn' around,  directing  the  erected  penis  only 
liy  movements  of  tiie  Itody,  poised  on  the  hind  feci,  until,  having' 
introduced  the  penis,  he  instantly  j^avt'  one  eon\idsive  or  s|ias- 
luodio  thrust,  clasping  sjiasmodically  tiic  female  with  the  fore- 
legs, which  lie  liiid  Kefore  held  u|t  in  the  ail"  without  touching 
lier.      He  wouhl  in  this  way  go  at  anything  ludd  up  to  him."' 

From  this  exhihitioii  of  p;ission,  we  may  well  suppose  that 
lierce  battles  must  occur  among  the  males  during  the  perio(l  of  its 
sway.  A  young  male  which  I  I'aised  till  lu>  was  four  months  old, 
when  in  jieil'eet  health  he  met  a  violent  death,  never  attractctl 
attention  by  sucli  exliihitions  as  described  by  Dr.  Canlield  ;  but 
the  ordinary  rutting  season  of  the  animal  had  hardly  connnenced 
when  lie  was  killed,  so  that  I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  con- 
duct of  the  one  observed  by  the  doctor  Wiis  exi!(>ptional  or  not, 
though  I  am  in.  lined  to  tliinU  that  it  Wiis,  at  least  to  some  ex- 
tent. Th(^  traits  described  strongly  suggi'st  the  disposition  of  the 
goat. 

( )ur  antelo[)e  has  the  faculty  of  we('j)ing  when  in  afHietion.  I 
first  observed  this  in  a  specimen  which  had  been  taken  wild  when 
adult,  iuicl  still  retained  all  his  natural  fear  of  nnui.  J  bad  placed 
him  in  a  close  cage  in  the  evening,  intending  to  familiarize  him 
with  my  presences,  and  divest  liim  of  his  fears  when  he  saw  me 
by  convincing  him  that  I  would  not  hurt  him.  When  I  ap- 
proiiched  him  tlie  next  morning,  he  seenu-d  struck  with  terror, 
and  nnule  frantic  ellorts  to  bretUv  out,  which  he  soon  found  was 
inij)ossil»le.  Ills  great  black  eye  glistened  in  aifright.  1  spoke 
softly  and  kindly,  while  he  stood  trembling,  as  I  introduced  my 
hand  and  jjlaeeil  it  on  his  shoulder.  Despair  now  seemed  to  pos- 
sess him,  and  he  dropped  on  to  his  knees,  bowed  his  hi'ad  to  the 
ground,  and  burst  into  a  copious  Hood  of  tears,  which  coursed 
down  his  cheeks  and  wet  the  iloor  !  ]\Iy  sensibilities  were 
touched ;  my  sym[)athies  wcn-e  awakened,  and  I  liberated  him 
from  that  ca<xe  as  cruicklv  as  I  could  tear  the  slats  from  one 
of  the  sides.  Whether  he  appreciattnl  this  or  not  I  cannot  say, 
but  his  great  fear  seemed  to  leave  him  as  soon  as  he  was  liber- 


«k'- 


II  Mil  r. 


47 


niiinciuM'd 

VJ,    ralvi'S, 

r   til   ])i('k 

tllc    lIKtfl.' 

liind  t'cct, 
il    tu    leap 

|i  i|T-I('ns, 

ciiis  only 
il.  having' 

(ir  spas- 
llii'   I'ori'- 

tiMicliiiig 
liiii." 
[lose  tliat 
■iuil  (if  its 
iiitlis  (lid, 
attnictcd 
icld  ;   liiit 

1I11II('IK'<m1 

llic  ciin- 
\\    di"   linf, 

SdlllC     (.'X- 

oii  of  tllc 

lion.  1 
ild  wlicii 
I  ])lai'('d 
i/.e  hi  111 
saw  iiu' 
11  I  iip- 
1  ti'iTor, 

llld    WHS 

1   s[)oko 

iced  my 

I  to  pos- 

to  tlic 

(joiu'seil 

'S   \ver(! 

I'd  111  111 

nn  one 

ot  say, 

s  liber- 


ated ;  111'  I'.'in  lull  a  little  way.  and  imt  at  full  speed,  wlini  lie 
sliipped  and  lie^'aii  tu  pieU  the  e'rass. 

\\'liene\er  this  animal  is  exeited  in  play,  hy  frielit  nr  li\  raec, 
the  hair  nf  the  white  pateli  mi  the  iiniip  rises  up  and  assiinies  a 
niMie  nr  less  iair\ cd  radial  pusitinii.  fmni  a  ceiitial  point  mi  laeli 
-ide  t<i  the  \  ertelii.e,  as  we  siinietinies  see  twii  I'adial  points  mi 
ilie  hiiiiiaii  head,  l-'i'mii  these  points  the  hairs  point  in  every 
direetiiiii.  oiil\'  they  aie  as  nearly  en ct  as  their  eurxeil  radial 
jHisiiion  will  permit.  It  is  impos>ilile  to  eive  a  jiisi  idea  of  this 
appearance  liy  wdrds,  imr  ciudd  I  help  the  matter  much  hy  a 
diawiuL;'.  Il  is  lint  the  piisitimi  of  the  hairs  almu'  which  wc  ad- 
iiiiie.  liiil  their  iiiiiiiacuiate  uhiteiiess  cmnpletes  the  lieaiity  of 
tlie  di>play.  Mow  much  the  llashiiie-  of  the  ercat  hiack  eyes 
aueincnts  ones  sense  of  admiration,  the  oliserver  mav  himself  lie 
at  a  loss  to  determine.  As  wc  shall  hereafter  see.  under  similar 
c\ciiemeiit.  the  correspoiidiiie;  white  patch  mi  the  rump  of  the 
elk  is  elevated,  luit  the  hairs  do  not  assuiiK;  tlm  radial  posi- 
tion oi  the  others.  Nor  is  this  iiniforiii  in  deerec  on  the  anti- 
lope.  ( )n  some  s[iecinieiis  which  I  have  ohscrvetl.  this  curved 
and  radial  position  of  the  hairs  was  almost  entirely  Avaiitiiig'.  and 
liie  hairs  were  simply  elevated  to  vertical  positimis  as  ohserved 
on  the  elk  under  similar  circumstances. 

Xotwithstaiidine'  its  astonishine'  lleetiiess.  the  I'rmi^'  l)iick  can- 
not, or  rather  I  should  say  does  not  know  how  to  leap  over  hi^li 
olistriu'tioiis  like  animals  which  iiihahit  wooded  countries.  This 
is  well  illustrated  hy  ('a[itain  I>oiinevillc"s  account  of  the  inaiuier 
in  which  the  Slioshokoe  luilians  on  the  r[iper  Lewis  lliver  cap- 
ture the  aiitelo|)e.  as  n-iveii  in  Irvine^'s  •' IJoniieville,""  pp.  lioll, 
l!ti<».  I  ([uote  :  ••  Sonietiiiies  tlu'  dingers  asjiire  to  uoliler  gaiue,  and 
succeed  ill  entrapping  the  antelope,  the  fleetest  animal  of  the 
prairies.  The  process  hy  Avhicli  this  is  etYeeted  is  somewhat 
singular.  \\'lieii  the  snow  has  disappeared,  says  Caiitain  Uoime- 
ville,  and  the  ground  becomes  soft,  the  women  go  into  the  thick- 
est fields  of  wormwood,  and  pulling  it  up  in  great  ipiantities 
construct  with  it  a  hedge,  about  three  feet  high,  inclosing 
ahoiit  a  hundred  acres.  A  siiigli!  opening  is  left  for  the  admis- 
sion of  the  game.  This  done,  the  women  conceal  themselves 
liehiiid  the  wormwood,  and  wait  patiently  for  the  coming  of  the 
antelope,  which  sometimes  enter  this  spacious  trap  in  eonsider- 
alile  minibers.  As  soon  as  tlu-y  are  in,  the  women  give  the  sig- 
nal, and  the  men  hasten  to  play  their  part.  Hut  one  of  them 
enters  the  pen  at  a  time,  and  after  chasing  the  territied  animals 


M 


if    ' 


^'^ 


48 


Tin:  wri.i.di'i:  nr    \  \ii:i;ii  \. 


rnimd  till-  iiiclnsiirc,  is  ri'licvcd  liy  mii'  h|'  Iii-  (■uiiipiniiniis.  In 
tills  \\;i\  llic  liiiiilci's  tnkc  ilicir  liinis.  i'cI'h'n  iii'4'  r;ic|i  ntlnr.  uml 
Ucciiiii^'  ii|i  ;i  cDiitiiiiii'd  juirsiiil  liy  n'lnys  witlnnit  l';il  iliui'  In  iIu'MI- 

Sclvrs.       Tllc     |i(ii)|'    illlti'lii|)rs,    ill     till'    I'lul.    ;i|i'     -II     \v>      rlril     (ioWll 

that  till'  wlinlr  |)arl\  nj  ii:i'ii  I'litrr  anil  (ii's|iatili  iln-iii  with  cliilis, 
iml  (iiic  rsrapiii^'  wliii'li  lias  cntiTi'il  tin-  iiiiln-iiri'.  Tlii'  must 
I'lii'iiiiis  ('ii'i'iuiistaiii'i'  ill  tills  cliasi'  is,  tliat  an  animal  -n  ili'i'i  and 
au'ili'  as  till'  ;nit('li>|)i'.  and  strainhiL;;  I'nr  li-  lil'i'.  slniiiM  ran^'o 
I'liimd  and  rniind  this  fated  indosiiri'  wliliuiii  ai  li'm|iilii'4  tu  uvcr- 
Icap  till'  low  liarrlci'  wlilrli  snn'nmids  li.  Such.  hnwrMT.  is  said 
to  lie  tlic  iai't,  and  such  tlirlr  niily  nindi'  nt  ImiiliiiL;  llu'  antf- 
Inpt'.'" 

NN'hcn  I  rcct'lvi'd  a  tlin'c-vt'ar  nld  liin'k,  lately  cqitni'i'd  mi  tlu* 
|ilains.  and  sent  mr,  I  I'rai'cd  lie  wonld  scalr  the  rlLjIit  Irrt  paling 
I't'iu'c  wliirli  incliisi's  till'  pai'ks.  t'or  I  had  smi  ihr  t'l'inalc  wliicji  1 
had  had  licjuri'  inaki'  most  astnnishinu'  hnri/niilal  Imps  aiTuss 
ravines  in  the  park,  withniil  an  apiianaii  fl'lnrl.  wliirli  she  niii:;lit 
just  as  well  have  walked  aeniss. 

Althi)nu;h  I  had  >iliser\('d  this  luiek.  whilst  I'Miiliiied  In  the  \ard, 
when  frh^htened  liy  a  pei'S'Ui  unin^  in.  da-li  a'^alnsl  the  palings 
nut  thrt'c  i'eet  fi'iiiii  the  i^rniiiid.  in  his  et'l'uri-,  i.i  Ineak  throne-h 
the  fence,  wltliniit  at  t  enipt  iiii;'  to  leap  i>\('i-  it.  \i't  it  never  ne- 
ourred  to  nut  that  he  eoiild  not  maki'  liluh  MTtieal  leaps,  till  I 
met  the  statement  ahove  ipioted.  Snliseipii'iit  oliser\alion  of  tlie 
coiuhu't  of  tlu'st>  animals  in  my  uroiiiids  eonvinced  nie  that  this 
stiitenieiit  iniij,lit  well  l)e  tnie.  and  that  the  1'imiil;'  Unek'  ina\  lie 
rostralne<l  l>y  ;i  fence  which  would  he  snilicieiit  to  cunliiie  onr 
domestic  sheep. 

In  speakine;  of  Mr.  ("ipperly's  antelopes.  .Mr.  Ci'mikei'  savs, 
"  A  foni"  foot  fences  was  aiiipli!  to  coniine  them.'" 

This  inability  to  lea|)  over  liieh  objerts  may  ni>  doubt  be  at- 
tributable to  the  fact  that  they  liv(>  n|)on  the  jilains.  where  tluiv 
rarelv  meet  with  such  obstructions,  and  so  tliev  and  their  ances- 
tors for  untold  generations  have  liad  no  occasion  to  overleap  Iiigli 
obstructions,  and  thus  from  disiisi?  they  do  not  know  how  to  do 
so.  and  never  attempt  it  when  they  do  meet  tlieni. 

If  the  antelope  on  the  plains  desires  to  cross  the  railroad 
track,  when  alarmed  by  the  cars,  as  is  sometimes  the  east^  lie 
will  .strain  every  muscle  to  outrun  the  train  and  cross  ahead  of 
it,  as  if  he  suspected  a  p»iirpose  to  cut  him  oil'  from  crossine':  and 
thus  uumy  an  exciting  race  has  been  witnt-ssed  between  muscle 
and  ateiini.     Tiie  same  disposition  is  manifested  by  the  bison,  or 


i4i. 


l>i)Mi:sll(  A  //(/\. 


4'.) 


iiiiis.  In 
llicr.  iiml 
•  ti(  tlii'iii- 

icil  (litWll 
illl    ('1111)8, 

l"lii'    most 

llrct    ,•111(1 

I  111    i';iiil;(' 

■4'  to  ovcr- 

■!•.  i<  said 
the  iintc- 


ihc  liiilValo.  as  we  call  liiiii  :  and  if  cillicr  1-  l>calcii  in  tlic  race  lie 
will  liiiMi  a\\a\  to  tlic  plains  in  a|i|iar(nl  di^^n-'l,  hut  will  iic\"i' 
rros>  the  track  inini('(lialcly  lidiind  tlic  liain. 

W'ci'c  our  anlc|(i])c  ciiiniicllcd  to  live  in  a  I'orcsj.  no  doulij,  in  a. 
I'cw  t;cn(iations.  llic\  wdidd  Icani  to  make  as  sni'|irisinu;'  IcapH 
vci'licalK  as  \vc  now  sec  thcni  make  hori/.ontally.  'I'licn  it  would 
lie  a  \ci\  dillicnlt  nialtcr  to  rcsti'ain  tlicni  liy  inclosin-cs.  A  \'ir- 
ninia  dc(T.  in  at  lcni|il  iui;-  to  jnnii)  a  iVucc  wlicu  I'liniitcucd.  will 
strike  au'aiii"''  •'"'  paling's  iVoin  .si\  tosc\cn  Icct  lii^li,  il  on  Icscj 
(qounik  and  vd  lie  cannot  couijiai'c  in  >[icc(l  or  in  liori/.outal 
leaps  with  llie  I'lMnij,  r.uck. 


■ed  on  the 
I'ct  paliny 
le  which  I 
i|is  across 
die   nii^ht 

the  \  ai'd, 

le    |ialinL;'s 

k   throuu'li 

never   oc- 

I'aps.  till    I 

on  of    (lie 

that   this 

<    may  lie 

inline  our 


iker  siiys, 

lit  lie  at- 
jiere  they 
■ir  anccs- 
[leap  lii_i;'li 
i\v  to  do 

railroiid 

ciiso,  lie 

laJKVul  of 

Imti- ;  and 

In  muscle 

liison,  or 


l»(t.Mi:SI'|(  AiloN 

liidci'this  head  1  shall  liiid  it  convenient  lo  fnrthei'  explain 
till-  haliils  of  this  animal,  hut  under  dilTerenl  cii'cum^taiices.  or  in 
dilVcrent  conditions  of  life.  Ilillierlo  we  have  only  cousidei'ed 
its  haliils  in  the  wild  state,  where  our  ohservalions  have  iieces- 
sarilv  hecii  \(iv  much  circuuiscrihed.  In  that  limited  decree  of 
domestication  to  which  it  has  heeii  siihjected  we  shall  ohserve 
niaiiv  li'aiis  or  characteristics,  uiide\  t'lope(l  or  not  discoNcred  in 
his  wild  slate,  manifest i lie"  a.  denree  of  iut(d licence  not  otherwise 
suspected. 

( 'onsidcrahle  numhcrs  of  the  youiii;'  are  found  evi'ry  year  hv 
hunters  and  t  iMVelers  passiiie;  ()V(H"  the  pluiiis  where  they  mam. 
If  vi'rv  voune'.  these  are  taken  without  diilicully  hy  simply  pick- 
iu;^'  them  up,  while  thos(>  of  a  few  days  old  will  lead  a  coiisider- 
ahle  chase  hefore  tliev  are  caiitured.  'riicse  latter  are  not  so 
likely  to  live  ;is  the  former.  Like  llie  fawn  of  the  deer,  if  taken 
verv  young',  they  will  attach  tlieiuselves  to  their  captors  in  a  slioi't 
time,  and  attempt  to  follow  them  as  they  would  their  n;   thers. 

From  necessity,  tlu'se  young  kids  are  fed  upon  the  milk  of  tlu* 
I'dw,  or  preferahlv  of  the  ••'oat,  if  to  be  obtained.  \'v\\  soon  tliev 
(•(iinineiice  to  eat  grass,  and  to  I'uminati'.  I''.\perieiice  shows 
that  but  a,  small  [lereentage  of  tliest>  iire  raised,  i  'r  C'aniield  ex- 
perimented extensively  in  tliis  direction  at  .Momera,  where  the 
wild  ones  were  very  abundant  all  about  li  i.  Ili;  says  tliev  are 
iirst  attacked  with  diarrli{i.M.  •'  If  they  escape  this,  they  live  a 
long  time,  one,  tw'o,  or  three  months,  growing  slow  ly  ;  but  at 
the  end  of  that  time  all  the  female  kids,  and  almost  all  the  male 
ones,  bec(.)ine  diseased,  having  scrofulous  intlammation  of  tlu» 
joints,  get  a  cough,  become  lame  and  poor,  and  (inally  die  after 
lingering  some  weeks.  1  never  yet  have  known  a  female  ante- 
4 


60 


/■///;  .w rr.i.iii'i:  i>r  AMi.iur  i. 


lope  to  lie  rnisi'il  ;ii'tilii'i;ill y  ;  tlir  iiialcs  ;iff  iiim-i'  li:irily.  ainl  witli 
(•iiic  iH'arly  all  ran  Im-  raisnl,"' 

I'mIIit  >iiiT('ss  lias  alli'inlfd  tlir  cllnrt  to  rear  (lie   viniii^'  aiilf- 

lii| II  1  his  >i(|c  tilt'  iiii'iiMiaiiis.      TIk'   lirst   aiit<'ln|)r    I   cvci'  liaij 

was  a  I'ciiiali',  sml  iiic  liy  a  I'lii'iid  wlirn  slic  was  a  \rar  oM.  Slic 
had  riillowid  a  waunii  into  Kansas.  iVum  ihcdistaiil  jilaiiis.  wIhti- 
she  liad  lii't'ii  caii^lit  tlif  \i'ar  Ix-I'drc  and  I'aiscil  mi  crnv's  inilU. 
'Ilinici' she  was  sent    nn'   1p_v  I'xpn'ss,  in  a    nai  "v,  livr  liun- 

(lifd  mill's.  She  was  liadly  lu'iiiscd  in  llic  i....^ii  jt>iii'ni'\ .  I  lie 
liaii'  lii'iii^'  li'in  lii'iii  lii'i'  >idrs  in  placfs  as  lai'i;r  as  iii\'  two 
liaiids,  so  ilial  I  Icand  ^Ih'  c'liild  imt  I'ccovrr  IVoin  tlii'sc  liniiscs. 
lIowi'Nci'.  sii  soiiii  a^  I  iniiicd  \wv  loose  in  tin-  park  sin-  moved  dlV 
with  aLiility  to  the  rich  pasturr  hd'orc  licr  ;  l)iit  she  eoiild  not 
wait  lon^i'  to  satisfy  InC  appetite,  liet'ol'e  she  exercised  her  muscles 
in  u  race  anions;  the  trees  and  over  the  hiwn,  which.  I  thoiinht, 
fesemliled  more  the  iht;lil  ot'  a  ^reat  hird  than  ihi;  running'  ol'  a 
(pKuhiiped.  \'ery  >oi>ii  the  new  line  haii's  iipiicare(|  iipmi  tin' 
hlack  naked  skin,  and  I'aiiidlv  <"rew  to  the  h'neth  of  the  others. 
Dni'ini;'  tlii;  si\  months  1  had  her.  I  never  discovci'ed  any  symp- 
toms of  sickness  or  lameness.     Slie  was  at    last,  found  ilead  in  tli<' 

erouuds,  with  111 I   ill   th(!   mouth,  evidcntiv   f      'i   an    internal 

injury.      She   prolialily  canm  near  an  elk,  an(  -'wgA   a    fatal 

l)low   from    its  fore  foot.     She  was  always  spi'ie,,,  ^    jind    playful, 
and  alwa\s  followed  me  in  mv  walks  and  drives  in  (he  park. 

Jii  July,  I  purchased  :i  male  kid  at  Cheyenne,  and  hroujj^ht 
him  home  on  condensed  milk.  The  distanei!  is  nearly  a,  thou- 
sand miles,  and  oecuiiled  two  days,  lie  ivn'ived  in  a[)i)arently 
perfect  health,  and  so  continued  till  ( )etol)er,  when  he  met  ii 
violi'ut  death.  \\v  was  always  s[»rie;litly  and  j)layful.  lie  was 
ke[)t  about  the;  house,  and  ranged  through  the  flower  garden  and 
ul)out  the  lawns  at  will.  ( )f  all  the  pets  I  ever  had,  none  was 
ever  so  much  prized  l>y  all  the  household  as  he.  I  havc^  had 
nuuiy  others  since,  hut  all  have  died  after  a  few  months,  of  dis- 
ease, many  of  them  breaking  out  iu  sores.  I  have  (observed  none 
to  be  troubled  with  diarrha'a,  and  rarely  a  decided  lameness,  but 
rather  a  stupid  languor  seemed  to  opi)re.ss  them.  Most  of  those 
1  have  luul  were  one  or  two  years  old  when  obtained,  had  been 
raised  iu  Kansas,  where  the  wild  ones  were  found,  and  reached 
my  grounds  in  aiii)arent  health,  and  so  continued  for  a  month  or 
two,  and  would  then  sicken,  and  after  one,  two,  or  three  months 
wouUl  die,  much  emaciated.  The  females  appeared  cpiite  as 
healthy,  and    survived    quite    as    long,    and   iu    some    instances 


hiiMl.s  I  h    \  I  hi.\. 


.M 


,  iiiid  witli 

iini;;  iiiiti'- 

I'Vci'  liail 

■ul.l.     Sllr 

lillS.  wluTc 

i\\"s  iiiilU. 
,  livi'  limi- 
iinii'N  .  iIk' 
s  my  t\\i> 
sc    linilscs. 

Illn\('(l   (i|1 

cdiild  Hot 
icr  iiiusclcs 

1  lllDll^'llt, 
llnillH'    III     !l 

I  u|)iin  the 
llic  (itlii'i's. 
;my  s\iii|>- 
Irild  ill  tlic 

in  iiilcniMl 
Oil  ii  liilnl 
1(1  pliiyt'ul, 
iiirk. 

hroii^lit 
V  Ji  tlum- 
pari'iitly 
le  iiK't  ii 
He  Wiis 
irdcii  Mild 
none  Wiis 
have  liiid 
IS,  of  dis- 
ivod  none 
nt'ss,  luit 
St  oC  those 
h;id  l)een 
I  reached 
month  or 
;e  months 
1  (juite  as 
instances 


1 


liiHui'i',  ih.m  ihi'  iiiali'S.  Si'\fi;;l  nf  my  tViriids  h:i\<'  lircii  inorc 
siii'ivsstiil  ihiiM  I  liiM'  III  ihi'ir  illiin|its  to  rr;ir  thi-.  animal. 
I'lMliaMv  m\  '4i'"Miid>  ari-  |ici'iiliarly  iiiil'a\  uraMr  l^r  him,  LriiiLi' 
aliii"-t  i;ilin'l\  Ior.>| .  tli()iiL;h  mo>tl\  "|'iii  and  devoid  o|'  iiiidiT- 
IpIL-Ih'S.  'I'll'  ii'  ai'''  I'lil  a  tew  aiTi'>  di\oiil  of  liirs.  Tiii-r  WiTe 
ino>t  alVirlid  l'\  t  hi' aiitflo|ii'.  M  \  iiif'irmat  ii  II  i>  ihal  in  \\  m-as. 
,ii)d  in  f;iri  ill  all  iitlirr  ]ilari'>  thi-'  >idr  of  the  iiiwiiiilaiiis  wIhti- 
llirs  all'  f'iniid  ill  a  wild  -tale,  llio-'i'  w  hirli  >iir\i\i'  fi^r  a  iiimhIIi 
111'  -o  lire  luli'ialiK  lii'allh\'.  and  if  lliry  I'^capr  ai'i'idriiis.  iiia\  In- 
.•\|wi'i.i|  I'l  li\r  for  >c\  cral  \cars  at  lca>l.  Il  is  manifi-^l  ihal 
I'SiMTinii'iil  ^  lia\i'  -Iimwii  thai,  fi'om  smuio  iiiikiiouu  caiiM'.  tlirrr  is 
ni.ir>'  liMpruf  irarinu  ihis  animal  on  this  sidi-  ol  tin-  |{oi'l<\  .Mmhh- 
laiii>  than  on    tlio  I'acilir  ('oa>t.  wIhtc,  in  a  wild  >tato.  tli^y  \\.i'c 

I  ilirc   I  he    nio>t     1 1|''  i>|Po|'iillS. 

'I'lii'  I'ioiil;  Ihi'-k  is  st-ry  ea-^ily  tamnl,  and  soon  Inscs  all  fear 
iif  man.  >i'i'ks  his  society,  and  rnjoNs  his  comiiaiiy.  W  lini  takni 
\iimi'4',  and  hroiiMht  up  li_\  hand,  tli'^y  lircumr  at  oiicc  attarln'd  to 
ill,'  I'ln'  that  fii'iU  llii'in.  I  raided  oiu'  thus,  whirli  was  taken 
I'hargi'  of  hy  a  little  ,i;irl,  and  iioi!)iiiM'  df|i!j,hli'd  il  >o  miu'h  as  to 
liavr  a  plas  and  ;i  lomp  with  lui  ;  and  in  watchiiio'  tlii'in  lo- 
^I'tliiT,  it  was  ea->\  to  persuade  ones  self  thai  the  little  pet  >lhiwed 
not  .i|ll\  ohsel'Valioll  and  inteHioellre.  Imt  even  rellectinn.  He 
a><>iiiiied  he  had  as  miieli  I'i^hi  in  the  kitrheii  as  any  of  the  do- 
iiie^ties;  and  if  he  foimd  the  duni's  opiMi,  he  enjoyed  a  visit  to  the 
parlof,  and  especially  a  siesta  on  the  loiine-,.  jn  the  lihrarw 

When  I  tinned  the  wild  hiiek  loose,  as  hel'ore  stated,  I  was 
ai^reeaiilv  siirj)i'ised  to  ohsei'V(!  th;it  lie  made  no  attempt  to  es- 
eape,  and  did  not  even  dash  away,  as  if  eicatly  alarmed.  After 
a  h'W  leaps,  he  trutteil  away  two  or  three  liiindred  \ai'ds,  and 
then  commenced  era/.iiio'  U|)on  the  hhie  grass.  For  a  few  davs, 
he  would  not  allow  me  to  ap[)roaeli  him. 

\\'lieiiever  1  walked  in  the  park  the  younger  one,  which  had 
lieeii  hi'uiiglu  ii[>  liy  hand  and  was  very  tame,  tlu^  moment  he 
saw  me,  no  matler  how  far  away,  woiiltl  rush  ii[)  to  me  with  the 
greatest  delight,  and  rul)  his  head  against  me  in  ;i  most  al'IVetion- 
ate  manlier,  and  receive  the  gratuity,  which  he  always  exjit.'cted, 
with  gri'at  satisfaction  ;  and  would  follow  me  constantlv  wliert,'- 
ever  I  went,  ganiboliiig  around  in  mueh  the  sanu;  way  as  is 
observed  in  a  young  dog.  Scari'ely  a  week  elapsed  before  I  ul)- 
served  the  older  one,  which  was  so  wild  in  close  conlinemeiit, 
following  me  at  a  distance,  l^aeh  day  he  ventured  nearer  tuid 
nearer,  till  I  observed  he  would  not  keep  more  than  twenty  or 


4 


62 


77//-;    .WTIll.ol'l-:    OF   AMhlUCl. 


tiiirty  tret  ill  the  rmr.  and  woiiltl  so  lollow  iiu;  for  ;m  liour  or 
iiiorcj,  it'  my  w.ilk  should  (loiitiiuii^  tliafc  loii^.  I  now  hc^'an  to  notice 
liiin,  und  tlirow  liini  corn,  wliidi  ]ic,  look  witli  ijfrcat  appai'i'iit 
rclisli,  nor  was  it  loiin"  '.x'foic  lie  would  venture  to  take  corn  from 
my  hand,  though  witii  timidity,  and  lu!  iie\er  liecaiiie  so  entirely 
divested  of  fear  as  was  the  yoiiiiu'er  one.  I  know  of  no  iiieinber 
of  the  ('I'l-rioi  family,  when  taken  wild  at  three  years  of  at^'e,  that 
will  ever  hecome  so  tame  as  did  this  I'ronn'  liuek  in  a.  few 
months. 

I  may  <inole  some  remarks  of  Dr.  ('iinlield.  in  the  paper  aliove 
referred  to,  upon  a.  \(iuiiu'  antelope  which  he  had  raised  in  do- 
mestication, lie  says:  "  Ife  us"d  to  follow  the  raiicli  doi^s,  and 
ill  tlu!  nielit,  if  t'-ey  chased  coyotes,  he  woiilil  run  after  coyotes 
also,  always  ahead  of  the  dogs,  for  nothing;'  could  outrun  him." 

liut  this  antelope  would  not  only  liui't  coyotes  in  the  nii;ht 
with  ihe  ranch  dous,  hut  he  was  fond  of  iiuiitiu;:^'  other  game  in 
the  da\time  with  the  <loctor.  and  so  followed  him  on  his  hnntinn' 
I'xcursioiis  :  and  on  one  occasion  when  twelve  miles  from  lujiiie 
they  became  sejiarated,  when  the  antelope  went  home  alone, 
where  his  master  found  him  on  his  return. 

Dr.  ("aniield  tells  us  that  he  had  another  antelope  at  the  same 
time  which  never  became  so  tame  as  the  iirst.  and  after  the  death 
of  the  Iirst  became  uneasy,  and  linally  dcserlecl  the  ranch  and  re- 
la|)sed  to  till'  wilil  state;  but  the  wild  ones  "  abounded  every- 
when;  in  all  the  plains  and  valleys  of  tin;  western  slope  down  to 
tiio  Pacilic  ( )cean."' 

'i'liere  is  evidently  a  wide  difference  anionu'  individuals,  in 
their  adaplabiiity  to  domestication,  in  sagai-i'y  and  intelli^eniHr. 
Generally,  however,  it  readily  beconu's  attached  to  one  who 
shows  it  kiiuhiess,  and  it  would  be  unsafe  to  assert  that  Ioiil;'  con- 
tinued domestication  would  not  develo])  those  traits  in  as  nreat 
a  deLjree  as  they  arc;  ordinarily  found  in  that  L;'reat  friend  of  the 
human  race,  the  do^f. 

In  intellii^eiice.  too.  and  retlective  powders,  they  are  <'\oeptional. 
The  youne-  specimen  (tf  which  I  have  spoken,  was  allowed  to  fol- 
low nu'  from  oiu^  park  to  another,  and  even  out  of  the  parks  into 
tlii^  lields  and  meadows.  Ife  freipieiit ly  followed  \w.  inio  the 
park  where  the  elk  or  wapiti  were  k(>[)t  Tln's;'  wmdd  chase 
him  awav,  whcii  he  would  look  vo  \\w.  for  protection,  which  could 
not  always  be  nuuhi  effectual,  for  they  would  watch  for  op[)ortu- 
nities  to  make  dashes  at  him,  when  he  would  escape  to  the  out- 
side of  the  band  of  elk,  but  when   he  saw  me  ap[>roach  the  gate 


IxiMllSTKA  T/nX. 


53 


I' 


:in  lioiir  or 
111  to  iiotici- 
il  iippiin'iit 
(■  corn  from 

so  entirely 
no  nicnilxT 

if  !i;4t',  that 
<   in   a    lew 

paper  above 
lised  in  ilo- 
•li  lion's,  and 
t'ter  coyotes 
nn  liini.'" 
n  llie  ni^lit 
ler  <4anie  in 
liis  Innilinn' 
tVoni  lionie 
lonie   alone, 

at  the  same 
el-  llie  death 
nch  and  rc- 
niled  eveiy- 
ope  down  to 

ividiials,  in 
nl«'lli;4enee. 
o  one  who 
It  Ioiil;'  coll- 
in  as  iL;'reat 
ielld    ol'    the 

'xceptional. 
>wed  to  to'- 

parks  into 

lie   iiuo   the 

Diild    chase 

which  could 

ir  opportu- 

to  the  (Hit- 
ch tlio  gule 


to  pass  out.  he  would  dasli  up  almost  like  a  Hash  to  no  out  with 
me.  'riiese  visits  to  the  I'^lk  Park  so;»n  became  disaureeaMi;  to 
him.  so  that  when  he  saw  me  approach  tlte  e;ate  li'adiiin'  into  it, 
he  would  m't  hel'ore  llie.  put  his  head  at;'ainst  my  le^s  and  try  to 
push  llie  hack  or  retard  my  progress  as  much  as  jiossiMe.  and 
seemed  to  hen-  of  me  in  everv  wav  in  whiidi  lie  could  convey  his 
\vi>lics  not  to  e(t  in  there.  I  woiiid  fre(pieiit  ly  yield  to  his  re- 
iiioiisf  ranees  and  turn  away  in  another  direction,  when  he  would 
manifest  his  sat  isfa<t  ion  liv  eaDdiolinLC  aliout  in  the  eieatest  de- 
lielit.  \\'lieii  he  was  allowed  to  follow  me  out  of  the  park  into 
the  lielils  and  meadows,  he  wtmid  scour  away  as  if  to  try  his 
speed,  Imt  in  a  few  minutes  would  e'o  to  liiintiiii^  alioiit  for  soin(> 
cli<iiie  tufts  of  er;(ss,  and  would  sometimes  <ft'\  two  or  three  hun- 
dred \ards  away,  luit  he  always  kept  a  close  eye  upon  me.  and 
when  he  saw  me  ooint^  towards  the  ]>ark  o'ate,  tlioii^-h  it  was  far 
away,  would  uradiially  'essen  the  distance,  Imt  so  soon  as  I 
reached  the  pile,  he  would  rush  up  at  full  sjteed  ami  perlia])s 
prance  around  as  if  very  liappy,  or  riih  his  head  alfectioiiately 
aL;ainst  me.  Wlut  will  hlaine  me  if  I  loved  the  little  pet  and  en- 
joyed his  compauv  in  my  walks,  and  reallv  nioiirneii  his  loss 
when  he  died'/  lli-  was  not  siiignlar  in  his  traits  of  iniellio'ence 
and  marks  of  alVeetioii.  liefore  that,  the  female,  alreadx  spoken 
of,  exliihited  the  same  disposition,  thoiie-Ii  1  think  in  a  less  re- 
iiiarkalile  deo-ree.  prohahlv  because  I  was  not  so  wtdl  ac(piainted 
with  the  hnliils  of  the  animal,  and  did  not  so  well  know  how  to 
develoji  tlu'se  ]ieculiar  charact eristics. 

They  seem  to  he  much  nmre  nearly  ulli(>d  to  the  antelope  than 
tit  the  deer  family.  I  never  observed  one  to  show  the  least  fond- 
ness for  the  siH'iety  of  a  deer,  but  tne  yoiiiie-  buck  I  have  spoken 
of  and  the  female  e'a/.tdle  from  Asia,  showed  some  iiic|in;i[  ion  to 
associaie  together.  IJotli  showed  the  same  <lisposi(iiui  to  follow 
me  in  my  walks,  tlioiiL;'h  the  gazelle  would  follow  no  one  else, 
and  was  easil ,  diverti'd  from  my  eompauionship,  hv  anv  elioiei! 
spot  for  i;'ra/.ini>' she  inielit  meet  with.  If,  for  instance,  she  fol- 
lowed me  into  the  Xortli  or  l-^ast  I'ark.  she  would  often  desert  im* 
hel'ore  my  return,  and  1  would  be  oblio-ed  to  lea\e  her  behind: 
and  this  at  !ast  (  ost  the  poor  tliintf  her  life,  for  1  once  left  her  in 
the  1-last  Park,  when  sonu' dogs  broke  in  and  killed  her.  I  found 
her  the  next  day  in  the  corner  by  the  gate,  cruelly  bitten  and 
ipilte  ilead.  I  had  less  fear  of  dogs  in  the  l'"dk  Park,  for  if  ever 
the  elk  see  tlieiii  there,  they  ]iuvi>  no  lime  to  liiiiit  anything  but 
the  place  at  which  they  came  in.      If  ever  I  allowed   this  ^azello 


:^ 


T^ 


54 


Tin.  AXTKLori:  of  ameiuca. 


1    l: 


to  fiilldw  luc  out  of  tlu^  ]);u'k,  slic  would  iicvt'i'  ivtuni  witli  inc 
volunlai-'ily  but  would  iininodiately  start  olT,  (;xitloriiii;'  iu  her 
own  w;iy.  This  ga/cllc  and  tlic  youny;  iintclopo  would  follow  inc 
tou,'ftlii'i'.  not  oidy  in  iny  walks,  l)ut  also  when  I  drove,  or  vodi> 
I'M  liorscback  in  tlu^  parks.  She  disliUcd  a  visit  to  llic  elk  as 
lie  did,  though  she  did  not  resort  to  as  intelligent  means  to  tell 
nu'  so.  When  both  were  following  nie,  especially  when  I  was 
ri<ling,  they  woidd  race  together  at  toj)  speed,  all  ai'ound  me  and 
sonu'times  two  Inindred  yards  away,  as  if  audutioiis  to  exhibit 
their  iigility,  and  would  seem  to  <'iijoy  tlu^  gambol  together,  as 
mueh  as  would  two  young  dogs,  though  I  never  saw  them  play 
thus  together  except  when  following,  and  tin;  gazelle  showed  less 
ineliuation  to  the  sport  than  tlie  Pr-  '■.  ^  Buck,  p(!rha])s  because; 
she  was  older. 

Af(er  very  extensive  inquiries  on  this  subject,  T  heard  of  a 
single  instance  of  this  animal  breeding  in  domestication.  ]Mr. 
Stephen  Cip[terly,  in  IJureau  County,  Illinois,  has  a  ))air  which  are 
in  no  way  confined,  but  allowed  the  range  of  the  neighborhood, 
and  fi'e(|uently  visit  the  neighbors,  several  miles  away,  and  s(>em 
to  I'lijoy  tlu'  sport  if  they  can  get  dogs  to  chasi>  tluMU  hom(>.  Th(! 
female  of  thi<  ])air,  when  she  was  two  years  old  in  l>>7l»,  tli'opped 
one  Uid,  which,  however,  was  still-born,  or  at  least  dead  when  it 
was  found.  It  can  no  longer  be  said  that  our  antelope  will  in 
no  case  breed  m  domestication,  but  certaiidy  it  nmst  be  but 
rarely  ex[)ectcd.  We  should  have  expected  this  to  occur  in  the 
country  when;  they  flourish  in  a  wild  state,  and  it  is  certainly  re- 
markable that  it  has  occurred  so  far  away,  and  in  a  region  so 
unfavorable  to  their  well-being. 

The  reason  of  the  sterility  of  thes(>  animals  in  donustication  is 
not  very  ap[);irent.  There  is  certainly  no  want  of  ardor  on  the 
part  of  the  mall',  and  the  female  is  not  without  an  inclination  to 
breed,  but  from  some  unknown  cause  their  union  is  not  fertile. 
That  tlii'ir  rc|iroductive  powers  should  be  impaired  l)y  domestica- 
tion, we  should  expect,  in  obedience  to  a  very  general  law  gov- 
ei-ning  a  very  larg(>  majority  of  wild  animals  and  birds,  when  re- 
duced to  domestication  ;  but  this  may  be  largely  accounted  for 
by  the  disinclination  to  bri'cd,  manifested  to  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree by  both  sexes.  Such  can  scar(;ely  be  said  to  bo  tlu>  casi; 
with  our  anteloj)e,  yet  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  its  general 
health  and  vigor  is  more  impaired  than  is  generally  the  case  with 
wild  animals  when  domesticated  or  confined.  Uidil  the  one 
taken  adult  sickened  and  died  after  a  few^  months'  conlinement  in 


DOMESTICATIUX. 


Ml  with  inc 
UH'  in  luT 
I'nllow  inc 
kC,  or  r<xlo 
tlif  elk  MS 

Mils    to    tt'll 

hen   I  WMs 

11(1    IHC  iUld 

to  exhibit 
ogetliei",  as 
tlieni  phiy 
iliowed  loss 
ps  because 

lioavtl  of  H 
itioii.  ]Mi'. 
r  wliicli  are 
ghborhooil, 
,  and  seem 
onie.  Tlu! 
'<),  di'op[)ed 
■ad  when  it 
op(>  will  in 
st  be  but 
eur  in  the 
rtainlv  re- 


reg'ion  so 


(icMtion  is 
or  on  the 
illation  to 
ot  fertile. 

loiiiestit'il- 

1m  w  gov- 
,  when  re- 
united for 
)r   less  de- 

tlie  ease 
ts  general 

ease  with 
1  the  one 
ineiiieut  in 


the  pMi'k,  wliieh  is  so  lar<^(  that  the  eonfineinent,  one  would  think, 
could  seart'elv  be  felt.  I  had  JniM^ineil  tlait  the  eoiistit  iitional 
vinoi'  iiii<;Iit  lia,ve  been  impaired  wlieii  yoiine',  liy  liavimi;  l)een 
iidurished  l)v  rows'  milk  ;  but  such  was  certainly  not  the  cmsc  in 
this  iiistMiiee.  If  in  my  n'rounds  they  fail  to  liml  some  kind  of 
fniid  which  their  well-beiiii^  recpiires,  such  enuld  not  have  b(>en  the 
case  where  Dr.  (  aulield  tried  liis  experiments.  Alto<^ether  it  is 
manifest  that  furtiier  observations  must  be  imide.  ami  further 
c\|)criuients  tried,  than  I  have  been  able  to  make  or  IcMrn,  befort; 
we  Mrrive  Mt  a  satisfaetory  coinpreheiisiou  of  this  ln'Miirh  of  oiir 

Slll)iect. 

1  believe,  however,  tliMt  with  time  Miid  care  all  the  ditlicnlties 
which  now  present  themselves  to  the  complete  domesticMtioii  of 
this  interesting  animal  may  be  over  »me.  Miid  tliMt  without  these 
tlicv  will  soon  1).'  known  only  as  ;in  extinet  raee.  They  would 
re(|uire  at  tirst  to  b(>  kept  in  large  inelosures  on  their  native 
plains,    with   a   keeper  to  show  himself  among  them   daily,  who 

wiiiild  introduce  them  gradiiallv  to  new  f I.  siu'h  ms  the  various 

kinds  of  cei'cMls,  with  a  eareful  observation  as  to  how  they  could 
Im'mi'  it.  liVeii  then,  some  might  sicken  and  die,  but  others  no 
doubt  would  be  capable  of  bearing  it,  and  the  sma.ll  restraint  and 
paitiMi  eliMiige  of  food  would  leave  some  of  them  cM[>able  of  re- 
produetiou.  Jn  that  way  the  more  feel)|e  would  be  wei^led  out, 
but  the  more  robust  would  rear  a  race,  which,  by  di'gret^s.  might 
be  restricted  in  their  range,  and  live  upon  ditVerent  fooci,  and 
gradiiallv  be  transferred  to  new  eouditi(ms  of  life  and  ultiniatelv 
become  capable  of  enduring  complete  and  permanent  domestiea- 
tioii.  It  may  be  that  not  more  than  one  per  cent,  would  be 
found  capable  of  enduring  the  least  restraint  and  change  of  food, 
but  if  any  could  be  found  which  could  retain  their  full  vitality 
and  vigor  and  reproductive  jiowers.  even  with  the  limiti'd  re- 
straint and  cliang(»  of  condition  suggested,  the  experiment  might 
not  prov(!  a  total  failun*.  At  any  rate,  I  think  there  is  little 
hope  of  their  jtermaiient  domestication,  by  siuldeiilv  transf(>rring 
tlieiu  to  the  east  of  th(^  Mississippi  liiver,  where  they  never 
roamed  wild.  We  may  keep  them  for  a  short  time,  but  tliev 
will  not  pros[ier,  and  will  soon  sicken  and  die.  We  may  have 
little  hop(>  that  any  individual  will  undertake  this  project;  but 
may  we  not  anticipate  that  the  laudable  enl"rprise  which  our 
government,  especially  of  late  years,  has  shown  in  the  promotion 
of  scieiitilic  researches,  which  has  produced  such  rich  results,  and 
from   which   abundant   practical    benefits    may  be  siindy  antici- 


it  ^ 


\\: 


l\ 


'""^ 


66 


77//;     \XTi:f.O/'E   OF  AMERICA. 


]):it('(I,  will  |tr(iin]it  it  to  uiKlcrtakc  to  rcduco  tliis  and  iiiitny  otiicv 
of  till'  wild  Miiiiiials  |)('cnliar  to  this  rountry,  to  (•om[)l('t('  doinusti- 
catioii,  and  tliiis  add  lai'i^fly  to  our  uscfid  a;i,-i"icidtiiral  pi'odiirts  ? 
Wt'  liavc  an  altinidanco  of  territory  well  ada]>tcd  to  this  i»ui'i)ost', 
now  layiiit;'  waste  and  a  liniitrd  ajj^ropriatioii,  to  Ik;  expended 
under  the  direction  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  for  instance, 
whose  eN|ieiidil  ure  of  the  funds  eonimitted  to  its  ehari^e  has  been 
characterized  liy  the  soundest  judgment  and  the  highest  integrity, 
might  promise  success.  AN'hat  would  we  not  give  could  we  re- 
Kuseitate  some  of  those  aniniids  which  were  forniei'ly  abundant  on 
our  eontinent.  hut  have  recently  l)eeome  extinct?  The  danger, 
if  nc  the  prolialiility  is.  that  our  successors  in  the  not  distant 
future  will  make  the  same  retleetion  in  reference  to  the  bison  and 
the  prong  luick.  if  not  the  moose  and  the  wapiti. 

Till-;  fllASK. 

'I'lie  chase  of  the  Prong  l)Uck  all'ords  an  exciting  jjastime  to 
the  s|)ortsman.  and  lias  sometimes  jiroved  a  profitable  employ- 
ment to  the  hunter.  lie  who  would  study  jiow  to  pursue  th<^ 
antelope  with  success  must  learn  the  character  of  tin;  ground 
which  that  animal  frerpients,  )iis  tapabilitit's  for  escape,  and  tin; 
iniii'mities  which  bi'set  him.  His  strength  and  liis  weaknesses 
must  be  well  understood  and  t'onsi(h'red. 

\\v  have  already  seen  that  he  iniiabits  the  treeless  plains  and 
rolling  foot-hills.  To  call  thesi',  naked  ))lains  and  hills  would 
freipiently  be  a  misdescription.  Often  they  are  so,  covered  only 
with  a  light  coat  of  bunch  or  bulVali)  gi'ass,  so  that  an  antelojie 
may  be  seen  at  a  gi'eat  <'istance.  although  sometimes  the  color  of 
the  countrv  so  corresponds  with  the  culor  of  the  animal  as  to 
make  it  very  ilillicult  to  distinguish  him  even  at  a  moderate  dis- 
tance, though  no  object  may  intervene  to  obstruct  the  view.  A 
good  tield-glass  is  an  excellent  thing  for  the  antelope  hunter 
alwavs  to  have  by  hiui.  l>ut  they  freipient  groumls  more  or  less 
denselv  covered  with  tin-  cacti,  the  wild  sage,  juid  the  grease  bush. 
'I'licse  sometimes  attain  the  height  of  four  or  live  feet,  and  alTord 
excellent  covert  for  the  animal. 

A  correct  knowledge  of  their  sense  of  sight,  of  smell,  and  of 
iieariiig  is  necessary  U)V  tlu!  success  of  the  hunter,  for  tlu'se  should 
often  control  hi.^  course. 

Notwithstanding  the  lai'ge,  ])rominent  eye,  which  is  of  a  bril- 
liant black  color,  the  sight  of  the  antelo]ie  is  not  reliable.  lie 
eaimot  readily  identify  unlV.miliar  objects  if  they  are  not   in  full 


..^ 


'/'///■;  en  A  si:. 


57 


liiny  otlicv 
I'  (luincsti- 
prodiicts  ? 
s  purpose, 

('Npfiidt'd 

iiistiuici', 

■   li;is  been 

iiitcurity, 
lid  \v(>  rt'- 
iiudiiiit  on 
If  diinyrr, 
ot;  distiiiit 

bison  iind 


piislinic  to 
('  cuiploy- 
Mirsuc  tlio 
H!  ground 
(',  ;ind  tli(! 
kH-akiU'ssi'S 

)1inns  und 
1>.  would 
■rod  only 
iint,('lo]ii' 

ic  coldr  ot" 

inal  ;is  to 
•rate  dis- 

vicw.  A 
hunter 

ire  oi-  less 
ase  busli. 

ind  alTord 

1.  and  of 
'se  should 

of  a  bril- 
d.le.  Jle 
i)t   in  full 


view  nor  in  motion,  lie  eannot  readily  tell  ii  iiorse  from  i<  buf- 
falo, oi-  a  man  from  a  bush,  if  they  are  ])erfeetly  still,  unless  they 
arc  (|uile  near.  'I'licii- si-nse  of  snu'll  is  very  sensitive  and  discrim- 
iiiatino".  Their  sense  of  hearing  is  also  very  acute,  though  not 
as  much  so  as  of  many  of  the  deer  family.  'I'licy  ai'c  nalurallv 
vcr\  timid  and  shy  when  their  fears  lieconu-  arou-cd,  but  thcv 
arc  not  as  .siiN|iici(iiis  as  most  of  the  doer.  They  Jiave  a  cin'iosity 
which  is  \ery  remai'kable,  and  which  prompts  them  to  examine 
cvei'v  strange  (lijeci  which  they  see.  'I'his  conipleteK'  over- 
powers tlu'ir  caution,  and  often  leads  them  into  danger  and  to 
destruction.  The  hunter  must  remeiidier  they  are  exci'edinglv 
Meet  of  foot,  far  oiitst i'i])ping  all  other  animals  of  the  phiins.  Au- 
dubon says,  '•  They  [lass  along,  up  or  down  hills  or  along  the 
lc\el  jilains  with  the  same  apparent  ease,  while  so  rapidiv  do 
their  legs  perform  their  graei'ful  movements  in  propelling  their 
bodies  iivcr  the  ground,  that,  like  the  spokes  of  a  fast  turning 
wheel,  we  can  liaidly  see  them,  but  instead  obsei've  a  gan/.v  or 
lihn-like  appearance  where  tliev  sliould  be  visible.""  ( 'olonel 
Rciltield  once  told  me  that  he  saw  a  frightened  line!;  of  antelnpes 
lice  to  a  VI  I'y  steep  and  high  mound  of  rather  loose  scoria,  near 
the  Yellowstone  [{iver.  which  they  seemed  to  go  up  almost  like 
rockets,  the  detached  material  rolling  down  behind  them  like  a 
liui'  of  smoke.  Some  of  them  lost  tln-ir  ft)oting  on  the  almost 
venical  side  ami  fell  back  to  the  bottom,  but  the  instant  thev 
reached  that  they  Hew  back  like  the  reboiuid  of  a  ball,  without 
any  appreciable  pause. 

IhaM'seeu  them  in  my  gnnnids  make  pi'odiginus  Imri/.ontal 
leaps  across  a  I'aviue  or  depression  in  the  ground  from  a  standing 
position  or  a  leisurely  Wiilk  when  ther(^  was  no  obstruction  to 
impeile  their  walking  across  it  if  they  had  chosen  so  to  do. 
'1  lu'se  leaps  seemed  to  re(piirc  scarcely  nioi'e  elToi't  than  the  walk. 
It  was  a  horizontal  bound  so  light  and  elastic  that  it  seenicfl  like 
a.  Ileetiiig  shadow,  when  the  gentle  \^•alk  would  be  instantlv  re- 
>unied  with  no  more  animation  or  excitement  than  if  thev  had 
walked  across  the  space.  Still,  as  has  been  alreadv  explained, 
they  are  unable  to  make  vertical  leaps.  I  think  it  safe  to  sav 
theycaiiiiot  ovei'leap  an  obstruction  a  yard  in  height.  As  befoi-(! 
stated,  when  considering  the  habits  of  this  animal,  it  is  iucapa- 
l>le  of  sustaining;  its  astonishing  speed  for  anv  greai  length  of 
time.  It  will  soon  seek  some  (Mninence,  if  to  be  found,  stop,  take 
breath,  and  look  around  for  the  object  which  alarmed  it. 

Another  fact  should  not  l»e  forgotten.      'I'hi-,  animal  is  remark- 


58 


THE   AXTELOPK    OF  AMEltlCA. 


ably  tonacioiis  of  lite,  or  if  this  doos  not  cxjuh'ss  tlio  exact  trutli, 
lie  ciiti  sustain  liinisolf  for  a  l('n<;tli  of  time  ^vitll  sncli  sovero 
wounds  as  would  jirostrato  almost  anv  other  animal.  W  ••  a 
broken  leg  he  will  flee  almost  as  rajiidly  as  if  uninjui'ed,  and 
the  hunters  insist  he  will  nuiintain  tlu?  ehase  nearly  as  far.  Tlioy 
insist  he  will  carry  off  more  lead  than  any  other  animal  of  his 
si/.e.  I  was  onee  on  a  hunt  in  the  Sierra  INIadre  Mountain,  near 
the  Iiarami(^  Plains,  when  it  was  a  standing  joke  in  <'ann).  that 
one  of  the  party,  a  distinguished  judicial  ollieer  of  Wyoming, 
who  was  an  e\cellent  sportsman  as  well  as  a  good  jiulge,  had 
shot  fourteen  balls  into  a  buck  antelojxs  and  only  so  crippled 
him.  that  by  throwing  away  his  gun  in  despair  of  killing  his 
game  in  that  wav,  he  was  enabled  to  ovcu'take  him  on  i  •  ;;  and 
knock  hiui  on  the  head  with  his  hatchet.  While  undoubtedly 
the  anlelojx'  must  fall  to  the  shot  if  hit  in  a  vital  part,  he  can 
carry  severe  wounds,  and  frequently  escapes  uidess  these  reach 
some  part  upon  which  life  or  locomotiim  immediately  depend. 

All  of  these  characteristics  should  be  constantly  borne  in  mind 
by  the  sportsman  or  the  hunter  if  he  would  pursue  the  American 
antelope  with  succe.-;s. 

Our  antelope  was  an  essential  article  of  food  among  the  ;ib- 
origin(>s  inhabiting  the  country  which  it  frecpiented  before  the 
introduction  of  (ire-arms  among  them.  They  had  various  modes 
of  cajituring  it,  chief  among  which  was  with  the  bow  and  arrow. 
This  mode  involved  the  nc^cessitv  of  their  getting  a  very  close 
range.  This  could  only  be  done  by  sonu;  kind  of  artilice,  or  by 
the  most  skillful  and  cautious  stalking,  always  remend)ering  its 
def(!ctiv(^  eyesight,  its  acute  senses  of  hearing  and  smelling,  as 
well  as  its  inordinate  curiosity.  The  latter  inlirmity  —  for  such 
it  often  proves  to  the  animal  —  was  taken  advantage  of  by  the 
savage,  who,  approaching  the  ga?ne  as  nearly  as  he  safely  could 
from  belli, id  the  sage  bushes  or  other  concealing  object,  exhibit- 
ing in  iiregular  motion  a  piece  of  tlu^  tanned  skin  of  the  animal 
colored  ri'd  or  wliit(%  or  some  other  attractive  object,  would  at- 
tract the  game.  When  the  attention  of  tin;  antelope  is  attracted 
by  such  an  object  alternately  appearing  and  disappearing,  its  curi- 
osity becouu's  excited,  aiul  an  interesting  struggle  commences 
V)etween  that  and  its  timidity,  and  it  will  aj)proach  cautiously, 
then  retreat  a  little,  then  prance  around,  drawing  towards  the 
object  grailually  till  it  is  linally  brought  within  bow-shot.  Then 
it  was  that  the  Indian  would  let  fly  his  arrow  from  his  conceal- 
ment, or  spring  to   his   feet,  the  arrow  to  the  string,  and  the 


I 


in 


Tin:  (11 A  si:. 


.59 


liDW  ]Kii'tIy  (Iriiwn,  mikI  strike  liis  vicliin  before  his  (leetiiess  cdiild 
laiTV  liiiii  Im'VdikI  reach. 

Til  stalking  this  animal  the  Tiulians  show  great  dexterity  now, 
tlKUigii  \v(;  may  well  iissume  not  equal  to  tliat  of  their  ancestors, 
who  knew  not  tho  use  of  tire-arms.  'I'his  feat  is  extremely  dilli- 
ciilt  though  not  impossible  in  tli(;  nakeil  plains,  where  neither 
sage-bush  or  ant-liill  is  found  to  conceal  the  approach,  but  only 
the  short,  si)arse  grass  is  found.  When  this  or  tiie  former  mode 
is  icsolved  U])on,  the  lirst  step  of  the  hunter  wlio  sees  his  game 
ill  the  far  distance  is  b}-  <U'seribing  a  wide  circle,  if  need  be.  to 
,.btain  a  position  to  tlie  leeward  of  tlie  game,  so  that  the  odor 
with  which  he  taints  the  air  may  not  betray  him.  Thus,  if  upon 
the  naked  plain,  while  yet  a  long  distance  oil',  lu^  must  get  down 
upon  the  ground  and  crawl  as  close  to  it  as  possilile,  always 
when  moving  keeping  his  ey(>  upon  every  I'W  of  tlm  band,  and 
the  instant  one  of  them  turns  his  head  towards  him  sto])  everv 
uiovement,  no  matter  what  his  jxisition  may  be,  till  the  animal 
turns  away  or  again  goes  to  feeding.  Jf  none  of  the  animals 
smell  him  or  hear  him,  or  see  him  move,  he  may  steal  upon  tliem 
and  secure  a  prize.  No  matter  if  they  do  see  him,  unless  they 
see  sonu;  motion  the  chances  iww  that  no  one  of  them  will  recog- 
nize hiin  or  suspect  that  the  r)bj(>ct  is  anything  harmful.  They 
will  not  notice  that  they  have  never  before  seen  an  object 
tlieni  on  the  naked  plain.  If  tliey  see  the  least  uuition  their 
fears  are  instantly  aroused,  and  they  dash  away  like  the  wind  to 
a  safe  distance,  when  tlu^y  will  usually  stop  and  turn  round  to 
see  what  it  was  that  alarmed  them.  If  tlu>  hunter  still  remains 
perfectly  ([uiet  their  alarm  will  not  usmdly  subside  entirely  for 
some  time,  but  they  will  soon  renew  their  retreat,  though  jier- 
iiaps  not  at  full  speed,  and  if  they  even  go  to  feeding  not  far 
away  they  are  w\it  to  keep  a  vigilant  watch  of  the  object  so  that 
it  is  hardly  possible  to  approach  them  again. 

Stalking  among  the  saye  brush  is  of  course  much  less  ditliciilt, 
for  there  the  hunter  has  cover,  behind  which  he  may  conceal  his 
approach.  Still,  when  lu^  deems  it  necessary  to  get  a  view  of  the 
game,  he  must  raise  his  head  al»ove  the  brush  as  little  as  possi- 
ble, and  so  slowly  and  cautiously  that  if  on(!  of  the  animals  haj)- 
peiis  to  be  looking  in  that  direction  he  will  not  observe  it.  (.)f 
(•ours(>  it  is  presumed  he  will  ali'eady  have  taken  advantage  of 
the  wind  which  would  help  to  prevent  the  liearing  of  any  slight 
noise  he  might  accidentally  make,  for  if  the  sense  of  hearing  of 
this  animal  is  not  as  acute  as  that  of  the  moose,  it  is  so  sensitive 


If 


'[  :ti 


iU''. 


in 


^-^ 


^ 


no 


'/•///•;   .WTIII.OPK    III-    AMI'JIKA 


;is  to  I'ciiiiirc  tlic  cxt rcincst,  fiu'c  to  prevent  Iiis  Ix inii)<;'  iilanned 

ill  tli;il  w;iy. 

Foriiiei'ly  llie  Iiidiiins  were  aw;ire  of  tlie  fact,  that  our  ant<'lo|)e 
will  not  lea])  o\cr  even  moderate  obstriu'tions,  and  took  advan- 
tage of  it.  as  was  shown  under  another  liend.  I'vVcii  small  jirai- 
ries,  nearly  ;  iirroiinded  liy  woods,  witli  but  a  narrow  door  to  tli(> 
ojten  coiiiitry,  have  become  siaiie'hter-pens  for  the  timid  antelope, 
when  they  have  lieeii  bordered  hy  dense  iinder-linish.  Their  only 
thonu'lit;  seems  to  lie  to  eseapt;  by  the  same  openiinj;  they  came  in 
at.  It'  prevented  in  this  they  seem  to  have  no  other  resource. 
In  tlmir  iVi^iit  their  wits  seem  to  forsaUo  tliiMii,  and  they  become 
coiifiiseil  and  distracted. 

.'Vs  illustrating;'  this  characteristic  of  the  animal,  I  will  quote 
from  "  Adventures  of  .lames  V.  Adams  *"  (pp.  4(1,  47).  With 
si'veral  men  he  had  surrounded  a  drove  of  about  lifty  antelopes 
in  !Ui  open  prairi(!  of  liii^h  grass,  when  he  sa\s:  "And  upon 
closing;'  in.  the  animals,  seeing  too  lute  that  they  were  surrounded, 
Ikhmiiic  bewildered,  and.  huddling  together,  wheeled  and  tramped 
iiroiiiid  ill  111 ter  amazement,  a[>parently  not  knowing  what  to  do 
or  where  to  go. 

"  In  the  mean  wliile,  taking  care  to  keej)  our  bodies  concealed 
in  the  long  grass,  we  liad  continued  to  approach,  and  being  now 
within  sixty  yards  of  the  panic-stricken  animals,  I  rose  upon  my 
feet,  took  deliberate  aim,  and  lired  into  their  midst.  Sykcsey  and 
Tiiohimiie  followed  the  examphs  and  the  Indians  discharged 
their  arrows.  I  i-eloaded  as  (piickly  as  possible  and  lired  a  sec- 
ond sliot,  then,  dropping  the  rille.  juilled  my  revolver  in  my  right 
and  my  tiowie-knife  in  my  left  hand,  and  rushed  into  t iuHiiick 
of  the  herd,  which  continued  wheeling  and  tramping  around  in 
a  circle,  seeing  themselves  surrounded  on  all  sides,  and  too  much 
alarmed  to  ily.  At  the  same  time  my  comrades  rushed  forward, 
and  \vc  were  soon  all  mixed  uj)  togetlu-r,  myself,  the  Indians, 
antl  the  antelopes.  Having  discharged  tlu^  shots  of  mv  jiistol  I 
began  plying  my  knife,  Jind  as  the  Indians  used  theirs  we 
wounileil  several  that  escaped  our  tire-arms.  In  the  miilst  of  tlie 
excitement  a  buck  broke  away  from  the  herd  and  was  imnuHli- 
at(dy  followed  by  all  that  were  able  to  get  away,  some  dragging 
lamed  limbs  after  them.  As,  however,  six  dead  and  live  wounded 
lay  before  us,  there  was  no  use  pursuing  the  ilying  band,  and 
they  were  allowed  to  escape,  itltiiough  we  might  easily  have;  pro- 
cureel  a  dozi'H  more." 

As  we  shall  Iiereafter  see,  this  descrijition   answers  almost  ex- 


Till:  en.  I  si:. 


(U 


:iliinii('(l 

[lllt('l<l|H' 

:  lulvaii- 
;ill  ])r:ii- 

ll"     to   till' 

intt'loiK', 
H'ir  only 

caiiic  in 
•('Source. 

become 

ill    (|Uot<^ 

).  Witli 
mtelopes 
ml  upon 
ronndeil, 
tr;un[)e(l 
iit  to  do 

•oncciiled 

\u<f  now 

|)on  my 

sey  ;ind 
scliarfjed 
I  ;i  scc- 
uy  vim'lil 
he  thick 
'ound  in 
>o  much 
Orwiivd, 
Indiiins, 

pistol  1 
u'ifs  wi^ 
st  of  the 
immedi- 
li'iig'<i'ing' 
vounded 

id,  ami 

ive  i)ro- 


nost  ex- 


lU'lIv  to  ihc  conduct  of  the  barren-ground  caribou   under  similar 
circumstances. 

Tliev  have  often  been  killed  by  the  hunter,  who  has  ridden 
iipen  them  on  hoiseback  when  they  were  asleep  and  alone.  If 
ilie  instant  the  animal  starts  the  horseman  will  stop  he  is  almost 
>in'e  of  a  shot.  I  nder  these  circumstances  the  antelope  will 
make  but  a  few  bounds  before  he  will  slop  and  look  ai'ouml  to 
-,(•('  what  has  alarmecl  him,  when  he  may  be  taken  at  short  rani^'c 
The  while  tent  of  the  liuiiter  oil  the  plains  or  in  the  ravines  so 
attracts  the  (Miiiosity  of  the  l'roii<4'  l>iick  that  Im  will  eo  (piitc!  up 
toil  for  a  close  ins[)ection  of  it  if  he  sees  no  one  about  it  or  in  the 
iiiiL;hboi-hood,  and  many  a  one  who  has  been  layini(  in  camp 
from  indisposition  or  foi'  rest  has  thus  secureil  antelope  chops  for 
su|ipcr  as  a  surprise  to  his  weai'ied  comrade,  who  may  have  been 
unfortunate  dnriiii;'  the  day,  and  when  wendini:;  his  weary  wav 
back  sadly  thought  of  an  empty  larder  near  the  cam|)  lire. 

1  have  seen  aci'ounts  of  eoiirsinu,'  the  antelope  wiih  L^'ri-ylioiinds, 
but  m\  iid'ormatioji  is  not  suilicieiit  to  enable  lue  to  speak  ad- 
visedly on  the  subject,  never  havinn'  participated  in  the  s|)oi't 
ni\self,  nor  conversed  with  one  who  has  done  so.  1  can  imaoiiie 
no  liner  <4ame  for  this  spoi't  than  the  I'i'oul;'  Ibick.  A  practically 
limitless  |)lain,  smooth  iind  level,  with  no  impediments  to  ob- 
sti'uct  the  view  or  the  cliast!,  jiresents  the  littest  L;'rouiid  for  such 
sport.  With  an  animal  so  llei't  that  hewnuld  leave  the  hounds 
I'ar  in  the  rear  for  the  first  ft;w  miles,  yet  always  in  sielit  so  as 
to  stimulate  the  dogs  in  the  [lursnit,  whose  better  wind  would 
soon  tell,  they  Would,  before  many  miles  were  passed  over,  run 
into  the  (jiuirry. 

,\ftei-  they  obtained  horses,  and  bef")re  tlii'v  procured  iiic-arms, 
the  aborigiues  pursued  the  antelope  on  horseback.  I'lider  date 
of  August  14,  1<SU."),  Lewis  and  Clark  gave  im  account  of  a  hunt 
nil  the  pass  of  the  Uocky  Mountains,  between  the  head  waters  of 
the  .Missouri  River  and  Lewis  River,  They  say  :  "■  The  chief 
game  of  the  Shoslionees,  therefore,  is  the  antelope,  which,  when 
pursued,  retreats  to  the  open  plains,  where  the  horses  have  full 
loom  for  the  chase.  But  such  is  its  extraordinary  ileetness  and 
wind,  that  a  single  horse  has  no  possible  chance  of  outrunning  it, 
or  tiring  it  down;  ami  the  hunters  are  therefore  obliged  to  resort 
to  stratagem. 

"'  About  twenty  Indians,  luounttMl  on  line  horses,  and  armed 
with  bows  and  arrows,  loft  the  cam)).  In  a  shoi-t  tinu!  they 
descried  a  herd  of  ten  antelopes  ;  they  immediately  separated  into 


■HI 


!!■;■ 


\i\' 


!;S 


■;5t 


;!iiS> 


"n 


i>-2 


I'/fi:  ASTij.oi'i:  OF  AMi:iii(\. 


liltlc  S(|iiim1.s  of  t  \vi»  or  tlircM',  iind  I'onni'd  a  scattcrt'il  cii'cli'  round 
*]\i'  lii'i'd  t'oi-  live  or  six  miles,  keeping  at  a  warv  ilistaiici'  so  as 
not  to  alarm  tlicm  till  tlifv  were  p"rl'cctly  inclosed,  and  nsually 
sclcclini^  sonu^  commandine'  I'lnincnct'  as  a  stand.  I  laving-  H-;iiii,.,l 
(lu'ir  positions,  a  small  party  rode  towiirds  the  licrd.  and  with 
wondrrfid  dcxtrrify  the  Iinntsnian  prrscrscd  his  sral  as  lie  ran  at 
full  speed  over  tlm  hills,  and  down  the  steep  ravines,  and  alonjr 
the  liorders  of  the  |treei[)iees.  'I'hey  were  soon  outstripped  l»v 
the  aiilelop<'s,  which,  on  ^jjainint;'  llm  other  extremity  of  the  circle, 
were  driven  hack  and  pursued  hy  the  fresh  huntei's.  They 
tnrni'd  and  Hew  rather  than  ran  in  another  tlirectiou  ;  Imt  there, 
too,  they  found  new  enemies.  In  this  way  they  were  ailernalely 
pushed  liackw;u'ds  and  foi'wards,  till  at  len<^ftli,  notwithstanding 
the  skill  of  till!  liunters,  they  all  esca[ied  ;  and  the  [)ai'ly,  after 
runnine'  fur  two  liours,  retui'ned  without  having'  cau^lil  anything, 
and  their  hoi'ses  foaming  with  sweat.  'I'his  chase,  tlu^  greati-r 
part  of  which  was  seen  from  the  camp,  formed  a  heauliful  scene: 
luit  to  the  hunters  is  oxccodingly  lahoi'ious,  and  so  unproductive, 
even  when  they  an!  able  to  worry  the  animal  down  antl  shoot 
him,  that  forty  or  fifty  huntors  will  sometimes  be  engaged  for 
half  a  day  without  obtaining  more  than  two  or  tliree  aulidopes." 

'lliat  the  antelope  can  freipiently,  on  favorable  grounds,  be  run 
into  with  the  horsi',  is  established  In-vond  dispute.  1  hav(!  met 
several  ge-ntleniea  Avho  have  clone  it.  or  seen  it  done  ;  and  I  once 
had  a  three  years'  old  male  antelo|>e  which  had  been  thus  eap- 
tured.  I'lie  marks  of  the  cords  with  which  his  legs  had  bet'U  tied 
wi're  still  very  plaiidy  to  be  seen,  anil  are  even  still  distinct  on  the 
mounted  specimen  in  my  collection.  To  do  this  re(iuires  a  horse 
of  great  /n'tti'iiu  or  endurance,  for,  in  any  (>vent,  he  must  be  left 
far  behind  for  the  first  few^  miles;  but  the  great  sj)eed  of  the 
antelope  so'.ii  tells  upon  him,  and  when  he  begins  to  falter,  if  still 
])resse(l,  ami  not  allowed  to  st()[)  and  take  breath,  he  tails  very 
rapidly,  and  almost  complete  exhaustion  ensues.  It  may  be  that 
the  antelopes  thus  oaptureil  have  been  exee})tionably  slow,  or 
short-winded,  and  that  even  with  a  majority  it  is  not  practicable 
to  capture  them  in  this  manner.  It  is  very  certain,  however, 
that  it  has  sometimes  been  done. 

The  antelope,  wiien  pursned  on  the  plains,  is  inclined  to  run 
in  a  circle,  and  thus  may  be  taken  advai.tage  of  by  the  horseman 
keeping  well  within  the  circle,  and  as  if  attempting  to  head  oft' 
the  chase,  which  is  sure  to  provoke  the  animal  to  make  every 
etlovt  to  avoid  this  result,  which  brings  his  course  more  in  the 


riri 


nr 


///>■  I'l.M  i:.  ••■'. 

•iiliir  I'nriii.      Ill  this  conditiuii   tin-  <j!iiii('  must   sdnii  hucciiiiiI), 


ill  (!()nH('(|iifm'c  (if  tlic  greater  distaiicu  he  has  to  run. 


1  tlie 


HIS    I'LAfK. 

The  |i(isilii)n  in  natural  hislnry  wliieh  shmiM  he  assinncd  our 
,iiile|ip|ie  lias  ah'eady  ()('(.Mi|)ied  the  atleiiti<iii  df  /onlogisls.  It 
I'allas  made  it  hut  a  species  dt  the  aiite|i>|ie,  later  naturalists 
kive  aui'eed  to  assign  to  it  a  separate  elassiiieatidU,  and  have 
;iiin|ited  the  name  givi'ii  it  hy  <  )rd  in  ls|s,  Aiit/l'>i''i/'i'it  Amrrt- 
,.^/M/.  or  American  ( idat-Antelupe.  Sir  .hiliii  KiehaiilsDii  savs: 
••  i'lie  term  Aiiirn'cKiiii  is  ohjeetionahle  as  a  s|)eeiHc  name,  where 
iiinre  than  one  .s|ie('ies  of  (he  same  genus  exists  in  that  ediintrv." 
Siiliseijiient  inxfsligalidns  have  shown  that  this  dlijectidii  was 
altogether  withdut  I'oundation,  for  there  is  luit  one  sjiecies  of  tho 
^clllis. 

A  careful  study  of  specimens  from  every  part  of  its  range 
sliiiws  that  there  are  not  even  varieties  of  the  spec-ies.  All  are  as 
mar  alike  as  possihle.  'riierc  is  now  no  pietensi!  for  placing 
Cii/iru  Aiiirririimi  with  our  animal,  for  it  is  well  settled  that  it  is 
;i  true  goat. 

I)r.  Murie,  to  whom  we  are  first  indebted  for  the  osteological 
(lcsrri[)tion  of  this  animal,  seems  inclined  to  go  farther,  and  assign 
ii  "  a  new  or  a  fourth  section  jiniong  ruminants.  In  regard  to 
the  second  jiremise,  its  place,  judging  fi'om  the  totality  of  struc- 
ture (excluding  the  lirain  not  examined),  it  appears  to  me  that 
the  pro[)osal  to  rank  tlu'  Cahrit  as  a  family  pir  xr  {Anli/nriiiirtif'i), 
merits  attention.  Notwithstanding  what  has  been  said  of  transi- 
tional forms,  the  present  career  i>f  biological  inquiry  lias  not  yet 
ari'ived  at  the  stag*;  when  limited  divisions  can  be  dispensed 
with,  although  lines  of  demarcation  iwv  lu'oken  apace.  I'ro\ision- 
ally,  therefore,  and  for  aught  I  can  say  to  the  contrary,  the  siuglt; 
genus  and  species,  AntHni'apra  Aiiicricand.  uiay  preside  as  llie 
type  of  a  family.  .Still  1  am  far  from  the  opinion  that  it  will 
Iniig  remain  in  solitary  grandeur,  for  I  am  convinced  that  its 
iiiore  ab(M"rant  features  are  but  bridges,  the  further  I'diinecting 
end  of  which  temporarily  hazy  to  us,  from  our  temporary,  cir- 
cuuiscribed  view."' 

I  have  already,  in  anotlu'r  place,  (pioted  a  passage  from  this 
author  bearing  directly  on  this  branch  of  our  subji'ct  ;  but,  as 
it  will  be  remembered,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  repeat  it  here. 
Tli(!  comparison  lie  there  makes  between  this  animal  and  the 
sheep,  the  giralYe,  the   deer,  the   goat,  and   the  antelope,  is  for 


I 


I '   t 


m 


T^ 


04 


////;  wriii.iu'i:  uf   i  Mi.nn  i. 


till'  |>iir|iMsc  III'  >liii\\iiin  iliat.  in  soini'  i'c;>|M'cts,  lir  |i;irt;il;rs  u|'  ccr- 
liiii)   cliaiiH'ti'iist  ii's    sii[i|)u-icil    to    lie    |)i'culiar    In    vm-\\    oI'    tlicsc 

iiuilllllls. 

We  liavr  alrcinly  srcn  tliiil  In  ('(iiii|iar"  llic  liair  of  oiir  aiiiiiial 
to  thai  u|  the  >lii'c|)  is  a  sti'aint'il  ('\|>rc.^>inii,  while  the  iithrr 
|iai'alli'U  ail'  iinl  wiihrnit  rra^uiiaMi'  waii'aiil.  I  I'aiiiiMl  \\v\\)  ri'- 
iiiiirliiiiL;',  hiiwi'M'i',  ihal  it  m'i'Iiis  Id  iiir  thai  ihr  Icii'in'il  ilnrtDf, 
ill  st't'Uiiin'  I'll'  iiilt'iiiii'iliati'  Liiaili's  ill  tin-  rhararliTislifs  of  oiir 
iininiah  has  ([iiiti'  iivrrlimki'd  that  uhirh  is  the  iin'sl  striUiiin'  nl 
all;  ami  that  is  tlii'  liniii.  II'  lir  I'uinliiiU'S  I'liaradi-ristifs  I'l'sciii- 
l)liii^'  iii'i'iiliarilics  111'  si'vci'al  ditVci'i'iil  nciiiTa  uf  iiiiiiiiiaiils,  his 
lini'ii  scciiis  Id  ill-  CMiislriirlt'il  ii|iiiii  an  iiili'i'iin'iliali'  |ilaii  id-lufcii 
tlir  hiilhiw-iiiiriH'il  niininaiits,  ol'  w  hirh  tlu'ic  arr  s 'Vrral  ni'iirra. 
iuwl  llii'  siiliil-liiH  iii'il  ruiiiiiiaiits  whirh  may  all  In-  I'liihracril  in 
ihu  i^i'iiiis  ('iTviis.  it"  Wf  an-  iin'liiii'd  imt  In  iiiiilti|il\  classiUca- 
liniis  lull  I'lcclx .  'I'lir  I'tiniici-  have  hiilliiw  hiiiiis.  which  ai'i-  (liTiiiai 
ciiiaiial  iiiiis  with  hsscous  ciircs,  which  in  lad  arc  |ii'iici'sscs  nf  the 
.skull.  Sii  has  this;  iiiit  all  (illiff  linllow  liniiis  arc  persistent, 
while  this  is  i|i'ci(hiiiiis.  I'his  latter  characteri^l  ic,  has  hccii 
hitln'rlii  Miiniiiscil  to  lie  pecnliai' to  the  ('ei\  iilc.  all  nl'  which  have 
solid  horns  |uiiely  ol  os>eoiis  .^iriu'tun'.  The  only  tliiiiL;'  in  coiii- 
inoii  which  these  I  wo  classes  of  head  aiipeiidaees  have,  is  that 
lhe\  may  lie  considered  ornaiiieiital.  and  serve  as  weapons  of  war- 
fare ;  to  which,  however,  we  niav  add  that  they  appear  more 
generally  on  the  male  than  on  tlu'  female.  They  arc  provided 
for  both  the  male  and  femal(!  of  our  antelope,  ( )ii  no  other  ani- 
mal do  we  liml  a  liolldw  horn  which  is  liranched  or  hifiiicated, 
while  this  is  a  characteiisiic  of  nearly  ill!  solid  horns.  This  hol- 
low horn  aloiu'  is  hranchecl,  not  .so  distinctly,  hv  any  means,  as  is 
usual  with  the  solid  horns,  hut  still  there;  is  the  rudiment  of  a 
branch,  a;  h'ast,  which  lias  been  iccoe,'iii/.ed  by  all  naturalists  as 
ii  [jtoiil;'.  if.  then,  we  are  in  search  of  ii  bride'e,  to  span  the  wide 
space  between  the  hollow-horned  and  the  solid-horiicd  niminaiits. 
\Vi>  lind  it  in  this  animal  and  in  this  animal  al<>ue 

IJesides  the  horns,  it  more  resembles  tli  ■  ho'  .w-honied  than  the 
solid-horned  ruminants,  and  most  of  ;  "  .iiielope.    I's  jveiiital 

organs  are  verv  nearlv  like  those  of  tl  .e  antelope;       A  in  mv 

grounds  it  showed  a  disposition  to  a  aate  with  tin-  antelope 
gazelli',  while  it  was  never  known  to  pay  the  'east  attention  to 
either  ihe  angora  or  the  eomiuou  goat,  aiiv  nmre  than  to  the 
deer,  the  sheep,  or  the  eows.  In  only  two  eharactt'ristics  ean  1 
find  it  resembles  the  goat.     One  is,  that  it  euiistantly  emits  an 


i 


l;i,l  tilt' 
Urllitlll 

I  ill  my 
iit('l()|»(' 

t'lDll     to 
to    the 
-;   can    1 
nits  an 


ins  ri.Mi: 


65* 


iliir.  wliicli,  liowtiviT,  is  mostly  coufnuMl  to  tin'  mali'  in  tlic  piat, 
wliilt'  it  is  comnjoii  to  liotli  sexes  in  our  antelope.  Then,  ai;!iin, 
liie  laclirymal  sinus  is  wanting;  in  hotli  tlie  I'ront,^  15iicU  ami  the 
^.i;it  :  so  it  is  wanting  in  many  other  hollow-horned  niminants, 
as  the  shee[)  and  thti  ox,  while*  it  is  present  in  the  true  antelope, 
imd,  I  helieve,  in  all  tlm  dei-r  family.  In  all  other  respects  it 
.JilViTs  from  IIm*  {^oat,  except  in  those  thinn's  which  ai'e  common 
In  all  ruminants  In  tlu.'ir  food,  especially,  they  are  widely  ajiait, 
iliMiiyh  both  lire' strictly  veg(!tariaus ;  so  are  all  ruminants.  Tlu* 
i^nat  is  the  most  prttmiscuous  consumei-  in  this  order  of  (piadni- 
pcds :  while  no  one  is  more*  delicate  and  select  in  its  food  than 
the  J'ronj^  IhieU.  'V\w  piat  affects  rough  and  rocky  e'roiiiid-i. 
ainl  climbs  with  eiise,  and  safety  dangerous  clilTs  and  ilillicuit 
passes,  while  the  iiahit  of  our  antelope  is  exactly  the  rever>e. 
I  niiist  say  that  I  think  if  his  natural  history  hail  been  well 
imderstood,  he  woidd  never  have  been  charged  with  a  near  kin- 
•;hip  to  the  goat,  and  Ciipni  would  not  have  been  a  part  of  his 
iiaiiic.  Surely  a  more  ap[)ropriale  name  could  ha\i'  licen  found. 
—  one  clearly  expressive  of  the  sti'iking  peiadiaiities  of  this  cx- 
iraoi'dinary  animal.  J  Jut  it  is  now  too  late  to  change  it.  It  is 
far  better  to  adhere  to  a  bad  name  by  which  it  is  now  known  lo 
the  scientific  wt)rld,  than  to  attt'iupt  to  iiitriMluc(!  him  by  a 
new  name,  no  matter  how  much  nujre  api)ropriate. 

In  its  osteology.  Dr.  Theodore  dill,  a  gentleman  emiiieiitly 
(pialilied  for  the  investigation,  excludes  it  from  all  the  classiiica- 
tioiis  of  the  hollow-horneil  rumiiuiuts,  ami  distinctly  places  it 
among  those  which  have  solid  deciduous  antlers  ;  while,  as  wi* 
have  seen,  Dr.  Murie  liiids  in  its  anatomy  elements  peculiar  to 
each  of  these  classifications.  Like  the  deer,  tlu.'  female  has  four 
artivt*  mamuL'e,  while  the  goat  has  but  two.  In  counnon  with 
tlu!  hollow-horned  ruminants,  it  has  the  gall  bladder,  which  is 
wanting  in  all  the  Cervida". 


Nj 


it 


If  :" 
I,    ■ 


I,; 


m: 


1. 


rl^ 


FHE  DEER  OF  AAIERICA. 


To  tlie  Fii'.st  Cliiss  oi"  the  Second  Division  of  the  First  (ironjiol' 
Ruminants  I  liave  assigned  t!ie  CVrvid.e.  ( )n  tliis  i-ontinent  they 
arc  more  widely  distributeil,  and  more  numerous  than  either  of 
the  otlier  members  of  tlie  group,  whik^  in  some  other  parts  of 
the  workl  they  are  excelled  in  numbers  by  those  assigned  to  tlit; 
First  Class  of  tlie  First  Division. 

'J'here  are  native  of  North  America,  eight  distinct  and  we!! 
defined  species  of  the  Genus  Cervus,  namely  :  — 

].    (^ERVUS    AlCES. 

Moose  Deer. 

2.  Cervus  Canadensis. 
Wapiti  Deer.    Ameri'^an  Elk. 

8.  Cervus  Tarandus. 
Woodland  Caribou.    Reindeer. 

4.  Cervus  Machotis. 
Mule  Deer. 

5.  Cervus  Columiuanus. 
Columbia  Black-tailed  Deer. 

(!.  Cervus  Virginian  us. 
Common  or  Virginia  Deer. 

7.  Cervus  Tahaxdus  Arctica. 
Barren-ground  Caribou.    Reindeer. 

8.  Cervus  Acapulcensis. 
Acapulco  Deer. 

There  nuiy  be  and  probably  are,  several  other  distinct  species 
in  Mexico  aiul  Central  America,  but  I  am  not  sutliciently  in- 
formed to  speak  of  tliem  with  assurance  ;  so  I  leave  them  as 
proper  subjects  for  future  investigation,  and  confine  myself  b< 
those  of  which  I  can  speak  with  some  confidence. 

It  will  be  observed  that  I  retain  the  reindeer  in  this  genus, 
following  Cuvier,  for  instance,  rather  than   go  with  Hamilton 


<^ 


1 


Tin:    CEIIVID.E. 


Olt 


I 


Smith  and  otliers,  who  phice  them  in  u  siqKirato  gonus  —  Biuif/i- 
l'n\  —  foi'  whicrh  I  fail  to  liiul  snthcicnt  warnint.  1  t'onfcss  I  do 
nut  sym[)athi/A'  with  that  disposition,  whicli  seeks  to  multiply 
^fi'iiera  and  speeies  on  slight  distinctions,  as  the  presence  or  ah- 
seiu'O  of  canine  teeth,  or  tiie  femal(>  heing  provided  with  antlers  or 
mil.  as  constituting  a  generic  dilTerence.  Of  the  first,  third,  and 
seventh  species  of  whicii  I  treat,  1  do  not  speak  from  lliat  careful 
jiei'siinal  study  of  great  nnnd)ers  of  living  specimens,  which  I 
cHild  desire,  and  am  obliged  to  depend  to  a  large  extent  upon 
iiil'ormation  derived  from  the  observations  of  others.  ( )f  th(^ 
oiluTs  I  am  enabled  to  s[)eak  with  assui'ed  conlidenc(!  from  per- 
suind  oi)servations  of  live  specimens  in  my  own  grounds,  w  '  tc 
I  could  study  them  with  the  gi-eutest  care  thiough  a  cour.<e  of 
veais,  and  from  hunting  them  in  the  wild  state, 

t  'vill  be  observed  that  in  my  list  of  species  I  have  omitted 
' '-  rnii'  IcucurKx  and  VcrvuH  Mrxieanus.  I  do  this  l)eeaus(?  1  lind 
tliem  to  be  sim[)ly  Ccrvint  Vln/iiianKs,  with  scarcely  snthci(Mit  dis- 
tinctive characteristics  to  entitle  them  to  the  rank  of  separate 
varieties.  When  I  come  to  treat  of  tins  species,  I  shall  give  my 
reasons  in  full  for  writing  ( 'I'rnis  li'ucurax  and  (Jcrviia  Mr.rindtu.i 
out  of  the  list  of  species  of  the  American  Deei. 

Naturalists  disagree,  and  perhaps  ever  will,  as  to  what  diversity 
>Ii;i!!  be  reipured  to  distinguish  varieties,  species,  genera,  orders, 
etc.  From  tlr;  nature  of  tiie  subject  it  may  be  impossibhi  to  lay 
down  a  general  rule  by  which  even  its  autiior  would  in  all  cases 
be  able  to  place  s  )me  })articular  specimen  which  might  occasion- 
ally be  selected. 

Nor  is  it  of  tlie  first  importance  that  all  should  exactly  agree 
on  tliis  point.  At  least  it  is  more  important  that  we  get  all  tlu; 
facts  relating  to  a  particular  subject;  and  then  our  disagreenu'nts 
about  names,  although  inconvenient,  may  not  be  of  vital  im[)or- 
laiice.  I  may,  however,  say,  that  at  least  before  we  can  declare 
a  species  as  distinct  from  a  variety,  we  nmst  lind  distinctive  char- 
acteristics constant  and  uniform  in  every  individual  of  the  pro- 
posed spe(!ies,  and  wanting  in  every  other  individual  of  the  same 
gemis,  which  characteristics  should  not  be  attributable!  to  facti- 
tious circumstances  or  local  causes,  as  aliment,  climate,  altitude, 
and  the  like,  which  at  most  should  only  be  allowed  to  mark 
varieties  of  the  same  species.  Still  we  are  liable  to  meet  with 
(litlicidties,  which  may  only  bc^  removed,  if  at  all,  by  long  and 
careful  observation  and  study,  which  may  enable  us  to  deti'rmine 
iipou  the  thousand  pt)ints  of  divergence  or  similitude  which  may 
he  manifested  under  a  great  variety  of  circumstances. 


ill: 


m 


ir  .1 


¥ 


68 


THE  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


M 


[I- 


CervHs  Alct's, 


CERVUS   ALCES.  Linn. 
Moose  Deer. 

.     .     .     IIaiu.an.  Fauna  Am.,  ^^O,  182."). 
GoDMAN,  Am.  Nat.  Mist..  If.  271). 
GiMKi'iTH,  All.  Kiiiir..  IV'.  72.  Fig. 
RioiiAnnsux,    Fauna    Ijoioali    Americana, 

2,12.  1821). 
Dr.  Kay.  N.  Y.  Zoiil.,  ]."»,  \Xl-2.  Fig. 
Aid.  &  Hach.,  Quad.  X.  Am.,  II.  170,  Fig. 
.     .     (Dierviile)    Keiclieiihacli,    Vollst.,    Xaturg. 
Siiugt.,  Ill,  Wifderkauer,  Id,  184.3,  Figs. 
[Haird.] 
.     .     AdAssiz,  Pr.  IJost.  Soc.    N.  II,,  II.   l,s,s, 
184C. 
Jakdin-k.  Nat.  Lib.,  III.  125, 18;5").  [Uainl.] 
r.AiKi),  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Agi-..  for   is,")!.  112. 

]  S,-j2. 
P.AiKi),  Pacific  K.  R.  R.p.,  VIII.  r,;;i. 
0(;iM!Y,  Pr.    Zuol.    Soc.    Loud.,    IV.    l;l.'), 
18;!t;. 

(;i!AV.  Knows.  ^Ifiiag..  ('>7.  1S."((1. 

(iitw,  Pr.  Zoiil.   Soc.    Loud.,  XVIII.    221, 

I8."i(). 
Rhhakdsox,     Zodl.      of     Herald.     Foss. 
3Iamni.,  101,  18.12. 
Elilll.  Sta«',  or  Apfiipfoil.     Di;  Moxrs.  Nova  Fiancia.  2.'h».  K'.dl. 
l^lilll  oil  on>llslt.       .     .     SAiiAKD-TiiKODAT.  Canada.  711),  !•;;!(;. 
AI<T  AlciVS (ill. I'lx.  :Mamm.  X.  S.,  110,  1871. 


( crviis  oi'ig'iinl.     . 

CervHs  lobatiis.    . 
Alecs  Aiiici'icaiiiis. 

Ahcs  iiiiulilis.  .    . 
Aires  iiiiileliis,  .    . 

Akes  iiiiiswii.   .    . 


AiiHiiciiii  llliick  i:ik. 
Moose. 


Moosi'  Deer. 


Orj<>iii»l. 


CJiniiMTii,  Cuv..  IV.  72. 

r.Mi-itKvir.T.K,  lliids.  I'.ay,  170O. 

IIkuiuut's  Ti!av.,  Fii;-.  1S{I7. 

P>Aiui),  Pacific  I{.  R.  K<.|,..  VIII.  C'lL  18.-)7. 

Pkxxaxt,  Aict.  Zool.,  I.  17,  Fig.,  1781. 

Wai!1)i;\,  r.  S..  I.  ,')2S. 

Goi>MAX.  Xat.  Hist.,  II.  271. 

All),  it  IJacii.,  (^uad.  X.  Am.,  II.  170. 

RiCHAUDsox,  F.  IJ.  A..  2.J2. 

DiDi.r.v,  Phil.  Trans..  Xo.  'MS,  1  •;.'»,  1721. 

La  IIoxtax,  Voy.,  72,  17(i;j. 

Chaim.kvoix,  Xouv.  France,  V.  18:).  1711. 

I)i:xv.  Descr.  dc  rAuicr..  I.  27. 

I)r  Pi!ATz,  Louis.,  I.  .")(»1. 

FukxciiCaxaihax:^.  [iiich.  F.  15.  A.,  2.'}1.] 


m 


in 


H'l 


■iV 


Fl 


5 


70 

The  Elk.  . 
The  9l4H»se. 


TIIR   DEER    OF  AMERICA. 

.     .     .     GiUFi-iTir.  Cuv..  V.  30;l. 

.     .     .     IIaudv,  F.  L.  ill  Ac,  45,  Fig.,  18(;*). 


Largest  of  all  the  dt'or  family  and  most  ungainly  in  form.  Head  long 
and  narrow.  Eyes  small  and  sunken.  Nose  long  and  flexible  and  cov- 
ered witii  hairs,  except  a  spot  between  the  nostril.s.  Ears  very  long  and 
coarse.  Antlers  large  and  spreading;  broadly  palmated  with  numerous 
shar[»  })oints.  Xeck  short  and  stout  and  nearly  horizontal  ;  higher  at 
the  wethers  than  at  the  hips.  Body  short  and  round.  Legs  long  and 
stout;  fore  legs  the  longest.  Accessory  hoofs  large  and  loosely  attached. 
No  metatarsal  gland.     Tarsal  gland  inside  the  hock  present  but  small. 


Female   Moose. 

and  covered  with  black  reversed  hair.  Hair  long,  coarse,  and  rather 
biittle ;  longest  about  the  neck  ;  color  variant  from  l)Iack  to  brown  and 
yellowish  gray.  Antlers  wanting  on  the  female,  which  is  smaller  than 
the  male  and  lisrhter  colored  in  winter. 


GENKRAL   RE^EARKS. 


I  liJive  never  attempted  the  domesticiitiou  of  this  speei(>.s,  and 
have  seen  but  few  live  specimens,  and  tlien  under  eirounistances 
not  favorable  to  a  careful  study  of  tlie  animal.  Hence  my  ex- 
aminations have  been  princijjally  confined  to  mounted  specimens 


THE  MOOSE.  — 11 A  Bl  TA  T. 


71 


iind  skins  ;  tlunvforc,  I  am  vastly  luoro  iiulcUtcd  to  \\w  tnist- 
wditliy  obsorvatiuiis  (^f  otlicrs.  tlian  to  my  own  original  ol)S(>rva- 
tidus.  Fortunatoly  the  jNIcose  lias  Xwcn  treated  of  hy  several 
ii;itiiralists  of  great  ability  ;  each  of  whom  lias  added  sometliing 
to  the  general  stock  of  knowledge,  to  whieli  I  may  be  able  to 
make  bnt  slight  additions.  That  there  is  much  yet  to  l(>arn.  may 
jint  be  (juestioned,  and  I  much  regret  the  want  of  o]>])ortiinities 
ftir  studying  this  animal  under  domestication,  for  in  this  way 
alniie,  d(»  I  deem  it  possible  to  attain  anything  like  a  (horoiigh 
knowledge  of  any  member  of  this  interesting  family  of  ruminants. 
I  hope  it  may  be  my  good  fortune  to  do  this  at  some  futun;  time, 
but  if  I  should  not,  then  I  trust  some  other  ])erson,  Ix'tter  (piali- 
iieil  to  observe  facts  and  to  draw  correct  eonelusions  through  care- 
ful and  })aticnt  observations,  will  feel  suilicient  interest  in  the 
siiliject  to  incur  the  expense  and  tak(?  the  time  to  make  prii|)(r 
investigations,  and  in  the  interests  ol  science  to  make;  them 
i<iin\vn. 


\',\-   ' 


h.i 


IIAUITAT. 

The  habitat  of  this,  the  grandest  of  our  native  ruminants,  with 
perhaps  one  exception,  originally  extended  from  alxtut  forty- 
tliree  to  seventy  degrees  north  latitude,  occupying  th(>  entire 
breadth  of  the  continent.  lie  was  seen  aa  far  south  as  the  ( )liio 
Hiver,  and  has  been  met  Avith  as  far  north  as  tlu^  mouth  of 
Mackenzie  River  :  thouu'h  I  think  thev  should  be  resfar^led  as 
having  been  visitors  rather  than  settled  residents  in  both  these 
localities.  In  pfu'tions  of  the  territory  which  I  have  assigiu'd 
them  he  was  rarely  if  ever  found,  because  of  the  absence  of  th(> 
conditi(ms  required  by  his  habits  ;  but  wherever  these  conditimis 
(lid  exist,  he  occupied  the  country  in  numbers  proportioned  to 
the  favorable  character  of  them.  Everywhere  these  conditions 
have  been  impaired,  and  in  places  destroyed,  by  the  presence  of 
the  white  man  ;  and  in  proportion  as  this  has  obtained  has  he 
disappeared  altogether,  or  greatly  diminished  in  number.  Indeed, 
this  may  be  said  of  most  of  our  wild  animals.  They  could  stand 
the  Indians,  and  could  multiply  and  ])rosper  in  their  pr(^sence. 
Tlu!  rude  weapons  of  the  natives  seemed  not  to  have  any  abiding 
or  fatal  terror  for  the  Moose,  while  the  weapons  and  modes  of  de- 
struction adopted  by  the  white  man  liave  either  destroyed  them, 
or  driven  them  to  the  most  secluded  jilaces  attainable.  When 
Hennepin  and  Lasalle  first  visited  Illinois,  two  hundred  years 
ago,  the  bison  abounded   in   prodigious   iiumi)ers,   although  the 


I. 


•pTi[r 


7-2 


THE  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


whole  country  was  occupiotl  by  Indian  tribes,  who  to  a  great 
extent  Hved  upon  them.  For  th(^  next  hundred  years  but  few 
\\liite  men  visited  tlie  country,  and  scarcely  any  settled  in  it ; 
and  yet  in  that  time  nearly  all  the  bison  had  ci'ossed  the  Missis- 
sippi River:  and  after  the  most  diligent  research,  I  cannot  learn 
that  one  has  been  seen  in  Illinois  for  the  last  eighty-five  or  ninety 
years.  The  last  bison  were  observed  in  Illin(MS  between  1780 
imd  17ilO. 

If  the  range  of  the  Moose  is  more  inaccessible  than  that  of  the 
bison,  and  so  lu;  has  been  enabled  to  protect  himself  better  when 
partially  surrounded  by  civilization,  his  luibitat  has  been  con- 
stantly more  and  more  circumscribed,  as  civilization  has  advanced 
H|)(iM  him,  till  now  he  is  only  found  in  considerable  nund)ers  in 
Northern  Alaska.  .AN'himpon,  Avho  explored  the  Yukon  River  in 
IstiT.  found  the  moose  very  abundant  in  G.")°  and  (>(j°  north  lati- 
tuile,  andat)Out  14<>°  west  longitude.  lie  says:  "  This  i)artof  the 
river  abou.uls  in  Moose.  At  this  season  (June)  the  mosquitoes 
in  the  woods  are  a  terrible  scourge,  and  even  the  Moose  cannot 
staiul  them.  lie  plunges  into  tlu^  water  and  wades  or  swims,  as 
the  eas(^  may  be,  often  making  for  the  islands.  This  is,  there- 
fore, a  favorite  part  of  the  Vukou  for  the  Indian  hunter.  The 
Moosi.!  are  scarce  at  Nuclukayeth,  and  never  known  as  low  as 
Nulato.  They  nuist,  however,  be  abundant  on  the  smaller  rivers, 
as,  for  example,  the  Newicargut,  when;  the  meat  obtained  was 
nearly  all  of  this  animal."  Nulato  is  in  west  longitude  15'J° 
and  within  less  than  two  degrees  of  the  Pacidc  Coast,  and  but 
littU;  south  of  Behring  Strait. 

Some  are  nuit  with  every  year  in  Montar  t,  where  they  are 
sometimes  called  by  the  hunters  Tree  Toppers.,  and  are  repre- 
sented as  being  much  taller  than  the  average  of  the  species  ; 
though  this  I  much  doubt,  presuming  the  size  has  been  exag- 
gerated by  hunters  desiring  to  s(;ll  ine  live  specimens  at  exorbi- 
tant prices.  Tluiy  are  said  to  be  found  in  considerable  numbers 
in  the  Dominion  north  of  Montana,  whence  they  are  now  rapidly 
disappearing. 

It  is  impossible  to  say  how  abundant  they  are  in  the  extreme 
nortlu'rn  part  of  the  continent,  but  it  is  probable  they  are  not 
much  diminished,  for  there  they  were  never  in  great  numbers, 
uiul  probably  never  remained  through  the  arctic  winter.  A  fmv 
still  remain  in  the  extreme  northeastern  parts  of  the  United 
States.     In   Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  a  few  are  taken 

the  most  skillful  hunters,  with  patient 


}■" 


i(\y\\ 


w^ 


THE  MOOSE.  —  A  LI M EXT.  —  THE   ( 7/.I  SE. 


73 


liciscvcranco  and  liivrdy  eiuluriuice  to  Insiiro  sucocss  in  hunting 
ilicni.  Hut  tlu'V  arc  nohlo  guinc,  and  wortliy  the  uniltitidu  of  the 
nut'  s|ir)i-t.snian.  Tlicy  liave  probably  entirely  ceased  tlieir  visits 
lo  Xcwfonndland  ;  but  in  Labrador  many  still  remain,  though 
gradually  retreating  tluMKu^  towards  the  more  secluded  and  inae- 
ifssible  ])orti()ns  ot"  the  country.  Front  I'jtper  Canada  all  are 
i^Miic,  and  but  ver_y  few  remain  in  Lower  Canada,  wiiere,  titty 
years  since,  they  w(!re  (pute  abundant.  What  are  left  have  re- 
treated to  the  great,  dense  forests  of  the  north. 

AI.IMKNT. 

Their  principal  food  is  arboreous,  though  they  take  for  variety 
some  (if  the  grasses  and  mosses  freely:  and,  when  necessity  de- 
mands, will  live  on  almost  any  sort  of  vegetation  found  in  their 
range.  In  winter,  when  all  herbaceous  A'eg(,'tation  is  lUu'ply 
liuried  in  the  snow,  thev  depend  entirelv  on  the  trees  and 
slir'uhs. 

Tiii'ir  favorite  haunts,  esix'cially  in  summer,  are  in  the  ncigh- 
liorliood  of  rivers,  lak<'s,  an<l  marshy  or  swampy  gi'ounds,  wln're 
tlie  grasses  which  llourish  are  long  and  coarse.  Li  winter,  they 
arc  mure  inclined  to  resort  to  higher  ground,  but  geiu'rally  wltei-e 
druse  forests  and  almost  imj)ent'trable  thickets  prevail.  Tlifir 
li'Ug  legs,  and  short,  thick  necks,  incapacitate  them  to  gather  the 
low  grasses  upon  which  most  other  vegetarian  quadi'upeds  may 
freely  fei'd,  so  that  they  can  only  conveniently  feed  u])ou  the 
U])per  })ortions  of  the  taller  grasses.  The  deej)  snow  in  the 
regions  in  which  they  live  conceals  them  in  winter,  when  they 
are  obliged  to  deptMid  on  the  forests  for  sustenance.  This  neces- 
sity, of  itself,  is  sufficient  to  form  habits  and  tastes  inclining  them 
to  this  class  of  food.  So  it  is  that  we  generally  find  the  habits 
of  animals  spring  from  constraint  or  necessity,  which  conforms 
them  physically  to  the  conditions  in  which  they  live. 

Exceptionally,  among  ruminants,  the  Moose  feeds  upon  ever- 
greens, as  well  as  upon  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 

THE   CHASE. 

1-^ven  before  the  introduction  of  firearms  among  them  the  abo- 
rigines were  successful  in  their  capture,  and  even  depended 
largely  upon  the  fiesh  of  the  Moose  for  their  support.  To  accom- 
piisli  this,  great  ingenuity  and  perseverance  were  often  exercised, 
while  at  other  times,  as  in  the  water  or  on  the  crusted  snow,  it 
was  not  a  dilficvdt  undertakmg,  and  even  now  these  conditions 


!-f 


m 


m 


rem 


Icr  th 


em  an  easy  prey 


to  the  hunter. 


111 


■ni 


74 


THE   DKEIl    OF  AMKliJCA. 


Under  otlicr  coiiditions  the  keen  senses  of  snioll  and  lieuring 
niako  it  dilliciilt  to  approach  the  Moose,  and  tlie  sa<^aeity  with 
wliich  he  eliuh's  his  enemies  and  the  enduranen  witli  wliicli  he 
Hees  from  them  makes  his  pnrsnit  even  witli  firearms  a  diflicnlt 
and  laborious  alVair. 


out 

U'la 

nil- 


FORM   AND   SIZK. 

In  form  the;  ^[oose  is  an  un<faiidy  animal  ;  short  hody,  a  very 
short  tail  and  neek  with  a  prodii^ionsly  lono-,  ugly  head,  with  a 
j)r()jectin<jt  nose  or  u[)jier  lip,  which  give  the  animal  a  revolting 
look.  He  has  enormous  ears,  short  spreading  palmatcd  antlers, 
and  very  long  h\gs,  to  which  lie  is  indel)te<l  for  his  great  height, 
which  some  authors  have  stat(Ml  has  sometim(>s  exceeded  eight 
feet.  It  is  safe  to  say,  without  the  fear  of  exaggerating,  that  they 
sometimes  attain  a  height  of  six  feet  at  the  wethers,  or  even  more 
in  extreme  cases. 

Tlie  averages  weight  of  the  adult  male  Moose  may  bo  given  as 
seven  hundred  poiMuls,  while  I  think  the  statement  well  authen- 
ticated that  specimens  of  twice  that  weight  have  been  killed. 

The  male  Moose,  and  sometimes  the  female  as  well,  is  fur- 
nished with  a  pendulous  aj)pendage  under  the  throat.  This  may 
vary  in  length  from  four  to  ten  inches  on  dilYerent  individuals. 
It  is  covered  with  long  coarse  black  hairs.  Its  diameter  outsidt; 
the  hairs  is  about  one  fourth  its  length.  This  by  some  has  been 
supposed  to  be  of  a  glandular  structure,  but  on  examination  it  is 
found  to  be  simply  dermal,  without  any  muscular  tissue.  Tlie 
one  I  dissected  was  five  inches  long,  without  the  hairs,  and  half 
an  inch  in  diameter  ;  simply  a  I'ound  i)iece  of  skin  of  uniform 
bigness  its  whole  length,  thickly  set  with  the  coarse  liairs  all 
around.  These  occupy  a  descending  position  all  the  way.  They 
are  quite  firm,  elastic,  and  enduring,  like  those  of  the  mane  of 
the  horse,  and  probably  are  not  shed  with  the  rest  of  the  coat, 
spring  and  fall.  This  hell^  as  it  is  called  by  the  hunters,  is  not 
found  on  the  young  male,  and  disappears  when  the  animal  gets  old 
and  his  vigor  and  vitality  are  on  the  decline,  so  that  it  is  in  gen- 
eral confined  to  the  male  Moose  in  the  prinu^  of  life,  although  as 
stated  it  is  in  rare  instances  found  on  the  females.  I  will  sug- 
gest, without  the  authority  of  positive  information,  that  these 
females  would,  upon  examination,  be  found  to  be  exceptionally 
vigorous. 

I  am  not  prepared  to  offer  any  conjecture  as  to  the  purposes 
of  this  appendage, — Avhich  after  all  seems  to  be  transitory, —  in  the 


will 
thr 
illli 
tlir 

ihin 


W 


THE  MOOSE.  —  THE    (  <K\  T.  —  II A  III  'IS. 


ti> 


(■I'niioiiiy  of  {he  iiiiimal.  Tlicn'  is  iki  (^ImikI  or  (iit't  of  linii'  on  tliii 
mitsido  of  tlu!  liiiid  Icj;,  but  oil  tlic  insido  of  tlii'  hack  is  a  small 
t,'laii(l  covered  with  a  tuft  of  blaek  luiir  occupying  ii  horizontal 
[losition. 

TlIK   (OAT. 

Tlie  suninier  coat  of  tlu*  Moose  is  of  soft,  fine,  iiiin  liair, 
while  the  winter  coat,  which  is  at  first  short,  fine,  and  glossy,  as 
the  season  advances  becomes  coarse,  open,  and  s])ory,  non-elastic 
and  rather  fragile,  though  never  as  n»nch  so  as  those  on  sevei-al  of 
the  other  species.  During  the  winter  the  Moose  has  an  abun- 
dant undercoat  of  fur. 

The  early  winter  coat  on  tlu!  Moose  when  in  the  prime  of  life; 
niavbe  said  in  general  to  be  black.  Toward  spring  it  fades  very 
I'dusiderably,  more  on  the  aged  than  on  the  younger  speeimens. 
When  the  Moose  has  passed  his  prime,  he  loses  that  glossy  bril- 
liancy which  once  distinguished  him,  and  the  color  degenerates  to 
a  dirty  gray,  es})ecially  in  old  age. 


gen- 


sng- 


IIA15ITS. 

The  rutting  season  of  the  Moose,  at  least  in  the  hnverhititudes, 
iduunences  in  September,  althougli  tlie  fenndes  (h)  not  reciprocate 
till  October  ;  and  during  the  interval  the  bucks  an^  almost  be- 
side- themselves  with  j)assion  and  are  avoided  by  the  females. 
At  the  proper  tinu;  the  female  seeks  a  companion,  when  tliev 
retire  to  some  secluded  s})ot  and  spend  the  honeymoon  together, 
•  [uite  contented  in  each  other's  society  nidess  disturbed  by  some 
intruder.  They  are  more  strictly  monogamic  in  their  habits  than 
any  other  of  our  deer,  or  indeed  most  other  (Quadrupeds. 

In  this  respect  it  resembles  the  roe  deer  (Capreulas  dor  ens')  of 
Europe,  although  it  is  not  as  constant  in  its  conjugal  relations  as 
the  roe  deer.  These  continne  constant  throngh  life,  manifesting 
throughout  the  year  the  same  atlection  for  each  other,  botli 
parents  devoting  themselves  with  equal  fidelity  to  tin;  charge  of 
their  young,  while  the  constancy  of  the  Moose  is  limited  to  a 
single  season  and  during  the  rut.  Still  this  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  beastly  habit  of  o.r  elk,  wapiti,  which  goes  to  the 
"ther  extreme,  as  we  shall  hereafter  see. 


^'W    ~ 


TIfE  DEElt   OF  AMEIUCA. 


Male  Elk  or  Wapiti,   in  early  winter  coat 


I 


i 

'I 
I 


■1 


CEinUS   CANADENSIS,  Euxlliien. 
American  Elk.    Wapiti  Deer. 


CcrviisCiiiiiKlciisis. 


Ccrviis  El)i|»lms  Csiiiiuk'iisis. 


("civiis  (i:iii|)lnis)  <'iiiiiul('ii.sis. 
Ci'i'viis  iiiiijor 


r«T\iis  sf roiitfj loC'lTOS. 
Ceiviis  ^Vapiti. 


Aiiiei'icaii  Elk.  .    . 
Eliipliiis  Canadensis. 


Alces  Aiiieiicauus. 
Elk 


Le  Wapiti. 


Dksmaui'.st,  ^^lllnm.,  II.  I.l.i.  |S2-_'. 

IIaklan,  Fiiinia  Amci-.,  2;!('..  lSi'."». 
3Iax  vu\  Wii:i).  H.i.sc,  II. -Jl,  IS'.VJ. 
St'iiKi.itKi;,  Siiiiyt..  V.  DlHl. 

CJoMMAN.  II.  2!)1. 

GuAV,    I'r.  /.(),,].  Soo.   LdikI.,   l.S.jil, 

(Jir.r.r.i,,  Siii!<>t.,  l.s.'i.'t,  .'il8. 
r.AiKi.,l'acilic  II.  li.  Hop..  VIII.  C.iS. 
Ki;.\i.i;iii,\,  Syst..  ;!(i.'(.  1777. 
I5()iu> Ai;i;r,   Klciiclius    Anim.,    I;]."). 

17.S1. 
Smuji.  Grill'.  Ciiv..  I\'.  '.)(".. 
()i;i)..  (liiili.  CcoM-..  •_';):>.  |,si.'). 
I)i;sMAi;r.sT,  3Iiiiiiin.,  II.   l.'rj. 
Ham.   Smith,  (Jiitl'.  Cm.,  IV.  loi. 


IS- 


I . 


HlCIlAKDSOX,   F.   |}.  A.,  •_'."(  1.   \S2'.). 

Scin!i:r.r.if,  Siiug. 

8ixi>KVAM„    K.    N'etciiskiips  Akud. 

llaiKl.  for  IJSII. 
li.vuTox.  Am.  riiil.  Trans..  \l.  7(1. 
Lkacii.  Jour,  do  l*l»ys.,  LXXW.  07. 
JJkwick,  (^uad.,  1  \-2. 
1)1.  Kav,  N.  Y.  Zo..1.,  I.  118. 
Ali).  &  IlAcii.,  II.  h:'>. 
Uaiki),  I;.  S.   Pat.  Oir.    IJep.  Agr. 

for  l.S,-,l,  110. 
JiCKi-KKsoN,  Notes  on  Virginia,  77. 
Li;wis   &    Clauk,  .lune    18,    1804. 

Expedition,  by  Paul  Allen,  I.  i;», 

et  seq. 
Amkrican     Fkoxtieusmkn     axu 

iiuxteus. 

E.  II.  Smith,   Med.    Re[).,  II.  157, 
18(15. 

F.  CuviEK,  Hist  Nat.  des  Mamni., 
Liv.  20,  1820. 

St,  Hil.  &  Cuv.,  Hist.  Mammif.,  IV. 
1819,  Fig. 


IJ! 


I 

^1 


'^=   11 


78 


Tin:  i)i:i:n  or  amiiukw. 


Knl  IhTF I'mi  i!i;vii,i,i:.  Ifiids.  lliiy,  It;;),  171H). 

Ill   IISON     l> AV   'I'lt  \I>i;i{S        (KiclliUll- 


Si\\%. 


ri:\NANT.  Arci.  /oul..  I.  -j; 


Iiiiu.,  Mist,  (^iia.l..  \(i.  I."i. 

Tll4>  >Vil|Mti Smihi.  (iritlitli".    \ii.  Kinir..  I  V.  DO. 

MiipHI I'.vijK.N.  M(d.;iii(l   IMivs.  .loiini.,  III. 

;!'■. 
Wai.'i.i  \.  V.  S..  I.  Jll. 
Wowiisliiss Ill  AiiM..  .loiini..  .;•',(). 

F.iii'L'i'r  lliiiii  ;iii\  kiinwri  (IctT  f\t'i|)t  Cirrus  ii/rcs.  Head  ^liiii  ami  liiiciv 
f'oriiRMl.  .Miilllc  |iartl\  iiaUfd.  Kyrs  iiK'diiiiii  size  iiinl  iiiiHlcratrly  |ii()iii- 
iiiciit.  Aiitlris  solid.  cyliiKlrical.  with  inuiiy  anterior  tiiifs.  lariat',  cx- 
iniiidiii^.  iclrcatiiig.  dL-cidiious.  Kars  iart;'f  iiiid  cuarst'.  I.ai'hryiiial  siims 
large  and  naked.  Neck  rather  short  and  elevated.  Uody  ronnd  and 
rather  sliorl,  hi|)s  sll)llin^•.  Tail  very  short.  Le^s  well  formed  and  >tniit. 
bnt  not  lloliy.  .Metatarsal  yiaml  high  up.  Taisal  gland  wanting.  l!odv 
yellowi>ii  i)rown.  llelly  lilaek.  Neck  hrown  to  hiaek.  Legs  chestnut 
Itrown.  Knnijt  and  hnltoek  white.  I  loots  tawny  l)i-owii.  Ant  lens  only 
oil  the  males.     Interdigital  glands  wanting  on  all  the  feet. 

GENKRAL  JlKM.MMv.S. 
For  more  tliiin  (iftct'n  years  I  liavo  kept  our  I'.lk  in  (luine.sfieii- 
tiou.  In  all  I  liavu  lunl  more  tluin  one  hunilred  individuals,  all 
of  Avhieli,  e\eei)t  twelve,  were  dropjjed  in  my  g;romids.  I  have 
had  as  many  as  fifty-four  at  one  time,  and  now  hav(?  b(>tween 
forty  and  fifty;  and  liave  devoted  much  time  to  their  study.  I 
liave  hunted  and  studied  them  in  their  wild  state,  and  1  liave 
eorres[)onded  and  conversed  very  extensividy  with  tliose  who 
liiivc  observed  their  habits  in  their  native  range.  I  must  elaim, 
therefore,  that  I  liavo  had  excellent  facilities  for  learning  their 
natural  history,  and  if  I  have  not  profited  by  these  it  is  because 
I  am  incapable  of  doing  so. 

IIAIUTAT. 

But  fcnv  quadrupeds  in  our  country  luive  occupied  a  wider 
range  thai,  the  American  Elk.  He  was  found  in  every  part  of 
the  present  I  'nited  States  and  in  northern  Mexico ;  and  was 
abundant  in  both  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  and  in  Labrador. 
In  the  interior,  he  was  found  as  far  north  as  the  fifty-sixth  or 
fifty-seventh  degree  of  north  latitude ;  but  I  canncjt  find  any 
evidence  that  lie  ever  went  so  far  north  on  either  coast. 

Our  Elk  preferred  the  woodlands  or  the  mountains,  and  only 
inhabited  the  prairies  in  limited  numbers.     Like  the  bison  they 


■     ■) 


EI.K.    oil    WMTll. 


Til 


'.sticii- 
Is,  illl 
'i;iv(> 

tWlM'll 

V.      I 

liiive 

wlu) 

'luiiii. 

tlu'ir 


only 
thov 


■'>vfe.^fe» 


Female   Elk  or  Wapiti,   in  early   wmler  coat 


Young   Elk   or  Wapiti, 


\\ 


(!i 


^! 


80 


THE  DEER    (IE  A  ME  UK 'A. 


fled  before  the  approacli  of  civiliziition  and  soiiglit  safety  in  seclu- 
sion, a;i  mucli  as  possible,  tliongli  they  remained  in  mountainous 
regions  and  in  deep  forests,  long  after  tlie  bison  had  been  driven 
away  by  the  occasional  presence  of  the  white  man.  Indeed,  they 
followed  the  bison  reluctantly,  and  braved  the  danger  from  their 
now  enemies  with  a  certain  degree  of  resolution.  Tliey  were 
found  in  diminished  numbers  on  our  prairies,  long  after  th(!  bison 
liad  crossed  the  Mississippi  Kiver  for  safety.  Ir  hnul,  not  until 
the  white  settlers  began  to  locate  on  the  borders  of  the  groves, 
did  they  finally  depart.  The  last  account  I  g(:t  of  tlieii-  pri'senee 
in  northern  Illinois  was  in  the  year  1820,  uv  thereabouts.  In 
1818  they  were  not  observed  east  of  the  Illinois  River,  and  but 
few  were  then  found  on  the  western  bank  of  that  stream.  An  old 
settUir  of  high  respectability  assures  me  that  he  saw  their  tracks 
in  the  forest  north  of  Peoria  in  1820,  but  did  not  see  the  animals. 

In  the  Canadas,  as  also  in  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
in  the  northeastern  parts  ut  the  L'nited  States,  whcn-e  their  range 
lappetl  over  on  that  of  the  moose,  the  fear  of  the  white  man's 
weapons  has  long  since  driven  them  all  away,  although  tluur 
larger  relatives  still  linger  there  in  diminished  numbers,  no  doubt 
because  they  can  evade  pursuit  more  readily  in  the  deep  snows 
which  there  j)revail  than  the  Wa])iti  were  able  to  do.  Mi'.  ,1.  M. 
La  ]Moine  of  Quebec,  informs  me  that  he  can  find  no  afcount  of 
Wa[>iti  having  been  met  with  in  Lower  Caiuula  in  the  last  one 
hundred  and  fifty  years,  though  their  fossil  antlers  are  occasion- 
ally found  tlu're.  Mr.  II.  Y.  Hind,  in  his  account  of  '■'■  lCx[)lora- 
tions  of  Labrador,"  says  that  they  remained  in  the  seclusion  of 
that  peninsula  till  a  mucii  later  period. 

Till  ('(Mnparatively  r  ent  times  they  were  found  in  northern 
Iowa  ;  and  in  1877  I  saw  several  accounts  of  them  having  been 
killed  in  the  northern  jxu't  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan, 
also  in  Minnesota.  So.  too,  in  the  southwest,  in  Arkansas  and 
Texas,  tlu^y  still  linger  where  they  can  find  protection  in  the 
dense  thickets.  In  California,  where  they  were  once  exceedingly 
abundant,  they  are  now  rarely  seen,  altiiough  they  maintained 
their  grouiul  for  some  years  after  the  miners  had  invaded  that 
territory.  In  Oregon  and  Washington  territories,  they  have 
been  driven  back  by  the  white  settlements,  it  is  true,  but  still 
they  are  tiiere  though  in  diminished  numbers  ;  and  the  same 
may  be  said  •  i  liritish  Columbia. 

Fr  m  necessity  they  no  longer  abandon  a  country  on  the  first 
appearance  of  the  white  settlers,  for  now  scarcely  any  place  is  left 


THE  i:i.k.--I(>i;m  ami  si//:. 


SI 


I'lir  t  lieiii  ti»  lice  to,  where  tliev  will  li'it  lie;ii'  the  re[)(ii't  n|'  the 
limiter's.  or  th(^  niliief's.  or  tlw'  iii'i-dsnuiirs  rille.  They  ;ife  U'>w 
-di  net  hues  met  with  not  I'lir  ^vest  of  tln'  Missouri  l\i\.'i'  in  seel  m  lid 
[ihicfs,  along  the  borders  (if  the  stre;ii:miis,  eiiiiiiiiLi'  down  from  the 
far  oil"  mountains,  ;is  well  as  alon;^"  the  liroUen  fuot-liills  of  thf 
lloeky  Alountaiiis  ;  and  iiiu,'h  up.  on  tln'  main  raiiL!,'es,  the  \'A\<  are 
-lill  to  he  fomid.  sometimes  siuLrU.  and  >i>metimes  in  eoiisiderahle 
liaiiils.  In  I^T'L  \h\  llaydi'n's  pailv  killed  one.  on  the  li.  ad- 
waters  of  the  <'ast  fol'U  of  llie  V'llow  siniie,  at  all  ahitllde  of 
more  than  ten  thousand  feet  al'"\e  the  sea.  Thcx  will  no  doiihr 
eoiitimie  to  maintain  theni>elves  ,n  thf  more  s-  .-hided  parts  of 
the  eountrv.  where  thi^.  amonM-  tl|c  nolilest  of  o.iir  u'anie  animals, 
will  oeeusionally  reward  tin'  haidy  hiintc-r,  who  shall  with  ^reat 
'•nerj4'v  and  toil  seek  him  in  his  I'etreat. 

riifyha\t'  heen  ohserved  ijiiitc  lati'|\-  on  the  Lower  ^'illow- 
•>ioiu'  River  in  ^'i-eater  numluM's  than  in  any  other  place  of  which 
1  ]ia\e  ;iny  account.  Lieut.  1^.  !'>.  Carpenter.  I'.  S.  A.,  inform> 
iiie  that  lie  has  seen  them  there  in  immense  droves  containiii!^ 
pi-rhaps  thousands.  1  have  ne\cr  heard  of  so  large  congregations 
of  the  \Va[iiti  in  any  other  place  at  any  lime. 


^ 


ill  si/e  tlh  Llk  is  only  less  than  the  nioosi-.  Inn  iii  this  regard 
tliev  varv  very  much,  when  adult,  as  well  as  in  form.  {'he 
soiitheni  Klk  attain  the  lai>j-st  size,  which  is  except  ioiial  among 
the  deer.  'I'iie  first  male  ElU  I  ever  had  was  sent  me  from  the 
south,  and  he  was  the  „irgest  I  (!Vi'r  owned.  When  he  arrived, 
he  was  tiiroe  years  old  and  weigiied  six  hundred  and  liftv 
[loniuls  at'ter  ha.\  i»g  been  four  days  on  steamboat  and  car-.  In 
September,  after  lie  was  live  years  old,  soiin'  reckless  or  vicious 
per.son  shot  and  broke  one  of  hi>  kind  legs,  when  I  was  obliged 
to  kill  him.  He  w.is  very  fai  and  the  butelu'r  who  ilressed  him, 
i'stiiuai'-(l  that  he  would  weigh  nine  hundred  pounds  live  weight. 
lie  stood  over  sixteen  hands  high,  at  the  withers.  .\s  the  lOlk 
glows  till  he  is  I'iglit  or  nim^  years  old,  had  the  I^lk  we  are  wait- 
ing aht)ut  lived  liis  full  agi;  I  think  he  would  iiave  attained  to 
the  wei<:ht  of  ten  n*  eleven  Iiundred  [)ounds.  I  shall  alwavs  re- 
gret the  loss  of  Miw-'i  an  opportunity  to  ascertain,  a[t[>roxiinatelv, 
the  gretitest  weight  ■  liich  the  Elk  will  attain.  I  have  had  does 
that  would  not  weigh  over  three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  at  full 
luaiiu'ity,  and   were   scarcely  nnu'e    than    tliree>    ami    a   half    feet 


S-T 


THE  DKEIl    01'    ami: RICA. 


liigli.  All  tlicsf  smiill  s]i('ciiii('i:s  an?  now  cliiii'matc'l  iVnui  my 
lici'il.  whilf  tilt'  iiuprcss  r,t'  iliat  first  lar^'i-  l)uck  is  vitv  pcrccp- 
tll'lc  nil  iii\  slock.  I  tliiiik  sIn  Imiiilii'il  p')iiii(U  w  ill  cKcecd  tln' 
average  live  wti^lit  of  the  full  j^rowu  l)iivk. 

Tile  I'ilk  is  talli'i-  and  slinrtcr  in  pi'oportion  to  his  weight,  than 
I'ithcr  the  ox  or  the  liorsc  It  is  to  Uc  rcorcttcil  thai  I  lU'iiici'ted 
to  take  till'  mcasiiroiiK'iits  of  tin-  laiL;!'  sjiccinicii  of  which  i  luive 
is]>okcii  :  hut  tlio  truth  is,  I  did  not  understand  the  iiii|)ortanc('  of 
tlic  ^nhjcct  tln'n  as  I  do  now,  nor  did  I  tluMi  feel  llif  scicntilic  in- 
terest ill  it  which  I  now  feel.  ( )nr  Elk  has  ii  sniall.  well-foi-nied 
lie;id.  wlii.  Ii  is  ver\'  liroail  iM-tweeii  the  eyes,  which  are  I'arher 
liroiiiiiieiir  and  hrilliaiit.  The  nose  is  small  and  naked.  '1  Im- 
lachrviiial  op-.'iiiim'  is  larp'.  and  is  situate  ininieilialely  helow  the 
inn»r  conier  oi  the  eve.  ;ind  is  surrounded  liv  a.  naked  iioi-dei-. 

It  has  ;i  hirp',  coarse  ear.  The  antlers  an;  cylindrica,].  witli 
anterior  tmes,  which  are  long,  slender,  and  n'rucelul.  The  neck 
is  ra'hei-  rrimuirt..  The  liod\-  is  round.  It  has  a  verv  short  tail. 
Tile  e-^'s  ai-  long,  ciiwtBU,  a:iid  ilat.  The  foi'e  legs  arc  straight, 
the  hiiin*ili  ii(»*g>- rsiitiker  oicwoked.      The  feet  arc  small. 

Thv  -iuwUii-  't'iii  color  diffei-  consid«*ral)ly  on  dilTereiit  individiii!.-,. 
Ill  g"'iiieral  it  iniiiaK"  lui*  .'^lid  that  me  head  i>  a  chestnut  lu'o.n: 
neck  •lariv  l)r<»TOUij;;;  KuU».s..l)a«k,.iUBiil  thighs,  v-llowish  gray  ;  inidcv 
the  U  ilv  hbirk  :  V"ijs,  ulwiv»*  In'wwn.  ( )n  the  ruiui!|i>  is  a  white 
jiatch  wittiich  eN:ti»*n«li+  dtMW;*m  *»«-e«ttiifr  side  of  the  tawl  ami  unites 
with  til"'  white  W4i#w  l..Mfw*H-«n  the  legs.  The  lowe-r  part  of  the 
white  patch  liius  :ii  Vdlsuck  Uoi"»ltM'  on  either  Hvi,4e. 

The  incra.taii'sall  gliiniwd  its  prej^ent,  Iwtt  i+^  .wAfeTgrfwii  with  hairs: 
the  tar>al  i:'land  \-  eiitirdv  wanting,  in  wrkiiiiirti  it  dilfers  from  all 
the  other  species  "i  this  genus,  in  this  counr''\,  ihoagh  ther;^  are 
some  ill  Miiropc  ajrd  in  India,  in  which  this  gland  is  aJso  want- 
ing. 

The  I'Uk  has  u  very  thick  skin,  which  alYords  a  great  protection 
against  violence.  He  minds  hut  little  a  blow  from  a  clul).  or  a 
whi[i,  or  a  stone.  It  takes  a  hard  thrust  even  with  a  hay-fork, 
to  make  him  inimJ  it  much  unless  a  very  vulnerahlc  point  is 
reached,  as  close  back  of  the  fore  leg. 

The  hairs  of  the  smnnu'r  coat  and  of  the  early  winter  coat  arc 
short  and  jirctty  solid,  hut  as  the  season  advances,  on  the  hoily, 
thighs,  and  neck  the  hairs  grow  longei',  and  in  diameter  and  the 
cavity  within,  are  much  enlarged:  they  hecoiiie  crinkled  and 
mure  fragile,  hut  never  as  brittle  as  on  some  of  the  other  s[)ecics. 
In  winter,  a  heavy  undercoat  of  fur  is  always  present. 


Ai 


the 


THE    FJ.K.—  Fonl)  AXD  IIAP.ITS. 


S3 


The  lU'sli  is  (iin'  fhworcil.  hut  dilVors  from  all  other  venison. 
It  is  niui-.-  wiitritious  than  any  otlior  meat  of  which  1  havi; 
kno\v!e(li;i-.  A  luinti'ry  lahorine;  man  is  satisfieil  with  aUout  half 
ilie  aiinoiiHt  which  would  \w  i'e([uireil  of  heef.  'J'his  mitritious 
(|ualitv  itf  the  ilesli  of  the  I'^lk  is  lirst  alluded  to  l>y  Lewis  and 
Clark,  ami  is  fully  conlirmed  by  my  observations. 


It  are 
lod  V, 
1  the 
and 
cics. 


KOOI)    AND    IIAIU'l'S. 

This  animal  is  th(3  most  promiscuous  consumer  of  all  the  ileer. 
All  the  grasses  and  most  of  the  weeds  within  his  reach  are  taken 
I'reelv.  and  the  leaves  and  twig's  of  all  tht?  dccidnnus  trees  are 
aliki-  eiijoyeil.  A  consideral)le  | iroporti' lU  of  his  daily  fund  he 
(IcHliriw*  III  be  arl)oreous.  xct  if  dejji'iveil  of  it  hi.'  will  kee[i  in  gnod 
nuiiiliaiiin  on  herbaceous  food  alone. 

\\\\  winter,  he  will  take  the  coarsest  food:  even  that  which 
tin-  o\  and  the  hoi'se  reject,  lie  eats  freely. 

Tlii'V  a.r(^  g'reg'ai'ioiis  in  their  hal>its  both  in  a  wild  and  dnmes- 
lic  state,  although  they  do  not  keep  in  close  clusters  like  sheep, 
or  gjither  gcui'rally  in  large;  dr.'Ves  like  tlu!  bison.  They  ai'c 
iHore  se[iarat('d  in  sununer  than  in  winter.  During  the  rutting 
M'asiiu,  lli(>  monarch  of  the  henl  drives  olf  the  other  bucks,  and 
L:;:tliers  the  does  into  a  bauil,  which  he  appropi'iati'S  to  himself 
as  nnich  as  possible.  'J'jie  other  buclvs  Imver  aruuml  in  his  vi- 
cinity, generally  ki'cping  togetiier,  ami  annoying  the  cliii-f  bv 
tlii'ir  unwelcome  presence,  and  occasionally  stealing  away  a  [lart 
el'  his  harem,  for  the  does  will  sli[)  away  from  his  tyrannical  I'uh; 
wlicuevi'r  they  got  a  chance.  lie  is  grossly  ungallant  in  his  .\"\{- 
i>liiiess,  driving  a  doe  fi-oni  any  choice  bit  she  may  lind.  with  as 
liltle  cereniiiny  or  affection  as  he  would  a  buck-,  lie  has  evi- 
ileuily  no  idea  of  love  or  aifection,  aiul  is  only  i)leased  to  act  the 
tyrant  and  seek  his  own  gratilication,  perfectly  regardless  of  the 
leclings  of  others.  Still  there  are  degrees  in  this  regaril  among 
dilferenl   individuals. 

The  mother,  however,  has  a  strong  alb'c'ion  foi-  her  young,  and 
will  defend  it  with  great  eiu'rgy.  Their  greatest  anti[)athyis 
lings,  and  if  one  gets  into  the  park,  they  harry  him  with  a  ter- 
lilile  ferocity.  The  does  show  this  dis]->i).;itii)n  to  the  greatest 
extent  ;  but  the  bucks  generallv  join  in  th.'  chase,  and  the  wlmle 
ln'rd  go  tearing  away  at  a  rattling  pace  thrnugh  the  brush  or 
across  the  oi)en  space,  uttering  their  lierce  sipieal  in  a  way  that 
might  friii'liten  a  lion.     If  the  unfortunate  cur  is  nverlaken  befnre 


IfT- 


84 


THE  DEER    OF  AMEIUCA. 


lie  Ciui  iiijiko  Ills  escape,  ii  single  blow  from  the  fore  foot  of  tlie 
leiuling  doe  eruslies  him  down,  and  he  is  trampled  to  doatl)  in  a 
trice.  If  they  see  a  dog-  throngli  the  fence,  their  combativeness 
is  at  once  aroused,  and  they  will  rush  towai'd  him  and  strike  the 
fenei!  terrible  blows.  The  dog  generally  leaves  at  their  I'irst 
bidding. 

Sometinu's  the  bucks  are  vicious  and  danrnTous  durinc:  tlu;  rut- 
ting  season,  but  a  very  wicked  one  is  a  rare  exception  ;  still  all 
at  that  time  are  more  courageous  than  at  other  seasons,  and  it  is 
prudent  to  avoiil  an^^  contest  and  leavi-  him  the  path  it'  vou  meet 
one  in  the  park.  In  the  wild  state,  their  timidity  prinents  them 
from  attacking  man,  and  they  expend  their  courage  or  viciousness 
on  their  own  species. 

In  hot  weather  they  are  inclined  to  stand  in  the  pools  of  water 
in  the  bed  of  the  creek,  and  the  males  wallow  in  t\w,  mud  like 
the  hog,  so  that  they  are  often  seen  well  smeared  with  the  adhe- 
sive soil,  and  present  a  disgusting  a[)i>earance. 

The  Elk  is  not  entirely  voiceless,  yet  it  never  utters  a  sound, 
except  under  strong  })ro vocation,  generally  of  alarm  or  dciiance. 
Either  expression  is  on  a  very  high,  sharp  key,  often  uttered  with 
great  force.  During  the  rut,  the  master  buck  is  often  heard  in 
loud  defiance,  which  serves  as  a  warning  to  the  younger  males  to 
keep  clear  of  him. 

I  shall  have  more  to  say  when  we  come  to  compare  the  differ- 
ent species  of  the  deer,  and  consider  them  more  in  detail. 


WOODLA XD   CA IlIBOU. 


85 


Male  Woodland   Caribou, 


J' 


%:\ 


r-r-rw-jj 


CERVrS   TAPtANDUS,  Lixx. 
Woodland  Caribou. 


Ccrviis  fariiiiilus. 


<  CIV  IIS  ti)  rand  IIS  carilioii.  • 
€cniis  Iiiist'.ilis 

TJie  Cariluiu 

f';iril»oii,  oil,  Asiip  saiivaoe. 


(aire  lioi'iif,  or  Carilioii. 
Taraiitus  caribou.      .    . 


Itaiiit'ifVr  faraiidiis. 
Uaiio-ifcr  ht'stalis. 


Taraiiiiiis  raiii^ifer, 


ICeiu-ik'or,  or  Itaiu-deer. 


The  Iteiiideer,  or  fJaribou. 


llAur.AX,  Fauna  Am..  2'>'>'2.  lN:f">. 
(lon.MAx.  Am.  Nai.  II.,  11.  I'^.'i. 
Saiiinf.  Sii[)|i.  Perr.  Lst  'N'ov..  c.nc 
UiciiAUDsoN,  App.  to  Peri'.  iM  \o\.. 

:]-2(). 

Ixos.s.  I'ori'.  .')(!  ^'oy. 
Kkwr.  Linn.  -21)7,  IT'.i-J. 
A(;assiz,  I'r.  Bost.  Soc.  X.  Hist..  II. 

18S,  1,^1(1. 
IlAi!i>y.  For.  Lf.  in  Acad..  1 -'0. 
Gii.rix,  ]\Iannn.  of  Nova.  .")."). 
Sagaki)  Tiikodat.  Canada, 7.")  i .  1  iuMu 
La  IIontan.  t.  i.,  77,  170;!. 
CiiAiu.KVoix,    Nouv.   Franoe,    t.  v., 

100. 
Frkncii  Canadians  (Kicluinlson). 
Ax:i>.  i^    Hacii.,  Quad.  N.  Am..  III.. 

III.  185;3.  Fig. 
r>Aii:i),  Pacific  K.  K.  Rep)..  C;].;.  1S.")7. 
I)K  IVAY,  N.  Y.  Zoi.l.,  121,  1S2.".. 
Baiki),  U.  S.  Pat.  on:  Uep.  Agr.  for 

l.s.-)l.  KIS,  18.">2. 
C)(;ii.iiY,    Pr.    Zool.  Soc.    Lond.,  I\'. 

i;34,  18;iG. 
J.   E.   Gray,   Pr.    Zool.    Soc.    Lond., 

XVIIL  225,  18,>0. 
DitAGK,  Voygs.,  I.  2"». 
Douus,  Iluds.  Bay,  ll»,  22. 
Pi.NXANT,  Arct.  Zool.,  I.,  22. 
Caki'Wiugiit,  Labdr.,  '.)l,  lo3. 
PiciiAUDriOX,  F.  B.  A.,  238. 


In  size  less  than  wapiti.  In  color  lighter  than  any  of  the  otlicr  deer. 
Face,  neck,  and  l)elly  api)roaclung  white,  and  lighter  t)n  the  hack  than 
on  tln'  ^ide>,  a  shade  darker  anteriorly  than  further  back.  Tail  white 
with  a  dark  tinge  on  the  upper  side.  Legs  dark  chestnut-browu.  LIpiier 
lip  or  mulile  covered  with  short  silver-gray  hair.  Nose  and  ears  have  a 
chestnut  shade.     A  white  band  surrounds  the  top  of  each  hoof     Hoofs, 


WooDLAM)   CAUIP.Or. 


i^T 


very  broad,  flat,  and  sliort.  Inner  linos  stnii;;lit,  outer  eonvex.  Acces- 
sory liciofs  very  lar^e,  I)r(ia(l.  and  flat,  and  sidiject  to  nmscnlar  control. 
Hoot's  all  lilauk.  nietarsal  i;laiid  wantini;-.  Tarsal  inland  largo.  Interdii;- 
ital  inlands  presont  in  hind  feet  only.  Antlers  of  male  curved,  loni;-  and 
slender,  witli  brauclies  more  or  less  |ialmate(l  and  very  ii-rej^rular  in  form. 
Antlei's  on  female  smaller  and  less  palmated. 


liKNKit.vi.  i:!:m.\i:ks. 

My  (i[!ii(»rtiiiiities  for  ii  ])er.s()ii:il  stitdy  of  litis  species  have  Keen 
limited,  nor  liavo  extensive  iiKniiries  uiiioiig  thos(i  most;  familial' 
with  tiiis  deei"  resulted  as  satisfiietorily  us  I  had  hoped,  j'^or  the 
[iresent,  I  iiiiist  say  that  a  broad  lield  is  left  for  fiiUtre  (d)sei'va- 
tioiis,  l)efor(^  our  information  will  ajtproaeh  C()m[)let(Miess. 

The  rtuio-e  of  this  s[)eeies  is  eoidiiied  to  tin;  northern  I'eu'ions 
of  America,  I'^tirope,  iind  Asia.  It  has  crossed  the  o-pcat  draiii- 
a<j,e  of  the  lakes  ami  the  St.  Lawrence,  oidy  on  tlu'  lower  coui-st' 
of  that  river,  and  on  \A\\i(\  Su[)L>rior.  It  is  still  foiiml  in  Ni'W 
B'.'itnswiclv  and  Xt)va  Scotia,  and  po.ssibly  in  Maine,  l»iit  is  hecom- 
iiio'  annually  more  and  more  scarce.  It  resides  in  ofeat  nundiers 
in  Newfoundland,  wliere  it  has  lieeii  little  disturhed  liy  white 
settlements,  and  wlience  it  is  siiid  fre<piently  to  cross  on  the  ice 
to  the  coiniiient. 

If  it  was  ever  a1>nndant  soutli  of  Lake  Superior,  where  it  was 
found  when  the  cop[)er  and  iron  mines  lirst  invitetl  extensive  M't- 
tleinents  then',  tlie  fact  is  not  widl  attested,  ami  I  catniot  learn 
tlitit  iinv  Iiave  been  met  with  south  of  that  laki;  within  the  last 
twenty  years  or  more.  It>  the  woodliind  districts  of  Lalirador 
tliev  have  always  been  at  home,  extendinif  its  far  north  as  liiid- 
son's  Day. 

From  Lake  Sn]>erior  tin  y  extended  west  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  west  of  the  IJarren  (irounds.  theii  ran^e  extends  noi'th  to 
the  limits  of  the  continent.  In  the  nortliern  parts  of  Montana 
and  Washington  territories,  and  in  British.  Columbia,  they  are 
(daimed  to  be  lar<i'er  than  "\\  the  Atlantic  coast.  If  tliev  are 
larger  in  size  on  tin;  Pacific  slope  tliiin  in  mor(>  eiisterly  regions 
their  nnnd)ers  are  not  .so  threat.  As  tln^y  affect  wooded  conn- 
tries  almost  exclnsiytdy,  existence  of  f(jn'sts  in  the  far  northwe.-t 
may  exphiin  their  presence  there :  still  we  nnist  ivmember  that 
the  isothermal  line  trends  rapidly  to  the  northwest  of  the  one 
hundredth  nu'ridiiin.  In  jiortioiis  of  the  Selkirk  settlement,  and 
west  of  Hudson's  Pay  these  deer  were  formerly  very  al)niidant. 
Sir  John  Ultdiardson  savs  :  "  Mr.  llntchins  mentions  that  he  has 


m 


m 


ra 


SM 


THE    DEKlt    OF  A  Mill!  I  (A. 


n 


n 


Female   Woodland    Caribo 


•  :«i 


Young  Woodland    Caribou. 


WonDf.AXD   CAUlllDr. 


80 


seen  (  ig'oty  carcasses  of  this  kintl  of  tlt-rr,  brouglit  into  York  Vm'- 
liii'V  ill  one  (lay  and  many  otlicis  Av<?rc  rcfnscd,  for  tlic  want  of 
salt  to  pros(3rv(^  tlicni.  Tlicsc^  wvxw  killed  when  in  the  act  of 
crossinf^  TTaycs  River,  and  the  natives  continned  to  destroy  them, 
for  the  sidvc  of  the  skins,  loni^  after  they  had  stored  np  more  moat 
tlian  they  re(|nired."  TIu^  half  century  which  has  intervened 
since  Richardson's  observationH,  has  j^reatly  diminished  the  nnm- 
iicr  of  these  Reindeer,  in  nearly  all  the  count  lies  where  they  were 
Inrmerly  quite  abundant.  ^\'e  have  no  evidence  that  they  were 
ever  abundant  in  the  neiehborhood  of  >b)nti'eal  and  (Quebec, 
tliouj^h  ji  few  Avanderers  found  their  way  to  tliose  parts  of  tlie 
Canadas  after  they  had  been   settled   by  the  whites;    luil  many 

years  have  now  elapsed  since  any  have  1 n  heard  of  there.    They 

still  maintain  thoir  ground  in  >.'ovii  Scotia  and  New  Urunswick, 
where  they  show  more  persistence  in  remainine'  in  the  vicinity  of 
tlie  settlements  of  the  white  man  than  in  any  other  i)ortion  of 
their  Driginal  habitat. 

The  Reindeer  branch  of  tlu^  deer  family  jiresrnt  extraordinary 
pceuliarities  in  their  cormtte  apjiendaiiies.  'I'lie  most  striking;'  is 
1  lie  fact  tluit  the  females  have  ant lei's,  thouiih  of  less  si/.c  than 
tlnise  (if  the  males.  Then,  at;aiii,  we  are  struck  with  the  extraor- 
ilinary  variety,  or  want  of  uniformity  in  the  forms  of  the  ant- 
JiTs.  HO  two.  even  from  the  same  animal.  beiiiL;-  alike,  usually 
(lilTeriui^  as  much  from  each  other  as  those  taken  from  dilTerent 
animals.  Still  there  are  ccM'tain  peculiarities  about  them  whieh 
tiiab]<!  the  most  careless  observer  to  recognize!  tluMU  at  a  glaiicc. 
with  as  nnich  confidence  as  he  can  tlie  antler  of  the  wapiti,  'i'he 
h(>am  of  the  antler  is  usually  very  long  in  proportion  to  its  thick- 
iiess,  and  is  always  more  or  h'ss  angular  instead  of  round.  ( )n  the 
adult  male,  tlie  antler  is  alwavs  nion^  or  less  brancliing.  and  soiue 
of  these  branches  are  nsnally  })almated.  The  upper  brancluis  have 
usually  posterior  projection,  Avliile  the  lower,  that  is,  th<!  brow 
and  the  bez  tines,  are  anterior.  These  latter  are  usually  much 
longer  either  on  one  or  both  antlers  in  proportion,  than  the  npjHn- 
]iosteiior  projections,  though  frerpiently  on(>  or  the  other  of  these 
is  but  rudimentary,  or  even  entirely  wanting.  AVith  very  raroi 
if  any  exceptions,  the  brow  tines  on  one  of  the  antlers  is  broadly 
palmated,  descending  between  the  eyes,  the  compression  being 
lateral.  Like  the  elk,  the  brow  tine  usually  ])rojects  from  the 
antler  immediately  above  tlie  bnrr,  which  is  very  small. 

The  old  males  shed  their  antlers  nsnally  before  Christmas,  but 
the  young  males  carry  them  later;  the  yearlings  till  spring,  and 


( 


90 


rilE  T)EEU    OF  AMERICA. 


tlio  f((iiiult's   later  still,  uiid   until  after  they  luivo  tlroppod  their 
young. 

When  r  odnie  to  treat  of  (he  antlers  of  the  deer  as  a  distinet 
suliject,  and  eonipure  eaeli  with  the  other,  I  shall  eoinpare  thcs 
antleis  of  the  European  reindeer  with  our  own,  when  it  will  aj)- 
pear  that  the  European  are  appreciably  less  ])alniated  than  the 
Aniei'ican  :  still  f  agree  with  those  who  lind  no  speeilic  dilTerence 
between  th(^  reindeer  of  Europe'  and  our  Woodland  Caribou. 

The  forms  of  the  feet  and  hind  legs  enable  them  to  traAcl  over 
the  deep  snows  better  than  any  other  ruminant  of  tiieir  size. 
The  foot  itself  is  very  broad  and  thin,  and  tlu^  samc^  is  true  of 
the  accessory  or  hind  hoof,  which  on  this  animal  seems  to  servi' 
a  n'al  purpose.  In  traviding  through  the  snows,  or  soft  marshy 
ground,  the  Caribou  throws  his  hind  feet  forward,  so  as  to  bring 
the  leg  into  sonu'thing  of  a  horizontal  [tositioii,  spreads  wide  his 
claws,  and  broad  accessory  hoofs,  and  thus  presents  an  extraordi- 
nary bearing  surface  to  sustain  him  on  the  yielding  ground,  and 
so  he  is  enabled  to  shullle  along  with  great  rapidity,  when;  any 
other  large  ([uadrnjied  would  mire  in  a  bog,  or  become  absolutely 
snow-bound.  Tins  Keiuileer  alone  leaves  in  his  track  the  marks 
of  all  four  of  his  hoofs  belonging  to  each  hind  foot,  and  spcM'imens 
show  the  elfects  of  attrition  on  these  secondary  hoofs,  and  })rove 
that  they  serve  a  useful  pnr[)ose  in  the  economy  of  the  animal. 

The  white  band  around  the  lower  part  of  each  leg,  extending 
up  so  as  to  endirace  the  hind  hoofs,  and  even  slightly  above  them, 
is  an  interesting  mark.  Its  regularity  and  uniformity  at  once 
distinguishes  it  from  the  erratic  and  irregular  white,  observed 
about  the  feet  of  the  Virginia  deer,  and  very  rarely  on  the  wa- 
piti deer,  while  it  is  entirely  wanting  about  the  feet  of  all  the 
other  Cervida',  so  far  as  my  investigations  enable  me  to  sj)eak. 
The  dress  of  this  animal  is  admirably  ailapte<l  to  the  rigors  of 
the  climate  in  which  he\vinters.  The  hairs  an;  long  ami  spongy, 
containing  a  large  amount  of  confined  air.  As  the  season  ad- 
vances, they  grow  in  diameter  so  that  they  become  very  dense, 
even  to  the  degree  of  forcing  them  to  a  certain  extcMit  into  an 
erect  position.  Underneath  is  a  dense  coat  of  fur,  like  that  of 
the  American  elk.  The  hairs  are  crinkled,  and  terminate  with 
a  sharp  point,  being  coarser  in  full  winter  costume  than  those 
found  on  most  of  the  other  members  of  this  family. 

The  skin  is  thin,  and  makes  soft,  pliable  leather,  and  is  highly 
prized  by  the  natives  for  clothing,  and,  when  ]m)j)erly  tamied 
with  the  hair  on,  makes  a  suit  almost  impervious  to  the  cold. 


i 


\V(i(iliL.\M>    CMni'.nr 


01 


rilis  dft'i"  i.s  t'diul  of  arliorciiiis  I'iiimI.  o-i'iisscs.  iiiid  iuiiiiitic  |>lim(s, 
liiit  its  i^i'oiit  resource  is  licIioiiH.  It  t"re(|iieiits  niiirsliy  mikI  swiiiiipy 
■^roiiiuls  more  tliaii  iiny  ctiiei'  nf  tin-  dcei-  I'liinily  ;  I'or  wiiieli.  as 
\\u  have  seen,  it  is  admirably  adapted,  and  where  it    is  well  |iri)- 


•ted  fi 


(till  juirsuit. 


Ill  tl 


le   W  1 


lltei'  it  resoi'ts  to  the  dense  t'(irest; 


on  hiehep  i^ronnd. 

As  an  article  ol'  I'ood,  its  llesh  is  not  hie'hly  pfi/.cd.  Indeed,  it  is 
deemed  inferior  to  any  other  venison,  altlion<j;'li,  when  in  "^ood 
condition,  it  is  Itoth  |)alatal)le  and  nonrishinj^. 

It  has  heen  sometimes  domesticated  in  this  conntry,  Imt  I  liave 
heard  of  no  attt'mpt  to  train  it  to  the  harness,  as  is  done  with  its 
(•on!4'ener  in  the  north  of  Knrn|>('. 

I  [irt'snme  no  systematic  elfort  has  heen  made  to  I'ear  a  race  of 
dnniesticated  Reindeer  in  thisountrv.  To  do  this.  pi'oliaMv  the 
same  diliicnltit'S  wonld  iiav(!  to  l)e  overcome  that  are  met  with  in 
the  domestication  of  other  deer,  and  it  would  re(|nire  an  elTui-t 
with  many  j^'enerations  before  Inihits  of  domestication  would  l»e- 
comi'  estahlished  and  lu'Veditary.  Still,  in  proper  localities,  Uww 
and  judicious  perseverance  would  no  doubt  accomplish  the  task  ; 
when  they  would  become  ii  valuable  addition  in  the  north  to  our 
dumesticated  animals.  Sir  John  liichardson  says:  "  Contrary  to 
tlu!  practice  of  the  I)arren-u,'i'ound  Caribou,  the  Woodland  variety 
travels  to  the  south  in  tlie  s})ring.''  l>nt  if  this  lie  a  f^'eneral  ride, 
it  must  admit  of  oxcoptions  ;  for  it  is  estal)lished  beyond  all 
i[uestion  that  many  at  Jeast  jiass  tlu;  entire  yeai'  in  Newfound- 
laud,  and  on  the  continent,  near  the  southern  limits  of  their  ran<j;'e. 
lnd(?ed,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  observations  are  still  wanting'  to  in- 
t'nrm  us  fully  of  the  habits  of  this  animal.  It  may  be  found  that 
it  is  ratlier  more  restless  than  strictly  migratoiy,  moviui;'  in  va- 
rious directions  ;it  all  seasons.  We  shall  discuss  the;  subject  fur- 
ther when  w.e  come  to  comparisons. 


y 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


.V^^, 


1.0 


I.I 


us 

1.2 


IM 


t  ^  IIIIIM 


IL25  i  1.4 


1.6 


V 


<^ 


/^ 


°^ 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(7i»!  8734503 


\ 


'^ 


.V 


^\ 


6^ 


i 


mw'snr 


1 


\)2 


THE    DKKlt    OF  AMEURA. 


Mule   Deer 


CEHVLIS   MACIIOTIS.  Sav. 
Mule  Deer. 

Cn-VIIS   lllilCrotJK Sw.   Lony's  K.xp.l..  II.  l'.'.  I. 

IIaIM,  AN.    I'MlllKt.  •_'  I.'). 
Sai'.im,.  I'"";mk.  .Iiimii.,   Cit;?. 
(hmiman,  .Nat.  Ili>l..  II.  L'lil. 
\\'AiiM:i;.  Sii|i|).  Scliiil)..  I  \'.  .".71. 

I'l  <   IIKIIAN.      .Mot),      ('fit'.      .\|c'lliv.     illl 

.Mil...  \I.  .'iii'.i. 
V\.\i.\.  IMiilii.  A.I.  Sci..  I..  II. 
Hii  irAi;i»~oN,  I".  15.  A..  •_'")!. 
I!aii;i>.  I'.irilic  \l.  II.  Smv.,  i'>'>f'>. 
All).  vV  I>A(  II..  (^iiail.  \.  Am..  II.  -Jni;. 
(iiiit  I  itiis.  All.    Kiin,r(l.,  \'.    Ni..   7',M. 
Tci'VIIS  (CiiriaCUs),  IllUl'ruti.S.      (iuAV.  Knows.  M.nai;.  lii^,.  ii7. 

(iitAV.  I'r.    Zo,,|.    .Soc.    Loin!..   X\III. 

•_';i'.t. 

('t'l-VII.S  UliritllS Waki.kn.  Hist.    r.   S.,  did   [Kidianl- 

SOIlJ. 

Ccrf  mulct l)i:sMAi;i>T,  >ramiii..   II.;. 

Itlslck-faiU'd   Deer Li;\vis    i^    (  i.ai;k,    1;.\im<I.,    l,y     Paul 

Alk'ti,  r.  :•:..  -220.  L'L'.  k;-.'. 
G<)i>.M,VN.  Nut.  Mist.,  II.  ;;i»."). 

Ul(  IIAltDSON,    1'.    I>.   A..   I'VI. 

Kl.ick-tiiilcd,  or  Mule  lleiT.      Jami.s.  Long's  Ivviud..  11.  iVC. 

(lArts.  Joiii'iial,  ."»."). 

Lkwis  A:  Cf..V!{K,  Iv\[iiil..  hv  Pan!  Al- 
len. II.    11(1. 

J.lVilt  Eared  IK'tT (iun  irni.  An.  Kiin,ni..  I\M.!;!;  \'.7'.i  I. 

Mule   l>eer Li;wi<  ..VCi.AKK.  K.\|.imI.,  hy  I'anI  Al- 
ien,   I.  .'301,  'AM,  ;)ll.  31."i,  .j^l;    II. 

•Jii.  .'.1.".,  .".im;.  .■»;)( I. 

W.MJDKN.    I'.   S.    I.,  21."). 

All).  &  i>Acir.,(iinul.  X.  .\ni..  II.  -JiM'.. 
Uaikd,  Pacilic  U.  H.  Kep.,  VIU.  (;.")•;. 

Larger  than  the  cdniiiioii  deer,  and  coarser  hnilt.  Color  dark  gray. 
Antlers,  oidy  on  the  male.  They  are  once  or  twice  and  sometimes  thrice 
liit'iiieated.  Kars  long,  hroad,  thick,  and  clumsy,  well  covered  with  hair 
on   lioth   sides.     Tail,  short,  small,  round,  white,  terminating  with  a   tutt 


^i 


1"^  ,iii 


rf^r^ 


'.•4 


'/■///■;  /'/■;/;/.'  <ir  ami.iuca. 


(if  IniiH  liluck  li;iii ., :  ii:ik(i|  nil  tlir  iiinlcr  siilr.    Mrt;ii;ir>;il  Liliiiicl  viTv  large 

Mini    Inlio.        'r,ns;|l    oIiiim],   |  ,|f>(.l  1 1 .        Iliidl's   Mlick.        Nn    wllitf   IlllilX    aliuiit 

tlic  t'cct  iir  till'  iiirl:it;irs;il  l;I;iii(I.     A  wliilc  MM-linii  ()|i|H)-.i|i'  .iinl  liclnw  tin' 
tail. 


(;i:m;i;al  i;i;.mai:ks. 

This  (leer  \v;is  lirst  (liscovcrrd  \)\  Lewis  aiui  ('larl<  mi  tin-  l^^ili 
i>l'  S('|itciiil>fr.  iMt-l,  ill  iiortli  latitude  ■\'l  <iii  the  Missmiri  IJiver. 
ami  calleil  liy  tlieiii  liliifh-hdlid  Deer.  I'lV  this  name  they  mI'ii'U 
11  lent  inn  it.  until  t  lie  ;llst  (lay  n|'  .May,  1  >-'•,").  when  ( 'a|ilain  ( 'larh. 
in  eiiuiiieratinL!;  the  animals  I'lPiiml  on  the  CnhiniMa  ITim  r  lielnw 
the  lalls.  ealls  it  \\n'  Mul,-  Deer.  And  by  that  nanieihi'\  ever 
after  sjieak  dl"  it,  except  in  nne  instanci'  they  aLCaiii  eall  ii  the 
Illa-U-taih'd  Deer.  On  tlu?  ;l(ltli  of  Alienist ,  1  ^Hi').  near  where 
tliey  lirst  saw  this  deer  in  lM)l,  they  prcxMired  n  >iieeimen  tu 
luiiiu'  hniiie  and  ealled  it  the  Miilr  hiir.  This  is  the  last  iiieii- 
tiuit  they  mal<e  (if  it.  'I'lie  excessive  development  of  the  ears  well 
jiistilie(|  them  in  the  name  wliieh  they  L;a\('  it.  In  the  Koeky 
.M((iiiitain  re^■i(Hl  where  tlu'  true  hlack-tailed  deer  is  not  found. 
it  is  still  known  anione-  the  iiuntors  und  si'ttlers  as  the  Mack- 
lailcd  ^\rv\\  (  )n  the  I'aeiiic  coast,  where  the  true  liJaek-tailed 
deer  is  known,  this  is  called  liy  its  true  name,  the  Mule  Deer,  liy 
wliicli  desin'iiation  it  is  also  recognized  hy  naturalists. 

'llie  orioinal  rain;('  of  tliis  deer  lias  not  heeii  very  nineli  re- 
stricted since  he  was  lirst  discovered,  thoiieli  he  has  l>eeii  dii\en 
I'ack  from  the  .Missouri  Jviver,  and  has  deserted  other  liinittMl 
localities,  where  the  miners  or  settlers  have  dri\en  him  away. 
Its  most  natural  lionie  i.s  i  nioiintainous  reeion.  hut  it  is  toiind  on 
the  ^reat  plains  hundreds  of  miles  east  of  tiieiu,  and  it  may  not 
he  improhalile  that  many  ever  live  there  that  never  see  a  nioiin- 
tain.  (  )n  the  i;n'at  iilains  it  ni(»st  aiVects  the  horders  of  the 
streams  where  the  ground  is  broken  and  arlioreoiis  food  can  lie 
found. 

West  of  the   Uockv  Mountains   this  deer  is  met  with  almost 


everywhere,  thoue'li  much  more  alniiidaiit ty  in  some   places  tl 
others.      In  the  Coast  i\iiny:e  of  northern  C'aliforn 


lan 


la   tuev  are   al 


most  entirely  re|)laced  hy  the  C'olumhia  black-tailed  deer,  while 
in  the  ( "oasL  Kann'e  of  southern  California  scarcely  any  other 
deer  is  met  with.  Here,  however,  ;i  very  distinct  varietv  of  this 
deer  occurs,  dilTering  in  important  particulars  from  those  found 
east  of  the  Sierras,  as  will  be  more  [larticularly  explained  here- 
after,     In  all  <»f  Oregon,  in  Washington   Territory,  ami  in   liril- 


IP 


Mri.i:  i>i:i:i:. 


95 


I'l'- 


i>li  (  Mluiiilii;!.  tliis  ilccr  is  liii't  w  illi.  llimiLrli  iiiiicli  If-'^  ;ilMi!iiI;iiit 
'liiiii  t!if  ti'iii'  liliirk-iiiilfil  (li'cr,  (ir  cmmi  llir  \'iii;ini;i  A'-y\\  I'liis 
licr  ipc('ii|iics  .il'iiiit  lliii'lv  (Icurci's  uf  latitmlf,  tiMm  (upr  Si. 
Liiciis  nil  ilir  suiitli  iiitii  I'liitisli  ( 'iplmiil)i;i  on  tli:'  iinitli. 

1 1'  t  heir  nil  111  Im'Is  lire  ilimiiiiNlii'd  liv  tlir  iiit  iii^inii  'i|'  the  while 
iiiMii.  ilii'V  slill  iiiiiiiilaiii  tlii'ir  l:i'iimii(1  with  iiimi-c  |"i't  iiiadl  \  ihali 
ihf  elk.  'i'hcy  ha\c  ihc  saiiH'  ihlVri  ot'  vi-imi  as  ha\r  the  olhiT 
iiu'iiilirrs  111'  the  '■('/•/•//>•  laiiiily.  uhirh  hnwrxcr  is  in  a  ini'a->un' 
'•■iiii|M'iisati'(l  liy  an  a<Miti'  scnsi-  nl'  sincll  ami  ol"  lirariiin'.  A  l  ihc 
present  liinc  at   least    thry  arc  wary  anil    nut    to   \»-   taken    li\    ihe 

iileNlM'lii'llced    illinlel".        Al    iheir   liesl    >|iee(l    th''\    i!"    IH'l     L;e|     ii\er 

ihe  l;1'i  iiiml  fast.  'riie\  (IdiiiiI  niii.  ill  a  |irM|ier  >eiis.-.  Imii  wieai 
in  haste  thev  IhiiiihI  ahmt;'.  all  the  teei  sinkiiin'  ainl  leaving'  lli'' 
^I'diinil  al  iiiiee.  l'"iir  a  lew  niiiiules  tiie\  iiia\  inakc  |ii'ell\  lapal 
|ir(.ore>s  in  this  ninde.  Imt  it  sui>n  seems  t'l  lati^iie  tlnaii.  < 'nee 
when  siltiiiL;'  on  a  era^  mx  the  Knekv  Mountains.  neaiK  bn  thwu- 
^;iiiil  I'l'i't  aliii\e  the  sea.  with  a  L;ia>s.  1  wati'hed  die  whieh  had 
heeii  started  l)y  a  euni]iaiiiiiii,  while  he  iM.iinded  ihrmiLih  a  valley 
;i  llinii-,and  I'eet  helnw  iiie.  'rinMi^h  he  wa-'.  ill  \iew  I'lir  k-v^  ihaii 
liall  a  mile,  he  slmwcd  e\idi'iil  laliL;ue  hrt'ipre  he  ]ia>>ed  i.iit  of 
-•ii;iil.  The  lalmrof  ^.llell  a  niixle  (if  [iroLire^s.  as  e"iii|iai'ed  with 
llir  |Mn^■  ^Taeefiil  leajisnf  the  r-iimiii,iii  di-er  when  at  full  >|iei(l. 
iiiu>t   lie  appari'iil  to  any  one  who  has  eai'i -fully  >  iK-erx  ed  i  he  i  wo. 

Iheir  le^■s  are  niiieii  lai'^'er  and  eoaiser  ihan  tlhi>e  cif  the 
\  ir^Inia  deer,  and  so  in  their  e\erv  ii'otiun  tlie\  are  l.-^^  a^ih' 
;iiid  LiTaceful.  Ill  their  entire  form  tlie\  ar<'  awkward  ainl  iiii- 
Uiiiiily.  Their  i;-i-eat  nncoiith  ears,  sk  di-^jn'oiioit  ioiied  to  e\ery 
"ilier  part  of  the  animal,  are  the  ninst  iiLilv  feature  aliout  them, 
;iiid  in  I'aet  n'ive  tone  to  tin-  whole  li'Miie  and  tend  to  di->pe|  any 
admiration  whieli  mio'ht  otherwise  he  excited. 

In  eoldi'.  this  deer  for  its  smnmer  dress  Iia-;  a  pale,  dull  \.llow. 
A-^  this  is  shed  in  the  latter  part  of  summer,  it  i-~  replaced  hv 
a  \crv  line  short  hlack  coaL  as  it  appears  in  [ilace>  di'imdcd 
•I  the  Slimmer  coat  as  seen  partiallv  tliroiiL;li  it.  It  retains  the 
I'laek  liiit  for  a  few  days.  Almost  immediately  it  lieLiiii>  to  i  uni 
uiiiy.  so  that  liel'ofe  the  siimiiier  coat  is  fairly  shed  the  Mack  is 
niosiU  Ml, He.  As  the  hairs  of  the  winter  cuat  orow  loni^-ei-  they 
u'low  larger  and  so  hecoiiie  more  di'ii-<e.  while  they  aUo  lieeume 
liuhler  in  color  as  the  season  advances.  The  front  liurder  nf  the 
'■ar  is  Mack.  ( ieiicrally,  tlioug'li  not  l>v  any  nieans  univer>ally, 
lilack  stripes  descend  froyi  the  inner  sides  of  the  eyes  and  unite 
an  inch  iind  six  lines  below,  and  from  tlie  eyes  extend  up  towards 
llic  antlers,  presenting  in  the  forelioiul  uf  the  deer  wliiil  the  hunt- 


lit' 


w 


■W:-       I 


'   '  I  '  m'   1^ 


'Pfr 


96 


77//;  />/;/;/.'  or  A.Mi.rnw. 


ci's  call  tlic  Imrsi-slinr.  A  lilack  or  dark  bi'ouii  sjiol,  also  is  seen 
bolow  cai'li  sidi'  of  tlir  moiitli,  ^rowiii}^  lighter  in  color  as  it  passes 
around  back  of  the  cliiii,  somrtinics  uiiiliujj;  there  ;iiid  soinetiiiies 
not.  Tilt!  brisket,  and  the  helly  liat'k  of  the  f^re  le<^s  are  hhu'k. 
{j.rowini;  lii^-liter  towards  the  iiinltiliciis ;  thence  backward  a 
lighter  shade  prevails,  till  at  the  inguinal  region  it  is  a  dull 
white  ;  passine-  up  lietweell  the  hiud  le^s  it  hecouies  (plite  white, 
wideuiuL;' out  towards  the  tiiil  so  as  to  involve  all  thelmttock. 
where  the  white  portion  is  from  six  to  eii^lit  inches  broad,  pre- 
sentiny'  a  very  conspicuous  appearance  when  \\u'.  aniiual  is  viewed 
from  behind.  I  nlike  the  white  pat<'h  on  the  elk,  the  antelope. 
and  the  bi;^'  horn,  this  white  ]>ortioii  does  not  extend  up  the 
rump  above  {\iv  tail  mon;  than  about  an  inch,  but  spreads  out 
from  the  root  of  the  tail  each  way  to  the  breadth  of  three  inches 
and  then  descends,  widenine;  and  then  contractinn'  to  the  inside 
of  the  hams:  so  that  at  the  top  the  white  is  six  inches  broad, 
lower  down  it  is  eie-lit  inches,  aiul  then  cont  rai'ts  to  four  inches 
between  the  Ici^s.  Helow  tilt;  knees  and  elbows  the  leL;s  are  of 
a  dark  ciiuianion  color. 

He  subsists  upon  the  same  sort  of  vei;'etation  as  that  on  which 
the  other  deer  of  the  temperatci  regions  feed.  He  seems  unable 
to  masticati!  freely  hard  substances,  such  as  drii'd  corn  or  hard 
shelltMl  nuts,  which  the  others  have  no  diiliculty  in  grinding  to 
pieces. 


Black-tailed    Deer. 


CKIJVUS    ("OIJ'.MinAM'S.  JJir,. 
Black-tailed  Deer. 

rn'\  IIS  iiiiHTotis,  \  ill.  roliiiiii>iiiiiiis.     Kh  n   i.i>><'N.  1".  I'..  A.  .''7. 
('4'i'\iis  roliiiiibiiiiiiis i; \m;i>,  I'liciiH' i;.  i;.  i;,  |,..  c.i'.i. 

rcrVIIS    liCWisii, l'i;\l.i.  .Muiiini.    .iml     r>inl>    l'. 

s.  K\.  V.S.,  ;;:i. 
Ccrviis  (CiiriiK-iiN)  licwisjj.     ...    .1.    K.  (ii:\>.  I'c.   /.ml.  s,,c. 

I.nii,!..  Will.  •.';;;•. 
Ccrviis  <'iiri)l('ll>  IMIIIctlllilflls.      .     .     ( ii;  \k  Kimws.  M.  nn:  .  <,7. 

(cixiis  ICirliiinlMMiiJ \ii>.  iV  r. \i  11.  III.  L'7. 

(oliiiiibiii  lll'.uk-tiijicil  Uvi'V \i  i>.  iv.  \',\>  n..  111.  .'7. 

ItliicK-tiiilcd  Fiillow  Ih'iT.      .     .    .     I.iui.-  iV   t'l.vi.iv.  i;\|i(il..  iiy 

I'aul     .Vll.ii.     II.    Jir.i.    -•!(', 

•Jll.L'7. 

muck-railnl  Ih'iT P.uim..    i'uriiic    u.    u.   i{,.|,.. 

\  111.  C.V.I. 

Li'~s  ill  ^i/r  tiiiiii  till'  iiiiilr  ilccr.  Slinri  iioily  and  ^liuri  \f^-.  |-'.:ir«. 
larue  Init  Irs-;  in  >i/('  tliaii  tlniM'  df  ilic  niiilc  deer.  Mycs  lar^f  ami  Wril- 
liaiit.  Tail  slioft  ami  roiiml.  (dir  tuiiiili  of  ilic  cirriiiiiirriiii-c  df  iju- 
I, til  oil  the  iiiidrr  side  i>  wliitc;  tlic  iialaini'  is  a  lawny  dull  iilaik. 
The  hiack  is  of  llic  di-cpcsi  >iiad('  on  tlic  lower  part.  .Mci.itai-al  ulaiid 
liclufcii  till'  tar>ii^  and  llir  iniddli'  of  tlic  \rii,  i>  iiiicrimdialc  in  ^i/.f 
lu'twci'ii  tli(j*c  on  the  iiiiilr  (IttT  and  tliox'  on  llir  \  iiuinia  dciT.  Taisal 
Ljlaiid  niiicli  tile  .saiiK'  in  .•^i/.i'  and  form  a>  on  ilio>r  two  s|ii'cir>,  and  ot  .a 
~liadi'  lii;litfr  color  lli.an  tin'  j-nrroiindiin;  i:oal  :  ccdor  (d'  l)od\  a  taunv 
^lay.  uitii  white  on  hack  part  of  ludly  and  inguinal  n  uioii.  f\',riiiliin,'  to 
root  of  tail.  Tile  face  is  iji'ay  with  daiUiT  toiclicad.  I  ndi  r  thr  head 
wliitr.  Losis  i^ffiicrally  of  a  iinif.n'm  dark  (;innainoii  color,  not  a  white 
iiair  to  lie  found  upon  tiietii  helow  the  hock.  .Antlers  once  or  twice  liilnr- 
laled.  tlait  like  that  of  tlie  iiiiile  lU-rv.  Is  fonnd  on  tln'  I'ai'ilic  coa^t  (d' 
ilic  rniieil  States  and  llritisli  ('ohiinhia  only;  haviiiLT  the  most  limited 
iamj;e   of  all    the   di'cr  found    in  tlm  llniti'd  States,  and    perhaps   on    this 

colitillC'llt. 

(lEN'KllAh    IM'.MAI^KS. 

rilis  iiitei'o.sting  spiH'ics  of  deer  was   lifsf  discovereil   iiy  l.fwis 

and  Clark,  near  the  mouth  of  the  (Johiiultia   Ivivcf.     They  liist 

iiienfion   it  under  dat(^  of  the   lllth  of    Novcinhcr,  lMl."».       They 

SUV  :  "  riiirt,  liki;  all  those  wt;  hiive  seen  on  this  eutist,  are  imieh 

7 


El. 


'*•:.* 


r    F'  ■  f  h'\r 


ff 


98 


T/iK  i>i:i:n  uf  amj:i;ic.\. 


darker  tliMii  tlmsc  of  our  cominoii  tlrcr.  'riirir  liodics,  too,  art! 
(Icfpcr,  tlii'ir  Irtrs  shorter,  and  their  eyes  larger.  'I'lie  hraiiches 
ol'  the  lioriis  are  siiiiihir,  l)iit  the  ii[>|)er  part  ol'  tlie  tail  is  lihiek 
IVoiii  tlie  root  to  tlie  end,  and  tlu-v  do  not  U-ap,  Imt  jump  like  a 
slicep  It  i<^hlelle(l." 

In  tlicir  [general  (h'sei'iption  of  the  fauna  ol)sei-ve(l  dnrinn'  their 
ex])edition    (  vol,  ii..    |».   'JOlt ).  th<'y  enumerate   the  ( 'ervida'  thus  : 


Th 


minion    H'd   deer,  the   Mack-tailed  fallow  deer,  the   niul 


deer,  and  the  e 
d 


'I'iiev  hunted   it    for  the  lai'der,  luit    did   not. 


idiniri'  its  Ih'sh,  pronoiineinn'  it  dry  and  liard.  P'ruiii  this  we 
niav  infer  that  the  deer  were  then  in  Itad  condition,  for  sid)se- 
(|iient  ol'servatioiis  pi'ove  that  the  venison  is  of  tfood  (piality.  It 
i.s  a  cauii  us  and  wary  animal  in  the  foi'est,  wliich  it  much  allVcts, 
i'e(piiring  all  !he  skill  and  caution  of  the  praetiiM'd  liunter  to  se- 
cure success  in  its  pui'siiit. 


he   most  extra()rdiiiarv 


fact 


n»  con- 


nection with  this  d"er  is  the  extreinelv  narrow  limits  of  its  i-an<j( 


wnicii  IS  w 


ithin  a  narrow  helt  alonir  the  I'acii 


jc  coas 


t  of  A 


merica. 


in  the  teinj)erate  zoiu'.  In  many  parts  of  this  dislrii-t  it  is  the 
most  aliimdant  deer  to  he  met  with.  Why  it  has  never  wandered 
lieyond  these  hounds,  it  is  hard  to  say.  It  has  never  evi'ii  reached 
tlie  base  of  the  Ilocky  Mountains,  except  j)ossil)ly  in  the  extreme 
northern   part  of    its   range.      The  mountain   barrii'rs   could    not 


rcstrani  it  :   lor  it  ranges 


liiirl 


1  up 


)n   the  Sierra  Nevada,  and   \> 


found  at  the  eastern  slope  of  that  range.  If  the  deserts  at  the 
south  would  deter  it  from  an  i-astern  migration,  tiie  valleys  of  tlie 
streiiuis  heading  in  tlie  Rocky  Mountains,  and  emptying  into  the 
Colmnhia  Kiver,  invited  it  to  follow  their  hanks,  and  woulil  jiave 
led  it  to  the  summit  of  the  range,  and  to  practicable  passes.  The 
mule  deer,  which  associates  with  it  on  the  coast,  although  less 
enterprising  than  our  common  deer,  the  (dk,  or  the  moose,  has 
occupied  the  entire  range  of  the  l{ocky  Mountains,  and  all  the 
liabitaltle  parts  (tf  tlie  desert  country  west  of  it,  and  also  extends 
its  range  far  d(jwn  the  plains  which  lie  eastward,  and  formerly 
reached  the  Missouri  River  us  far  down  as  the  liig  Sioux,  if  not 
the  mouth  of  the  I'latte.  In  iny  grounds  they  have!  endured  the 
change  of  climate,  food,  and  habit  better  than  the  mule  deer,  if 
then;  be  any  dilVerenee,  so  that  they  W(>re  not  detern-d  from 
extending  their  range  further  eastward  l»y  the  rigors  of  the  sea- 
son any  more  than  their  larger  neighbors.  Still  some  conditions 
exist  which  I  am  unable  to  point  out,  vvhii'li  seem  to  confine 
them  to  that  circumscribed  country,  beyond  which  it  is  impos- 
sible for  them  to  pass.     An  imaginary  line  which  becomes  quite 


It 

■••ts, 

sc- 

pon- 

r'u'ii, 
til.- 

crrd 

rhc.l 

/(•me 
not 

i.l  is 
til.' 
tlu' 
tlir 
;ivi' 
Ihi' 
less 
Ikis 
tlh- 
■mis 
ci'ly 
nut 

the 
T,   if 

I'roni 
se;i- 
tions 
nfinc 
npos- 
quite 


1 


III. Ads  iMi.i:!)  i>i:i:i;. 


99 


as  iiii])iiss!il)l('  as  a  ('liiiifsr  wall  tn  an  I'litirc  sjiccirs  nl'  animals 
who  have  full  pliysical  |ti)Wi'r  to  travcrsr  il.  luit  iln  \\n\,  whilt^ 
all  oilici's  pass  it  unlifsilatiniily,  is  certainly  a  cnriiMis  ami  an 
intcrcstim^  fact,  well  falcnlati'il  to  stimiilatr  tlif  natnralist  to 
seek  for  tlic  cansc,  wliicli  lii'.s  liitlirrlo  rinded  all  in(|iiiries. 

In  its  own  home,  this  animal  seems  to  he  healthy,  \iti'irous, 
and  prolilir,  the  females  t^cnerally  prodncinn'  two  and  sometimes 
three  at  a  liirth. 

The  Itifurcated  antler  and  the  lionndini;  ;^'ait  ol>ser\ed  in  the 
mule  deer,  are  fonnd  also  to  he  eharaeteristies  of  this  dicr,  hnt 
they  an^  strictly  eonlined  to  thesi-  two  species;  nor  is  it  easy 
to  conceive  wliv  this  lalioi'iou^  -ind  fati<'nin<j  tiait  has  nut  in 
the  coiirsi'  of  time  j^iven  place  to  the  more  easy  and  endnrinj^ 
riiimint;'  pace  of  tlii!  N'irginia  i\vr\\  which  iidialiits  the  saim; 
country. 

Hotli  tlu'si!  (h'or  know  how  to  f^allop,  ami  do  so  when  not  e\- 
citcil  and  at  a  inodonito  speed  ;  hut  when  alarmecl  ami  seekinLi,'  to 
make  a  rapid  flij^ht,  they  strike  into  the  nervons  hound,  which 
although  rapid  at  first,  can  he  endured  hut  for  a  short  time,  and 
is  uarticularlv  laborious  on  broken  eronnd. 


1 

i  1. 

i 

1 

i 

'! 

1 

II 


i 


ih- 


■•fj'r- 


CKiaiS    VIKdlMAM'S.    I»i;nnant. 
Common    Deer. 

Tl'I'Vlls  Vh'U'illiilllllS Iioint  \i;i!T.    I'Jciirliiw    Aiilm.iliiiin. 

I.  i;;(;.  iTsi. 

ZiMMI    l;  M  NNN.      I'cllll.      Arkl.    /iKil.. 

;;i.  ITs'.t. 
Cmki.in.  Syst.  Nat..  I.  IT'.i.  IT^M. 
Ki:i!H.  I.iiMi..  •-".•;•.  I7',i-J. 
SlIAW.  (u  II.  Zonl..  II.  -js  I. 
Sriiiii  lii;i;.  S:iiii;i.  \'.  I  S.'.i;. 
Di  sM  \i;i,sr,  .Miiiiiiu.    1 1.    I-'  I. 
II AIM. A V.  I'',iiiiia  Am..  "_''1'S. 
|)or<im  V.  Cull.  Nat.  Ili-t..  I.  •'!. 
( ;<>i>\iA\.  Am.  .\ai.  ili-i.,  II.  •■!<••■• 
Di,  Kav.  N.  V.  /nul..  ii;;. 
W 'a(,m.I!,   Suji|i.  Si|irr!i.,  IN'.  ■">7."> 
Al  l>.  iV:    r>A(  II.,  N.   \\U.  (iliail.,   II. 

•Jl'O:   III.  ir.s. 

I'.Allil..    racilir    i;.   U.    K'.|i..  N'lII. 

(;t;;. 
rmus  (Cnriiicii.s)  >ir|»-iiiiiiinis.    .1.   K.  (;i:av,  Kimus.  Mcnag.,  ci;. 

1S.")(I. 


('«i'\iis  d'.inia  AincriciiiDi. 
(en IIS  Icuciii'iis.       .    . 


I'',i!.\i.i  r.i.N.  Syst..  ."il-_',  1777. 
DcM  (il.A.-i,  Zdol.  -Iniir.   I\'..  •''•■''•. 
IviciiAKPSo.N,  Fauna    1!.  .\..  -•'. 
\\'a(im  i;.  Sii|i|).  Srjiii  !).,  I\'.  .'i7">. 
A\  ]>.  ^.  r.A(  II..  N.  Am.  <,>ua(l.,  IN. 

I'rciii.iiAN,  Moll.  (Ill   t'crl',  Airliiv. 


(Ill    .Mil 


•Mils.,  V 


Uaii;!).  Tacitir    I{.   U.   Uip..  VIII 


{\-2\K 


Conns  .McxiCiiiius. 


Syst.  .Nat.,  1.  17'.l.  17S,- 


Vimiiiaii  Deer. 


(Jmki.ix,  Sy 

WAiiNI'.l!,     .Supll.     Sclllrl).,    Silllgt. 

IV.  ;i7.s. 

(iir.r.Ki.,  Siiiii^t.    is,")."i.  ,".10. 
Uaiui),  racilic  1{.  U.  Kc]).,  ').3o. 
I'k.nnaxt,  Syii.,  •'»!. 
SllAW,  (Iciii.  Zixil.,  II.  -jsi. 


About   till'    size  of  the  Coliiinbia  doer,  with   longer  Icirs    and  loiijj;er 


body  ;  head  lean  and  slim ;  nose  po 


iited  and  naked  ;  eves  larire  and  lii>- 


T^W 


(•()]/Mn\    1,1:1:11. 


101 


iriiiis;  car  small  ami  trim  ;  aiitlci^  iia\c  a  sprcailiiiif  |)(i--trfi<ii'  prnji'ciion. 
anil  IIk'H  curve  aiilcrioily  Willi  pusiriidr  tines;  necU  Ikiim' and  slmiler; 
limly  liiiijx  'i>r  its  si/e  ;  tail  luiii;  and  lancenlate  in  form;  leijs  stiainlit 
iiid  Icini;. 

I.ai'liiymal  -inus  eii\ei'ed  witli  a  I'nid  nf  sUin  ;  tar>al  ,i:l;iiid  |ife-.ent  ; 
inetalai'sal  <^land  small,  and  lieldw  (lie  middle  nf  lli<'  let;,  naked,  ami  "Ui'' 
iDimded  l)_v  white  liaii'^  ;  milside  of  these  ihire  is  iisnally  u  liand  ol  ilaiU 
liiowii  hails,  whieh  are  sni  rounded   liy  loii;;  rovt-fsed   hails  ol'  thr  eolof 

nt     the   'eLj. 

I'wo  animal  pelaiies.  Simiiner  coat,  from  hay  wA  to  ImlV  ytllow  ; 
winter  eoat.  a  h'aden  i:i'ay,  ^really  valiant.  heeidiion-  antlers,  anci  I'on- 
liiied   to  tlic  males. 


li 


m 


m 


\m 


cc. 


1( .). 

in. 


Common   Deer. 


(;knm:i;.\i.  i;i:m.\i;k.^. 

Tliis  (Icrf  lias  llu>  wiliest  faiioc  i>l'  iniy  iiu'inlicr  of  llie  f.uiiily 
in  iiiiy  part  of  tlie  woi'ld.  It.s  raiioo  js  fi-oiu  tlic  Athuitic  to  the 
I'aeiiii',  evieiidiiio'  into  Caiiatla  ami  British  C'olmiil)ia  oi>  the 
iioftli,  ;m(l  peiu'lialiiii<  far  into  .Mexico  on  the  south.  It  may  he 
I'lUiiil  to-dav,  ill  everv  State  and  'i'erritory  of  the  I'liited  States. 
Ii  inhahits  alike  the  deiisi;  woodlands  and  the  o|)eii  iirairies,  the 
liiuli  nioiintaiiis  ;ind  the  lowest  valleys,  the  arid  ])lains  and  the 
marshy  swamps. 

As  wo  might  well  expect  from  its  wiilc  distribntion  :ind  v;iriod 


11! 


'IT' 


102 


77//;  /'/;/;/.•  of  .\\ti:i:n.\. 


ran;,'!',  wr  liml  scvcial  inorc  (ir  less  (li.stiiictiv  iiiiirUrd  vjirii'tii'S  oT 
this  s|irciis,  nil  (if  wliii'li  !ia\i'  Wfll  (Iclinctl  indicia  wliidi  di'tcr- 
iniin-  llicir  s|)('cilic  idt-iitilv.  Tliis  lu'aiiili  of  (nir  sidiji'ct  will  lit' 
(■(iiisidfii'd  ill  aiintlit'i'  |ilaci'. 

l''i<iiii  its  widr  disti'iliiitidii  and  <,M<'at  iiiiiiiln'i's  it  is  (|uitr  famil- 
iar til  iirarly  all  Anici'ic'ans,  and  in  almost  tliu  only  one  known  to 
most  of  tla-m. 

In  foiiii  and  action  it  is  tlic  most  ^raccfnl  of  all,  and  lias  been 
more  fici|iu'ntly  domcslicalcd  than  any  other,  yi-t  rarely  have 
|ici'sistent  attein|its  been  made  to  icdiicr  it  to  coin|>lele  and  ])('r- 
maiieiit  do^nestication.  When  yoiiii;^  it  is  ii  |iri'tty  |)ct  aioiind 
the  |ireinises,  luit  in  a  few  years  it  hecoini's  daii;^erons,  and  so  is 
p'lierally  pit  lid  of.  In  its  markings  it  is  less  stalde  than  eitluT 
of  the  other  s|iecies.  Ill  shades  of  color  there  are  wide  dilTerences 
aiiioii}^  individuals  in  the  same  iieiMhliorhood.  while  fiij^itive  mark- 
ings are  fre(|Mently  oliseived,  which  are  present  only  for  a  sin- 
gle yeiir,  and  some  iiiilividiials  have  permanent  iiuirkings  which 
are  wanting  on  others.  In  summer  pelage  a  large  maJDritvare 
of  a  hay  ihmI.  hnt  with  a  great  diversity  in  shade,  wliili!  others  of 
tlie  same  herd  will  lie  of  ji  light  hulT  yellow;  lictweeii  these  ex- 
tremes almost  evi'ry  shade  may  he  seen. 

In  a  given  neighhorhooil  there  is  a  great  dilTereiice  in  the  si/e 
of  iiidivitliials,  hut  tlierci  is  a  permanent  difference  in  size  in  dif- 
ferent localities  ;  tlu;  snmllest  being  found  in  tlit;  southern  part 
of  the  range,  bordering  the  fiiilf  of  Mexico  and  in  Northern 
.Mexico,  the  westerly  ones  being  tht;  smallest  of  all,  wlu've  they 
have  liceii  classed  by  naturalists  as  a  separate  s[)eeies,  under  the 
name  of  <'i'nu(8  Mcricdiiiis.  In  their  northern  range  and  in  the 
moinitainous  regions  of  the  west,  the  wli'.ie  portions  cover  a 
larger  surface  of  the  body  than  in  other  regions,  where  they  have 
been  ranked  by  many  naturalists  as  a  separate  species  under  the 
name  of  CervKS  lu<-unix.  \W  hunters  these  have  been  called 
the  long-tailed,  or  white-tailed  deer,  the  latter  name  having 
bei'ii  used  by  Lewis  and  Clark,  while  in  truth  their  tails  are  no 
longer  than  those  found  in  other  regions.  From  the  larger  ex- 
tent of  wliit<!  frecpiently  if  not  generally  found  on  them,  we 
niiglit  possibly  be  jiistiiied  in  assigning  them  the  distinction  of  a 
variety,  thongli  this  peculiarity  is  by  no  means  universal,  for 
many  individuals  i-annot  be  distinguished  from  those  found  in 
Illinois  or  Wisi^onsin.  I  have  one  specimen  from  northwestern 
Minnesota,  with  all  the  legs  entirely  white,  to  several  inches 
above  the  hocks   and  knees,  with  occasionally  a  tawnv  hair  in- 


7 


(dMMnX  i>i:r:i!. 


10:5 


tcl'SlM-rsfd    JlllliiliM'    till-    wllilr.       'I'lic    wllitf    nil     llif   Iiclly.   tnu,  cV- 

iciiils  ii|i  tilt'  siilfs  I'lirtliiT  lliaii  is  iisiimIIv  uhsfrvcd.  'I'lii^  is  cx- 
rf|itiuii:il,  tlioii^li  iii>t  vir\  uiK'iimiiMni  in  tin-  iinitli\vr>i.  Imt  I 
lliivc  never  seen  it  ill  tllcir  liiiiiillr  i>V  scplltlicrii  r,ilii;v.  |  Imsc 
iK'Vfi-  I'liiiinl  any  Mack  mi  tin-  tails  i>v  fairs  i>{  tlic  iiniijirni  vari- 
ety, wllile  it   is  \eiy  eiiiniiiiiii  (ill   llUH'e  snlltlierll  ami  easleni    \alie- 

ties.    'Iliirt  accnnls  willi   a  law,  wliieli   Imwever  is  imt    iiiiivei-al, 

liV    ullicll   we  are  led   to  expect    limre   wilite  nil  tile  same  s|ieeies  (iC 

i|iiadni|ieds  or  liirds,  wliieli  are  |ieriiiaiieiitly  Ineated,  in  the  nni'tli 
tlian  in  tlu^  soiitli. 

Tlic  antlers  of  the  N'iri^inia  deer  are  |teculiar  and  e:isilv  reeiiLf- 
iii/.e(l.  The  eiir\iitiire  (h'scrihed  is  nime  alini|ii  than  mi  aiiv 
ntlier  s|H'cies,  while  the  |)(isteriiir  projecll'  li  III  'die  tines  fnun  the 
heaiii  is  |ieenliar  to  this  deer,  e\i'e|it  that  it  is  soiiietinies  ol»- 
Mi'ved  on  exeeptional  aiitlei's  of  the  iiMilc  di'er  and  the  ('oliiinliia 
deer,  as  will  he  niort!  |i;.rtieiilarly  '•sc'rihed  in  l!,t!  appropriate 
I  '.ace. 

I  have  closely  studied  this  intcrestiiv  aiiinial  for  niaiiv  years, 
liiilli  in  doineslication  and  in  its  wild  slate;  and  the  notes  of 
iii\  ohservations  upon  it  would  till  a  vohiine,  hiil  I  think  I  can 
lietter  present  such  of  the  facts  as  I  can  iiiid  space  to  insei't,  uii- 
ijir  the  dilTereiit  hranclies  of  my  suliject,  where  1  propose  in  eom- 
|.aro  tilt)  dilTereiit  species,  I'erhaps  I  should  luaU*'  this  iinnio- 
L;iapli  fuller,  as  I  am  stroiiely  teiiiptetl  to  do,  hut  I  fear  I  should 
not  know  where  to  stop,  aiitl  so  luinht  eoinptd  inystdf  to  too  murh 
ii'petitioii  hereafter,  when  I  shall  necessarily  liavt;  to  140  uver 
iiiaiiv  of  his  lcadiii<r  characteristii-s,  to  show  when'  tliev  aifrec 
with  or  dillVr  from  the  other  s[)ecies. 


i 


J 

^1 
■1 

1 

"r 


104 


THE   DEEll    or  AMEincA. 


^^-^)-  } 


Barren- ground    Caribou,    Male. 


Barren- ground   Caribou,    Female. 


f 


T^^ 


m 


HAXdlFKIJ    flHOKNLAXDICUS.  IJaikd. 
Barren-ground  Caribou. 

It;llin'if<>r  (lil'fM'lll-.llulH'IIS,     .      .      .      I'.\li:i..  Picilic  1{.  IJ.  Hip..   VIII. 

(;;m. 

r«>l'VIIS  tiUinillliS  Cii|'4M'lllilll(li('lIS.      Kl  lilt,   I  ilili..  --".>7. 

Ccrvus  tiiriiiidiis.  \tir. a.  Arctica.     l«i<  hakhson.  ]•'.  Ii.  A..  Jll. 

CoililllOII   Drrr Hi-akm-,.  .Joiirncy.  --'imi. 

Itiirrcii-iiToiiiid  Ciiriboii.    .    .    .     Kk  iiaudsun.  i'.  r,.  a. -Jll. 

TiiriiiKliis  an-ficiis IJaikd.  r.  .s.  i»;it.  on'.   K'c  |i.  A^r. 

lor  l.s,')l,  !(»."). 

Tliis  iiiiiiiKiI  i';  of  the  rcimlrfr  t  v|it'.  l)ut  is  iiuu'li  siiimII'T  tliiiii  C  funiii- 
i/iis.  iiiiil  iiidfi'tl  is  siiialici'  tliiiii  iiny  of  tlic  deer  wliicli  we  liavc  liitiicr-lo 
iloci'ilicil.  jViillfis  imicl)  loiipT  ami  iiiurt'  slciulcr  than  those  nf  ihc 
wdodlaml  cai'iliou.  'I'hi:  tiuos  are  vcr\'  erialic  in  form,  sohk;  nfwiiich 
are  |i:ihiiat(iL  In  color  it  strongly  resenililes  the  larger  s|ie('ies  of  I'lin- 
'Icci'.  tliiini:li  it  is  of  apprceialily  lighter  coloi-.  In  tla;  specimi'n  hcfore 
iih'  ilie  legs,  instead  of  the  hrowii  color  of  the  other  sjieeies.  ai'e  \\  lute 
with  a  lirowii  ^liade  on  the  anterior  side,  extending  half  way  down.  In- 
-trad  of  a  whit(!  section  around  the  to|)  of  each  hoof,  thi'  wIidIc  foot  is 
wiiite  to  some  distance  al'  ve  the  acc<ihsoi'y  hoofs,  where  tlu;  brown  hairs 
in  front  -legin  to  invade  the  white.  Metatarsal  gland  ahsent.  Tarsal 
ulaud  present. 

(;i:ni;i;al  i;i:mai!Ks. 

I  ('(mfesH  to  feeling  ti  very  <frt';it  interest  in  litis  litllo  reiiideei', 
and  exceediiiifly  reifret  tln'  want  of  tin  opjjorliinity  to  study  it  in 
its  arctic  lioine,  or  even  to  inspect  a  liviiii^  specimeti  ;  my  own 
oliservalioiis  liave  liceii  ('(jnlined  to  niotiiitcd  spc(.'iiiieiis,  to  skins, 
leet.  and  lens  in  my  colleclion.  From  lliese  1  can  tinderst.ind 
suilicient  for  a  simpli^  monograjih  of  the  aiiitnal.  hut  for  till  else 
necessarily  I  ;itn  iiiiKdiled  to  tlio  observations  of  otlieis,  both 
printed,  written,  titid  onil.  Fortitnately,  1  liiive  met  with  s(une 
very  inti'llig-eiit  ^'enllemen  who  have  spent  years  of  their  lives 
where  thev  iibuuiid,  and  whose  observations  are  of  tlie  ei'eatest 
\ahte.  'I'he  specilic  place  to  wliich  tiiis  tminial  is  eiitiUed  in  nat- 
ural history,  has  not  been  deiinitely  settled  by  niittiralists.  Sir 
•lolni  Richardson  very  stron<^ly  intimates  thiit  it  is  his  opinion 
that  it  is  ii  distinct  species  from   the  woudhmd  caribou,  yet   he 


:ifi| 


lOG 


rilK   DKEIl   or  A  ME  I!  I  <  A. 


does  not  say  so  directly.  AVliilc  lit^  treats  thesis  two  speries  in 
se|»ara[e  iii'tieles,  yet  lie  introduces  both  under  tlio  specific  name 
of  tlie  F-a[)Iand  reindeer,  ('rrntf  tdrainlHs,  tlie  smaller  variety  lit; 
desiifuiites  nrrtii'n,  and  the  lare-er,  xi/h'i!<frlx,  so  tliat  lie  is  far 
from  assertiii<^  a  specilic  dilTereiu'e.  Andubon  and  Baeliman, 
with  very  limited  opportunities  for  judging;',  incline  to  the  opin- 
ion of  specific  identity,  and  IJaird  leaves  the  (piestion  undecided. 
After  much  study  and  reflection  I  am  of  oj)inion  that  they  are 
distinct  species. 

Tlu^  ian;^e  of  this  deer  extends  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the 
east,  to  Alackenzie's  River  or  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  w(\st. 
IJevond  this  it  is  replaced  by  the  woodlaiKl  cariliou.  ()n  the 
north  it  (extends  its  ranj^e  beyond  the  continent  and  visits  the 
islands  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Richardson  fixes  their  southern 
limits  on  the  east,  at  Churchill  in  north  latitude  r)0°  on  Iliidson's 
l>ay,  but  Mr.  Mc'i'avish,  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  informs 
nie  that  th.y  are  found  still  further  south  on  the  peninsula  of  Lab- 
rador. Westward  of  this  point  they  do  not  conu'  so  far  south  ;  so 
that  the  line  of  their  southern  limits  from  the  Atlantic  ]>\irsues  a 
course  north  of  west.  This  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact, 
that  the  temperature  is  much  colder  on  the  eastern  coast  than  in 
tli(>  same  latitudes  in  the  interior  and  on  the  western  coast. 
Cai)tain  Hall  found  them  north  and  east  of  Hudson's  Hay,  and 
nearly  all  arctic  explorers  have  found  them  on  the  islands  of  the 
Arctic  Sea,  where  they  serve  to  supplement  the  supply  of  sea 
food  to  the  lCs(piimaux.  They  are  very  abundant  on  the  ])enin- 
sula,  east  of  Hudson's  Hay,  where   from  necessity  their  mij^ratoi-y 


tic  tl 


lan 


range  is  very  circumscribed.  Its  habits  are  more  r.rc 
any  other  ruminant  of  this  continent  except  the  nnisk-ox,  which 
affects  the  same  frigid  temperatun;,  but  is  even  less  widely  dis- 
tributed and  far  less  numerous. 

The  statement  of  Dr.  King,  as  quoted  by  Haird,  for  the  ])ur- 
pose  of  showing  a  specific  dilTerence  between  the  b.irren-ground 
and  the  woodlantl  caribou  is  this:  "that  the  barren-ground  species 
is  peculiar  not  only  in  tlie  form  of  its  liver  but  in  not  ])ossessing 
a  rece[)tacl(!  for  bile."  This  implies  C(U-tainly  that  Dr.  King  had 
found  on  examination  that  the  woodland  caribou  lias  the  uall 
bladder  attached  to  the  liver.  This  certainly  is  not  so,  for  the 
gall  bladtler  is  wanting  in  the  woodla.id  carilxtu  as  well  as  in  all 
of  th(>  other  members  of  the  deer  family,  a  fact  long  since  ob- 
served and  atteste(l  by  several  naturalists  and  often  confirmed 
by  critical  examination.     Notwithstanding  there  are  many  strong 


f 


W4 


BA iiiiEX-anorxi)  (A amor. 


107 


similitudes  between  our  two  Uiiids  of  cnrilinii,  tliere  are  inimer- 
(ilis  well  autllelltieated  (lilTfreliees,  wlliell  wlieil  well  cinisidcred 
iKit  oidv  justify  hut  euuipcl  us  t(t  class  tlieui  as  distinct  species. 

The  ditTereuce  in  si/e,  iftliiswefe  the  only  distinction,  would  lie 
entitled  ti>  but  little  weielif  in  the  consideration  of  this  (piestion, 
especially  when  we  renuMubcr  that  we  often  find  animals  of  the 
same  spe(;ies  occupyiu"^  high  latitudes,  smaller  in  size  than  those 
of  wanner  countries.  The  reverse,  however,  we  lind  li'enerallv 
the  case  with  our  ( "ervida'.  ( )ur  common  deer  are  the  smallest 
in  'J'exas  and  Mexico,  where,  simply  on  account  of  their  dimiim- 
tive  size,  without  any  othei'  well  established  and  universal  dis- 
tinction, tliey  have  been  classed  as  a  distinct  species,  (\ri'ux 
Mijicduiix.  Th(!  nuile  deer  in  Lower  California  are  even  more 
ilimimitive  in  size,  and  their  antlers  have  been  i'educe(l  to  a  sinu'le 
spike.  AV(!  mav  iiud  little  dilTerence  in  the  size  of  the  moose, 
which  We  may  ascribe  to  a  ditVereiict^  in  the  latitude  of  their 
habitat.  In  the  valley  of  tin;  Mississippi  tin*  wcieht  of  evidence 
is  that  the  southern  l--lk  ai'e  the  largest;  but  I  do  not  learn  that 
this  is  so  on  tlie  I'acilic  slo[)e,  or  even  in  the  I'ocky  Mountains.  I 
icpeat,  liowever,  that  I  should  not  consider  the  dilTerence  in  size, 
which  is  fully  one  half,  sullicieut  of  itself  to  establish  a  specilic 
dilTerence. 

The  proportionate  difference  in  the;  sizt>  of  their  antlers  is  still 
yreater,  and  I  thiidc  possesses  more  siynilicance.  While  the  size 
of  this  animal  isoidyhalf  that  of  the  woodland  caribou,  its  antlers 
are  fidly  twice  as  large.  Tliis  proportionate^  dilTerence  of  four  to 
one  is  (>ntitled  to  weiglit  in  this  in([uiry.  IJulTon  and  some 
ethers  have  concluded  that  the  size  of  the  antlers  depend  largely 
upon  tlu'  amount  and  (piality  of  the  food  supplied  the  deer. 
This  position  is  not  absolutely  refuted  in  this  instance,  for  the 
sup|)ly  of  food  to  the  Harren-groiuul  Caribou  is  rt-ally  unlimited, 
and  is  of  the  most  nutritious  (piality,  but  the  same  is  true  also  in 
that  ]K)rtion  of  Labrailor  occupied  by  the  larger  species.  Hind 
assures  us  that  he  there  found  tin;  beds  of  reindeer  moss  three 
feet  deep,  alTording  comfortable  walking  over  vast  helds  of  erratic 
rocks,  which  were  almost  impassable  where  the  moss  liad  been 
burned  otT,  and  vet  not  a,  word  is  said  about  an  excessive  de- 
velo{)ment  of  the  antU'rs  of  tlu;  deer.  If  the  great  abundance 
and  excellent  (juality  of  the  food  supplied  tin;  nortliein  deer,  has 
stimulated  to  this  excessive  growth  of  the  antlers,  it  would  I'cr- 
tainly  l)e  not  unreasonable  to  expect  that  it  would  havt;  ecpudly 
promoted  an  increase  of  tlie  body  of  tlie  animal,  for  all  admit 


!!       I 


■  I  I 


in. 


:i 

If 

I 


"nil  iffrr^i 


F 


lOS 


77/ A'   ])KKll    OF  AMERICA. 


(liiit  t\w  si/o  of  Jill  iininiiils  lurj^t'ly  (Icpciids  on  the  quantity  ami 
the  (luality  of  tlio  food  with  which  they  an;  siipplicil.  This  is 
iiiiich  hi'ttiM'  t'stahlislu'd  than  tliiit  the  size  of  antlers  is  drpiMid- 
cnt  on  iht!  sanic!  cause.  The  (juestion  is,  why  are  the  lari^er 
antlers  i^rown  on  the  smaller  animal?  Is  it  dut;  to  acciilental  or 
factitious  causes  or  to  a  specific  dilTerenci!  ?  I  |)erceive  no  cause 
whii'h  could  have  produced  tliis  ^'reat  development  of  the  antlers, 
which  would  not  also  have  produced  an  cipial  developnu'nl  of  the 
wimle  aninud. 

In  hahits.  too,  they  diiVer  very  considerahly.  The  lari^cr  spe- 
cies are  much  less  L!,'rei;arious  than  the  smaller.  1  do  nm  kimw. 
however,  that  1  should  make  very  much  out  of  this,  hir  it  may 
ho  accounted  for  by  their  yreater  nundiers.  The  wondland 
carihou  are  nowhere  so  ahundant  as  the  others,  and  are  seldom 
found  in  large  hands  ;  two  or  three,  or  a  do/eu  at  most,  heing 
found  together,  except  in  the  inti'rior  of  Newfoundland,  where 
tiieir  ninid)ers  are  much  greater,  and  there  lliev  are  fonnd  in 
larger  hertls  than  on  any  ]»art  of  the  continent,  as  far  as  I  can 
learn,  except  to  (he  w<>st  of  Hudson's  Hay,  where  Kicliai'dson 
informs  us  that  large  nund)ers  assemiile  together  and  move  in 
bodies.  Cormack,  to  whom  wo  ari,'  indebted  for  the  lirst  idiable 
iid'ormation  of  the  habits  of  this  deer  in  the  interiur  nf  New- 
foundland, tells  us  that  they  migrate  in  seai'ch  of  food  in  single 
iile,  in  herds  of  from  twenty  to  two  hundred  each,  and  :-o  tiie 
whole  country  is  cut  up  in  every  direction  with  their  paths.  We 
have  no  account  that  the  northern  spi-cies  travel  in  this  order, 
and  they  assemble  in  bauds  of   thousands. 

We  may,  pi'rlia})s,  attach  more  weight  to  the  dilTerence  in  their 
habits  of  migration.  Th(>  northern  sjiecies  are  strictly  migratory, 
traversing  in  their  miiirations  some  ten  degrees  of  latitude  or 
more  from  the  Arctic  Ocean,  south,  excepting  where  cunlined  by 
[)hyslcal  liarriers,  as  in  Labrador.  The  woodland  caribun  ai'e 
migratory  too,  but  to  a  less  I'xtent,  or  rather  the  hal>it  is  less  uni- 
vorsid.  In  Newfoundland,  their  migrations  are  uecessaiilv  lim- 
ited in  extent.  ( )n  the  continent,  they  are  at  liberty  to  go  to 
the  Arctic  Sea.  but  they  stop  short  of  the  sixtieth  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  probably  but  a  small  ])rop<)rtion  reach  that.  Tin' 
migrations  of  many,  if  not  of  a  large  ])roporiion.  are  pi'obably 
fi'(  Ml  one  part  of  somc^  pretty  large  district  adapted  to  their  wants 
to  another  part,  as  nuiy  be  prompted  by  circumstances,  t'itlier  tlu^ 
disturbed  condition  of  the  coinitry,  or  the  (>\igencies  of  food  sup- 
ply.    Those  living  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  IJrunswick  probal)ly 


I  "t| 


Ji  I'l, 


^^ 


BAinu:\  (iiiorxh  (wn/r.oi: 


109 


■ir 
■V, 

ir 

IV 

iVr 
\\'\- 
111- 
t.i 
•ill 
lir 

>ly 

lis 
111." 


riirciv  K'iivc  tliost;  proviiici's,  wliilo  tlicy  iii;iy  t'ir(HH'iilly  [lass  from 
niic  favorite  liaiiiit  to  aiintlirr.  Tlicy  arc  vri-y  rest  less  animals, 
almost  constantly  oil  the  move,  ami,  inducil,  lliis  is  the  disposi- 
tioii  wliicli  proiiKitrs  lialiits  of  minratinn. 

'I'lu'  summary  of  all  the  rvitlciicc  I  can  ^atlu-r  <i\\  tlic  siilpjcct  is, 
that  the  wiiodlaiiil  cariliDii  are  iniLiratnry  in  their  haliits,  luit  to 
a  much  less  extent  than  the  nuithern  species,  even  where  there 
are  no  jihysical  ohst ructions  to  limit  their  minratioiis. 

The  most  sinifiilar  feature  of  this  Iial'it  is  thus  staled  l>v  Sir 
John  IJichai'dson  ("Fauna  IJoreali  Americana,"'  ji.  lIoO ).  wlm 
sa\s:  ••( 'niitrary  to  the  practice  uf  the  i'larreii-^ruund  ('aril)ou, 
the  woedland.  variety  travels  to  the  smithward  in  the  spriiity. 
'I'liey  cross  die  Nelson  and  Sc\crn  rivers  in  iiuiiieroiis  herds  in 
the  month  of  May,  and  pass  the  summer  on  the  Imw  marshy 
slioiH's  of  James  Uay,  iind  return  to  the  northward,  and  at  the 
same  time  retire  more  inland  in  the  munili  i,i  Scpteinlier.""  Here, 
then,  \\v.  liiid  the  woodland  earilmu  niiu'rat inij.'  tu  the  nurihward, 
on  the  west  coast  of  Ilmlsons  IJav.  and  west  <>(  it  as  hieli  as 
'>^)°  to  i'u^  of  north  latitude,  whicii  is  within  one  degree  of 
Churcliill,  which  is  near  the  southern  limit  of  the  raiie'e  uf  the 
iJarren-ground  Carilioii  in  that  loiigitudi- as  oiveii  hy  Richanlsun, 
thougli  I  have  authentic  evidence  that  they  Sdiiiel  iiiies  come  coii- 
>ideral)ly  farther  south  in  e.\ce[>tional  seasons.  .Mr.  Mc'iavisli 
assures  me,  that  in  the  winter  of  l.^ot!.  the  Jlarren-ground  ( 'ari- 
hoii  came  in  e-i-eat  numhers  down  the  Mississagui;  Hiver  to  Lake 
Huron,  about  thirty-six  miles  below  the  Uruee  Mine.  This  was 
ill  about  47°  north  latitude,  and  the  extreme  .southern  point  of 
the  ranei'  of  the  woodlaml  caribou.  Tiiis,  we  may  admit,  was 
very  exceptional,  but  we  may,  I  think,  safely  iissunie,  for  all  the 
evidence  clearly  establishes  the  fiots  to  this  extent,  that  the 
iiortliern  rano'e.  of  the  southern  species,  and  the  soutlu'rn  rang'e 
of  the  northern  spi'cies  overlap  eaeli  otiier,  for  at  least  a  d"L;ree, 
and  sometimes  very  much  more,  not  only  in  Labrador,  but  also 
west  of  Hudson's  IJav.     As  we  "ro  still  further  west,  even   to  the 


Conj 


lennine  ani 


I  M; 


leKenzif  rivers,  w 


hieh  is  the  western  limit  of 


the  raiiii'e  of    the  I>arren-<i;round  Caribou,  the  southern    line  oi 


tl 


leir  r 


inge 


trends  more  to  the  northward,  and  so  does  the  northern 


r.uisfe  of  the  woodland  caribou,  iind  a.s  the  latter  travel  north  in 
the  fall,  at  tlit'  same  time  that  tlu^  smaller  sjiecies  return  from 
the  arctic  regions  with  their  young,  they  nnist  there,  sometimes, 
meet  on  common  ground  tluring  the  rnttintr  season,  at  least  the 
latter   part  of  it.     Tiiis  season,  with   individuals,  continues  for 


I 


IT 


no 


THE  i)i:i:i:  or  amiiuka. 


nionllis  iiftt'i"  it  liiis  piisst'd  with  most  (if  tluMii,  \vit]i  tin'  species  in 
my  g'riiiiiuls,  iuid  it  is  no  iloiiht  so  with  iiU  tin;  sjx'cii's.  Mndi  ol" 
tilt'  sontiicni  or  winter  i';inL;('  of  tin;  liiirnMi-gfonnd  ('arilioii  is 
sontli  ol'  the  hiiiTcn  ei'ounds,  or  intersects  their  sonthern  parts,  so 
that  there  the  woodhiinl  rai'ilton  linds  the  forest  wliich  is  indis- 
pi'nsjilile  to  iiis  contentment,  and  to  those  forests  the  Harren- 
ground  ('aril)ou  I'csort  diii'ing  •he  winter  si-ason.  Kidiardson 
says:  '•  l'i\ce|)t  in  the  rntting  season,  the  hnlk  of  the  males  and 
females  liv(s  si'[iarately  ;  the  fornn'r  retiriMleeper  into  the  woods 
in  tiie  winter,  whilst  herds  of  tlu;  |)reti'nant  class  stav  on  the  skirts 
of  tlie  barren  gronnds  and  proceed  to  tin;  coast  very  e;irlv  in  tlie 
spring." 

Now,  from  all  this  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  tin;  conclnsion 
that  tlie  two  species  occasionailv,  yes,  fi'eipientlv,  meet  on  this 
common  gronnd,  at  times  when  tln^  sexes  are  drawn  to  each  othei', 
an.d.  yet  thi're  is  iio  (>vidence  that  then;  has  Ix-en  any  intermin- 
gling of  the  species.  Ivicli  maintains  its  individnalitios  as  dis- 
tinctly as  when  lirst  discovered,  and  no  donht  as  they  h;iv(( 
existeil  for  ages.  This  could  only  hiivc^  occnri  'd  from  sexual 
iivi-rsion,  which  does  not  exist  between  varieiies  of  tin;  same 
sfx'cies,  but  only  where  then?  are  specilie  dilferences.  'I'ake  a 
white  or  albino  deer  of  any  species,  iind  then?  is  no  sexual  or  so- 
cial aversion  between  it  and  the  other  members  of  the  species,  and 
the  same  is  true  of  all  other  animals.  I>y  son  i;  means  all  seem  to 
look  beyond  the  exceptional  appearance  of  the  individual  and 
recognize  their  fellow  at  a  glance'.  This  aversion  is  not  absolute 
and  uni\ersal,  no  doubt,  for  wo  sometimes  see  individuals  of  dif- 
ferent spec'es,  and  oven  of  tlill'erent  genera,  contract  a  fondness 
for  each  other,  even  to  the  extent  of  sexual  intercourse  ;  but  when 
this  is  entirely  voluntary,  it  is  very  exceptioiud.  This  more  fre- 
quently occurs  among  animals  in  domestication  ov  in  semi-domesti- 
cation than  in  the  wild  state,  but  even  there  it  may  sometimes 
occur  when  a  mate  of  the  same  species  cannot  bo  found.  Such 
union  between  individuals  of  dill'erent  species,  when  it  does  take 
place,  may  most  likely  be  fertile,  and  the  hybrids  may  possess 
the  powers  of  reproduction,  and  may  transmit  that  capacity  to 
their  posterity,  as  we  shall  see,  when  we  come  to  treat  of  h//bfid- 
{(//,  but  this  is  not  conclusive  of  the  specific  identity  of  the  orig- 
inal parents. 

liut  for  this  general  sexual  aversion  between  individuals  of 
different  species,  no  mere  imaginary  lino  could  have  kept  these 
two  kinds  of  reindeer  separate,  to  say  nothing  of  how  they  origi- 


r,.\i:in:.\  i.Ji'diM)  c.minor 


111 


lite 
lil'- 

IL'SS 

leii 
fro- 
sti- 
ues 
iK'h 
ike 

3S0SS 

y  to 
rid- 


s  of 
lese 
rigi- 


iially  sc|p;ir;itr(l  with  im  pliysicnl  Ipan'icr  lictwci'ii  iIkmii.  /v.'CDid- 
iiii;'  to  ii  universal  law  i>l' sclcctinii  tiic  lai'ii^rr  iiialo  <it'  tlir  whikI- 
laiid  carilKiu  would  have  driven  olV  the  males  o|'  the  >nialler 
>|)eeies,  whenever  they  did  meet  on  the  eomuiou  e;rouud,  and 
would  have  left  theii'  impress  u|ion  their  pro^euN,  whieh  lieiun' 
larger  and  sti'on^'er  than  (he  pure  liloods  would  .-^ouu  have 
usurped  the  entire  jiateiaiity  of  the  race  and  all  d'.stinelion  would 
lone-  since  have  heeii  ol)literate(l.  It  is  no  answer  to  this  to  ri'i'er 
iiie  to  dilVerent  varieties  of  liie  same  species  occupyiuL;'  dilferent 
and  <listaut  localities,  and  which  vary  in  si/e,  for  instance,  as 
much  lis  these  do,  us  tlie  \'iryinia  di'er  or  the  mule  deer.  Those 
.-pccies  ai'c  not  mi^'ratory,  so  that  they  remain  suhstantially  in  the 
same  localitv  foi'  many  generations,  if  not  driven  away  hy  vio- 
lence, so  tjiat  climate,  aliment,  anil  other  accidental  conditions 
may  in  time  jirodiice  a  hereditarv  im|ii'ess  u(>ou  those  occupvin<^ 
the  particular  locality  where  the  particular  causes  exist.  This  is 
not  possiltle  with  migratory  animals,  where  as  in  this  case  noth- 
ing  liut.  an  imaginary  line  separates  the  tcrriloi'y  ociaipicd  liy 
each,  and  where  even  that  line  is  freipiently  if  not  annually  oNcr- 
ste]tped  liy  individuals.  Even  without,  tin;  hiihit.  mentioned  liy 
IJichanlson,  of  ihi;  soiitliern  sjiecies  migrating  north  and  tin;  north- 
ern species  south  in  the  fall,  the  habit  of  migration  would  in  time 
have  hrought  them  together,  wlien  the  larger  males  of  llie  south 
would  have  l)ee()in<'  the  progenitors  of  tlie  entire  race,  and  the 
hi'oad  distinctions,  now  so  conspiouons  and  so  constant,  would 
have  been  lost.  If  not  migratory,  tlion  we  might  accept  the 
e\[»lanation  suggested  by  their  dilYerent  localities  as  :i  sullicieiit 
reason   for  the  dilVerences  observed. 

Why,  then,  do  these  two  niemliers  of  this  great  family  live 
M[)on  contiguous  and  even  overlap[)ing  territories  and  continue  so 
comph'tely  se[)arated,  with  no  visible  cause  to  keep  them  apart? 
It  must  be  because  of  inluM-ent  constitutional,  specilic  diiVerences. 
It  is  evident  that  their  well-beings  reijuire  dilTerent  conditions  of 
life  arising  from  organic  dirt'orenees  which  an*  permanent  and  in- 
ilexible  :  on(>  cammt  live  anil  prosper  where  the  other  must  live 
ill  order  to  prosper. 

We  learn  of  the  difl'erenct^s  whi<'h  have  been  pointed  out,  as  it 
were,  by  accident,  for  their  habitat  is  so  remote  and  inacci'ssible 
that  the  Barren-ground  Caribous  have  been  rarely  visited  liy  com- 
petent naturalists,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  wlien  they  shall  be 
carefully  studied  and  thoroughly  understood  by  conii)etent  ob- 
servers, still  broader  distinctions  between  the  two  species  will  be 


112 


THE   ]  IE  Ell    OE  AMEIIKW. 


fomul  to  exist,  wliicli  will  remove  evei-y  dniiht  wliicli  niiiylie  still 
entcrhiiiieil  ;is  to  tlieir  specilie  dilTerences.  Vi>v  iiivsclf.  I  do  not 
believe  it  pnssiMe  for  siiiiple  varieties  of  tlie  same  sjieeies  with 
inij^ratoi'v  lialiits  to  oeeiipy  eontioiioiis  territories,  ami  still  main- 
tain dilTerences  so  jii'oiioiiiiced  and  so  constant  as  we  liiid  lietween 
these  two  kinds  of  I'eiiideer.  W'iieii  (lie  etim|iai'at i ve  analnmist 
shall  have  taken  the  sahjeet  in  hand  and  earrfully  stiidie(l  Ixitli, 
he  will  |ii'olial)ly  lind  many  similitudes  not  yet  noted  ;  so  too  he 
will  ))rolial)ly  lind  dilTerences  not  yet  imaeined. 

W'c  liav(^  many  facts  stated  which  will  snl)se.ipieiill\  ;i]i|te;ii'  in 
tlie  dilferent  divisions  of  this  work,  and  especiallv  ••  The  (  'liase.'' 
which  tend  stronejly  to  show  thiit  the  eye  of  the  I '.arreii-eroimd 
( 'aribon  is  dnller  than  that  of  any  of  tlie  other  deer,  and  that  this 
defect  is  not  c'om|iensated  by  so  sensitive  u  sintdl  as  is  possessed 


bv  the  otlien 


'11 


lev  moreover  sliow 


that  it  is  a  most  wit 


CSS  an- 


imal, eiisily  dazed  and  c()nfnsed  bv  dan<4er  or  fright,  withont  strat- 
agem oi'  the  capacity  to  evaile  its  enenues.  It  seems  more  likely 
to  vnn  into  danger  than  to  avoid  it,  although  the  way  of  esca])e 
may  be  plainly  open  beforo  it.  In  all  this  it  is  the  very  reverse 
of  tlu!  Woodland  earibon,  exee])t  that  the  latter  has  an  nnridiable 
vision. although  not  to  the  I'xtent  of  the  former.    I'^ven  the  moose 


IS   hardiv  more 


■rti 


i\  in    reso 


urces    t( 


dial 


e    i)ursiut,   or   escape 


from  danger  than   the  woodland  caribou,  and   it   is  a   proud  tr 
unii)h  for  the  sportsman  who  takes  one. 


Of  tl 


10  em 


liirai 


ice  ol  (lie  smaller  sitecies 


I   ai 


11    not    siillicieiitlv 


advised  to  speak  uu(h>rstaudingly,  but  from  the  aci'ounts  given  of 
their  capture  I  am  led  to  the  conclusion  that  thev  are  [)rostrated 
by  a  wound  whicii  most  other  deer  would  survive  for  a  consider- 
able time. 

They  hav(>  a  foolish  curiosity  fully  equal  to  that  of  our  ante- 
lope, of  which  hunters  know  how  to  take  advaiit;ige,  and  by 
which  the  animal  is  often  beguih.'d  to  destruction. 

The  young  have  l)een  often  caught  ami  tameil,  and  like  the 
other  deer  they  soon  h)se  all  i"eav  of  man  and  become  interesting 
pets,  but  when  they  have  been  removed  from  their  native  boreal 
regions  they  have  soon  perished. 


!:i  ,,1 


CMKVUS   A('Al»i;iA'KNSlS.    Cato.v. 
Acapulco  Deer. 

Smai.i.i.- r  lit' :ill  ilir  Nniili  AiiiiTiciiii  ilccf.  I  IcaiMirdiul  ;iiiil  full.  I'jyo 
|)niniiii('iit  {Mill  l)iii;lil.  l'",;ir  ,>iii;ill  ;uiil  lliiii,  cnvi'icil  willi  xciv  >linit,  lint' 
liiiir,  l/liU'U  (iiii^iilc  iiinl  wliilr  iii--iili'.  Nu-^lril.s  larix"'-  Nn-i'  naUccl  ainl 
moist.  Neck  >liiii.  taiKMinii.  ami  «'li'\ati'il.  IJodv  slinrt.  i(juml.  ami  lum- 
part.  !-ii;-i  .-.liorl  ami  slim.  .\cc(~-i)i'y  linofs  >mall.  Tail  ^linrt.  liii--li\, 
and  ratln-'r  ll.il.  Antlers  small  and  slmrt.  and  llaltrncd  tnuartis  u|i|ii'r 
|iiii't,  and  milclicil  at  end,  with  small  l)asal  snau'> :  lieams  an-  trian;,nilai" 
near  base.  I'cdirtis  liiyli  ami  tar  ajiart.  IMctatarsal  inland  wanliiiij.  'i'ai'- 
sal  i;land  incxnl.  l'"a(.N'  lilack.  I'mlcr  tlif  lii'ad  and  throat  uhilr.  hut 
prdportioiiallv  lc,>s  than  on  connnou  dci'i'.  Ncrk,  hack,  and  sidis,  dark 
clR'stniil  hrown  ;  darkest  on  top  ot"  iieek  and  hack.  r>ri-ket  nearly 
hiaek.  I>elly,  inguinal  region  up  to  the  tail,  and  under  >ide  of  that  uiem- 
lier,  white. 

(ii:M:i;.\L  iuimaiik.'^. 

Alter  tlilin'cllf  scurell,  I  Ullil  l)Ilt  one  liielllini)  of  this  deer  1)V 
^vllieh  I  am  eiiaMed  to  reeooni/c  It.  This  occurs  in  a  sentence 
in  AndiiKon  and  iSaelnnan's  •' (^na<lrii|)eds  of  Nortii  .America  " 
(vol.  ii.  !>.  :iO"),  wiien  treating  of  oiu' iintelopo.  I  will  ([uole  the 
sentence  entire  :  "•  'I'lie  Antelo[)(!  lias  no  laelirymal  i)its  under  tiic! 
eves,  as  have  Deer  and  I'LlUs.  norlian  it  any  gland  on  the  hind  leg, 
so  curious  a  featur»'in  many  of  tliose  animals  of  the  deer  t  lihe, 
whicli  drop  their  Inu'iis  annually,  ami  only  wanting  (so  far  as  oiir 
knowledge  extends)  in  the  Cvrrnx  /iii'/i(irilt<'iiu'i\  which  we  con- 
sider in  conse(|iicncc  as  a|)[)i"oa('Iiing  the  genns  Aidrbij)i\  and  in 
a  small  deer  fritin  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  of  which  we  had  a  livin<r 
spccinfcn  for  some  time  in  our  [»osse.ssioii." 

J  cannot  fmhear  cori'octing  some   of   the   important  errors  ex- 


pressetl   in    this  single  sentenci 


Of    all  authors  wliich   I    liav 


consulted,  here  tdone  (.'vrviis  (.'"/idn/ndiui-s  is  given  the  name  of 
('frvun  liiflninhonu.  Instead  of  heing  destitute  of  the  metatar- 
sal gland,  it  is  the  most  conspicuous  on  him  of  any  of  the  deer 
family,  except  tlu>  mule  deer,  and  the  learned  authors  should 
have  known  that  that  gland  is  wanting  both  on  the  nioo.se  and  on 
the  caribou.  'I'liey  did  not  consider  this  gland  of  sutlicient  iini»or- 
tance  to  retpiire  particular  study,  but  merely  considei'ed  it  a  luiriotis 
feature ;  yet  for  its  supposed  iib.sence  they  ujiiko  an  iinteloj)e  of 


I  If 
ill 


fl 

lb. 


115 


n 


M^ 


w 


114 


77//V  /'/:/•;/;  or  amehka. 


II  ilccr.  Till'  li;il  \;illl('  III"  tin-  srlltcili'f  is  ill  lllc  l;is|  two  lilli'S,  ill 
wliii'li  till'  ;iiilliiir  siivs  111-  liiiil  ill  liis  |ii)ssi'ssii)ii  ;i  siiiiill  iIi'it  IVmii 
\  iir;il;iii  (');iiiil  .Mi'\irn,  in  wliicii  tliis  ^iaiid  \v;is  wiiiil  iii^,  liy 
wllirll  \\v  ;ili'  I'IKllili'iI  to  rrrun;iii/,('  it  with  MS  lllllrjl  riTlailltV  as  it" 
III'  hail  nivi'ii  till'  must  t'lahnratc  ijrsi'i'ipt  imi.  In  mii'  iji'ci'  this 
Inland  is  waiitini;'  also,  wliirli  (listiiiguislics  it  iVoiii  all  i>t'  llir 
siiialli'i'  ili'ii'  ill  I  his  I'Diiiif  I'v. 

This  I'M'i'i'ilinnlx  licaiitil'nl  animal  lirst  atlrai'tnl  m\  atlriitinii 
in  W'lPiidwanrs  (ianlciis  in  San  l''rancisri).  win  rr  I  luninl  mn' 
friiialr.  Till'  iii\t  ilay  I  Iraninl  that  ( Jus  rrmn'  Latham  had  rr- 
('ri\rd  a  s|Hi'imi'ii  li\  the  sti'anishi|i  /i',y//^A//r.  and  lia-li'iii'd  In 
his  I'lniiit  ry  I'l'sidi'iu'i' at  .Mt'iilo  I'arU.  wlicrr  I  had  llir  unnd  t'ur- 
tuiH'  to  iiH'it  llii'  ( iuvcniDi',  will)  had  tlir  dri'i'  still  in  thr  can'r. 
which  ill' ai  Hiirc  tiild  nic  In  cunsidrr  my  own.  liiii'  I  had  an 
opporl unify  to  stiid\  her  with  all  the  Icisiiir  and  cair  I  di'sircd. 
I  then  tiniird  III  r  lonsi-  in  his  park  to  recruit,  and  I'xamiiird  tli" 
rest  of  his  liii'd  III  di'i'i'.  I  t'oiiiid  III'  had  six  s|irrirs:  ilir  wapiti, 
the  mull'  di'iT.  the  ('oliiinhia  lilack-taih'd  driT,  thr  \'iri;iiiia 
di'iT  (  calli'd  ill  till'  W't'sl  tlu;  whitc-tiillcd  or  loiin-tailrd  deer), 
this  samt'  Aiapiilco  or  South  A'cvii-aii  or  Conti'al  Ann'riran  Dcim' 
(soiiir  of  w  hirh  till'  ki'i'prr  told  me  caiuo  t"i'oiii  Panama,  and  soiih' 
from  Soiitiii'i'ii  Mr\Ico),  and  (iiir  luirk  from  tlu;  Island  of  ('rylon. 
Here  w;is  a  rare  opportunity  for  stu<ly  wliirh  I  I'lijoxi'd.  Tlii' 
keeper  took  iiir  to  the  remains  of  an  Acapulco  hiiek.the  lirst  ever 
introduced  to  the  park,  which  had  lately  died  of  old  aL;e,  as  In- 
said,  and  was  now  i/rli  1/  uj),  but  was  still  su.sceptihle  of  examina- 
tion, at  least  in  some  important  i)articulars.  There  was  no  mis- 
taking its  identity  with  the  s[)ecimon  just  present'd  to  me. 
I  secured  the  skin  of  the  outsider  of  one  hind  leg  for  microscopic 
examination  for  the  metatarsal  glund,  the  antlers,  and  a  ])art  of 
till'  skull  attached,  which  are  shown  in  the  illustration.  These 
iintU'rs  dilVer  so  widely  from  any  others  with  which  I  liiive  ever 
met  or  seen  descrihed  or  illustrated,  that,  if  typical,  they  declare 
a  distinct  species,  were  there  not  uhtmdant  other  specitic  dilTer- 
oiices  to  attest  the  same  truth,  lender  the  proper  head  these  will 
bo  fully  described,  when  they  can  be  compared  with  the  antlers 
of  the  other  species  of  deer. 

This  deer  is  (Un-idedh'  darker  in  color  than  the  common  deer, 
with  some  important  dil"ferences  in  the  location  of  the  white  and 
the  dark  portions,  which  will  be  particularly  ex[)laim'd  in  the 
proper  place. 

Mr.  Woodward  presented  me  with  one  female  of  this  species. 


.\r.\i'i/.((>   hEEll. 


11:. 


lie 

iiis- 
iiic. 
)ir 
of 
U'Sr 
•ViT 

ill'c 
T.T- 

will 
Icl-s 

Iccl'. 
ami 

tlK' 


wliicli  was  ill  in  liis  i;arilfiis,  ami  ilinl  sunn  al'rr  I  iccciscd  \\v\\ 
Mild  twii  ('cvluii  (Idcs.  'I'lic  lirst  was  ol  a  iiiiu'li  daikir  nij.ir  lliaii 
ilir  mic  |iicsriiii'il  li\  ( i(i\  ci'iiiii'  Latlia'.ii,  wliii'li  siii\i\c'l.  whifli 
lias  al\\a\s  liccn  |icrl"crllv  Inallliv.  <  M'  ;ill  tlirdctr  I  f\  ci-  iiail. 
slirsliows  ilic  ^rralcsl  ti'mlriicv  ti)  t'allcii.  She  rciiiaiii>  in  liiic 
ciidcr  wlirii  slicddiii;^'  the  wiiili'i'  I'uut  ill  llir  s|iriii^,  wlicii  niipst  nt' 

llir  iithi'l'  s|ir<Mcs  i>t'  dcrl'  Wfimiic  \vV\  [iiior.  Slir  t'\cll  sllrkK'S 
t\V(i  li\laid  lawns  aliiiust  as  \>\<j^  as  iiri'.scll'.  and  slill  imiaiiis  in 
line  di'di'i'.  1  iii'M'i'  ]ii(i(iiiT(|  a  mall'  nf  tliis  >|)r(ii's  till  InTi!. 
ilii'cc  yr;ns  ;il'ici'  slic  w  as  Inriird  intu  in\  ni'ininds.  lie  was  n 
\er\  small  s|iccinieii,  twnvrai's  old.  I  do  not  think  llie\  iintircd 
.acli  ollii'T  lid'oic  Si'|it('iiiliiT,  wlii'ii  I  occasioiialU'  >aw  tlu'in  to- 
et'iJicr,  or  ratlin- 1  111  hack  seemed  ineliiied  to  seik  liei' socid  v.  luit 
--lie  showed  lierself  ijiiite  a  vii'aeo,  aiid  Would  <la>li  alter  him  as  if 
-lie  (k'siri'd  aliove  all  things  to  irive  him  a  eo,,,]  hcaiinn-.  This, 
liowevcr,  she  was  much  more  inelined  to  do  when  I  wa>  aronml 
than  when  she  did  not  see  me.  If  this  was  a  pretense  of  mod- 
esty on  her  part,  it  was  the  merest  alVeetatioii.  for,  a>  I  shall 
hereafter  e\|ilain  under  the  head  of  /////-/•/(/////,  I  fear  she  has  he- 
roine thoroiieiilv  deitailehed,  hy  hivedilie'  (o  ipiiek>  of  another  spe- 
cies, and  that  she  will  still  favor  them  instead  of  the  male  of  her 
Mwn  species,  whicii  she  seems  so  much  iiii'lined  to  punish.  How- 
ever, I  have  latidy  seen  him  several  times  turn  upon  lur,  as  if 
iiuTnu'cl  to  defend  hiiiistdf  from  lu-r  vicious  attack,  and  I  hope  he 
will  soon  lie  alile  to  tanii^  tlu'  tcfmae-ant.  it  is  evident  she  will 
liiid  him  a  very  dilVereiit  subject  to  deal  with  from  the  great 
awkward  Mule  Imck,  which  she  tyranni/es  over  so  wickeiUy. 

In  18T-),  at  the  same  time  that  1  procured  the  Aeapuico  doe,  I 
).rociired  a  Imck  and  two  does  of  a  size  scarcely  larecr  than  the 
former,  in  form  and  I'olor,  and  indeed  in  most  characteristics  re- 
,>eml)line-  her  very  much.  'Idie  buck  was  presented  to  me  by  (lov- 
einor  T.atham,  who  ini'ormed  mc  that  he  jiurdiased  it  from  the 
deck  of  a  ship  just  arrived  from  the  Island  of  (^fvloii.  whence,  he 
was  informed,  the  deer  was  brought,  so  that  I  can  no  longer  doubt 
as  to  the  place  of  its  nativity*.  The  doi's  are  undoubtedly  from  the 
same  place.  Their  close  similaiity  to  the  Aca[)uli'o  dijer  will  in- 
duce me  to  compart!  them  when  we  discuss  the  diiVereiit  branches 
of  our  subject.  F(jr  tiie  present,  I  will  only  say  tliat  they  are 
nearly  the  same  in  si/e,  color,  and  form.  Antlers  about  the  sanu! 
size,  but  dilTering  in  form.  Jiotli  are  very  courageous,  and  com- 
bative with  other  deer.  Both  are  robust,  good  feeders,  and  fat- 
ten easily,  anil   bare  giving  suck   remarkably  well,   though  the 


i 


if    % 


■lit 


w 


lit; 


I'/fr:  hi: nil  or  ami.hk  .\. 


Crylf^ii  iliM'H  do  iidl  kr(|i  ill  as  goiul  couditioii  wliilr  r!iisin<^  tlicir 
fiiwiis  as  (lues  iIk;  A('a|iiili'<)  (1<m',  The  ('i'vImii  deer  is  (>r  ii  sliadc 
tlic  lii^liti'sl  color.  'I"lu;  iiiosi  iiiiportiuit  distinction  is  that  tlic 
nit'tatarsal  Ljlaml  is  prcsriit  in  tlic  ( V-yloii  deer,  wliilc  it  is  wantiii;^- 
in   the  .\i'a|)iilco  deer.      Alllioiinli  tln!  (!cylon  hiicl;  and  tlic  Aca- 


Mllco   line    \\( 


re  ln'oii''lil  iVoiii  ('alit'ornia  totretlier    in    a 


caee,  ami 


seciiied  iiiiicii  attached  to  each  other  when  tiiriicil  in  the  ]iarU.  tin 
doe  reiiised  to  l»ree<l   to  hiiii  at  tlie  proper  season,  althoiieh  then 


IS 


was    no    liiick    llierts    of    her    own    species.       This    ( 'e\  Ion    deer 
pi'olialilv   tli(!   s'UiU!  deer  which    Sir  Samuel  W.  ISaker  dcsi^natcf 
as  the  Uiil  Dili'  ol'  ('evloii,  althoiiLih  I  can  liiid  no  \esti'fe  ol"  tin 


canine 


teeth 


VVe  shall  learn  inore  of  thcsu  hoaiitit'iil  little  deer  liereafter. 


COMPARISONS. 

ll.WlNc;  j^ivcii  ii  (Icsciijiliuii  ol'  cmcIi  dl'  tin-  s|)i'cics  of  our  deer 
with  tlicir  cliiiractcristics  nioi't'  or  less  miiiiitf,  we  in;iy  liixl  it 
ItrolltaMf  |o  ciitiT  into  more  ilclail  iiinlcr  ililViniil  Iicadiiius,  hy 
wliicli  we  may  tin-  iiinrc  t'niii|il('lcl\  iimli'r>taiiil  cadi,  ami  liy 
riimi>arisoii  jicrccivi'  their  similitiidi's  ami  tlnir  (lil'l'crrincs.  Il' 
111  (loiiij^  this  wr  find  it  necessary  or  coiiveiiieiit  to  repeat  somc- 
tliimf  whicli  has  already  heeii  said,  we  may  find  a  r(>com|ieiise 
t'oi'  it  by  liaviiin'  the  same  farts  presented  in  dilTereiil  lii^lils  and 
ill  d  i(  "I'lit  eoimei'tions,  and  thus  the  lieiter  a|i|irei'iale  their  im- 
jMirtunee  and  fix  theiii  the  more  jx-rmaneiit  ly  in  the  memory. 
Indeed  miieh  of  the  value  of  our  investigations  must  consist  in 
riimi»ariiig  the  ohserved  facts  relating-  to  each  species,  with  those 
nf  ill!  the  others,  and  to  do  this  we  niiist  classifv  theiii  and  hriiiij; 
them  into  as  close  juxtaposition  as  practicalile. 


I'dltM    AND   SIZK. 

It  may  he  proper  that,  we  commem-e  the  compai'isoii  of  the 
dilVerent  s[)ecies  of  deer  of  which  [  ti'eat  l>v  cxaminiiiL;  their 
i'cs[)i.'ctive  j)hysic;d  conliguratioiis  and  si/es.  In  ])ursnini^  the 
plan  hitherto  adojited  I  will  commence  with  th("  lare;est. —  tlu^ 
Moose. 

Our  Moos((  is  not  only  the  largest  of  the  American  deer,  hut  it 
is  the  largest  living  vepre.scMitiitive  of  the  faniily  as  yet  discovered 
ill  any  part  of  tlu'  world.  In  comparatively  recent  times  a  much 
largei'  s[)ceies  existed  in  Ireland,  wliosti  fossil  remains  ]iavt>  been 
fouiul  coinph'te  and  are  now  exhibiti-d  as  interesting  relics  of 
ioriner  times,  hut  onr  Moose,  considerably  exceeds  in  siz(>  the 
same  species  in  l^iirope,  the  Scandinavian  «dk  ;  wlietlier  he 
has  tliere  degenerateil  in  si/,e,  may  be  an  open  question,  but  I 
tliink  th(>  Aveight  of  evidonci!  shows  that  he  was  formerly  of  a, 
larger  size  than  lie  is  now,  altliougli  individual  specimens  still 
are  sometimes  met  with  as  large  as  tlio  averages  of  our  Moose. 

This  animal  is  the  most  ungainly  in  form  of  ^ill  the  deer  tribe. 
Its  long  head  and  slu.rt  neck,  its  long  legs  and  short  body,  its 
lack  of  symmetry  in  almost  every  line,  leave  no  room  for  adniira- 


J 

ill 

118 


iiiE  i>i:i:n  or  a.ueiuca 


ir     i 


tinn,  \A-liilc  its  small  sunken  cyo,  with  its  sinishn*  oxprcssion,  com- 
pels (he  ()l)S('i'vcr  to  turn  away  witli  iin  unpleasant  sensation. 
Still  its  structure  in  many  respects  seems  to  ailapt  it  lo  meet  the 
exigencies  el"  the  life  which  it  is  oljliyetl  to  jcail.  Its  hm^' and 
powerliil  le^s  enal)|e  it  to  force  its  way  thiMUi;h  snows  and 
thickels  which  it  nl'ten  encounters  in  winter,  and  to  wade  and 
swim  in  the  water,  to  which  its  summer  hahils  lead  it.  Its  i'ore 
leys  are  considei'ahly  longer  than  its  liin<l  leys,  which  makes  it 
much  lallei  licfore  than  l)i'hin(l,  whih;  its  short  horizontal  neck 
seems  III  maynil'y  this  dei'urmity. 

They  vary  nm<h  iu  weight  as  well  as  in  height.  The  largest 
speciuu'us  attain  a  wei^'ht  ot  nioi'c  than  twelve  hundred  pounds, 
and  are  six  and  one  half  fei-t  tall  anteriorly,  thouu;h  the  average 
weight  and  height  ai'e  much  less  than  this.  'V\u'  fenuile  is  eon- 
sideralilv  smaller  than  the  male. 

The  next  in  si/.e  is  imr  I-^lk,  the  Wa[)iti  Deer,  C)\w  is  not 
struck  with  the  heaulv  of  this  animal  when  it  is  listlessly  stand- 
ing in  some  retired  shade  ipiietly  ruminating,  but  when  awakened 
by  exciteUH^nt  it  seems  to  changi'  its  form  :  animation  and  ex- 
pression pei'vade  every  feature  of  the  animal,  and  we  ai'e  at  once 
charmed  liv  a  beaut\  and  a  svminetrv  which  before  were  entirely 
Avantiug.  Though  considerably  smaller  than  our  moose,  it  is 
scarcely  less  in  si/.e  than  (he  iMiropean  elk.  There  is  no  mem- 
ber of  the  family  in  which  a,  greater  diversity  of  size  is  met  with 
than  iu  ilu;  adult  \\'a|)iti,  both  male  and  female.  This  is  es- 
[)eciallv  true  of  the  length  of  their  legs.  Some  having  very  short, 
and  others  very  long  legs.  'I'he  maxinnini  live  weight  of  this 
deer  exceeds  one  thousand  pounds,  and  in  height  the  largest 
exceeds  sixteen  hands,  or  live  feet  and  four  inches.  I  had  one 
which  was  fully  that  height,  and  when  he  was  killed  at  live  yi-ars 
<ild  he  was  estinuited  to  weigh  nine  hundreil  pounds,  which  I 
think  was  not  too  mu -h,  as  at  thi'ee  years  old  he  weighed  six 
hundred  antl  lifty  p'unds  without  antlei's,  I  have  had  adult 
females  of  less  than  four  hundred  [xmnds"  weight. 

The  W^oodland  Caribou  ranges  next  in  size.  li  has  shortei'  legs 
and  is  not  so  high  in  pr(j|ioilion  to  weight  as  those  above  named. 
Among  them.  l<io.  is  a  verv  considerabh^  ditfei'cnce  in  size.  Four 
hundred  pounds  is  the  lai'gest  W(Mghl  I  lind  specilied  for  this 
animal,  though  i  think  it  ju'obable  this  weight  is  sometimes  ex- 
ceeded. 

This  animal  a|)[»roachcs  neiirer  in  form  and  propoi'tions  to  our 
dv)niesllc  ox   than  any  other  (V'vw  though  the   American  variety 


mm 


rcinr   \\i>  size. 


110 


is  less  so  tliaii  tlic  l.;i|il;iiul  rciiidi'cr,  'J'liis  is  sliowii  more  cli'iirly 
liv  :i  I'l'l'i'i'cnci'  tn  tilt'  illiisti'atioiis  tlian  couM  1"'  tloiic  l>y  ;uiy 
Mi'!!:>)  t'.\pl;i!iiiti()iis. 

'I'lif  iii'xt  ill  si/c  tn  the  woiidlaiiil  I'arilxm  cduvs  llic  Mule  Dcci' 
111'  ti,  '  IJncky  M(ui;r.:iiiis  ami  tlic  A\''  st.  'I'liis  animal  rarely  at- 
tains a  live  wi'iLjIit  cxiM'i'diiig'  twc  liiindfcd  and  lit't\  ixuinds, 
iliiiu<''li  iiiilix  idiials  liavc  been  killi'd  rxcccdinu'  this:  still  the 
iivfiauc  is  nnu'li  less.  Its  Iii'ad  and  neck  ai'c  well  prnitni'tionrd. 
ihon^li  its  fiKinnoiis  cai's  ^'rcatly  disligurc  it;  its  Imdv  is  hain' 
iiud  well  |)(iiscd:  its  legs  av'  long',  sti'aight,  and  rathrr  heavy. 
Its  unspriglit ly  action  contrihules  more  to  its  awkward  appear- 
.iiiee  than  any  disproportion  of  its  memliers. 

'JMu'i'i'  is  a  great  dilVerenee  in  size  among  individuals  of  the 
species,  depending  much  on  tlio  altitude  of  their  haliitat .  tlmse 
inhahiting  the  higluT  eli'vtitions  being  the  hirgest.  1  have  re- 
ferred in  aiiotiier  place  to  a  n'markal)le  vai'iety  of  this  species 
fnuiid  l>y  .Mr.  ,)olin  Xantus,  as  lam  informed  i)y  Professor  i>aird, 
"lie  of  the  most  reliable  i-oUectors  for  the  Smithsonian  institute, 
who  forwarded  several  s[)eoimens  to  Washington  from  ('a]ie  St. 
Lucas,  in  Lower  California.  W'itli  till  the  oilier  indicia  of  the 
Mule  Deer,  they  are  very  diminiitive  in  si/.e.  ami  have  spikt>  an- 
tlers about  six  incli<  .^  in  length.  'I'his  is  one  of  the  most  reinark- 
alile  niodilicat  ions  of  a  well-establislied  species  to  be  met  with, 
which  We  must  attribute  to  peculiar  conditions  of  life:  and  \et 
1  am  not  fully  informed  what  these  petailiar  coiiditioiis  are  which 
produce  this  remarkable  physical  change.  If  mere  si/.e  and 
peculiarity  of  antler  were  alone  siiHicieiit  to  establish  a  speeilic 
distinct  ion,  we  should  lie  jiistiiied  in  itroiiouiicing  these  to  be  a 
distinct  species.  I  liavi'  not  been  able  to  learn  that  this  diminu- 
tive Mule  Deer  has  iieen  met  with  except  in  the  lnwer  part  of 
the  [leiinsiila,  and  the  extent  of  its  habitat  there  is  as  yet  iiiicer- 
laiii.  In  connection  with  this  deer,  this  fact  should  be,  reiiieiii- 
Itcred. 

The  average  si/.e  of  the  Cohimbiti  Black-taileil  Deer  is  but  little 
greater  than  that  of  the  common  <leer,  and  I  Ikinc  heard  of  no 
individuals  having  been  met  with  as  large  as  some  of  the  latter 
>iiecies.  Its  limited  rang(!  may  ex])lain  its  greater  iiniformitv  in 
si/e.  It  is  probably  rare  to  meet  an  individual  whose  live  weight 
would  ri'ach  one  hundred  and  lifty  pounds,  while  the  average  df 
adults  would  be  considerably  below  that  ligiire. 

It  has  a  broad  head,  with  a  largt;  and  brilliant  eye.  Its  ears 
are  large,  but  not  so  disproportioned  us  to  attract  attention.     Its 


•n: 


.11, 
r. 


Tjl — 


120 


THE   DEER    OF  A  ME/!/ (A. 


':(* 


body  is  I'iillici'  sliort  iiiul  round.  Its  l(>gs,  too,  aiv  sliDi-t  niid  railior 
stout,  liut  hy  no  means  eluinsy.  The  ])ositi(in  in  wliicli  the  tail 
is  curved  adds  much  to  its  appearance.  Tliis  is  only  drooping 
instead  of  heiui?  closely  de})ressed  when  at  ease;,  as  is  the  case 
with  all  the  dllier  deer. 

t'l'mis  llr;/i)iiinnis  varies  very  much  in  size,  even  in  the 
same  latitude,  though  as  a  general  rule  they  are  larger  at  the 
north  than  in  their  soutliern  range.  Ahout  i'ni-tv  vcars  ago  I 
saw  (he  carcass  of  oiu!  in  the  Chicago  market,  which  1  was  cred- 
ibly informed  weighed  two  Inmdrcd  pounds.  Manv  years  ago 
I  killed  one  near  the  i.ntrance  to  Deer  Park,  in  liasalle  County, 
Illinois,  whit'h  I  mention  elsewhere,  which  three  stout  nu'U  found 
a  heavy  lift  t((  put  into  the  end  of  the  wagon,  though  it  was  so 
])oor  as  to  \w  unlit  for  the  table.  lie  must  have  weighed  more 
than  two  hundred  jiounds.  As  he  was  leaping  through  the  brush 
when  I  shot  him,  he  looked  like;  a  large  elk,  tlmiigh  (he  excite- 
nu'ut  of  tlici  moment  no   (hmbt  magnilied   him    in    my  e  In 

the  fall  of  ISTO,  I  shot  a  buck  in  nortluiastern  Wisconsin,  which 
was  judged  by  several  experienced  hunters  to  weigh  uearly  two 
htuuli'ed  and  fifty  ])ounds.  Four  of  our  Indians  canu'  fi'om  camp 
but  would  not  undertake  to  carry  him  in  (not  more  than  a  third 
of  a  mile  ),  although  wo  were  very  anxious  to  havti  it  <h)ne.  They 
dressed  him  on  the  spot  and  made  four  loads  of  him.  The  chief 
Indian  remarked  that  one  niiglit  Innit  a  lifetime  and  not  see  such 
a  deer  as  that,  antl  1  deem  myself  to  have  been  exceedingly  for- 
tunate in  having  nu't  two  such  deer  and  bagged  them  both  with 
dead  sliots.  Even  a  d(M'r  cannot  travel  after  the  bone  of  the 
ncM'k  is  torn  to  jiieces  with  a  bullet,  or  the  vertebra  is  severed  at 
the  top  of  the  shoulder. 

The  largest  Common  Deei-  of  which  I  Jiavc^  any  authentic  ac- 
count was  killed  in  Michigan,  and  weighed  before  he  was 
dressed,  two  hundred  anil  forty-six  [)ounds.  IJut  such  spei-i- 
meiis  are  rai'cly  nu't  with.  It  is  much  more  connnon  to  meet 
adults  that  will  not  exceed  eiglity  pounds  in  weight,  and  the 
average  weight  may  be  set  down  at  not  moni  than  oiu;  hundred 
jxtunds.      The  //^t'sscs  of  hunters  often  give  nuicli  larger  weights. 

Tlies(!  deer  dilfer  very  much  in  form  and  proportions.  Sonu' 
have  long  legs  and  long  slim  bodies,  while  others  have  short  legs 
and  short  bodies.  This  has  been  so  observable  among  those  in  my 
grounds,  that  I  have  sometimes  been  inclined  to  class  them  into 
varieties,  transmitting  tlu-se  peculiarities  to  thtiir  olVspring.  Since. 
however,  nearly  all  of  those  taken  wild  have  disappeared,  and 


.'1:1 


FORM  AND   SfZE. 


121 


I  Ikvvc  C)iil\'  tlic  (lc.sct'U(l;iiit.s  fi-oni  two  doi'S,  linth  (if  wliicli  wcih; 
medium  ill  size  ami  form,  tlirre  is  a  great;  uniformity  in  their 
|iri.'])orlit>ns  among  those  wliieh  I  now  ha\i». 

( >f  all  our  deer  this  is  decidedly  the  most  heautiful  in  furm  as 
well  as  graeefid  in  motiim.  WhelJier  standing  ([uietlv  on  the 
haidc  iif  a  sli'eandet,  oi-  ixumding  through  the  fnrest,  it  e(|nally 
ilialli'Uges  iiiir  admii'ation.  It  is  the  very  emhudiment  uf  graee- 
ful  form  and  agile  motion. 

'I'lie  Mexican  Deer,  which  I  lind  to  In-  hut  a  variety  of  ( '.  ]"rr- 
'I'liiiitHiix^  although  it  lias  heeii  often  ranked  as  a  ilisiind  species 
(  ' '.  Mijii'dHKs)^  is  mucli  smaller  than  liis  iioi'iheni  lu'olher,  and 
this,  as  we  shall  see  elsewhere,  constitutes  his  onlv  claim  to  a 
sjKH'ilic  distinction.  This  variety  of  the  Conunoii  I  )eei',  I  lind  no 
account  of  north  of  Arizona,  and  very  rarely  niu'th  <!,''  Mexico. 
They  are  not  uncommon  in  Texas,  but  east  of  'I'exas  in  the  (iuif 
States,  they  ai)|n'o.ieh  inucli  nearer  in  size  to  the  connuon  variety 
found  in  their  northern  range. 

The  next  in  size  is  the  IJarren-grouud  Carihou.  or  Arctic  llein- 
(leer.  In  form  it  resembles  the  larger  species,  buti  s  slimmer  in 
pro[)ortlon  to  its  length,  and  its  legs  ar(>  a  little  longei-  in  pi'ojior- 
tion  to  its  weight.  TIk^  illustration  is  from  a  photograph  kindly 
furnished  nu'  by  Mr.  ]\IcTavish  of  tlie  Hudson's  Hay  Company, 
whose  kindness  has  been  already  mentioned.  The  largest  speci- 
mens of  this  animal  \n\-  found  on  the  |>eninsula  of  Labr.idoi-, 
where  they  seem  conlhied  to  a  more  southern  range  than  those 
west  of  Hudson's  IJay.  A  large  specimen  may  weigh  one  hun- 
dred and  (ifty  {xmnds,  but  the  averagt;  is  much  less.  Ordinarilv 
till'  hunter  can  easily  throw  it  on  Ids  back  and  carry  it  to  camp. 

The  smallest  of  the  Nortli  Ain<'rieao  deer  which  I  have  stud- 
ied, is  the  Aca|Hdco  Deer.  None  of  the  specimens  which  I 
have  had,  weighed  oviT  about  thirty  or  forty  pounds.  'I'he 
male  which  died  in  Governor  liatliam's  park,  probablv  when 
in  health  would  have  weighed  fifty  pounds.  'I'he  male  which 
I  now  have,  is  not  (pute  three;  years  old  an<l  is  die  smallest 
I  have  seen  and  probably  the  youngest.  1  have  seen  a  iium- 
her  in  California,  but  none  as  large  as  the  female  in  my  grounds, 
the  ineasiiremeiits  of  whieli   I  give:  — 


Lcii;:t]i  of  head  from  hetwceii  tiie  ears  to  end  of  nose    . 
Sjtace  lietweeii  the  ears  ...... 

Lcujilh  of  ear      ........ 

■\Vitltii  of  ear 


Indies. 

m 


12 


10 


Tlir:  J>KEU    OF  AMKliKA. 


Kroin  ciiil  of  iiosc  to  mot  of  tail 
N't'itclini'  of  \\\\\ 
Lciit;tli  of  liairs  l)cyoii(l 
r>('iii;lli  iif  lioiif  on  lop    . 
Lt'liulll  of  Iioof  nil  lioitom  . 
Aroiiinl  liotli  lioofs  at  top 
1  Ici^lil  at  slieiililcr 
Ik'ijilit  at  liijis 


•14 


That  wo  may  make  tlu;  coiniuivisoii  I  will  lioro  ^ivc   tlio  mcas- 
uromonls  Ity    l^iclitoiistciii,  as  iiuotoil   l>y    I'rot'ossDr    IJaird.   <>f  a 


lualo  t 
1 


.lA 


'■ir<(}ms.  remomlK'niio  that   m\   luoasiirciiiciit-  an-  nl 


I  kirti't'  IcmaU' 


Total  IciiLiili  t<i  root  of  tail 

Lcii-tli  of  tail 

Head 


Id  lictwocii  ear: 


Horn  from  tlic  hiirr  to  top  of  poslcricjr  point 
Horn  from  the  iiiirr  to  top  of  anterior  point 
LciiLi'ili  of  cais  ..... 

H«'ii:lit  t^\  l)o(ly  anteriorly    .  .  .  . 

Height  of  liody  [)osteriorly 


I'tTf.     1 111*1  les 


'.I 


1 


'.II 


111 


The  length  ol'   the   aiillors  of  the   Acainileo  whifji   dicil   (d'  nld 


aU'O.   IS  seven  llielie 


tl 


ley  have  no  p 


jronu's  uroiier,  luit  are  siiiinlv 


Pi'"l 


notehed  at  t(>|>  with  small  hasal  siiaos.  From  these  measure- 
nieuts,  we  might  eonchide  that  the  AeapiiU'o  (h'or  was  not  more 
tlian  halt'  the  si/e  of  the  smallest  variety  of  the  N'ii'oiiiia  detM'. 
were  it  inil  fur  the  faed  that  the  Aeapiileo  deer  is  shorter  legyed. 
and  shorter  Ixidiod  in  proportion  to  its  weioht  than  the  cummon 
deer:  still   the  dilVerenee  in  wi'iiiht  nnisl   have  heen  verv  eon>id- 


eranle 


lie  (liscussio 


11  (d'  other  t)raii(dies  of  our  siildeet  will  n 


aril  v 


iiivtdve.  to  a  eertaiii  eXieiit,  allusions  to  the  si/e  and    form  of  th 


tl 


illereiit  sueeios  as  thev  eome  under  review 


luU 


COAT    AM)   COLOI! 


Wh 


leii  we  eareiiilly  examine  and  well  consider  the  coat,  or 
covering  of  hair  with  which  iiidiire  has  pnivided  the  several 
siiecies   of   deer,   iiit erestiiiu'    peculiarities   are    revealeil,   some    of 


'V 


w 


■llild 


1  are  CO 


inmon  to  all,  while  others  are  conllned  t 


o  siiecies  or 


varieties  or  even  to  individuals. 


The  first  to  lie  observed  is  that  tlu;  coat  on  the  hodv  is  i-ast  oil 


fOAT  .\.\l)   <■(>/. I >i;. 


l-J.l 


or 
■i-al 

s  ur 


;in(l  r<'|ila('t'(l  twice  in  ciu'li  year,  —  a  provisiiMi  jiccnliar  to  tlic  deer 
family  in  a  slate  <>{  nature,  and  alninst  as  extraordinary  as  tlie 
decldiinus  cliaraeter  of  their  antlers.  'Tliese  cdats  are  well 
ada])ted  to  tlie  comt'ort  of  tlie  ;ininials  diirini;'  the  dilTerent  sea- 
sons when  they  prevail.  Thev  widelv  dilTer.  hoth  in  structure 
and  <|uaiitity.  So  soon  as  warm  weather  is  estahlished  in  the 
spi-int;-.  as  on  most  other  (|uadi'U|ieds,  the  hea\y  winter  coat,  liy 
which  they  have  licen  jti'iitected  from  tin-  rigois  of  the  season, 
heconies  loosened  ;ind  is  thrown  olT ;  and  is  replaced  liv  another 
cout,  of  hairs  of  an  entirely  diiVerent  textui'e.  'I'he  new  hairs 
--prinLT  from  the  same  roots  which  nourished  the  old  ones.  As  the 
new  hail's  shoot  out,  they  e;raduallv  loosen  the  old  ones,  which 
linally  drop  oil'.  With  some  species,  the  process  is  (|uite  er;idual, 
and  occupies  ;i  considerahle  time  While  with  othei's.  all  seem  to 
he  loosened  iiearlv  at  thi^  same  tinx'.  This  is  parti<'ularlv  so 
with  oui'  l''dk  (Wapiti),  when  the  winter  is  heine'  I'cplaccd  1)\  tla; 
•>unnner  pelan'<',  while  the  chani^'e  from  the  sunnner  to  the  winter 
coat  is  very  Lirailual.  The  winter  coat  is  all  detached  so  nearly 
together,  that  if  the  hairs  were  dropped  off  so  so(mi  as  they  are 
loosened,  the  animal  would  for  a  time  appt^ar  almost  naked,  so 
shoi't  would  !»e  the  new  coat.  I>ut  tlie  inner  coat  of  fur  lias 
during  the  winter  heeome  felted  together,  emhracing  and  conliii- 
ing  the  long  coai'M'  hairs,  so  that  the\  cover  the  animal  as  with  a 
lilaiiket.  after  a  consiih'raltle  [mrtion  have  liecome  loosened,  thus 
allowing  the  young  hairs  to  attain  some  length  before  their  pred- 
ecessors are  gone.  Indeed,  this  old  coat  does  not  in  iact  drop 
olT.  as  ill  ordinary  cases,  l)ut  it  is  torn  aw;iy  in  largi-  patches,  hy 
coiita<'l  with  the  shriililierv.  There  would  he  no  diHiciilty  in 
gathering  niaiiv  haskets  full  of  this  coat  from  the  luishcs  in  my 
grounds  in  the  moiilh  of  .June.  'I'lie  large  proportion  of  \\\v  in 
this  pcdage  would  render  it  (piite  practicahle  to  convert  it  into 
yarn  ;ind  cloth,  m-  into  felted  goods.  When  the  old  coat  is  gone 
the  new  one  is  verv  short  and  line,  and  fairly  glistens  in  the 
hright  .sunshine. 

llow  this  process  progresses  with  the  moose  and  tlie  earihou,  T 
am  Mot  fiilh  informed,  only  that  it  occurs  at  the  same  time  in  the 
spring,  when  other  (piadriij)eds  discanl  their  winter  garh.  I'^rom 
the  fact  that  this  occurs  at  a  time  when  the  deer  are  not  in  sea- 
Non  for  the  hunter,  hut  few  ohseivations  have  been  made  of  them 
at  this  tinn>.  ('arefiil  ohservations  can  oiilv  l»e  made  when  they 
are  in  semi-doniestic;ition  <u*  in  coiitineiiient,  where  they  can 
he  studied  the  year  roiiml. 


I    • 


1!(J'' 


!•:■     " 


711 


w 


124 


77//-;  j)j:i:n  or  amkhka. 


il0\ 


••  >', 


Tlu;  oilier  spccicK  in  my  <>i'oiiii(ls  hIkhI  11i»>  wiiitci'  com!:  gi'jul). 
iilly,  iiiiicli  lis  is  tii(!  c'iisc  with  llic  cow,  so  tliiit  tlic  new  <'out  lias 
iittiiiiird  II  coiisidcviiblc  length  before  tlui  whole  of  the  winter 
('Oil!  is  inoiie.  Oil  the  A'irj^iniii  deer,  iiud  es|teei;illv  on  the 
Cohinihiii  (leer,  tlii'  voiiii;:;  red  eoiit  showint;'  tliroiiuh  the  thin  rem- 
nant of  the  old  one,  gi\cs  the  animal  ([iiite  u  eiirioiis  appearance 
for  a  few  days. 

The  hairs  of  tin;  sniiimer  coat  differ  very  materially  from 
those,  of  the  winter  coat.  They  are  small  in  diameter,  and  as 
solid  and  straii,dit  as  those  of  the  cow.  Comiiii^  from  the  same 
roots  as  the  discarded  coat,  we  mav  assume  tliev  are  the  same  in 
niiniher,  luit  they  are  so  much  smaller  in  diameter  that  they 
present  an  open  and  loose  a|ipearaiice,  admittinsj,'  freely  the  sum- 
mer air.  With  this  coat  there  is  no  ap[)recial)le  coat  of  under- 
fiir.  This  seinianimal  cliaii<4e  of  coat  I  have  onlv  heeii  alile  to 
clearly  dcmon^tl•ate  on  the  hodv  and  neck,  while  on  the  head, 
le<4s,  and  tail.  I  can  only  vouch  for  one  chaiitfe  of  <;'arl),  which 
seems  to  take  [)lace  later  in  the  sprinn',  or  in  the  suiiimer.  Tliis 
is  certainly  so,  on  the  tails  of  all  the  species  in  my  oi()nnds. 
Tliere,  the  old  hairs  are  <2'ra(hiallv  lost  throimh  the  sunimer,  and 
the  new  ones  as  L;ra«lnally  ap|)ear  and  grow,  and  only  bei'omo 
coiis|)iciiiais  when  the  winter  coat  comes  on  in  the  fall.  The 
black  tuft  on  the  tail  of  the  mule  deer  is  persistent. 

The  length  of  the  suminer  coat  on  the  moose,  the  caribou,  and 
the  wa[)iti  is  relatively  much  shorter  than  on  the  smaller  species. 
On  our  elk  it  is  less  than  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  winter 
coat  when  both  are  at  the  longest.  On  the  mule,  tln^  Xiriiinia, 
and  the  Columbia  deer,  it  is  about  half  the  length  ;  on  the 
Acajiulco  deev,  and  the  Ceylon  deer,  it  is  more  tli  in  half  the 
length  of  the  winter  coat,  which  as  \v(!  shall  see  is  very  short. 

( )ii  the  ears  of  the  Virginia  dei'r  and  the  smalk'r  species,  the 
sunimer  coat  is  very  thin  and  light,  so  that  the  blood-vessels 
show  plainly  through  it,  and  the  ear  ap[)ears  transliiceiil  when 
the  sun  shiiu's  into  the  front  side;  of  the  ear  and  the  observer 
stands  behind  it.  The  ears  of  the  larger  species  are  well  cov- 
ered with  hairs  iluring  the  summer,  although  light  in  comparison 
to  tl 


le  winter  coat. 


Tl 


le  nairs  o 


f  tl 


le  summer  coat  are  without  any  crinkled  or  wavv 


appearance  so  characteristic  of  the  winter  I'oat  of  all  the  Cervida'. 
Indeed,  this  coat  seems  well  adapted  to  the  transmission  of  heat 
and  to  promote  the  comlort  of  the  animal  during  the  heat  of 
summer  ;  with  this  great  disadvantage,  however,  that  it  alTords 


11 


^pv^NM 


roAT  AM)  cor. nil. 


o- 


Vll 


:ll 


■ 

'1 


'S. 

iii, 

lir 

the 


■il'lS 

ii'ii 
■\cr 

'OV- 

IS(ll> 

avy 
(hv. 
u'at 
t  of 
)rils 


sI'iLjlit.  pr()t<H'tii)n  ii!^iiinst  tlio  Hies  aiid  iiin-;i|uitoi>-i.  wliicli  so  iV.n 
i[iii'iitly  iiircsl  till',  native  nuii^cs  of  tln's,-  animaU.  Tin'  siiniincr 
I'oat  is  ioiiL;'<!st  and  luost  di'iisi'  on  tlii'  (!plunil)ia.  d'T,  and  so 
alfofds  the  l)i.'st  pi'oteetion  a^'ainst  insects,  thoii^'h  it  niav  lie  too 
wai'ni  for  comfort  on  a  hot  (hiy. 

Tlie  i^i-cat  oltjeetivc   point    for  the  Hies  and   ini>si|nitors.  is  thi; 

taee,  from  the  eves  to  the  nose.  If  tilere  is  a  llv  in  the  foicst  he 
will  he  sin'e  to  li  ■  found  on  the  d.'M'r's  faei'.  which  after  a  while 
seems  to  iiccomc  (|uiti'  inscnsiWle.  for  1  have  often  ohserM-il  them 
ijiiite  hai>[>y  lakiui:;  corn  from  my  hand  while  the  faci'  was  half 
co\cred  with  liloated  niosijuitocs.  The  insects.  lio\\c\cr.  do  not 
conline  themselves  to  this  favoriti^  locality,  hut  attack  every  vnl- 
neralile  point  where  the  hair  is  thin  and  short. 

This  siunmer  coat  is  wdrii  luit  three  months  V)V  less.  15y 
August  it  hegins  to  disappear,  and  hy  September  is  entirely  re- 
placed by  a  new  y'arl).  This  at  lii'st  is  always  tine  and  slioi-t, 
hut  tin-  hairs  <^i'ow  rapidly  in  length  and  dianietei',  till  by  winter 
they  form  a  dense,  mass,  which  bids  delianc-e  to  the  bleakest 
winds  and  tin;  Cf)ld(!st  storms. 

For  some  years  after  1  hatl  eomincnced  my  observations  I 
believed  that  our  Elk  had  but  one  pelage  during  tlie  year,  and  so 
was  an  exception  to  the  geiu-ral  rule  which  governs  this  genus. 
<  )ue  (lav  in  Septembc-r,  long  after  I  had  publicly  amiounced  this 
as  a  fact  to  a  scientilic  body,  I  was  startled  to  observe  on  the 
side  of  an  l-ilk  a  slight  dilTerence  in  the  color  between  tin-  u|iper 
and  the  lower  portions  of  the  side,  although  tlu'  line  of  demarca- 
tion was  not  well  ih'iined.  I  at  once  sns[)ected  that  I  had  fallen 
into  an  error.  I  continued  my  observations,  long  and  anxiously 
scrutini/ing  everv  [lart  of  eacli  individmil  in  the  band,  whii'h  I 
could  induc(!  to  come  sntliciently  near  for  tlie  purjiose.  At  last 
it  became  pcrfi'ctly  (.-lear  that  I  had  been  in  error.  'I'lie  sunmier 
coats  were  disappearing  and  were  being  rephu'ed  i)y  the  new  coats, 
liut  the  new  were  in  lenglh  and  color  so  nearly  like  the  old.  and 
the  process  \vas  so  gradual  tliat  it  had  been  hitherto  overlooked, 
although  it  had  often  l)een  the  sid)iect  oi  examination.  'Hk; 
truth  is  1  had  not  known  hnw  to  examine  for  it,  for  it  had  not 
occurred  to  me  that  the  old  and  the  new  could  be  so  nearly  alike, 
and  that  tin;  new  hairs  could  spring  up  among  the  old  ones  so 
gradually,  and  b<;  so  well  calculated  to  elude  the  scrutiny  of  tin; 
c)hscrver.  After  I  learned  how  to  examine  and  coin])reliended  the 
mode  of  the  change,  the  evidence  of  tlie  truth  ra[)idly  accumu- 
lated, till  finally  the  whole  process  ai)peared  perfectly  plain.     I 


'i. 


1 


^  II 


i'2i; 


77//;    DEEll    OF  AMIlincA. 


roiild  sec  it  now  \r\-y  distinctly,  and  was  surpi'iscd  that  I  liad 
hccn  SI)  lnni;'  lilind  with  my  opi-ii  cyt's.  I  coiild  now  sec  tliat 
Monit!  (if  liic  animals  had  already  takrii  on  almost  tlir  cntii'c  new 
suits,  while  others  had  liai'diy  eomnieneed  to  cast  oil'  tiie  old  ones, 
and  \ct  the  <lilVerence  in  color  was  no  nioi'e  tlian  that  olisei'ved 
lii'tweeii  iiidi\idnals  at  any  season  ol"  the  year. 

(  )n  our  1-lk  it  will  lie  observed  that  the  chaiiL;'e  of  coat  in  tlie 
fall  is  exactly  the  reverse  ol'  tiiat  in  the  spring  :  while  the  I'ormei- 
is  so  gradual  as  nearly  (o  elude  <letectioii,  it  will  he  reniend)ered 
that  the  winter  coat  is  cast  oil'  in  i;reat.  patches,  jelled  toi;'etIier 
so  thill  lari^e  porlioiis  are  carried  danj;lini^  in  tat  lers  alti'i-  ihe 
hairs  have  been  actually  detached,  and  jtresent  all<iL;'etlii'i'  a  verv 
I'Xtraordinary  ap[>earanc(>,  ( )n  this  animal  we  set'  the  two  ex- 
tremes of  the  process. 

The  particulars  of  this  process  in  thi'  Moose  and  the('ariliou 
has  not  heen  carefully  studied  l>y  ;uiy  one,  so  far  as  1  can  learn. 
Hut  few  have  had  facilities  for  sludyini;'  it,  and  these  have  taken 
no  interest  in  tlu!  nuitter.  Naturalists  have  deemed  it  of  so  little 
im[)urtaiiee,  that 'they  liavo  rarely  even  mentioned  the  two  pe- 
lages, allhoumh  the  marked  difference  in  color  of  the  two  coats  on 
the  Virginia  deer,  which  has  been  nuudi  more  stiidieil  than  any 
of  the  other  species,  has  heen  fre(piently  s[)oken  of, 

The  red  and  the  hlnr  coats  have  been  constantly  remarked 
by  hunters,  because  the  deer  are  always  poor  wlien  in  the  red, 
and  are  only  worth  killing  when  in  the  blue.  If  1  lind  occasional 
mention  nuule  of  the  summer  and  winter  coats  of  thi'  moose  and 
the  cai'ibou,  I  lack  the  necessary  facts  to  give  a.  clear  idea  of  the 
minute  dilTerenocs  which  they  exhibit. 

I  have  in  mygrouiuls  all  the  species  of  which  1  ti'eat.  ext'ej)! 
the  moose  ami  tiie  caribou,  and  havi;  been  enabled  to  study  at 
leisure  the  living  specimens,  anil  so  may  speak  with  the  utmost 
conlidt'uce  of  them. 

In  all,  the  change  from  the  sunuuer  to  the  winter  coat  is  grad- 
ual, the  new  dis[)lai'ing  the  old  by  disloilging  the  luiirs  pr<imiscn- 
ously,  till  they  beconm  so  thin  that  the  new  coat  is  seen  ihrongii 
the  old.  This  is  not  simultaneous  over  the  whole  animal,  for  the 
neck  and  shoulders  nuiy  be  clothed  entirely  with  the  new  dress, 
while  the  old  still  prevails  on  the  thighs  ami  rum[)  ;  or  the  win- 
ter coat  may  have  replaced  the  old  on  the  back,  while  the  bell\ 
still  shows  only  the  siunmer  pelage.  In  some,  the  new  coat 
attains  a  greater  length  than  in  others  before  the  old  disappears. 
For  instance,  on  the  Mule  Deer,  the  winter  coat  is  scarcely  three 


^^Pliffi 


(■()\T  Axn  coi.on. 


1-Ji 


lines  Ioiil;-  wIh'II  it  ;i|i|i(';irs  in  |)l;icc  ot'  I  lie  old  :  it  is  vcrv  soft  ;iiiil 
liiii',  dl'  ;i  liraiilit'ul  uli'SSN  l)i;irk,  nltlniiiuli  it  iiinli'i^dfs  :iii  ;i|i|ir('- 
ii;ili|('  cliaiiL;'!'  v\vy\  (i;i\-,  so  tliiiL  it  vi'i'v  snoii  Idscs  its  line  luster, 
imil  slmws  tlic  ;j,'i";iy,  wliicli  is  its  cliaraclcrislic  fulm'  (liiriiii;'  tlir 
uiiitci'.  Were  this  cIiihil;'!'  til"  L;iirlt  to  take  plarc  siiiiiiltaiirdiisly 
n\cr  tile  wliiilc  animal,  it  uoulil  fur  ;i  slimt  tinir  ajipiMi'  in  a. 
liiMUlilul  lilack  suit  :  luil  tln^  cliani;'!'  is  nsnally  so  ti'radnal.  that  a 
casual  oliscrvcr  niiL^ht  not  nMurnibor  liic  l>lack  aiipcaiancc  al  all. 
i'mi'  till-  pai't  of  till'  ni'W  coat  whicli  had  Ihhmi  exposed  foi-  a  few 
days  would  have  already  assnine(l  its  e'l'ayish  hue,  and  a  pai't 
wiillld  still  he  eovere(|  1  ly  the  old  yellow  sununel'  eoat.  The  liner 
the  condition  of  the  animal,  the  more  intense  and  lu'illianl  is  this 
Mack,  and  the  loiiL^'er  it  resi>|s  the  leiulciicy  to  turn  !j,i-a\  .  1  once 
had  a  farrow  doe  that  was  very  fat,  wiiich  retained  the  lilack  till 
the  y(dlo\v  was  all  j;'one,  so  that  for  a  few  days  she  was  as  lilack 
as  a  lieai',  and  s|ieciniens  of  the  new  coal,  plucked  from  the  luin. 
were  mit  more  than  live  or  si\  lines  lone'.  An  exanniialion  of 
these  hairs  slioweil  that  the  lilack  was  conliiied  to  the  uji|ii'i'  pari, 
while  the  lower  was  <if  a  consideralily  liehter  shade,  ImiI  none  of 
I  he  annnlai'  rinj^s  <if  dilTereiit  shades  had  yet  ap|)eared. 

So  it  is  on  all  the  s[iecii's,  to  !i  greater  or  less  extent.  When 
the  winter  has  replaced  the  summer  erarb.  the  hairs  are  short, 
line,  and  soft  ;  lull  they  ra[iidly  grow  in  length  and  diameter,  and 
undergo  the  <'lianges  of  color  peculiar  to  llie  species.  At  liist^ 
they  lie  down  smoolhlv,  hut  presently  the  diamctei-  lieconie  sti 
great,  tluit  they  force  each  other  up  to  a  more  verlical  position, 
or  at  right  angles  to  the.  skin.  As  tin-  diameters  increase,  he 
cavities  within  eidarge  ami  become  filled  with  a,  very  light  pith, 
ihey  bec<inH>  bi'ittle,  and  lose  their  elasticity,  so  that  the  integ- 
riiy  of  the  walls  is  destroyed  when  siiarply  binit,  and  they  remain 
in  the  given  position.  'i'owar<ls  spring  thesi;  hairs  become  so 
lender  near  the  outer  vm\A  that  tliey  are  liable  to  be  broken  olV 
by  th(>  animals  rubbing  against  the  lives.  This  is  espcciully  the 
cas(;  with  tlu'  caribou,  which  bv  reason  of  the  darker  ends  of  the 
hairs  becoming  broken  off,  appears  in  almost  a  while  garb  to- 
wards •s[)ring.  T  have  observed  the  same  occurrciUH!  in  manv 
iuslaiices  in  the  Virginia  ilecr  in  my  grounds.  I  have  known  a 
few  instances  in  wliii'h  the  Virginia  deer  had  l)itti'n  olY,  towards 
spring,  almost  tlni  cntiro  winter  coat.  I  supposed  this  was 
caused  by  their  being  infected  by  vermin,  but  I  was  unable  to 
verify  this  supposition. 

(-)n  all  the  species,  the  hairs  of  the  winter  coat,  (!xcept  the  short 


u 


I!     .     i 


1'2H 


Tin:  i>i:i:n  <>r  amuhk 


!■  I 


ones  Oil  llir  I'acr  nml  legs,  aro  crinkled,  ainl  ;ill  arc  ti|>|)t'(l  with 
Macli,  w  lii'i'i'srr  till'  coat  is  coldn'd,  cscciii  mi  tin-  carilpDii,  wiici'i' 
tiiis  law  sciiiis  icNci'scd.  lOvcii  the  very  wliili'  hairs,  wliii'li  arc 
always  Iniiiid  spaiM'K  scattci'i'd  throii^'h  the  lilai'kr-|  Modsc.  arr 
pniNiili'd  with  a  jd  lilack  li|t.  so  liiir,  that  the  iialo'd  rye  will 
scai'oi'ly  discern  it.  tlnaid-li  it  may  he  iVoiii  twi>  to  Ihrre  lines  in 
leiiLith.      Px'low  this  is  a  tawnv  annular  section   of  th 


allie    ex- 


tern 


i\\  this,  ayain.  the   hairs  are   as  win 


te  as  snow 


All  of 

the  hlack  hairs  on  ihe  .Moose  lia\c  the  insset  or  tawii\  --eclioii  o|' 
twd  or  ihiee  lines  ill  extent,  ahout  I'onr  lines  lielovy  the  shai'p. 
hlack  points,  and  are  wliit(!  on  their  lower  parts,  for  from  one 
(piarter   to  one   cij^hth   their   leiiinth.      'I"he   hlack  hairs   are   more 

.f  the 
that    the 


a>tic  than  the  while  ones,  and  the   lower  wl 


lite    poilioii> 


hlack  hail's  are  more  hrittle  than  the  hlack   portions,  s. 

ooluriiiLi'  matter  seems  to  add  to  the  slrentxtli  and  elasijciiv  of  the 


lairs. 


On  t  he  Caiihoii.  the  liairs  av(^  much  shorter  than  mi  the  moose, 
but,  they  are  xciy  dense  and  coinpaet.  h)riiiiiin'  a  remarkably 
warm  covering-  for  winter;  and  their  skins  are  highly  prized  by 
the  northern  natives,  who  nse  them  for  ^arnu'iits.  The  hairs  are 
more  nnihirm  in  color  througliont  tlu'ir  lenn'th,  than  on  any  of 
the  other  species.  As  bi-fore  statcti,  tht-y  are  not  like  the  oth<  's, 
tipped  with    hiai'k.  while  they  are   lighter   ni-ar    the    body.      ()ii 


the  Cai'iboii,  whei'i 


hit 


hair; 


e  tne  wlute  generally  prevails,  iiie  iiairs  are 
white  tilt!  whole  length,  and  where  the  tlark  color  [H'evails,  they 
are  dark  colored  tlu^  whole  leiigtli. 

( )ii  oiir   [''dk    the  hairs  are  longer,  and  very  abundant.     'I'ln'V 
ai'e    exci'edinglv    light,    and    excellent    non-condiiclors    of    heat. 


Th 


d  tl 


f  th 


lev  are  more  erinlclea  tliaii  on  any  ol  tlie  oiiiers,  and  altnoiiL!n 
loss  brittle'  than  on  tlu^  caribou,  they  are  (piite  non-elastic. 
When   used  as   robes,  they  are   very  warm    and    eoiufortable    for 


covering. 


w 


leii  iiseil  as  a  cnsliion,  tor  riding,  or  in   camp  to 


a  bed,  the  hairs  break  down  under  the  j)ressiii'e.  and  their  beauty 
and  even  comfort  are  spoiled.  'Idie  siu'fat'e  of  the  hairs  ap])ears 
very  smooth,  but  under  the  microscope!  tlie  ajipearaiice  id  minute 
scales  is  disclosed.  In  form,  the  hairs  on  Wapiti  f'H'  one  hnirtli 
of  their  outer  length  taper,  terminating  with  an  exceedingly  line 
])oint,  inoi't!  dillicult  to  be  seen  than  the  point  of  a  line  needle. 
IJelow  this  the  tliameter  is  nearly  uniform  till  near  the  end. 
wliere  they  contract  to  the  root,  the  neck  of  wdiich  is  about  one 
eighth  the  largest  diameter  of  the  hair,  then  the  root  swells  oui 
to  doubh;  the  size  of  the  neck  and  ternunates  in  a  semi-spherical 


U'l"    M 


n 


CO. I  7'   .|.\ 7'    I  i>l.(>n. 


lli'.t 


I'oriii.      Tilt'  It'ii^tli  nf  tile  niiii  is  iiciiily     wciitv  times  its   lurmcst 
<li:iini'|('i'. 

(  )||  IkiIIi  till'  lillllc  IIKiDsr  Mini  till'  t'llx  :i  llr;i\v  IIIIIIH'  is  l''>iilli| 
iiinlcr   till'  iiick.      'I'lic   liaiis   of    lliisun  tPiir  ell;  an'    ciMlit     iiiclics 

InllLl.    '"It     I     liaVC    Ihit      riillllil     lllclll     S(i     lii|i'4'     nil     |||c     llliin-,,'.    tl|il|ln'|l 

■  illi'Ts  liavf.  (  )ii  the  sidrs  of  tlic  iicrk  tln'\  arc  iinl  si  i  |l]|l^■.  still 
llicy  arc  \ci'V  iiiiicli  lender  tliaii  uii  aiiv  nilicr  part  nt  the  animal, 
i'lic  lillllc  ilci'i'  alsii  lias  a  disliiict  maiic,  lait  iint  sn  Ihiic'  ;is  alin\c, 
iIhI  il  is  oil  iJic  ti)|i  III'  the  iicck.  ami  cv<'ii  extends  almi^'  tin-  liack 
-omeiiiiics  to  the  liips.  Tliis  malic  falls  apart  >'p  as  In  liaii^'  n\cr 
"II  cillici'  siilc  alniiL;-  tlic  tup  (if  ||ic  lack,  and  lliis  jiai'liijc'  of  ||ic 
liairs  colli  iiiiies  dnwii  the  liack  for  a  considcralilc  di-^tam'c.  and 
oil  oiii'  spciaiucii   I  oliscrvcd  it  rcaclicd  llic  hips. 

(  hi  soini'  accd  specimens  in  mv  croiinds  I  have  found  this  mane 
lcs>  coii>piciioiis,  and  the  part  iiic- nil  the  lop  of  the  neck  h'ss  or 
scarccU  nliNci'N  aide  ;  Iml  the  darker  line  aloiic;  the  top  of  ihc 
Mci'ix  and  hack  I  have  foiiiul  on  all  tin'  iiidi\idiials  examined, 
ulicilier  in  my  crnimds  or  in  the  ('liicaL;'o  market,  where  I  have 
seen  Imndrcds,  or  in  the  woods,  tlioiich  this  mark  is  less  pro- 
iiniinccd  oil  some  than  on  others.  <)ii  the  rum|i.  just  ahove  the 
while  tail,  where  this  dark  stripe  terniinates.  the  Mack  is  deeper 
than  it  is  fiirllier  forwanl.  es|tecially  on  tho>e  where  the  dark 
line  i->  I  he   faintest . 

The  hairs  on  all  the  species  continue  to  iiKacasc  in  length  and 
diameter  till  .laiuiary  or  i'MMi  Fcliruai'v,  li\  which  time,  on  the 
liodies  of  the  elk  aiid  file  iiiulc  deer,  tliev  lia\e  altaiiied  a  lelicth 
of  1  wo  ini'hcs  nr  more.  (  )ii  the  fnrehcads  they  are  an  inch  or 
more  in  Icnelli,  which  on  the  elk  lie  in  wavv  tufts,  hut  on  the 
lillllc  deer  they  slan<l  up  loosely,  iind  are  line  and  soft.  (  >ii  all 
the  species  the  hairs  on  the  face  Ixdnwlhe  eyes  are  short  and 
stout,  and  have  a  backward  or  lateral  set,  which  iniist  tend  to 
admil  the  rains  when  the  animals  are  fci'dine-,  hut  allows  them  to 
remain  iiiidisturlied  hy  coiitacf  with  the  hriisli,  or  tall  crass,  or 
weeds,  whcii  ruimiiie'  throucli  them,  and  with  the  wind  when 
facility  it. 

(  >n  the  lec's,  iilso,  tho  hairs  iir(>  short,  hut  Jirc  the  loiiLiest  on 
the  mule  deer.  ( )ii  tlilVcrciit  parts  of  the  le^s,  the  hairs  point  in 
various  <lircct ions.  Along  tluMuiddle  of  tlu;  leg  their  direetioii 
is  rather  lateral  and  u{)w:u'ds,  and  near  the  foot  downward. 
Those  which  cover  the  glands  are  deserihed  elsewhere. 

( )n  the  Virginia  deer,  the  Columbia,  and  the  Aeapuleo  deer, 
I  ilu  not  Iind  any  appearance  of  si   nnine,  either  at   the  top  or 


m 


i'->*)  riii:  ni:i:i!  or  .\.\n:i;i<  .\. 

Iiuduiii  iif  ilic  iifck.  ;iltli(niyli  (111-  Imils   iii;i\-  sniiictiiiirs   1)1'    roiiiid 
J  littlr  l<>ii;^<'i'  III)  till'  iii'i'l;  lliaii  oil  tlic  ImiU. 

I  li;i\i'  siMmlit  nil  Npcciiiit'iis  (if  till'  ( 'i)liiiiilii;i  ili'cr  In  W'jisliiii^^f- 

t'>ii    TiTiiliii'v .  ill  (  h'c'^dii.  iiinl  ill  (  alil'iiniiii.  I'll!'   llic    lut'i    of   Imit;' 
hairs   ip'ai'    llic    iiiiiiiilii'iis,   ili'srrihi'il    liv    AihIiiIh  iii.    luil     I    ciuilil 


IH'Vi'l'    (li'lrrt     till'     least    il  I  >|  ira  TalH 'i  •  i 'I    it 


.liilin  llii'liai'dsiiji' 


lin'iii'i'  nl  till'  iiiiilc  (li'cr  rcprcsi'iii^  that  >|ii'cirs  as  [unv  iilcil  willi  a 
>iinilai'  a|i|iciiilaL;i',  Iml  tlii>.  I  ran  I'linliilmtly  a^^i'il  is  a  inis- 
ilc-MTi|il  ii  111.  as  well  as  llii'  Imi;;-  l>ii>liy  tail  wliii-li  Ih'  juils  nil  the 
saiiii'  animal.  Iinli'fil  I  liavc  in'ViT  I'niind  tlii>  tiii'l.  wliidi  is 
iiiii\i'r>all  \  loiiniloii  I  lie  ciiniiiiwii  luijl,  uii  a  sin^ii'  iiiiliv  iiliial  i>l' 
riijii'i'  III'  ilic  (li'cr  I'aniilv,  aiul  am   \ri'\    rnnlidi'iit    it    is    imt    an 


iiriliiiafv  aiiiuiiilaiir  In  citlu'r  (Hie 


.1'  I 


iclll 


ii>  tiilt  .111  till'  Iml 


marks  the  urilicc  nl'  tlir  tiirca,  wliidi  mi    Imlli   tiic    iiiiili'  and   tiir 


( 


nliimiiia  ili'rr.  is  lai 


iiai'k    III 


tWCrll     till'     (illl 


as   is   iiiniT   |iai 


:  iciilai'lN'  lii'SiTilicil  111  aiiiiilii'i'  jilarr 


On    till' 


Ml 


111     lll\      riillrrt  lull,   till'     n]i|HT    li|t     dl'     lllll/,/|i'     i> 


■(iNricd    witli    liairs.   ('\c('|it     in     iVniil.    wlicri'    tluTi'    i>    a    naked 


pare   siiaiied    preeiselv    like    the    cress   section   111    an 


// 


rail\\a\ 


rail,    the    head   nl'    which    is   exactly  hetweeii    the    iiii>t  rils.  and    i:- 


line  inch  ami  ten  lines  wide;  ami    Ireiu    the   ti 


he    limire   til 


the  imnitli.  nil  which  rests  the  I'nnt  n|  the  rail,  is  (iiie  inch  and  six 


lines,  am 


I   the   thickness  nt'   the   neck   n}i    the   rail    is    three    liiu 


This  liniire  is  siii'ruiindeil  with  liairs  imt    umre  than   twn   Ii 


lies    in 


leiiet  II.  w  nicli  I 


adiale  in  every  directinii  I'roiii  the  borders  nl'  the 
head  nl  the  lieiire.  luit  lielnw  that  |iniiit  the  iiairs  assiinie  a 
descending  |in>itinii.      These  hairs  nil  the  ii[>|)er   lip  are  nl'  a   yel- 


liiwis 


h   daw    cnlnr    dotted    i)\ry    with    lilaek    sjmls,    I'mni 


eacli    n 


which    spriiiL!,s    a    stilV.    ta[K'rinj 


l.lack 


hair    liDin    three    tn   six 


lines  in  length.  I''ni'  -ix  iclies  alinve  the  naked  space  are  I'miml 
sparsely  scattere(l  similar  Iiairs,  I'rniii  one  to  two  inches  in  length. 
(  )n  this  reeiuii,  and  a'mve,  the  hairs  assiiine  an  ascendine-  direc- 
tinii. and  ;j,rnw  liehler  in  color  till  a  tawny  hrown  is  attained  on 
the  I'nrehead  ;  Iml  on  the  cheeks  and  the  iindei'  side  of  the  head 
Mack  pre\ails.  'I'iiis  naked  mark  on  the  nni/.zie,  and  indeed 
this  wlioK;  description,  answiu's  precisely  to  my  ohserx  atioiis  mi 
the  Scandinavian  elk,  only  the  .shades  nf  cnlor  art^  geMerall\ 
liehlei'  on  the  Moose. 

( )n  the  C'ai'ibon  alone,  of  all  onr  deer,  is  tlii^  niii/zh^  or  nj^pcr 
lip  entirely-  covered  with  short,  still'  hairs,  except  a  very  narrow 
line  alonu;  the  lower  edge  of  the  lip.  There  is  no  naked  line 
down  the  initldle,  as  has  been  stated  hy  some,  but   tlie  coat   i> 


SCI  ' 
Cfcl 

lire 

llll'l 

'Hid 

CiT 

pari 

till' 

idwa 

aiiin 

mid 

IIIIIU 

pitlcc 


(  n.l  V     |.\7»    col.oi:. 


\)\ 


|MTlVctlv  miirnrm  I'liliirly  ;icrn-,^.  Tn'l  wnMi  llic  im-triU.  tlnsc 
h.iirs  a>siiiiic  in  :i>ci'iiirniL;'  diiiTt  inii,  iiiid  iUi'  i>i  ;i  li^lil  <lr;il> 
.■iiliir.  ;is  I'iir  ii|i   ;is    the    miililli'    nl    tin-    llnsd'ils;    hIkinc    lhi>    |ii>iiit 

l||i'\     m'ciW    ;i    lil  I  Ir    1ii||m;(.|'  mid    liccnliM'   ;i    cIkiCiiImIi'    lU'iWII    I'll'    t  lll'i'C 

inches,  wlidi  ll  ■  Itrcouic  (if  ;i  li^litiT  >li;idr.  lull  -till  tlh'  I'ai'i'  is 
lii'iiwii  ii|i  I"  ill'  iiiilli'is.  I'lcldU.  |m1"  ,-a\  lln'i'f  ini'lus.  pi  i-iiTinr 
iM  ilic  lii^lit  dun.  Ill'  as  t'ac  liai  k  as  tlic  anuli'  nl  lln'  niMiitli.  il 
nia\  111'  lairK  ralli'd  lilack.  Hack  nl  llial  il  lades  nut  to  a  dirlv 
\cll(i\\i>li  wliiic  almiL;'  I  lie  midi'i'  -idci.l'  ihr  licad.  Ai'aind  llic 
c\cs  liic  lii'uwn  is  nt'  a  dcipci'  -liadi'  llian  llic  rc-t.  No  kiiii; 
Mack  liaiis  arc  I'niind  nil  llic  ii|i|ici'  lip  i.r  iii'>c  nl'   llic  ('ariliMii,  as 

cli>cl'\cd    mi    llic    lllnnsc,    lull      HI     lllcil'     place     a  I'c   a    |c\\     wlllle    liail'S, 

w  liich  >liii\\  i'iiiispiciiiiii>l  V  nil  I  lie  dark  L;i'niiiid.  I  Inimd  i  lii'  same 
iiiarkiiies  mi  llie  eastern  reindeer's  lace. 

llic   llp|ic|'   lip   nf    nlll'    |'"dk     is  alsn    cnscl'ed    \\  i  I  1 1    >lh.r!     liailS.   e\- 

ccpi  I'm'  >c Veil  lines  in  liniil  and  the  >pai'e  lictwceii  the  im-tiils. 
which  is  naked.  Iml  a  pnmi  nl'  lln'  cnat  almse  imades  the  upper 
part  nl'  this  naked  space.  'I'lie  dividine-  space  in  I'rniil.nii  the 
upper  lip,  I'm'  nine  nr  ten  line-  almsc  the  niniith.  i>  imi  ciilirclv 
naked,  lull  i>  dnitcd  n\er  with  lulls  n|'  very  line  -hiirl  hairs. 
alnm.-i  like  I'nr.  'Ihcse  (nils  are  le-s  than  a  line  in  diaiiieier, 
aiidnNcra  linca|iarl.  'I'lic-c  ha\  e  sninet  liiiii;'  the  appearance  nf 
the  litilc  tiuis  nil  many  i^i  the  cacti  family  nf  plaiils,  and  c<iiisli- 
liite  really  a  very  dist  ine'iiishiiie;  characleii-lic  lA'  the  .-pecics. 
'I'lie  hairs  n{  the  face  are  tawny  in  cnlnr.  with  a  \cllnwi-h  shade 
ainiind  llic  niii/./h',  but  ei'dwin^-  darhci'  almve,  the  iiiider  lip 
liciiie'  liehtot  i>i  all. 

These  three  lar_e'e  species,  nf  which  we  ha\c  just  spnkeii.  we 
see  have  the  mii/./.le  nr  iijipci'  lip  either  partially  nr  eiitirelv  cnv- 
cled  with  hair:  lull  nn  the  Mliallcst  nf  the  three  it  is  alnlle  en- 
tirely cnNcred,  while  the  ne\t  alinve  ill  si/.e  is  the  least  covered. 
and  the  larm'sl  is  intermediate. 

All  i<i  niir  S|iecies,  inferinr  in  size  tn  thnse  almve  cnlisidei'cd, 
and  which  in  ntlier  respects  I'niistil  iite  a  separate  divisimi  nf  the 
('ci'vidie,  hav(!  the  iipjier  lip  and  the  nose  as  far  u|>  as  the  upper 
[lail  of  the  nostrils  entirely  naked,"  to  ahmit  the  same  e\teiit  as 
the  o\.  This  naked  portion,  when  the  animal  is  in  health,  is 
always  moist  uiid  is  colli  to  the  tmieli,  lieine-  the  niily  part  <>(  the 
animal  where  an  ait[)recial)le  [)ei'spinitinii  is  observed.  The  fnrm 
and  relative  extent  of  the  naked  [lortion  is  [U'ccisely  alike  in  the 
iiiiiie  deer,  the  Coliuubia  deer,  the  N'lrgiuiii  deer  ami  the  Aea- 
jHilco  deer,  and  I  may  add   the  Ceylon  deer;  exet'pt   that    in   the 


•r 


!I1'' 


1:^.-^ 
i»j*j 


77//;  i>i:i:i!  of  ami'.ukw. 


I .( ; 


liirH'cst  of  tlifsc,  the  imilc  dcci'.  tlic  li;iirs  .iImivc  cNtclitl  dnwii 
lictucfii  tlic  iKisli'ils  I'lir  halt'  an  iiicli  or  iiuirc,  ti'i'iiiiiiat  Iiil;'  in  a 
]>iiiiit  at  an  an^lc  nf  i^'iiiaps  civilly  ilrnTt'cs.  while  mi  all  the 
(itlicis,  ihc  nppcr  Ixii'dci'  of  tlio  naked  |ioi'tion  passes  dii'eetl\- 
across   from  one   nosti'il   to  tlic  other,  at    theii'  nnner  extremities. 


his  naked   portion   extends  around  the  u| 


iliel'   lip,   to  a    point    e\- 


aell\   lielow  the  centre  o[   the   iiostril  :   so  that    the   po>terioi 


hall 


o|   1  he   lio>t  I'll    IS  olil  V  separ 


iited    from    the   hair  liv 


an    exeeedlliel y 


narrow  naked  holder,  while  all  is  naked  around  the  anterior  half. 
Always  on   all    the  species   last    named,  the  antei'ior  point   of  the 


lair  on  the  upper  lip,  where  it   meets  the  naked  miillle  under  tin 


iiDstril,  is   white.      'Idiis  white,   i)ortion,  allhoiiL'h   alwa\s   present, 


vanes  niiich   in  ex 


tent.       Tost 


erior  to   tins  wniie  spo 


hit. 


)t,  frc(|iientl V 


occurs  a  Mai-k  section  extending  hack  to  the  aneie  of  the  mouth. 
and  from  the  inuulli  upward,  einhracine'  the  posterior  part  of  thi' 
nostril,  and  uniting  on  top  with  a  similar  Mack  section  from  the 
other  side,  const  it  lit  iiiii'  a  lilack    liaiul    |»assino'  over  the   iio.m'  from 


the  iiiouth  on  one  side,  to  the   mouth  on  the  othei 


Not 


nncoiii- 


nionl\ ,  t'spe(  lallv  on 


the  \' 


iro'ima  deer,  tins  hlaci;  section   is   iioi 


conliniious,  hut  is  coniiiied  to  a  secli<m  ha'-k  of  the  nostrils,  thus 
not  reaching  tin,'  month.  ( )n  the  \'irginia  deer  the  hair  ahove  is 
separateil  from  the  naked   inutile  hv  a  narrow  white   hand,  wh.ich 


on  some  IS  scari'el\-  more  t  liaii 


half 


I    line   wide,   while  on   ot  hers  It 


is.  fiillv   three   lines   wide.      'I'his   while   horder  can   •''■neralU    lie 


(IcteL'ted   oil    the   other  s] 


lecies,  scare. 


Iv  lai'ecr  than  a  thread,  hut 


IS  alwa 


vs  the  most.  consi>icuoiis  on  the  N'ire'iniii  deer, 


liack   of   this    hlack    sei'tioii   when    it    (h'sceiids    to  the    month, 
iiiiniencine'  at   the  anu'le  of   the   month,  occairs  a   while  section 


the  upper  and  po; 


iterior  liordi'r  of  which  is  not  widl  detined.      (  )i 


some  specimens  it   is  (luite   limiti'd   in   extent,  while  on  others   it 


ditr 


uses 


itself  over  the  wlioh;  face,  itosterior  to  the  hi; 


ick    portion 


aliove  described,  which  it  sometimes  .'ompresses  into  very  nar 
limits  on  top,  while  on  others 


row 


the   1 


)lacK   occi 


lilies  the  whole  fa. 


u 


p  to  the  eyes.  Iiide.'d  this  is  nearly  always  the  cas.^  <in  tlu'  A/a- 
pulco  and  Ceyl.in  deer,  though  it  never  occurs  on  the  in;;le  deer 
iuid  rarely  on  th.'  Cohimhia  iV'vv,  but  ha})pens  very  freipiently  .m 
the  Vire'inia  (U'cr.  Thus  it  will  be  seiMi  that  the  markings  iiri'  on 
uU  alike  till  we  ciime  to  ihe  ext.'iit  of  the  white  portion  posterior 
to  the  black  band  which  passes  over  the  nose  just  above  the  nos- 
trils. Abovo  that  and  even  in  that  itselt"  great  irregularity  i^ 
observed  in  tlie  markings,  only  that  there  is  always  some  white 
porti.)n  adjoining  this  black,  though  sometimes  it  may  occu[)\ 
but  a  small  space  just  above  tlie  angle  of  the  mouth. 


(•(>.\  T   AM)    fd/jii;. 


1  no 


'i    'I 


11 


<  )ii  all  tlicsc  spfcics  also,  just  aiiti'i'lor  tn  llic  aii!j,It'  of  tlic  nnuitli 
nil  till'  lower  side,  oc  ms  aiiotlirr  Mark  section,  wliidi  in  a  larm> 
iinjority  of  cases  resolves  itself  into  ;i  Itliick  hand  eniliraiaiiLf  the 
lower  jaw  just  lieliind  the  chin,  though  somi'tinu'S  this  hand  is 
Iirokeii  on  the  iiiider  side,  anil  sometimes  it  widens  there,  so  as  to 
'd\er  the  Mosterior  part  of  thi^  chin.  I  have  studied  this  long 
and  carefnllv  to  jind  some  distiiiguishinij;  characteristic  as  appli- 
laMe  to  each  species,  hut  without  vcrv  satisfaclorv  results.  The 
most  I  will  venture  to  say  is.  that  I  am  inclined  to  think'  that 
the  hlack  is  not  so  deep  and  is  rather  less  in  extent  on  the  mule 
^r^^\•  than  on  the  others,  but  on  all  the  species  it  varies  very 
iimrh  in  indi\  idiials,  hotli  in  extent  and  in  depth  of  colorin^•.  Its 
^^cat  value  is  that  il  is  ahvavs  found  in  each  individual  in  all  the 
>pccii  s  of  this  division  of  the  family,  while  it  is  wantiiiL;' on  nil 
the  otlu'rs.  (  )n  all.  the  anterior  part  of  the  chin  is  always  white, 
and  so  it  is  of  a  lii;'hter  shade  on  the  elk  and  th  "  caribou,  but 
(111  the  moose  it  is  the  blackest  part  of  the  head. 

(  >n  the  Moose,  even  when  in  his  blackest  dress,  tli(>  forehead  is 
a  dark  i-hestniit  color,  while  the  face  is  ni-arly  black  below  tlie 
eves,  ;nid  the  lower  part  near  the  inutile  is  reddish  gray.  The 
lest  of  the  head  is  black. 

( )n  the  Caribou  the  face  and  indeed  the  entire  head  is  brown, 
with  a  reddish  tinge,  and  is  the  darkest  ])art  of  the  animal,  ex- 
cept the  legs. 

'I'here  is  on  all  the  species,  except  the  moose  and  the  caribou, 
a  light  colored  band  surrounding  tlu'  eyes.  This  varies  considtu'- 
aMv  in  individuals,  hut  it  is  always  present  in  all;  sometimes, 
indeed,  it  is  hardly  perceptible  above  the  eye.  v.hile  on  others  it 
is  there  tlie  most  eonspicuoiis.  Init  this  variation  is  among  the 
individuals  and  not  anioKg  the  s[)ecies,  unless  it  may  be  less  pio- 
iioiiiiced  on  the  sin dlest  — the  Acapiilco  deer,  but  tlu'  number  of 
>pccimens  '>{  tlii  .  ivhich  I.  have  examined  is  too  limited  to  enable 
iiic  to  ailirm  tii  i'.  it  is  mi.  Its  entire  absence  on  t!"  moose  and 
llie  caribou,  and  universal  presence  on  all  tlm  "'"'.  "s,  is  wortliv 
"f  particular  remark. 

The  fai'e  of  tin  VAk  is  a  uniform  rusr-et  brown  from  the  antlers 
tn  the  end  of  the  nose,  except  the  white  oand  which  siirroiinds 
tile  eve. 

There  is  no  white  under  the  head  of  our  I'^lk,  in  wdiicli  it  re- 
seiuhles  the  other  two  large  ^pecies,  and  dilTers  from  ali  the 
smaller  species. 

The    forehead   of    ch(>   .Mule  and  tiie  Columbia  deer  is  either 


[ji 


W: 


i;u 


77//;  />/;/;/.'  or  am  nine 


lilmk  111'  (liifk  L^i'ay.  .Must  cDininnnlv  a  lilack  liiH'  cxtciids 
tVniii  cadi  eve  lo  tlic  liasc  uf  cacli  aiitliT.  ami  tln'^i'  lines  cx- 
tciiil   (Inwii    llic   i'a<'c  briwccii  tln'  f\('s.  imitiii'''  al    a    iMiim  licjuw 


lir    cxc^.   wliilc    a    iiii'lilcr   shade    urfvail 


'twcrll     tili'si-     lijii. 


wliicli.    Iiuwcvcr.  is   iiitu'li    (lai'kcr   than    ln'Icw.      I 


)i'|(i\\-    this,    tin 


ill  ISC    II 


!•   lace   is   lit'  a    iiiuch    ii^lilcr  I'lijur;   all  1 


IIS   is  til  a   (Icc'i-cc 


reversed    mi    iiic 


\'ii- 


una    (leer   am 


1    the    Aeani 


llco    (leer, 


ln'ir 


laces  arc  hlackesl  lielnw  the  eyes,  ill    iiiaiu'  cases  alniiist    ciilirc|\ 
hlack.  while  ihc  iorehead  is  iinl  nf  so  dark  a  cnlur 


In     all     these 

the  under  side  uf  the  head  is  always  white,  which  c\leiids  hack  so 
as  to  cdver  tile  throat,  and  ii  very  little  liclnw  it,  Iml  iii»t  tldwn 
tiie  neck. 

The  CDlorllie'S  of  the  lees  ;i|id  alxnit  the  feet  sliow  ]ieclllia)'it  ies 
wiirtli\  of  sliid\-.  ( )ii  two  of  the  species  alone,  white  hairs  are 
found  alioiit  the  hoofs.  (  )n  the  Carihoii  these  white  inarkiiie;s  are 
(•oiistant  and  uniforiii.  The  liristles  lictwccii  the  claws  are  white. 
'Iliis  white  extends  up  and  coinpletelv  surrounds  liotli  the  lower 
and  the  accessory  hoofs.  (  )ii  the  posterior  side,  lietwecii  the 
small  and  the  lare-e  hoof,  these  while  hairs  are  ver\  stout  and 
linn,  [)art;ikine'.  like  those  between  the  toes,  of  the  character  of 
bristles,  except  tliat  near  the  points  tlie\  are  stouter  and  less  llex- 

e.      'I'liese  ]teciili:irities  ;ire  found  oil  all  the  feet  at  all  ai^vs  and 


iiil 


seasons,  and  on 


lioth  sexes,  and  are  neciiliar  to  the  ('arilioii. 


In  siieakiiie-  of  the  whil 


e  liairs  am 


iind  the  hoof  of  t  he  f 'aril 


loll. 


Dr.  ( iilpin    sa  vs  :    "   Tl 


le     Whole 


toe   is  eiiV(doi)e(l   in    a    bcaiitifu 


Inline    ol    c 


arse   hair,  euiTniii'   down   over   the    hlaek    hoof    t 


III    It 


iicarlv  covers  it.  passiiie'  netween  the  toes  to  turni  a  thick  uioji  o| 
coarse  hair  wrap|)ine'  the  sole  and  dew-claws  in  a  warm  cushimi. 
C)ii  elitteriiic'  ice  or  slippery  slope>  how  secure  this  ice-foot.  witJi 
its  keen,  cultiiiL;'  cde'c  :  in  soft  snows,  spreadiiie' the  toes,  it  forms 
a  soft  cushion  to  hold  up  the  deer  upon  its  treacherous  surface, 
as  W(dl  as  to  sITudd  it  from  tiie  .  'M.  W'e  ••  ■  imine(liately  stri.ik 
with  an  iUialogy  most  unexpecte(|  lietwcen  the  hairy  feet  of  the 
deer  and  th((  feathered  le^;'  and  claw  of  the  falcon  and  ^reat 
northern  owl,  and  we  are  apt  to  speculate  how  the  deer  passiii" 
north  lla^  had  his  limbs  thus  (dotlied  in  hair,  and  has  departed 
from  the  typical,  slender,  satin-skinne(l  foot  of  his  r 


ice 


Above  tl 


le  accessii|'\'  lioo 


fs  on  the  Woodland  ('aribmi.  tli(>  colm 
is  variably  of  a  clove  brown  I'oi-  the  winter  dress;  but  in  olie- 
dieiice  to  the  e(.ncral  law,  this  dark  color  fades  more  or  less  a- 
tlie  winter  iidvaiiccs. 

The  r).irrcn-e;roiind  Caribou  has  a  foot  similai'ly  provided  will 


(■Ill  T   .|,V/>    en/. III! 


■ir,\ 


INC   stilT  llMirs,  l>Ut    till'    wllili'    is    lUllcll    Iliul'i'  f\ti|l(|r(l,         Ill^tiMil 


^ll^l•l>llnllllll'■  t  lie  iMiiit'^.  \\  liil 


if  liciiii;'  coiiiiiicd  til  a  iiaiTiiW  haiiil 
llir  li'ij,-  is  111'  a  luit-hriiwn  sliaili'.  tlir  wlinlr  I'lmt  aiiil  Ii'l;'  ari'  wliilc 
•\rc]it  a  tawiiv  ln'iiwn  slrijir  I'Xti'inliiit;'  dnwii  tin-  tVniit  nl'  rarii 
Ii'l;\  with  whiti'  liairs  iii(('rs|ii'i'sc(l.  illniiiiisliin^-  in  rxli'iil  as  it 
iinirrcds   iliiwiiwanl.  t ill    it    tiTininaIrs   in    iVunl    nf   ihc   ai'i-rssurv 


liiiii 


Is.     At 


asl   tins  IS  tlir  ■■asc  with  ihnsc    in    ni\'  mlli'i't  mn.  ami 


aril  that  iiiiih'  arc  nut  iH'iailiar  in  this  rc^an 


111  1  lie  I'liliir  III 


till"    ll'^S   llf    1 


II'    1  \Vi  1  SlIl'l'll'S  1  1 


I"  I'l'lllll 


111'   illlfrrillcr 


I'lT.  W  IH'II    jilarril 


>i(lr  liy  sidr,  is  viTv  st riki iiLi'.  IJiit  this  ^rcatiT  cxtiait  nl  wliilrnn 
llir  iiiir'hi'rn  s]ti'ri('s  is  in  liariiniiiv  willi  a  law  alri-adx  I'rir;  rnl  tn. 
Ill  a  ^Trat  inajiirilv  ni'  rases,  nmrr  nr  h'ss  white  is  Inmid  alimit 
till'  liiHil's  (if  the  X'ii'e-inia  Di'ef.  luit  rareK  in  I 
wliii'h  is  iinil'iU'iiiK'  fiiiind  a  In  ml  the  I'ihiI  nf  t  he  ( 'aril  mil.  >'•  that   it 


le     eMelll    n|      tjiat 


lllllSl     1)1'    CllllSK 


lered  a  fiiuilive  and    imt   a    i>eriiianenl   mark  nf   lli. 


'ies.      If   |ires('nt.   this    while   is   sure    In   1 


te     Sei'Il      hrt  W  e^MI     t  III 


I'les.  and   siiiiielimes   it   is    limited    In   that    revinii. 


I 


-iiail\    thi 


while  mark  extfiids  in    a    narrnw  line  n 


\)   the    fmill     nf    ih 


iillllnsil  e     t  he    ai'i'CSSnrV    III  II  il 


he    while    alsii    treiiueiil  1\    simws 


is  niiix'  |nr  a  simi" 


itself  arnniid  the  upper  part  of  the  iiimfs.  |)eiiia| 
(list  a  III 'I',  and  sum  el  lines,  tlmn^h  rarely,  ipiite  arniind  Imi  h.  Snine- 
liiiies  these  white  niai'kiiie's  a|ipear  nll  nlie  nr  nmre  nf  the  leel. 
and  sninetiines  on  all.  <  )n  snnie.  im  white  e\'er  ajipear^  ainiind 
the  feel.      This  while  is  verv  pure,  imi  a  enlnred  hair  liein^'  fniind 


111 


teriiiixed  willi  il .      Al 


II  i\  e.   1  lie    lee 


is  nf  I  he  riifniis  sh; 


ii|e.  \ar\- 


iiiH'  verv  efeat  1 V  in  inteiisil  w  frnm  the  fuloy  pre\  ailiiiu'  nn  the  Imd 


In  ainiiist    iiiire  wiiili 


ha\('  111    tii\'  cnjleelinn    a    siieianieii.  llii 


i|n\\ 


llf  whifli  are  aliimst  eiilirelv  nf  a  vellnwish  while,  milv  a  liiii 
n    the   aiileriiir   ede-e   nf   ihe   le^    has   I 


iwiiv    I'eil    hairs    inter- 


mixed  with    the  white,  imparl  iiiLi;  a  sail 


Iv  shade.       The    liift 


liver 


the  metatarsal  eland  is  a  purer  wiiile  than  nn  the  ri>i  nf  ihe  lee 
nf  tills  <leer.  hilt  the  dill'erelice  is  scareelv  pereejil  ilile.  I  remark 
the  exeepliniial  feature,  that  the  hairs  eninpnsiiie'  the  tuft  nycv 
the  tarsal  eiaiid  are  fnr  their  wlmle  leiie-th  a  lawiiv  vellnw,  emi- 
trasliii^  stmnelv  with  the  wh 


IIISKli.'  and  Hillside 


lite,   clnthlll^'   the   lialaliee    n|     ihe     lee' 

This  specimen  is  fmm  the  |{ne|>v  Mniinlains, 
where  it  is  called  the  whitc-taili'd  deer,  nr,  further  imrlli.  the  Iniie- 
laileddeer,  nf  '  V/'ryrv /c/^r/o'/ZN  (if  siiine  aiit  In  ii's  :  and  \i'l  the  tail, 
all  hniiMh  1  here  is  im  Mack  upnii  ii .  caiiiinl  lie  ili->l  ine'iiished,  eit  In-r 
ill  lene'th.  fiirin,  nr  culnr,  fmm  many  li\iiie'  specimens  in  my 
e'rniinds.      1    have  in  iUiotlnn'  place  assiened  the   yr;\ 


suns  wli\-  we 


iniist  class  this  with  the  Niruiiiia  deer,  and  it 


IS  scarci'h   eiit  It  led 


1.30 


Tin:  i>Ei:i:  or  amkuica. 


tn  tli(>  (listiiictidii  of  ;i  vnrictv,  tlic  only  ix'ciilijvril y  being,  tliat  it 
liiis  oil  (lie  nvcriii^c  more;  wiiitt'  on  it  than  lliosc  native  cast  of 
tlic  Missouri  Jkivrr.  This  siK'cinu'n  lias  mere  Avhitc  on  it  than 
any  other  wliieli  I  have  ever  seen  anywhere. 

On  one  specimen  only  of  the  Wapiti  deer  hav(>  I  found  white 
hairs  around  the  hoofs,  and  I  have  examined  hundreds  for  them. 
This  was  a  fine  buck,  sent  from  Laramie,  on  the  Laramie  jdaiiis, 
and  probably  killed  in  that  neiglil>orliood  in  .January.  IsTo.  I 
judge  him  to  have  been  liv(!  years  old.  Anamd  the  hoofs  on  eaeh 
foot  was  ji  band  of  ])ure  white  hairs.  It,  extendeil  (piite  around 
the  upper  ]>art  of  the  hoofs,  and  was  about  throe  lines  broad,  and 


was  o 


f   the  like  dimensions  on  ejieh  foot. 


We  ave  seen  in  another  })laee  that  white  s})ots,  or  white 
hairs,  fr,  '  idy  a|)pear  on  tin;  Elk,  but  they  are  fugitive,  never 
appi'ariig  i  •    he  same  form  or  place,  if  at  all,  the  next  ycai'.      It 


nie 


Would  be  iiu«  ■•    ting  to  know  if  this  wa.s  so  on  the.  Laiai 

( )n  all  the  s[»eeies,  save?  tlu'  oaril)ou  and  the  N'irginia  deer,  not 
a  white  hair  lias  ever  been  detected  around  the  hoofs,  except  the 
single  elk  just  named:  but  if  there  be  a  distinction,  the  hairs 
around  the  hoofs  are  of  a  darker  shade  tliuii  those  above,  though 
1  was  disa])p()inted  not  to  iind  some  white  hairs  there  on  the 
Acapuico  deer  and  the  Ceylon  deer. 

The  h'gs  of  the  female  VVa|)iti  are  of  a  cliestnut  brown,  and  on 
the  bucks  th(>y  are  brown  bhiek,  fading  out  iis  the  season  pro- 
gi'esscs  to  tlu>  color  of  the  females,  but  on  tlii'  jiosterior  edges  on 
both,  at  all   times,  is  the  stripe  of  a  iiiucii   lighter  and   more  yel- 


ow  snade  elsewnere  descri 


d( 


ibed. 


'i'he  leg  of  tli(!   Mule  Deer,  although  cpiite  dark  in  the  earlv 


wmlei 
a    liuht 


coa 


t,  fades  out  ra]>idiy,  so  that  by  midwinter  it  is  of  ipiite 
lor,  and  bv  surinu",  it  is  sometimes  nearly  white,  but 


diir 


iiKli vKluals  (tiller  verv  much   m  tins  reuan 


th 


Tl 


le  same  ri'iuark 


wi 


II  a|)ply  to  both  the  Virginia,  and  the  Columbia  deer.     <  )n  tin 


LcaiHilco  (leer, 


the  leu'  is  of  a  darker 


color, 


and  fades  1 


ess  (luring 


the  w 


inter,  still  it  fades  to  a  certain  extent. 


I  have  already  spoken  somewhat  of  the  general  color  of  the 
Moose.  We  have  seen  that  the  new  winter  coat  on  the  young 
Moose  is  black,  and  so  it  is  till  lie  I'eachcs  his  prime.  Although, 
even    before   that,  the  intensity  or  brilliaucv  of   the   color  niav 


TIk?  lirst  two  or  thn 


lose  its  lustre.  Ca})tain  Hardy  says; 
days  of  September  over,  and  the  Moose  has  worked  olT  (from  his 
antlers)  the  last  ragged  stri])  of  the  deciduous  skin  against  his 
favorite  rubbing-jxist."     "His  coat  now  lies  chwe  with  a  gloss 


COAT  A  XT)    (OT.on. 


ir, 


>i 


icflcctiiii'  the  sun's  ravs.  like  tliat  of  a  wi'll-^rowtncd  liorsc.  His 
lirfvailiiiL;'  color  if  in  his  ])riiii('  is  jet  black,  with  lioaiitiful  ^'ohlcn 
brown  lens  jind  Hanks  pale  fawn.""  ' 

Di".  (iiljiin,  in  dcscrihint^  the  coloi-  in  Scptcnihcr.  of  a  male 
tlirec  years  and  fonr  months  old,  says:  '•  "^I'lic  color  of  this  Imll 
was  in  the  liii^hcst  snninici' coatinti  of  deep  olossy  black  and  short 
as  ;i  wcll-i^rooincd  horse.  The  niutllr  and  foreliead  had  a  bi'ownish 
vellow  cast,  tlu!  cheeksand  neck  dark  l)lai'k  ;  the  ears  were  li^ht 
fawn  inside,  a  little  darker  outside;  the  crest  y(dlowisli.  niixed 
i^ray  and  white,  and  a  yellow  oray  patch  npon  the  croup.  'Ihe 
inside  of  the  buttock  and  all  the  legs  botli  inside  ami  outride 
were  briu'ht  vellow  fawn,  the  black  of  the  bodv  runninti'  down 
half  way  to  the  hocks  and  to  the  knees,  and  ending  with  an  ali- 
rupt  line  in  a  ]M)int.  There  was  also  a  black  line  running  from 
each  hock  and  each  knee  in  front  and  widening  tu  join  the  hoof. 
Tills  line  lias  heretofore  escaped  obst-rvers."' 

Audubon  and  IJachman,  in  closing  th(;ir  description  of  the 
color  of  tile  Moose,  say:  '*  The  young  animals,  for  the  iirst.  winter, 
are  of  a  reddish  i»rown  color;  individuals  even  of  the  same  age 
often  dilTei-  in  color,  some  being  darker  than  others,  but  there  is 
always  a  striking  dilTerence  l)etween  tlie  summer  and  winter 
colors,  tlu^  liairs  in  winter  bei'oming  darker;  as  the  .\b)ose  ad- 
vances in  age,  tlu!  <'olor  continues  to  dc'e])en,  until  it  appears 
black;  thence  it  was  naine(l   by  Hamilton  Smith,   not  inappro- 


la 


telv 


V  as  regarc 


pr 


some  errors 


Is  color,  '  the  American  Black  V. 


11 


(■re  are 


that 


require   co 


rrection.      While  the  winter  coat    is 


ilarker  than  the  summer  coat  the  striking  contrast  is  in  Si'ptem- 
iter  coat  Iirst  ap]iears.     From  that  time  onward, 


I 


)er,  when  the  win 


it  grows  lighter  continually.  It  is  manifest,  however,  that  they 
did  not  mistake  the  new  winter  coat  for  the  summer  coat,  as  very 
often  occurs,  but  they  clearly  recognized  tlie  two  pelages  in  each 
year,  in  tlie  Moose,  as  occurs  with  all  the  other  deer,  which, 
however,  has  been   rarely  noticed  or  appreciated   by   those   most 


famil 


lar  w 


itli  tlie  animal,      llowthev  fell  into  the  error  of  statiiu 


that  the  color  of  the  Moose  deepens  as  it  ad\aiices  in  age  until  it 
finally  a]ipi'ars  black,  it  is  not  easy  to  explain.  All  most  familiar 
with  th(^  animal,  agree  that  after  the  first  year,  the  winter  coat 
is  blackest,  and  that  after  full  maturity  it  sensibly  grows  lighter 
with  advanciiii;  aire.  ('ai»tain  Ilardv  savs:  "  In  (»ld  bulls  of  the 
American  vari»>ty  the  coat  is  inclined  to  assume  a  grizzly  hue."" 
Mr.  Morrow  writes  me,  quoting  from  a  frieiul  who  often  ac- 

1  Fori  st  l.ifi'  in  Aritdir.  ]).  60. 


Ui 


:if 


iirfiF 


ins 


'riiE  i)i:i:i;  i>r  amkuka. 


Cf) 


iii|tani('s  liiiii  in  tin'  cIkisc  dl'  tlir  Mduso  :   "•  'lin'  yuiinu'i'r  nniinii^ 
ire   (lai'ki'st.      As  winter   ikIvuiu'cs    ilic    liaii'   ^r^ws    |i)iii;i'r   and 


•  "•radiiallN   lad 


iiiTduini"'   mnrc  ''-rav 


his    lailMi'j,'   "lit    (>l  tiK 


)l(ir   t' 


iii't:   i>|'   nray,   willi    advancing   an't',  is   a   tai'l    sn   we 


rccdoni/.iMl  l)_v  all    familiar  with  llie  animal,  so  far  as  I  liavc  ln'cn 
alili'  In  Irarn.  that"  I  du  iidI  (Iimmii  it    nrccssarv  Id   miiltijiK   (inota- 


t  urns  (in  til''  suiMi' 


hat.  tins  IS  miicli  iiniri'  the  casr  with  sonw 


)|    all    niir  (leer. 


than  willi  others,  we  ma\'  not  ([uestion.  anv  more  than  that  iiidi- 
\idiials  of  all  ages  dil'fer  \r\'\  a[i])reeiahl\'  in  color,  which  is  ad- 
mitted liy  all.  It  is  liv  far  the  darkest  colored  i 
and  it  is  prohaiily  the  <larki'st  of  any  known  ^\^■^'\•  of  any  part  of 
the  world.  It  has  always  heeii  recognized  as  imieh  darker  than 
the   Swedish   elk.  with    which.  I    am   eiitir(dv  satislied   li\    critical 


comparison,  it  is  spe( 


iiicallv  identical. 


A  •■  '  have  expressed  the  opinion  so  conlidently,  that  the  Moose 
'.as  <  •  pelages  in  the  year,  while  admitting  thai  I  have  not  had 
the  opporl  unity  to  personally  verifv  this  fact,  and  have  not  the 
'lircct  evi(h't'.M>  of  any  oliserver  who  has  done  so,  it  may  he 
propel  thai  I  sliould  group  together  some  of  the  evideiici^  which 
r  think  tends  strongly  to  establish  it. 

Let  us  again  i'(>ciir  to  what  Dr.  (Jiliiin  savs  of  the  coat  in 
Septemlier  of  I  he  three-year  old  male  Afoose  :  '■  The  cohir  of  the 
hull  was  in  the  higliest  summer  coating  of  deep  glossy  hlack  ;ind 

mcd   horse."      Now  this  was  at   a  time  ^vhen 


short  as  a  well-iiroo 
the  other  species  of  deer  liiivc;  just  discarded  the  sunnner  coat  an<l 
the  new  winter  garh  is  just  fairly  developed.  Had  our  author 
seen  him  a  month  earlier,  I  am  \ery  sure  he  would  have  found 
him  less  att  inactive,  in  a  shahhx'  fawn-colored  summer  dress, 
already  prejtaring  to  give  ])lace  to  the  one  described. 

At  the  time  th(>  Doctor  wrote  tliis  description,  his  attention  had 
not  been  called  to  tills  second  pelage  of  the  Moose,  noi'  do  I  any- 
where tind  ii  direct  examination  of  the  subjeci  hv  any  author, 
nor.  so  I'ai' as  I  know,  have  tlu'  hunters  taken  |iarticular  note  of 
it.      Hardv  sa\s  :   '•  His  coat    now  lies  close,  with  a  gloss   rellect- 


me'   the  sun  s   rav: 


like  that  of  a  well-u'roomeil  1 


lorse 


1     I 


IIKl 


abiindauf   evidence  that  the  Moose   has  a,  new  coat  in  the  fall   in 
many  observations,  like  the  above.      l'',ven  without  thi-se,  analogy 

se.  and  we  should  t'ccniire  the 


tells  us  that  such  must  be  the  ca 
strongest  evidence  to  dispute  her  teachings.  The  fact  that  tin' 
Moose  is  out  of  season  and  is  never  hunted  when  in  the  summer 
coiit,  —  that  then  tliey  are  without  their  antlers,  and  seek  the 
deepest  seclusion,  —  ex[)lains  how  it  is  that   they  are  rarely  seen 


W\ 


rOA  r   .\\l>   inT.nl!. 


mo 


when  ill  lliiit  unattnu'livc  siinimcr  suit.  N;il  iirnlists.  stiulviiin' 
lliis  ;iiilin;il.  lijivc  iKit  niiidc  this  |i;ii'ti(Mil;ii'  pMinl  ;i  siilijicl,  u('  iii- 
ijiiiry.  .'111(1  so  tlu'ir  nttciitidii  liiis  not  hccn  (jinctcd  to  tin-  I'acts, 
I'vcii  when  seen,  wliidi  woulil  serve  to  I'liiciilatc  it.  W'c  iiiav  sec 
a  tlioiisaml  t Iiiiin's  witlioiit  oliscrvint;'  tliciii.  if  AVrdu  not  a|i|iri'- 
ciatc  tlii'ir  ini|iortan('c.  We  see  tlieni  and  |iass  tlieni  1>\  in  i'oi'- 
■iel  fulness,  unless  we  see  in  tlii'iii  soin(>  siL;nitieanec.  \\\r\\  so  ae- 
ciii-ate  an  ohsi-rver  and  accomiilislied  a,  naturalist  as  Dr.  (iil]iln. 
lived  aiiionu'  tlie  Moose,  as  Wf  iiiav  say.  for  forty  years,  without 
his  attention  being  directed  to  this  jiarticidar  branch  of  the  snb- 

jci't.  * 

111  answer  to  my  iiii|iiiries  in  reference  to  two  pclanes  of  the 
moose  and  the  caribou.  Mr.  IJobei't  .^^)l•l■ow.  of  Halifax,  writes 
me:  ■•  Thev  have  a  suimner  and  ii  winti'r  <-oat.  but  that  thev 
shed  it  more  than  once  a  year  I  cannot  say.  'liie  Indians  sav 
no.  but  it  is  not  |>robable  that  their  attention  has  been  drawn  to 
ilie  subject.  Dr.  (iiljiin  thinks,  reasfjiiing  from  analo^v.  that 
iliey  partially  shed  their  coat  in  the  latti'r  part  of  the  suniiner. 
in  wdiicli  case  tlio  coat  is  shed  spring  and  fall." 

W'iien  T  remember  the  dilliculty  I  had  to  detect  the  shedding 
of  the  coat  in  the  fall  bv  the  elk,  and  that  after  years  of  observa- 
tion with  the  best  o]iport  unities,  T  was  still  of  o|»iniou  that  he  had 
hut  one  peliigo  in  the  year.  I  can  appreciate  how  little  reliance 
can  be  placeil  on  the  iicgati\e  comdusioiis  of  even  the  Indians, 
who,  as  Mr.  Morrow  suggests,  probably  ni'ver  thought  of  the 
suliject.  The  observer  who  detecteil  ;i  clear  and  well-ilelined  line 
hetween  lighter  and  (hirker  sIkuIcs  along  the  side  of  the  caribou, 
saw  the  same  thing,  though  more  distinctly,  that  first  led  me  to 
discover  the  cluuigo  of  coat  at  the  end  of  summer  on  the  elk". 

The  mule  deer  n>s(.'nibles  the  Moose  most  in  the  bhudc  color  of 
lite  new  winter  coat,  but  it  turns  to  gray  much  sooner  than  the 
Itlack  of  the  Moose  fades  to  the  grayish  white,  which  it  assumes 
during  the  winter  or  to.vards  the  spring.  1  again  (piot(^  from 
(iilpin  :  "  The  winter  coating  (of  the  Moose)  is  f(U'nied  of  long 
hair  so  stiiT  as  to  stand  bristly  outward,  and  as  each  hair  is  leail 
colored  at  base,  gravish-white  in  the  middle,  and  blade  at  to[), 
ilie  w  hole  animal  has  a  grayish  appearance,  '["he  crest  loses  its 
yellowish  wash,  and  the  Iniir  on  the  cheeks  and  neck  is  both 
darker  and  shaggier  than  on  the  body.  There  is  still  a  yellowish 
hrown  wash  on  the  ninlTer  and  forehead,  and  the  ears  an;  brown- 
ish fawn.  The  beautiful  yellow  fawn  and  blaclc  stripes  of  the 
legs  disa[)pear,  iind    inix-cd   gray  cover  them,  hiding  the   abrupt 


lilt 


Wr 


140 


77//;  /)j:i:i;  of  ameuica. 


lines  of  lihick  iind  tail."  Altliou'rli  (Hir  iuitlior  \viis  not  aware 
tliat  li(!  was  (lescrihiiiijj  the  same  winter  coat  at  two  ditVei'eiit 
])eiio(ls  of  its  f^rowtli,  lie  lias  done  so  with  marked  clearness,  and 
he  wonid  have  appreciated  this,  if  ln'  had  watched  many  individ- 
uals of  most  of  th<i  species  day  hy  day  from  the  lirst  appearance 
of  the  new  winter  coat,  uii(h'r  tiie  ilisappoarine-  summer  coat, 
thidu'-h  all  the  cha!i<4'es  to  the  faded  und  worn  out  appearance 
of  spiin;;',  and  till  it  is  linally  cast  olV  in  its  turn,  —  he  would 
liave  a|)[ireciated  that,  HUe  the  garment  of  a  man,  it  is  most 
lu'aiitiful  when  it  is  lirst  put  on,  and  thu  longer  it  is  w(an  the 
more   faded  and  slial)by  it  becomes. 

Hardy  says,  tla;  Mouse  sheds  liis  winter  coat  about  the  middle 
of  April.  In  September  we  (Ind  him  with  a  fine,  short,  soft,  n'lossy 
coat,  as  black  as  nig'lit.  Can  any  rational  man  suppose  that  that 
is  the  saiiK!  coat  which  he  took  on  in  the  jirevious  April,  and 
which  he  had  worn  the  whole  sumnier  ?  Has  it  Ixh'U  g'l'owiu!^ 
liner,  shorter,  softer,  and  actpiiring  a  liner  lustre  all  the  summer? 
On  all  the  others  the  summer  coat,  coiitiniu^s  to  inereasi^  in  length, 
and  to  lose  its  freshness  during  the  summer,  until,  when  it  is 
thrown  away,  it  has  ■>  dirty  and  ragged  appearance,  and  all  at 
once,  ill  Septembor,  w(i  find  it  changed  to  a,  rich  ami  beautiful 
nuptial  dress,  the  admiration  of  all  who  see  him.  No  one  ever 
mentions  him  in  this  dress  in  the  sumnier  time,  and  I  imagine  no 
one  of  sense  will  suppose  he  ever  wears  such  a  dress  at  that  time, 
and  to  suppose  that  tlu^  same  hairs  which  had  been  long  and 
harsh,  and  dull  of  (Milor,  all  at  once  become  short,  and  soft,  and 
brilliant,  seems  to  me  to  bespeak  an  ignorance  of  the  growth  of 
the  coats  of  qnadru])eds.  It  seems  to  mo  impossible  to  account 
for  this  ornamental  coat  in  tin?  early  fall,  exce[)t  on  tli(»  coin'lu- 
sion  that  it  is  (composed  of  now  hairs,  which  have  lately  taken 
the  place  of  others  of  a  diiferent  color  and  (piality  just  east  oil". 

Audubon  and  Hachman  say  :  "  Hut  there  is  always  a  striking 
diil'eronco  between  tlio  summer  and  winter  colors,  the  hairs  in 
winter  becoming  darker."  Now  this  must  b(>  a  recognition  of  the 
two  distinct  coats  of  summer  and  winter  ;  the  former  of  which  is 
certainly  lighter  than  the  latter,  even  after  it  has  faded  from  its 
lirst  brilliant  hues,  ft  wouhl  bo  an  anomaly,  indeed,  for  a  sii'kly, 
pale  coat  to  change  to  a  brilliant  black. 

IJoth  from  analogy  and  attested  facts,  when  their  true  imjiort 
is  proii(>rly  considered,  I  think  we  are  warranted  in  tlu;  conclu- 
sion that  the  Moose,  with  tho  others,  has  its  two  distinct  pelages 


lacli 


yei 


w. 


'II. 


I     'I 


\  i> 


COAT     \M>   fof.ol! 


141 


( )|"  the  individual   ludi's.  Captain    llardx   sav 


Tl 


ic  cxli'i'mi- 


tifs  (inly  <il'  tlif  liaii's  arc  lilack  :  towards  tin-  crntri'  llicy  lii'C(jnii' 
nf  a  lii;lil  asliv  gniy,  and  linally,  towariU  tlic  runts,  dull  wliili'."' 
With  t  iiis  dcscfiptiiin  nmst,  antlinrs  .sid)slanl  iaily  a^i'i'c.  .My  uw  ;i 
I'xaniinMtion,  liowcvcr.  sliuws  many  cxcciitiuns  \i>  this,  csiirrijlly 


upon  I  ill'  nci'h,  whcrr  I  lind    niaiiv 


hairs  lilark  ncai'lv  t hrir  w  \\ii\r 


Iriin'th.  and  qnitc  a    nnndicr  snow-w  hiti-.  trnni   oim;  extremity  tn 

I  lie  othel'. 

'The  ei>at  of  niider  fnr,  whieli  is  almost  as  almndant  as  on  oiir 
elk.  is  of  a  uniform  dial>,  and  does  not  under^D  the  same  ehanees 
of  <'olor  whieh  are  oliserved  with  the  h)iiLL-  coarse  hair,  which 
aloni'  are  seen  liy  the  sn|ieiticial  oiiserver. 

While  the  head  and  the  lens  of  the  Woodland  ('aril>ou  are  al- 
ways distinctly  colored,  in  a  lar^e  majority  of  individuals  white 
predominales,  especially  on  the  neck,  which  is  almost  nni\ cisall v 
tlie  whitest  part  of  the  animal.  The  hm;,;'  whit((  mane  of  the  uld 
hack  is  a  very  sti'ikini;'  characteristic.  Hardy  says,  ••The  white 
mane  reachin<f  to  over  a  foot  in  leiielh  in  old  males,  which  haiii^s 
|iciidani  from    the  lu'ck  with  a  ei'acefnl   curve  to  the   fi'ont,  is  erne 


the  most  noticeahle  and  ornanu'ntal  attrilait 


es  ol    t  he 


pecie 


This  description  is  undouhtedly  of  the  late  winter  coat   when  the 
hairs  have  attained  their  full  length.       There  is  less  iinifoiniil\  in 


the  (.-olors  of  the  bodies  than  of  the  head,  neck,  ami 


w 


liile 


the  head  and  lee's  are  tawny  hrown  of  varyinj;;  intensity,  and 
the  neck  white,  on  some  much  more  proiiouiiced  than  on  others, 
the  body  is  sometinu's  nearly  all  white,  while  othei's  ari-  a  rich 
rufous  tirown  on  the  back  as  well  as  the  le<4s,  and  only  the  tail 
and  rump  aiv  white  above  and  the  bellv  and  inside  of  the  le<4s  are 
also  white.  Like  all  the  others,  the  early  winter  coat,  which  re- 
[)laces  tlu;  summer  coat  in  September,  is  of  the  deepest  color,  is 
finer,  softer,  and  mon^  brilliant  than  later,  when  tli<^  clove-browii 
shade  which  iirst  prevailed  has  given  place  to  the  dirty  white  of 
midwinter. 

Dr.  (iilpin  thus  sums  u])  the  colorings  of  the  Caribou:  "In 
winter,  soiled  yellowish  white;  neck,  rump,  tail,  and  unih-r  ]>ai'ts, 
pure  white;  legs  "white  inside,  outside  brown,  with  white  fringes. 
In  summer,  neck,  ext<Miding  into  fore-shouldiM-,  rump  and  tail, 
under  parts,  and  inside  of  legs  jau'c  white,  all  oth«'r  parts  clove- 
brown  ;  sometimes  reddish  and  yellowish,  witli  black  patch  on 
cheek  and  eye,  with  white;  fringe  on  lioofs." 

The  hair.s  when  separately  examined  are  found,  to  be  excep- 
tional in  color  in  this,  that  the  ti[)s  are  never  black,  and  generally 


w 


U: 


I  III:  hi.i.i;  i>r  .\mi:iu(  a. 


till'  liairs  !U'(^  diirkci'  liciicatli   tlinii  ;il    nr  near  (licii-  (iiiicr  t'lids, 
wliicli  is  tlic  ex  act  ri'\cr>r  nl'  w  hat  we  ohscrN  c  dii  tlic  otlici'  s|i(Tirs. 


he  iiinlcr  coal  u 


III!'  Mil  I  lie  ( 'arilxni 


IS  vri-v  a 


1)1111(1: 


ml .  aiH.  i> 


(i|'  llic  ciiIdi' (if  tlif  hairs  aiiidiin'  which  it  is  I'imiikI.  (  )t'  thccnat 
and  ciilorinn'  nf  ihc  r>airi'ii-L;i'Miiii(l  ( 'arilioii,  Sif  .lnhii  IlichariUnii 
iU'ivcs  this  i|c<cii|p|  idii  :  ••  In  the  niniitli  (if  .Inly  the  cariliun  >licil> 
its  wiiili'i-  i'ii\  riini;'  and  ac(|nii'('s  a  ^hll^t  snionih  cdat  nf  hair,  of  a 
ciilcir  cMiiiiHi-M'd  (if  cJiiNc-liriiwn  niini;l('il  with  dcc|i  reddish  and 
vclldW  i--li  lini\\n>:  t  he  under  surface  df  t  he  neck  and  liells.and 
the  inner  ^ides  df  the  eMi'einities,  reinainine'  white   in  all  seasnns. 


r 


le   hair  at    lii'sl    is   hue   and   llexil 


nut    as   It    leiiiitheiis   il   in 


(•leases  er;i(hially  in  diameter  at    its  idnts,  liecdinine;  at    the  saiin 
tiiiHi   white,   Sdfl,   cdin]>ressilil('   and   lirittle,  like   the   hair  df   tin 


lll(iO.SL'-<ieer 


11    the    cdlir^e    df    the    winter,    the    Ihickliess    (if    til 


hairs  at.   their  nidts   liecdines  so   ercat    that  tlie\'  ari!  cxceedineiy 
(•ldS(!    and    lid    ldiie-ei'   lie   ddWii    sindotld' 
tlleV    are    lllell    SO   soft    :uid    tt-'llder    1 


iiiit,    stand    erect. 


IlKl 


it'ldW  that  the  llexiiile  and 
cdlori'd  |)(iiiits  arc  easily  rnhlieil  diV  and  that  the  fur  ap|iear,^ 
white,  especially  on  tlu;  Ihuiks.  This  occurs  in  a  smaller  degree 
on  \\u'  hack:  and  on  the  under  parls  the  hair,  althoiieh  it  ac- 
(|iiires  leiietli,  remains  more  llexiMe  and  slender  at  its  I'dots  and 
is  cdnse(iuently  not  so  subject  to  lireak.  Towards  the  s|irine'. 
hen  the  deer  are  tormented  \>\  the  larva;  of  the  ead-llv  makine 


w 
th 


leir  wav  throiiiih  the  skin,  tliev  riih  theinscdvcs  aeaiiist  stones 
and  rocks,  until  all  the  colori'd  tips  of  the  hair  aro  worn  oil  and 
their  fiir  appears  to  he  of  a  soiled  white  color." 

This  certainly  eiscs  us  a  very  clear  account  of  the  winter  coat, 
from  its  lirst  appearance  till  towards  the  spring,  at  least.  It  i.> 
very  clear  that  it  never  occurred  to  our  author  to  iiupiire  whether 
the  animal  has  two  p(dau;<'s,  o 


but 


oni;  (.luriiiiX   tlu!  veai 


That 


(piestion  evideiiily  iievi-r  eneaged  his  attontion,  and  he  made  iin 
carefid  observatidiis  for  the  express  purpose  of  elucidating  it. 
Had  he  done  so  he  w^ould  no  doubt  liave  settled  it  conclusively. 
As  it  is,  1  think  further  observations  are  rcquireil. 


Tl 


le    new 


coat   described    is    like   the   new^  winter  coat  of  tin 


idiich 


illy 


)ther  species,   winch  nsually  comes   on   in  September,   njion  th 


ptembi 


OSS    o 


f  tl 


le  summer  (.-oa 


t.     It  is 


I  short  smooth  coat  of  hair. 


If  there  are  two  pelages,  the  casting  of  the  summer  coat  could 
hartlly  have  occurred  before  August  or  September.  But  can  it  be 
that  the  winter  coat  is  carried  till  July. 

Our  author  says:  "  In  iNIay  tlie  females  proceed  towards  tlie  sea- 


coast. 


Soon  after  their  arrival  on  the  coast,  the  fcmah 


■  III 


I'lll'fl 


(  i>A  J   .\sj>  (('i.iii;. 


It;; 


ili'(i|)   llicii'  ydiiiii,^;   llicy  I'diniiit'iici'   their  n-luiii    ti>  tlif   smitli   in 
>c|iti'iiilMT,  and    I'cadi  llic  \i(init\   l^i   llic  udmls    tuwanls  llir  md 

of  ((ctolici',  ulicic  tlh'\   all'    jiiini'il  |p\    llic   niali'- ('aptain 

I'dTX  saw  (IriT  nn  tile  .Mi'Uilli'  I 'i  iii ii-^u la .  as  lali'  as  iIicl':'ii1  of 
*^c|)lfnilii'i-,  and  tin'  frmalivs  with  ilicir  fawns  made  llicir  lii^t 
a|i|H'arani'i'  lUi  llic  'ln\  nf  AjU'il."  NHw.  all  Ip>ii'_;Ii  ihc  pcrind  nf 
vcaninn'  is  \\n[  necessarily  idcniical  wiiii  llic  linic  n\  slu'ddiiii;'  the 
uinti'i'  c(iaU  nlpsei'valinn  sliows  that  it  i-.  inlinialcK  cduncclcd 
wilii  it  wluTc  llic  ciiiirsc  (if  iialui'c  i^  iiiiiili>|  ludcd.  If  (hat  is 
I  nic  (if  this  animal,  alsd,  then  t  he  winlci'  cual  sin  add  he  discai-dc(l 
III  the  ni'iiith  (if  .May  (ir  .luiic  at  t!ic  latest.  riicii  we  shnidd 
lia\c  Id  |iiit  hack  the  lime  when  the  siiminer  ccat  is  slic(l  and 
ilie  new  winter  coat  taken  till  August  di'  Se|i|ciiilier  nr  e\cn  <  )c- 
ImIict,  w  hicli  I  )r.  Richai'dsdii  sa\  s  is  I  lie  t  inic  w  laai  the  males  jdiii 
llic  females  near  the  sdiitlicrn  iturders  df  the  liaircii  (irdiiiids. 
If.  as  Ilicliardsdii  sa\s,  this  animal  takes  on  his  nidst  attractive 
attire  while  he  is  still  pdor  in  llcsh.  while  his  antlers  arc  in 
active  ci'dwih,  ami  three  nidiiths  hefdi-e  the  seasdii  df  hive  cdni- 
iiiciiees,  we  must  indeed  cdiisidcr  it  veiv  exccpl'  nal  and  \cr\ 
c\trad|-diiiary.  It  seein^  to  he  a  prdvisidii  df  natarc,  that  the 
male  shdiild  he  made  the  nidst  alliacti\c  Id  the  female  at  this 
season.  His  antlers,  which  wc  may  proiinic.  accdr<liiii;  to  cari- 
hiiii  lasfes  are  ednsidere(l  drnaineiilal  as  well  as  iisefnl,  are  per- 
Iccted  just  previous  to  llie  coiiinienccnieiit  of  the  riittiiiL;'  sea- 
son, and  at  the  same  time  all  the  others  wear  t  heir  handsomest 
dress,  and  we  [)ause  before  we  accept  llie  com  hision  that  this 
animal  alone  wears  his  hest  altiri-  in  deep  seclusion,  ami  i|nite 
heyoiid  the  notice  df  the  dllier  se.\.  and  l)eh>re  he  is  pininplcd  to 
show  himself  to  these  this  dress  ninst.  he  despoiled  of  itslieaiil\ 
and  its  att  ract  i\  eiiess  destroyed  hy  two  or  three  iiidiilhs"  •.car. 
This  may  all  he  so  and  this  exceptidnal  stale  df  lhinL;s  pnidnced 
hy  his  hioh  iidrlhern  raiic'c  and  the  short  siiniinei's  there,  hiit  I 
could  not  help  making  these  ivllections.  which  siiegest,  the  [lossi- 
hilitv  that  Richiirdsoii  niiiv  ]ia\e  heeii  mistakei.  n  the  date 
which  he  el\cs  for  the  time  when  the  most  drnami  iiial  coat  is 
taken  on.  I  hd[)e  I  ha\e.  iidt  hceii  misled  ii  niakint;'  these  si|o- 
gi'stions  by  a  desire  to  maintain  a  theoi-y  which  I  cdiifess  lias 
sonu'how  taken  possession  of  nie,  tliat  all  of  our  doer  must  have 
two  pelao'os  in  the  year.  I  know  tliat  tlie  maintenance  of  theo- 
ries is  the  great  bane  to  imi)artial  invi'stii.^'alion,  and  I  try  to 
H'uard  au'ain.st  it,  but  a  e;r('at  number  of  harmonious  facts  all 
jioiuting  in  one  direction,  necessarily  so  arrange  themselves  as  to 


;  I 


i 


V'' 


141 


77//;  i>i:i:i;  nr  amiihica. 


m 


H||iru;(.st    fOlU'lllsiollS   wllicll   Siiiill     crvst  illli/.i'     into    tlu'dl'lcs,   lliul     tllc 

iliini^i'i-  is  tliiit,  when  such  (■(Hicliisiniis  liavf  lu'cii  thus  iciirhnl,  m- 
siii'li  thi'Di'ics  h;i\('  iici'ii  oner  lornicd,  \vi'  lire  Inth  to  sec  iiuy 
thint,'  whiih   is   iiul  in   iinnunuy  willi  thrin. 

If  |)i'.  KichaiilsiiM  is  nut  luislakcii  in  iiis  (hitcs,  then  I  think  it 
sui'cly  |iiii\i(l  ih;il  tliis  (IciT  h;is  Iml  imi'  |icl;iL;'t'  in  t  in'  yrai' ;iiiil 
so  is  cxiM'ittioniil    in   lliis   rr^ai'd   ainoui;'  oui"  ('crvida'.  M.  il' 

they  liil't'iT  in  (his  rcs[icct  tVoni  all  the  nthrrs  it  may  j_,  ilttlc 
way  to  >ho\v  that  liiry  arc  n.  ililVcrcnt:  spccii's,  wiiicli,  howcNcr,  I 
think  aliun(kinlly  inovcd  in  other  wavs. 

ia\i'   ciscw  I'.i'i'c   statcil   tliat    the  specimens   in    niv  colh'cl  ion 


I    I 


sliow    that    the    white   endu'aces    nio-^t    of    liie 


ll'es    as    \\>- 


as   the 


I i()(i \'  < ii 


IIS  (lee)'.    W mic   t  he   lees   c  .1 


lie  lai'LCel'  S|)ec|es  o|  rellKlecj- 
ail'  unifoniil\  iirown.  As  we  have  seen,  the  same  thin^  oci  ins 
witli  the  iioiiliern  variety  of  tiie  common  deer,  liiif  il  is  hardiv 
a  inake-\veie|il  in  tlie  (h'teiininat ion  of  tlic  ([ucstioiiof  spccilic 
itK'Utit  \  or  dist  inci  ion. 


W 


now  come  to  t 


lose  species  wiiicli  I  liavc  carefully  stU(hed 
in  my  own  eroiinds  and  where  I  can  depend  on  my  own  ol)si'rva- 
tions  entirely. 


'I'lic   Slimmer  coaf    of    the  Wapiti    dcci-   is  shorter  an 


t  hall  on  I  lie   (it  liei'  species,  ain 


1  is  of  a  dirt  \'  yellowish  w  , 


cKer 


olor 


III  the  lioily,  with  u  chestnut    hrown  on  the  legs,  neck,  ami  head. 

reciahle   dilTcrciicc   between   the    males   and 


and   there   is  no    app 


females.      When  this  coat  first  appears  in  .luiie,  upon  the  pccline' 
oil'   of   the    old   winter  dress,   it   is  of  u  tletqter  shade   and    more 


glossy  tiian  i.- 


iliserved  at  any  other  season  of  the  year,  and  so  il 


is  the  most,  hcautifiil  dress  the  animal  ever  wears.  It  is  e\i:ced- 
iiigly  short,  line,  and  soft,  and  fairly  glistens  in  the  bright 
spring  sunshine.  The  contrast  between  this  new  spring  dress, 
which  may  ju'rhaps  ap[)ear  on  a  part  of  the  animal  while  the 
balance  is  coyered  with  the  shaggy  and  tattered  winter  dress, 
hanging  about  in  torn  patches,  some  dangling  a  foot  or  two  feet 
from  the  botly,  is  indi'ed  unite  remarkable.  The  one  seems  em- 
blematic of  poverty  and  destitution,  whili;  the  other  looks  like 
thrift  and  comfort.  One  appears  like  the  fag-end  of  a  hard  \\\\\- 
ter,  while  the  other  suggi-sts  the  freshness  and  tlu;  giiycty  of 
spring.  This  soft  glossy  lustre  fades  in  a  short  time  as  the  sum- 
mer coat  grows  longer.  Inuring  its  height  tiitter.s  of  the  ohl  gar- 
ment often  still  hang  to  the  animal.  As  the  summer  advances 
these  short  fine  hairs  grow  longer  and  coarser,  they  lose  their 
lustre    and   fade  in  color  upon  the  body,  while  upon  the  heiul 


II! 


fill  r  .i.\7>  coi.nn. 


ir. 


Ili'fk,   1111(1    Irns   tllc    ColdT  cliailLCl'S    llllt     1  il  I  |c   t  lll'i  HImIi    1  lie     ^llllllllt'r. 

With   tliis  smiiiiii'r  cdiiI    llic  I'lir,  wliirli  is  sn  very  al>miil;uil  witii 
the  winter  coat,  ddcs  unt  ii})i)rar. 

In  Scptt'iiilicr  thin  cuat  gives  iilacc  li>  I  lie  winter  ilress.  Imt  as 
I  have  elsewhere  (»l>serveil,  the  chaiie'e  is  so  gi'athial  as  to  re(|iiire 
the  closest  scrutiny  to  deteit,  it,  al(houi;ii  the  new  coal  dilVeis 
very  niateriall\  from  the  ohl  in  some  jiails.  •  This  dilTerenee  is 
i;ivatesL  ii|)on  the  necks  and  lees  of  the  mules,  and  ii[ion  the 
under  si(h's  (jf  the  hellies  of  all  ;  still  the  change  of  dress  and  eoii- 
seniieiitlv  of  color  is  so  erailiial,  that  we  may  watch  (he  herd  day 
!iv  <lay,  and  note  tlu!  chaiii^e  of  color,  without  lieiny  aware  that 
it  is  due  to  a  change  of  dress.  W(!  inendy  notice  that  these  dark 
Nliades  are  growing  deeper  and  deeper  during  the'  hitter  part  of 
August  and  in  Septeiuher,  and  that  upon  tluf  hodii's  of  all  a 
darker  shade,  which  a[)l)ear^i  softer  and  iiiore  glossy,  is  creeping 
over  th(!  animal. 

WluMi  the  new  winter  coat  is  fairly  established,  a  very  marked 
ditlerence  in  color  is  observed  between  the  males  and  tlu^  females 
wlii're  the  darker  shades  prevail.  TIp  neck,  l(>gs,  and  belly  are 
a  brownish  black  on  the  males,  and  the  dark  border  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  white  posterior  [)atch  is  a  v(;ry  intense  black.  At  the 
same  time,  on  tlu;  female,  the  heail.  iiei'k,  legs,  and  belly,  are 
a  chestnut  brown.  Under  the  belly  it  is  the  darkest  —  indi'cd, 
fairly  black  on  all.  We  can  hardly  ajiprt'ciate  this,  by  observ- 
ing the  live  animal,  but  when  the  animal  is  kilK'd  anil  turned  on 
its  back  to  be  dressed,  we  are  surprised  that  we  had  so  imu-h 
overlooked  this  darker  shade  of  the  belly,  which  now  ai»pears  to 
he  ([uite  black. 

The  white  patch  on  the  rump  commences  at  the  top  of  the  hip 
and  extends  back  so  as  to  embrace  the  tail ;  its  outer  border  de- 
scends laterally  in  a  circular  form,  so  that  when  even  with  tlu^ 
seat  of  the  tail,  above  that  member,  it  nearly  describes  a  semi- 
circle; thence  the  outer  border  descends  down  the  ham,  gradually 
(hawing  inwardly,  contracting  the  white  section  which,  however, 
descends  to  nnite  with  the  lighter  shades  of  the  inguinal  reuion. 
I'his  white  portion  is  bordered  by  an  intensely  black  stripe, 
whicli  commences  on  eitlier  side  above  the  region  of  the  tail  and 
continues  down  to  the  posterior  sides  of  the  thighs,  where  it  fades 
out  and  is  lost.  This  black  mark  appears  on  animal;:  of  all  ages 
and  both  sexes,  but  is  the  most  brilliant  on  the  male  in  the 
prime  of  life  and  in  the  fall  of  the  year.  The  tawny  yellow  of 
the  body  of  the  Elk,  as  it  appears  in  the  fall,  fades  out  to  a  sickly, 

10 


ir: 


146 


THE  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


■m 


I  if 


II  fl\' 


V  \ 


flirty  wliitc  durinfj  tlio  winter,  but  tlioso  sliiuli's  of  color  dilYor 
very  iniicli  in  individiiiils,  while  it  is  (iej)eiuleiit  on  iieillicr  iige  or 
SOX.  ()ii  th(^  body  tiie  does  an^  as  dark  as  the  bucks  at  all  sea- 
sons. I  hiive  sometimes  thought  I  coidd  detect  a  darker  shade 
on  the  adults  thau  on  the  young  animals,  and  tlu;  next  time  I 
would  exiuuint!  the  herd  with  a  view  to  this  very  ])oiiit  I  would 
ihid  niyseir  obliged  to  abiindon  the  distinctions.  It  is  oidy  on  the 
dark  portions,  as  the  head,  neck,  bellv,  and  legs,  that  tlui  adult 
males  are  blacker  than  tiie  females  and  the  young  in  the  early 
winter  di'i'ss,  but  as  before  stated  this  distinction  quitt;  disappears 
by  S})ring,  except  that  on  the  mane  of  the  adult,  which  nuiy  be 
nearly  a  foot  in  length,  hanging  from  the  lower  side  of  tlui  neck, 
for  its  whole  length  there  is  a  black  stripe  two  or  more  inches 
wide,  about  two  inches  from  its  lower  border.  These  two  inches 
of  the  lower  ends  of  the  hairs  of  this  mane  are  a  ri.sset-brown,  and 
such  is  tlH>  color  also  above  the  bhick  stripe,  passing  quite  over  the 
neck  to  the  black  stripe  on  the  other  side.  For  a  numth  before 
the  shedding  of  the  co;it  commences,  this  black  sti-ipe  on  tMther  side 
of  the  mane  becomes  quite  conspicuous,  from  the  lighter  shade  to 
which  tiie  balance  of  tlu;  mane  has  faded.  1  have  noticed  that 
this  prominent  black  mark  is  more  conspicuous  some  seasons  than 
others. 

Audubon  and  Bachman  have  seen  young  elk,  on  whicii  the 
white  patch  of  tlie  rumi)  ap|)eared  to  be  wanting  till  they  were 
one  or  two  years  old.  I  have  constantly  looked  for  such  speci- 
mens, liut  have  failed  to  find  one  on  which  this  mark  w;is  imt 
conspicuous,  as  far  ofV  as  the  colors  of  the  animal  could  \w  dis- 
tinguished, and  I  have  been  unable  to  detect  any  substantial 
dilVerence  in  this  regard  between  those  of  different  iiges. 

Our  I'>lk,  this  AVa])iti  deer,  is  the  only  American  species  on 
which  this  white  patch  above  the  tail  distinctly  appears,  and  is 
well  defined  ;  and  the  European  stag  or  red  deer  (('.  elaphiis),  is 
the  only  European  species,  so  far  as  I  know,  in  which  it  is  dis- 
tinctly defined  as  it  is  on  the  Wapiti,  and  on  that  it  is  less  con- 
spicuous and  more  variable.  We  Juive  several  other  ruminants 
in  Avl.ich  this  distinguishing  mark  is  equally  conspicuous,  notable 
among  which  are  our  antelope  (^AntUocapra  Americana) ^i\\i\^iu\\ 
treated  of,  and  our  llocky  Mountain  sheep,  or  the  Big  Horn 
(^Ovis  nicnitani). 

Of  the  fugitive  white  colorings  or  spots  which  frequently  ap- 
pear on  the  adult  female  Elk,  I  shall  presently  speak. 

I  have  already  spoken  of  the  deep  black  color  in  which  tin; 


tilci 
line 

J''' 

hel,. 

the 

otlie 

is 

cold 

II 

of   t 

All 


mi^m 


m 


COAT  AND   COLOR. 


141 


winter  dross  of  the  iNIulti  Dcor  first  appears,  wliieli  <listingiiislies 
it  from  all  the  otlii^'  meinhers  of  the  family  eKcept  the  moose,  hut 
this  (lark  shade  is  much  less  persistent  than  it  is  on  the  mouse. 

When  this  transient  blaek  disapj)ears  it  is  sm-eeeded  by  :»  dai'k 
'j;r.\\\  constantly  growing  lighter.  The  Mack  shade  is  most  pei'- 
sistent  along  the  top  of  tlu^  neck  and  the  dorsal  line,  in  which, 
hdwevcr,  individuals  diiVer  very  nuich.  I'nder  tla^  neck  thei'e  is 
a  dark  line  for  the  -whole  length,  which  is  (piite  constant.  This 
(lark  line  deepens  in  color  as  it  descends,  till  at  the  brisket  it  is  a 
strong  black  occupying  tlu^  whole  spacer  between  the  fore  legs 
and  along  the  under  side  of  the  body  till  within  four  inches  of 
tlic  thighs,  when  it  grows  lighti'r  very  fast,  so  that  the  inside  of 
the  thiiihs  and  tin;  reu'ion  hetween  them  is  a  lie'ht  <n'av  or  soiled 
white.  'Idus  white  shade  extends  down  to  the  gand)i'el  joint, 
occupying  thc^  whole  insitU;  of  the  thighs,  becoming  more  pro- 
nounced posteriorly  to  the  h"at  of  the  t^^ail.  Commencing  a  little 
above  the  seat  of  the  tail,  extending  downwaril  about  sevi'U 
inches,  is  a  white  section.  This  is  about  three  inches  broad  on 
each  side  of  the  tail,  and  from  side  to  side  is  ten  inches  broad  fol- 
lowing the  form  of  the  aninnd.  This  is  generally  a  pure  white, 
hut  sonu'tiiues,  like  that  on  the  tail,  it  has  a  slightly  yellowish 
tinge.  This  is  a  very  couspicuous  mark  when  the  animal  is  viewed 
posteriorly,  and  renunds  one  at  once  of  the  wliite  patch  on  the 
croup  of  the  elk,  to  which  it  makes  a  strong  approach.  This  is 
not  bonU-red  with  the  deep  black,  as  seen  on  the  elk,  in  the 
region  where  it  occurs  on  this  deer. 

The  [)lain  gray  of  the  back  sides  and  ontsides  of  the  thighs  is 
without  tiie  tawny  tinge  which  is  observed  on  many  of  the  other 
^.pecies,  and  is  of  a  considerably  lighter  shade  than  uiuler  the 
belly,  in  this  respect  resembling  the  elk. 

The  individual  hairs  on  this  sjx'cies  when  they  havi;  completed 
thiiir  growtli,  are  less  crinkled  than  on  the  elk.  Two  or  thnni 
lines  of  the  ends  of  the  liairs,  which  are  very  sharp  j)ointed.  arc; 
jet  black.  Then,  for  two  or  three  lines,  they  are  a  dull  whit(,' ; 
below  this  they  are  brown,  shading  down  to  a  lighter  color  ne;ir 
the  lower  ends.  Some  are  lighter  throughout  their  lengths  than 
otluu's.  The  under  fur  is  not  so  abundant  as  on  the  elk,  still  it 
is  ])reseiit  in  considerable  quantities,  and  is  of  a  uniform  drab 
color. 

In  general,  the  color  of  the  Cohnnbia  Deer  most  rescMnbles  that 
of  the  Virginia  deer,  but  on  individuals  it  is  much  less  variable. 
All  the  specimens  I  have  had  in  my  grounds,  which  came  from 


i 


fn 


B 


w 


mvJ 


if^^ 


148 


TJIK   DEKll    OF  AMERICA. 


Oregon  und  Wasliiiigton  TmTitory,  were  as  near  alike  as  jios- 
siblc.  Nor  liave  1  been  able  to  dete'^-t  an  ai)[)reciabl(!  (lilTtTcnce 
in  tiie  color  of  these  aJitl  those  exaniiiKnl  iu  California.  The 
limiteu  range  occupied  by  this  deer  may  account  ior  this  uniform- 
ity of  color  among  the  individuals. 

The  gcMieral  color  of  the  body  in  winter  dress  is  a  tawny  gray, 
the  red  shade  being  much  niorcf  distinct  tlian  is  usually  observed 
on  the  Vii'ginia  deer,  and  yet  I  have  specimens  oi  the  latter  in 
my  grounds  of  precisely  the  same  shade  as  the  former.  A  hun- 
dred times  have  I  stuiUed  them  when  both  were  eating  from  my 
luind,  and  could  detect  no  dill'erence  in  the  shade  of  color,  whili; 
p(!rhaps  another  Virginia  deer  would  bo  st'  ng  but  a  few  i'eet 
away,  so  much  lighter  in  color  that  one  wouli.i  suspect  a  dilYerent 
species. 

There  is  a  darker  shade  of  color  down  the  up[)er  side  of  the 
:ieck,  fading  out  along  the  back,  but  this  mark  is  the  most  vari; 
able  of  any  observed  on  the  animal  ;  on  some  lH!ing  scarcely  <lis- 
tinguishable,  while  on  others  it  is  distinct  and  may  be  traced 
nearly  to  the  hips. 

On  the  under  side  of  the  neck  is  a  dark  line,  which  descenchng 
increases  in  depth  till  it  becomes  black  on  the  brisket,  with  a 
lighter  shade  on  either  side  as  it  joins  the  leg,  which  extends 
down  the  inside  of  the  fore  leg.  Passing  back  from  the  brisket, 
the  black  melts  away  to  a  dark  brown  at  the  umbilicus,  when  it 
shades  down  anteriorly  to  a  fawn  color  and  then  white,  which 
involves  all  the  inner  part  of  the  thighs,  and  passes  up  between 
them  to  the  seat  of  the  tail,  which  in  another  place  will  be;  par- 
ticularly described.  The  tawn\ -gray  color  of  the  l)ack  and  sides 
embraces,  also,  the  outside  of  the  thighs  down  nearly  to  the  hocks, 
and  also  the  fore-shoulder,  well  towards  the  knees.  I  have  luivcr 
seen  the  collar  mark  observed  by  Audubon  and  Hachman. 

The  individual  hairs  on  this  part  of  the  animal  are  tip[)cd  with 
an  intense  black,  then  occurs  an  amiuhir  section  of  a  tawny  yel- 
lowish shade;  then  below  that  is  brown,  shading  down  to  a  drab, 
and  nearly  white  on  the  lower  part.  The  uniler  coat  of  fur  is 
present,  but  not  very  abundant,  and  is  of  a  drab  color. 

I  hav*^  already  remarked  that  there  is  less  uniformity  in  the 
color  of  both  the  Avinter  and  the  sunnner  coats  of  tlu;  Virginia 
Deer,  than  in  either  of  the  other  species.  Indeed,  this  may  be 
said  of  nearly  all  the  markings  of  this  species,  except  only  the 
ornamental  dress  of  the  fawns,  which  are  wonderfully  uniform  in 
the  shades  of  color. 


^^^^ 


C(K'T  AXD    CO  LOU. 


149 


In  some  specimens,  as  already  shown,  tliere  is  no  a[)pr(H'ial)le 
dirt'efi'iiee  in  the  eoh)!'  of  this  back,  sides,  outside  of  tlie  thi^lis 
and  neck,  betwcien  tlie  Virginia  Deer  and  the  Colinnbia  black- 
tailed  deer,  lint  the  rich  russet  shade  of  the  Columbia  deer  is 
not  common  on  <he  Virginia  Deer.  In  general,  there  is  a  bluish 
shade  observed  on  the  Common  Deer,  which  is  so  prevalent  as  to 
Iiavc^  given  the  winter  coat  the  general  a[)pellation,  as  already 
shown,  of  the  blia',  umong  frontiersmen  and  Inmters,  who  say  the 
deer  is  in  the  rail  or  the  h/i((\  as  it  may  be  in  tlu!  summer  or  the 
winter  coat,  lint  the  dilTerencc;  in  tin;  depth  of  this  color  is  so 
very  great,  as  well  as  the  diiTerent  shades  of  color,  as  to  surprise 
one  who  will  examine  thirty  or  forty  t'>getlier.  As  the  winter 
advances,  all  become  appreciably  of  a  .  ghter  coloi-. 

On  this  deer,  as  on  all  the  others  of  the  smaller  species,  the 
white  wiiich  universally  prevails  on  the  under  side  of  the  head, 
terminates  with  the  throat,  or  just  after  it  reaches  the  upper  part 
of  the  neck.  Thence  the  under  side  of  the  neck  has  no  white, 
liut  is  of  the  prevailing  color  of  the  rest  of  the  neck,  until  we 
reach  the  lower  extremity.  There  commences  a  black,  or,  on 
some  specimens,  a  bn)wn  stripe,  which  is  always  constant,  and 
extends  along  the  brisket  to  a  line  (;ven  with  the  jxjsterior  jtart 
of  the  fore  legs.  On  either  side  of  this  black  stripe  all  is  white, 
which  extends  down  the  insidt;  of  tlu^  fore-legs  to  the  knees.  All 
of  the  belly  is  also  a  very  pure  white,  embi-acnng  also  the  inside 
of  the  thighs  and  hind  legs  to  the  hocks,  and  uji  to  the  tail. 
This  is  constant  on  all  the  N'irginia  Deer,  but  on  no  t)ther  species. 
This  white  of  the  belly  widens  all  the  way  back  from  the  fore 
legs  to  the  umbilicus,  when  it  involves  all  the;  under  side  of  the 
animal.  The  white  on  the  lower  part  of  the  legs  vai'ies  much 
ill  extent  on  diiferent  individuals,  as  has  been  elsewhere  stated. 
( )n  some  specimens  there  is  a  beautiful  gray  mark  on  the  inner 
front  side  of  the  fore  leg  four  or  live  inches  long,  and  two  inches 
\vid(!  at  the  nj)per  end,  and  terminating  in  a  ])oint,  below  which 
it  is  separated  from  tlu'  white  beyond  by  a  tawny  stri|)e  extend- 
ing from  th(!  body  down  to,  and  enveloping  the  lower  leg. 

The  individual  liairs  are  always  intensely  black  at  their  ex- 
tremities, with  sharp  points  for  perhajis  two  lines  or  more,  then 
a  lighter  shade  of  about  the  same  extent.  The»;  jigain  tli(>v  be- 
come darker,  but  })resently  b(>gin  in  grow  lighter,  till  on  the 
lower  parts  they  are  white  or  a  light  drab. 

The  nmler  coat  of  fur  is  present  with  the  winter  coat,  but  not 
very    abundant.      It    is    irregularly    and   loosely   curled    around 


I" 


m 


ir)0 


THE  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


i  I 


M 


t.  1 


f  ■■lp  ;■ 


1,1  I, |i 


iimong  tlie  roiirso  liaiis  next  tlio  skin,  and  cniitiibntes  larg<>ly  to 
tli(^  waiintli  of  tlie  dross,  wliicli,  like  all  the  rest,  constitutes  a 
vory  warm  ("ovcrinL?,  and  enables  the  animal  to  endure  the 
severest  weather  without  eoinplaint,  if  he  ean  but  <^et  enough  to 
eat.  Indeed  it  is  so  complete  a  non-conductor  of  heat  that  snow, 
which  he  has  left  ui)on  the  leaves  when  he  makes  his  bed,  is  not 
thawed  in  any  appreciabh;  degi'ee  but  oidy  compressed.  This 
undi-r  coat  of  fur  is  not  found  with  the  sununer  coat,  which  con- 
sists of  rather  fine,  firm,  and  elastic  hairs.  On  some  speciuu-ns 
this  siimnu'r  i  lat  is  of  a  light  buif  color,  while  on  others  it  is  of  a 
bright  main  „.iny  bay  or  red,  while  others  may  show  every  inter- 
mediate shade  between  these  two  extremes. 

We  luiw  come  to  tlu;  smallest  of  the  North  American  deer,  a 
description  of  which  I  have  not  been  so  fortunate  as  to  anywhere 
meet,  except  by  a  single  allusion  elsewhere  mentif)ned. 

The  color  of  the  Acapulco  Deer  rcsend)les  much  that  of  the 
Virginia  and  the  black-tailed  deer,  though  more  the  latter  than 
the  former.  In  its  black  face,  however,  it  is  more  like  the  Wv- 
ginia  deer,  and  so  of  the  white  under  the  belly,  a  dai'ker  shade 
than  either  generally  prevailing.  On  this  deer,  howevi'r,  the 
white  of  the  belly  commences  at  a  point  in  the  middle  just  back 
of  the  fore  legs.  At  this  point  it  will  be  remembered  that  the 
white  on  t\w  belly  of  the  Virginia  deer  commences  in  a  fork, 
V)eing  divided  in  front  by  the  black  stripe  on  the  brisket.  This 
feature,  that  the  white  on  the  belly  of  the  one  is  divided  in  front 
and  so  forked,  whiU;  on  the  other  it  commences  in  a  single  point 
anteriorly,  being  constant,  is  worthy  of  special  attention.  At  the 
umbilicus  the  white  has  widened  out  till  it  involves  tlu'  I'ntire 
width  of  the  belly,  the  inside  of  the  thighs  and  extending  up  jios- 
teriorly  to  the  seat  of  the  tail,  the  color  of  which  is  described  in 
the  apprf)priate  place.  This  small  species,  as  well  as  the  Ceylon 
deer,  fades  much  less  in  color  than  do  the  larg(>r  species.  In  the 
spring,  when  the  winter  coat  is  cast  oft",  it  still  preserves  its  darker 
shades,  and  the  rufous  tinge  remains  to  the  last,  though  faded 
very  appreciably.  The  ])ersistency  of  the  deeper  colorings  is  so 
great  as  to  render  tli(>  animals  conspicuous,  when  promiscuously 
intermixed  with  a  movf  nunu'rous  band  of  common  deer. 

The  face  of  this  deer  is  black,  though  not  very  intense,  the 
black  growing  narrower  and  less  intense  below  the  ears  and  con- 
siderably lighter  down  tlie  cheeks.  The  light  baiul  arouiul  the 
eyes  is  wanting  in  its  upper  half  or  above  the  eye,  but  is  present 
below.     "^'Iie  ear  on  the  outside  is  black,  and  white  on  the  inside. 


"^"■^•f 


m 


onyA  M r:\TA  l  coa  t. 


lol 


tlie  liiiirs  being  loni^,  fiiio,  ;ind  soft,  and  slightly  ciirlcHl.  Eilgn  of 
the  I'lir  is  bhick,  wliicli  invades  the  inside  on  the  lower  anterior 
jiart.  Below  the  opening  of  the  ear  it  is  surrounded  by  Avhite 
which  on  the  back  side  extends  u[)  nearly  half  the  h-ngth  of  the 
lai'.  On  the  female  is  a  small  jilace  of  very  black  hair  where  the 
imtler  is  situate  on  the  male.  On  the  Acapulco  Deer  the  brisket 
is  brown.  The  pf)sterior  part  of  the  inside  of  th(?  fore  leg  is  white 
extending  to  tlui  elbow.  The  white  insid<'  the  hind  leg  is  eon- 
lined  to  the  broad  part,  thence  down  the  leg  is  fulvous  yellow, 
lighter  behind  than  below. 

The  strong  resemblance  of  the  Ceylon  deer  to  this  Acapulco 
(leer,  suggests  the  propriety  of  comparing  them  briefly. 

The  Ceylon  deer  is  larger  than  the  Acapulco,  but  the  dilTer- 
ence  is  not  considerable.  In  form  they  are  nearly  alike,  and  in 
the  general  color  of  the  winter  coat  there  is  not  niuch  dilTerenee, 
but  in  th(i  summer  dress  the  American  species  is  decidedly 
darker  and  grayer  than  the  other  and  has  less  of  the  red  shade. 
In  detail  there  is  considerable  ditl'erence  in  color  or  nMirkings. 
The  forehead  of  the  Ceylon  deer  is  marked  much  like  those  of 
the  Mule  deer  and  the  Columbia  deer.  'J'his  is  not  observal)le  on 
the  female,  nor  is  it  seen  on  the  male  of  the  Aca[)ulco  (hser.  The 
faces  of  the  Ceylon  deer  are  grayer  than  those  of  the  Acapulco 
(leer,  which  are  black.  The  ear  is  larger  and  has  a  denser  coat 
of  hair  than  the  American  species.  Both  an;  e([ually  courageous 
and  belligerent.  The  minor  dilVerences  in  color  testify  to  no  spe- 
cific dilTerences,  aiul  but  for  the  presence  of  the  nu'tatarsal  gland 
in  the  on*^  and  not  in  the  other,  and  the  ditl'erencc?  in  the  antlers. 
I  should  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  them  specilically  identical. 


ORNAMENTAL   COAT. 

We  have  no  s[)ecies  of  deer,  in  North  America  at  least,  where 
the  adult  is  uniforndy  adorned  with  the  beautifid  spots  of  the 
fallow  (U'cr  of  Europe.  All  of  our  species  are  born  with  a  coat 
inor(!  or  less  ornamented  with  sjxits,  generally  white  on  a  C(jlored 
ground.  These  white  spots  must  be  considered  more  or  less  orna- 
mental. On  the  young  of  the  moose  and  the  caribou  this  orna- 
mentation has  nearly  faded  out,  so  much  so  that  the  s[(ots  an^ 
not  observed  on  all  the  specimens,  and  indeed  only  upon  a  small 
portion  of  the  young  of  the  moose.  Hut  because  I  coidil  not  ilnd 
them  on  tlu;  few  which  I  have  examined,  it  would  be  folly  in  me 
to  say  that  they  never  occur  and  that  those  who  claim  to  have 


mrn^H^ 


r 


1.V2 


711 E  DKER    UF  AMEIilCA. 


^1  lliir. '   5 


ipr 


seen  tliom  iU'c  niistiikoii.  T  do  not  know  that  any  man  lias  ever 
seen  tlu;  s])()ts  f)n  tlic  adult  Vir<^inia  deer  except  in  my  parks,  cer- 
taiidy  I  never  heard  of  them  having  been  seen  elsewliere.  Tlu^ 
aflirmative  testimony  of  one  reliables  ()l)server  who  has  seen  them 
may  bo  held  as  conclusive  that  thoy  do  sometimes  occni',  while  the 
observiitions  of  many  who  have  examined  for  them  without  success 
may  equally  convince  us  that  in  a  inajority  of  oases  they  cannf)t 
be  detected,  f  j)resnme  that  comparatively  but  few  specimens 
have  been  examined  on  this  point,  and  the  casual  observer,  not 
looking  for  spots  at  all,  would  be  very  likely  to  overlook  tlu-m 
when  not  very  distinct.  Again  they  may  b(!  evanescent,  and 
observable  but  for  a  few  days  and  so  more  likely  to  escape  detec- 
tion on  those  found  in  the  woods,  and  we  have*  no  account  of  any 
having  been  born  in  domestication  in  this  country,  and  Dr.  Gil- 
pin informs  us  that  it  is  ver}'  ditHcult  to  raise  them  when  taken 
young,  by  hand  or  even  on  the  cow. 

Of  the  ground  color  of  the  young  ^Nloose  Dr.  Gilpin  says,  "I 
have  seen  the  young  calves  in  Junts  when  they  could  not  hav(! 
been  ten  days  old  ;  they  were  a  lovely  fawn  color."  For  myself 
I  have  only  examined  mounted  specimens,  which  were  of  a  I'edder 
shade  than  here  described,  approaching  nearer  to  a  light  bay. 
P)Ut  the  doctor's  obs  >rvations  of  a  living  specimen  are  far  the  most 
reliable.  U'his  is  a  point  on  which  the  observations  of  hunters 
wouUl  be  the  least  reliable,  for  they  rarely  meet  with  the  young 
fawns,  and  when  they  do,  even  if  they  thiidc  to  notices  the  color 
they  rarely  note  it  down  at  the  time,  and  without  this  mere  mem- 
ory is  of  iittie  worth.  Gnly  those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  mak- 
ing notes  of  their  observations  at  the  time  can  appreciate  their 
value.  The  very  act  of  making  the  notes,  systematizes  and  sharp- 
ens the  obsei', ations  and  leads  one  to  see  many  things  whii-li 
would  oHie'  wise  have  been  overlooked.  And  he  who,  some  time 
after,  writes  on  a  subject  from  memory,  and  then  refers  to  his 
notes  to  verify  his  work,  will  be  astonished  at  the  number  of  er- 
rors  he  has  to  correct. 

The  ground  color  of  the  young  Caribou  I  have  had  some  diili- 
culty  in  ascertaining  satisfactorily.  If  it  is  given  by  any  author 
I  hi've  overlooked  it.  That  they  are  at  least  frecpiently  orna- 
mented with  white  spots  is  well  established.  The  illustration  of 
the  young  Garil)ou  is  from  a  ilrawing  by  Dr.  Gilpin,  which  he 
kindly  jirepared  for  me,  taken  from  life.  This  shows  a  line  of 
seven  spots  along  the  iliink  and  should  be  conclusive,  but  I  nuiy 
add  the  testimony  of  Captain  Hardy  ('*  Forest  Life  in  Acadie," 


'li^iJ 


■■ipp 


p 


onXAMESTM.    f'OAT. 


158 


|).  1-7 )  :  "  Tlu'  young  duer  rCaribnu)  !>iv  diipplcd  on  tlu'  si(l(>  and 
Hank  with  light  sandy  sjtots."  Whercvor  I  lind  the  sulijcct  \\\- 
hidi'd  to  I  lind  tho  spots  nu'iitionod,  so  we  may  conchidc  it  is 
i^enoral  if  not  universal.  Tiie  Caril»ou  is  generally  admitted  to 
lio  among  the  oldest  living  repr(!sentatives  of  the  deer  in  this 
I'ountry.  Their  fossil  remains  have  been  found  associated  with 
the  extinct  mammals,  which  is  certaiidy  strong  evidence  of  their 
ancient  existence.  It  may  be  — and  yet  we  cannot  allii'm  that  it 
is  so  —  that  this  ornamentation  of  the  young  is  fading  out  and  be- 
coming more!  rare  or  less  distinct  with  time,  but  we  must  re- 
member that  the  spots  are  more  frequently  found  on  the  young 
Caribou  than  the  moose,  an<l  yet  the  same  amount  of  evidenct;  is 
not  produi'cd  of  the  great  antiquity  f)f  the  latter  as  of  the 
former.  The  glandular  system  on  the  hind  letrs  is  the  same  in 
both,  and  this  is  constantly  suggesting  itself  to  me  as  conni'cted 
with  the  antiipiity  of  the  races — that  their  ancestors  h)ng  ages 
au'o  had  the  metatarsal  gland,  as  we  see  it  on  all  our  other  deer. 


'xcej 


it  tl 


le  sma 


llest. 


anc 


I   h 


las  in  the  courst;  o 


f    ti 


d 


line  (lisariicareil 


whilst  tho  tarsal  gland,  which  is  nearly  dormant,  aloni^  ivm;iins, 
and  that  this  too  in  the  course  of  time  will  finally  die  out  and 
(lisa})i)ear.  I  must  admit  that  the  want  of  facts  in  support  of 
this  suggestion  leaves  it  scarcely  worth  the  spacer  it  occupies  ;  but 
we  all  at  times  admit  convictions,  for  the  supjjort  of  which  the 
absolute  proofs  are  inade(iuate,  but  then  wc^  may  be  permitted 
to  state  them  as  conjectures,  lionestly  admitting  the  want  of 
proof. 

The  young  Elk  or  Wapiti  is  always  provided  with  the  spotted 
dress.  The  spots  are  large  but  not  very  profuse.  They  are  of 
a  dull  white,  on  a  yellowish  tawny  groinid.  These  spots  are 
found  on  th(^  flanks,  sides,  and  thighs,  and  a  line  on  the  neck. 
They  are  not  arranged  with  any  definite  system  or  order,  but 
seem  to  be  laid  on  rather  carelessly  and  as  if  by  accident. 
Neither  the  ground  or  the  spots  have  that  brilliancy  which  at- 
tracts admiration.  Still  th(>  spots  are  no  doubt  ornamental  ami 
are  always  noticed  with  pleasure  by  the  observer  wlio  looks  at 
the  Elk  fawn   for  the  first  tir.ie.     Half  a  dozen,  by  the  sides  of 


iieir  (luMis.  Willi  hmn 


th 


head 


s  anti 


th 


tl 


K'lr  ears  tlirown  torwanl  a 


f. 


their  eyes  <»:listening,  looking  at  the  str 


■S' 


mgei 


as  I 


iniiiience( 


ind 
1 


jiartly  by  fear  and  partly  by  curiosity,  form  a  pretty  sight 
among  tlu;  trees,  which  one,  though  not  a  naturalist,  cannot  but 
lulinire.  If  when  he  turns  away  he  is  unable  to  tell  you  the 
ground  color  of  the  fawn  or  the  dam,  he  will  be  sure  to  tell  you 
of  the  spots. 


U 


i\\ 


mm^ 


lo4 


Tlfl-:    DEICn    OF  AMEIUCA. 


liii 


•■♦** 


The  y()im<^  Elk  wliidi  I  had  born  in  NoviMiihcr,  like  tliose 
boi'ii  in  llii'  s|»riiit;,  li;ul  tlie  usual  orniunoiitiil  (*oi\t  of  his  sjiccics. 
I  iiil'orluMiitcly  I  was  prevented  from  studying  this  specimen  e;ire- 
fuUy,  for  I  spent  tlu;  suceeoding  winter  uhi'oiul,  and  the  keeper 
in  charge,  having  caught  iind  tied  him  to  ti  post  in  order  to 
put  a  ring  in  his  nose,  the  youngster  managed  to  break  liis  own 
neck,  and  even  the  skin  was  neglected,  and  the  stupid  fellow 
could  not  tell  whether  he  had  lost  Ins  spots  or  not,  or  what 
sort  of  ii  coiit  he  had  at  the  beginning  of  March  ;  so  all  that 
1  can  certainly  say  is  that  \w  commenced  th((  winter  in  a  sum- 
mer dress,  but  as  he  was  always  reported  lively  and  growing 
and  in  line  coiulition,  I  imagine  that  nature  thickened  up  his 
summer  garb,  so  that  it  kept  him  wiirni  during  the  winter.  We 
have  all  often  seen  how  promptly  nature  responds  to  tlu^  de- 
mands of  necessity  in  similar  cases.  The  horse  that  runs  in  the 
fields  and  sleeps  out  in  tlu^  storms  during  the  winter,  will  then 
have  more  than  twice  the  i'f)at  which  lie  has  when  kept  in  the 
stable,  though  without  groonnug  ;  and  tla;  horse  which  is  con- 
stantly blanketed  in  the  stable  will  have  ii  much  lighter  coat 
than  his  mate,  that  stands  beside  him  without  the  blaid<et.  I 
liave  no  doubt  that  my  young  Elk,  under  the  favor  of  the  same 
law,  passed  a  comfortable  winter  although  he  wore  a  sumnier 
di'ess. 

The  fawn  of  the  i\Iul(>  Deer  is  well  covered  with  white  spots  on 
a  dirty  yellowish  oround.  If  thev  are  smaller  than  on  the  vouul!,' 
elk,  it  is  oidy  in  proportion  to  t.lie  size  of  the  aninnd.  1  hey  too 
lack  order  in  their  arrangement.  They  occupy  the  same  ))ortion 
of  the  body  as  the  other,  but  are  nion;  abundant  on  the  neck. 
The  white  hairs  constituting  tlie  spots  generally  disa})i)ear  before 
the  body  of  hairs  constituting  the  ground  are  slied,  so  tliat  this 
oruauKMitation  tlisa[)[)ears  while  the  first  coat  is  yet  worn.  In 
the  mean  time,  however,  this  coat  undergoes  a  gradual  chang<>  of 
color,  the  yellowish  shade  assuming  more  of  a  mahogany  hue. 
This  in  the  fall  is  finally  cast  oil'  and  is  replaced  by  the  black, 
and  then  gray  coat  of  tlu^  adult. 

The  Cohunbia  Hlack-tail(>d  Deer  also  produces  a  fawn  which  is 
more  decidedly  ornamented  with  the  white  spots  than  either  of 
tl;e  others  above  mentioned.  The  ground  coat  is  a  bay  red,  the 
white  has  a  cleaner  appearance,  the  spots  are  smaller  and  more 
abundant  and  are  more  orderly  in  their  arrangeuu'ut.  Now  for 
the  first  time  we  can  trace  a  line  of  spots  along  either  side  of  the 
back  and  even  up  the  neck.     The  disappearance  of  these  sptjts 


i  '(I 


OliN AM i:\TAL   COAT. 


liV, 


prii^rcsscH  very  niiicli  iis  in  tlic  ciisc  of  tlic  nmlc  (lr<>v,  Imt  tlic 
Ui'dimtl  coiit  iittcr  llie  disappciiraiu'c  ot"  the  s|i()ts  imdcrn'ocs  so  dc- 
citlcd  ii  cliniim'  lliiit  at  first  I  was  iiicliiKHl  to  lliiiik  that  an  iiitcr- 
nu'diati!  coat  was  sii|ij)licd.  Hut  this  is  not  the  case.  'I'iic  liist 
coat  lias  grown  long  and  looks  rather  rongh,  and  has  assnnicd  a 
bright  hay  color,  with  nothing  ot"  tlm  variegated  appearance  of 
the  winter  coat  of  the  adult,  hut  is  like  the  universal  summer 
CO, it.  The  ground  color  of  this  fawn  is  of  a  dcejK-r  or  darker 
shade  than  that  of  any  other  of  our  fawns,  e.\ce[)t  that  of  the 
Acapulco  deer. 

liy  far  tlu'  most  beautiful,  is  tlu^  ornamental  coat  of  the  fawn 
of  the  Yiiginia  Deer.  The  spots  are  a  pure  white  set  in  a  hi'ight 
hay  I'ed  ground.  The  contrast  is  marked,  and  commands  the  ad- 
iiiiration  of  all  who  see  them.  This  is  heighteneij  by  the  exceed- 
ingly bright  eye,  erect  attitude,  elastic  movenuuit,  and  vivarions 
a]))iearance  of  the  little  beauty. 

Although  ii  little  out  of  place.  I  may  as  well  describe  the  pace 
and  motions  of  this  fawn,  in  connection  with  his  beautiful  color- 
ings, for  each  lends  fascination  to  the  other. 

The  highest  perfection  of  graceful  motion  is  seen  in  the  fawn 
of  but  ii  month  or  two  old,  after  it  has  commtMU'ed  foll.)wing  its 
mother  thi'ough  the  grounds.  It  is  naturally  very  timid,  and  is 
alarnu'd  at  the  sight  of  man,  and  when  it  sees  its  dam  go  boldly 
up  to  him  and  take  food  from  his  hand  it  manifests  both  apj^n^- 
hension  iind  surprise,  and  sometimes  something  akin  to  displeas- 
ure. I  have  seen  one  standinij  a  few  rods  uwav  face  me  boldly 
and  stamp  his  little  foot,  in  a  fierce  and  tlireatening  way.  as  if 
he  would  say  :  "■  If  you  hurt  my  nnjther  I  will  avenge  the  insult 
on  the  S[)ot."'  Ordinarily  it  will  stand  with  its  head  elevated  to 
the  utnutst ;  its  ears  erect  and  projecting  somewhiit  forward  ;  its 
eye  flashing,  and  raise  one  fore  fof)t  and  susjiend  it  for  a  few  mo- 
ments, and  then  trot  olT  and  around  at  a  safe  distances  with  ;i 
measured  jiace,  which  is  not  flight,  and  witli  ;i  grace  and  elas- 
ticity which  must  bt^  seen  to  be  ap[)reciated,  for  it  (juite  defies 
verbal  descriiition.  A  foot  is  raised  from  the  ground  so  quickly 
that  you  hardly  see  it,  it  seems  poised  in  the  air  for  an  instant 
and  is  then  so  quietly  and  even  tenderly  dropped,  and  again  so 
instantly  raised  that  yon  are  in  doubt  whether  it  even  tone  icd 
tli(!  ground,  and,  if  it  did,  you  an;  sure  it  would  not  crush  the 
violet  on  which  it  fell.  The  bound,  also,  is  exceedingly  graceful 
and  light.  Indeed,  the  step  of  tlu^  fawn  of  the  Virginiii  Deer  is 
so  light  that  it  seems  almost  worthy  the  hyperbole  of  one  refer- 


.1 . 


l')(i 


riiK  in:i:i;  or  am  run  a. 


r'm^  to  iinotlici-  siil»j<'('t  wlion  lie  siiid,  '•'•  It  was  ;is  li^'ht  ;is  tlic  down 
(if  a  rcMtlicr  plucked  from  tlic  wiiij;'  of  a  moment.'"  If,  as  it 
{^rows  iij),  it  loses  something  of  tliis  li<;Iitness  and  elasticity  of 
step,  it  is  only  l)ecaus(!  of  the  increased  size  of  tlie  animal,  which 
enables  one  tlu;  more  rea(Uly  t(j  individnalizo  tlie  <^racefid  mo- 
tions which,  in  the  little  fawn,  seem  lileiided  together  with  a 
charm  like  the  hleniUngof  harmonious  sounds.  'I'here  is  a  tinnd 
eantidU  (-xpressed  in  every  sti'p,  in  the  ])resenee  of  the  strimj^'cr, 
which  seems  to  fear  the  breaking  of  the  smallest  twiy,'.  This  can 
only  lie  seen  in  i);irks  where  they  are  suhjected  to  semi-domes- 
tication. It  is  destroyed  hv  (>xtreme  fright  of  the  wild  deer 
in  till'  woods,  and  by  close  conlinement  in  menageries. 

'J'his  ornamental  coat,  with  which  the  fawns  are  born,  not  oidy 
corresponds  in  color  with  the  summer  coat  of  the  adult, —  '^'dy 
the  ground  is  a  deeper  red  and  is  brighter,  and  the  whit(^  spots 
are  wanting  in  the  latter, —  but  it  also  corresponds  in  the  struc- 
ture of  the  hairs,  which,  as  we  have  already  seen,  dilTer  widely 
from  the  hairs  of  the  winter  dress.  The  latter  are  large,  light, 
and  open  or  spongy,  presenting  large  cavities  filled  with  a  i>ithy 
substance  and  confinetl  air,  thus  setairing  the  maximum  amount 
of  warmth,  while  the  hairs  of  the  former  are  small,  hard,  tirm, 
and  elastic,  much  resembling  in  structure  the  hairs  of  the  ox. 
The  fawn  born  in  May  sheds  his  ornamental  coat  in  September, 
about  the  time  the  adults  change  dresses,  while  later  fawns  carry 
their  first  coat  longer,  but  never  more  than  tin;  threi*  or  four 
months  assigned  to  young  and  old   for  the  use   of  the  summer 


dress. 


if  tilt!  animal   is  in  health   and   fair  conditi 


on. 


Tl 


le  new 


coat  which  succe«'ds  the  first  is  of  the  texture  and  the  color  of 
the  winter  coat  of  the  adult.  Now,  for  the  first  time,  ajtpears 
the  inner  coat  of  fur,  Avliich  is  found  in  the  winter  coat  of  all  the 
species,  but  is  wanting  in  tli(>  summer  coat,  probably  of  all. 

Spots  appear  on  about  five  per  cent,  of  tlu;  adult  N'irgi 
Deer  in  my  grounds.  These  sj)ots  appear  with  the  winter  coat,  in 
September,  and  continue  visible  from  three  to  six  weeks.  'J'liey 
are  not  white,  but  simply  a  lighti-r  shade  than  the  ground  color. 

either  side  of  the  dorsal  line,  ex- 


ma 


lev  are  loca 


ted 


m  rows,  on 


'i'l 

tending  from  the  shoulders  to  the  croup.  The  lines  of  s})ots  are 
about  four  inches  apart  on  the  loins,  arc  less  separated  at  the 
shoulders  and  posterior  extremities.  There  are  sixteen  of  these 
spots  in  each  row  from  the  shoulder  to  the  hij),  and  five  thence 
posteriorly.  They  are  a  little  larger  than  a  dime  inu'li.  The  an- 
terior  ones   are  most  distinct.     On   some  specimens  but  a  few 


\  ■ 


■  r 


■■iViM 


nliSAMESTAL    CoAT. 


l")? 


(if  tlicso  9|)ots  iivo  (lisctTiiihlt)  from  tlio  slioiildcr  l);u'k  ;  on  others 
tlicy  iii;iy  !>•'  cdUiitcd  to  tin;  liips,  iuiil  on  others  !i!4";iiii  the  entire 
twenty-one. 

()n  one  specimen  only, — iin  old  doe  which  \v;is  raisint;'  ;i  fiiwn, 
and  was  (|uile  thin,  as  is  always  tho  ease  nndei'  such  eircnm- 
stanees, —  I  oliserved  these  spots  re[)rosented  liy  tufts  of  the 
sunnner  coat  remainin<f,  whilo  all  aronnd  the  snninier  coat  was 
entirely  replaced  by  the  new  winter  dress.  It  would  be  curious 
to  know  what  was  tlu^  condition  of  affairs  beneatii  the  cuticle 
luider  these  spots  which  had  retarded  the  growtii  of  the  new  coat, 
and  had  served  to  retain  th(^  old,  whilo  all  around  was  chanu'ed. 
Although  I  ha\'e  hut  oni'e  ohstirved  this,  when  1  I'ould  count  all 
the  s[)ots  thus  shown,  as  it  contiinied  hut  a  day  or  two,  it  may 
fro([uently  have  occurred  without  ohservation.  1  have  on  several 
others  seen  a  part  of  the  spots  shown  by  tufts  of  the  summer 
coat  nMiKiining. 

These!  rows  of  s[iots  on  the  back  of  tho  adults  occupy  tln^  same 
positions  as  the  rows  on  the  back  of  the  fawn,  but  ai'e  more  reg- 
ular in  form  and  more  detai'hed.  While  the  spots  on  the  fawn 
arc!  more  distinct,  from  the  contrast  of  ccdors,  they  art!  irregular 
in  form  and  many  of  them  confluent.  1  may  make  out  the  six- 
teen s[)ots,  for  instance,  on  the  fawn,  between  the  shoulder  and 
the  liip,  but  1  can  as  well  make  out  twenty  or  more,  for  I  must 
count  several  conlluent  or  double  spots  to  reduce  them  to  the 
uund)er  to  correspoml  with  those  on  the  adult.  Again,  on  the 
neck  of  the  fawn  these  lines  of  si)ots  extend  ipiite  up  to  the  cars, 
and  are  thei'(!  even  more  brilliant  than  along  the  back,  while 
I  have  m:ver  detected  one  on  tho  neck  of  the  adult.  Still  I  can- 
not persuade  myself  but  that  there  is  some  connection  between 
these  spots  on  the  fawns  and  those  on  the  adults,  ami  the  sugges- 
tion sometimes  forces  itself  upon  me  that  the  Virginia  Deer,  at 
least,  and,  possibly',  all  the  others,  were  once  spotted  like  the  fal- 
low deer,  and  that  this  ornamentation  has  nearly  died  rmt  on  the 
adults,  and  may  in  tinie  disappear  on  the  fawns,  as  it  has  already 
nearly  disappeared  on  the  young  of  the  nuiose  and  the  caribou, 
and  has  even  now  much  faded  on  the  (dk  and  tlu!  mule  deer. 

I  believe  these  spots  on  the  adult  Virginia  Deer  have  l)een  en- 
lin.'ly  overlooked  by  naturalists  till  I  mentioned  them  to  Mr. 
Darwin,  when  ho  noticed  them  in  "Descent  of  Man." 

My  opportunities  for  studying  the  ornamental  coat  of  the  Aca- 
pulco  Deer  have  been  limited.  I  have  in  my  collection  two 
fawns,  produced  out  of  season  by  a  doe   of  this   species  in  my 


% 


158 


THE  i)i:i:u  or  ami:iuc.\. 


m\ 


■'.\!' 


groiimls,  from  ji  Coyloii   Ixidc.      /vs  clscwlifn'  sliowii,  tlii'S(^  sp(>- 
cics  Mi'c  iicai'ly  aliUf  in  si/c,  iiiid  in  iii;iiiy  ollnT  ri'.s|>(H'ts  fcscmlilt' 


cacli    iitiici 


th 


Tlicsi'  fawns  were  dead  ulu'ii  fomul,  and,  as  {\\v 
weatlit'i'  was  ficcziiig  uold,  they  probiibly  ilid  not  live  niort',  tluui 
a  sinLjlf  day. 

The   i;i'onnd    color    is  a  di'c]i  nialioLjany  bay.      Tlicy  ai'c  oi'na- 
nicntt'd  (|nit('  as  profnscly  with  while  s[)ols  as  art!  llic  fawns  of 


tlur  V 


ii'tiini.i  (li'iT, 


lit;  wluLc   IS  as   iinrc 


ossihli',  and  as  tin 


Oi 


iMlcr, 


gfonnd  is  dai'kci"  tlian  on  iIk;  otlioivs,  tin'  contrast  is  <'r 
either  side  of  tin;  neck  and  down  the  hack  these  sjiots  are  ar- 
ranged in  regniar  lines,  wliih^  on  the  sides  below  these  lines,  and 
on  the  thie'hs,  th(!  spots  arc  irregidarly  disposed,  in  tlieir  ai'- 
rangenicnl-  tlu-y  ant  likt;  tlu^se  on  the  N'irginia  fawn.  Ihul  these 
liveij  I  thiidi  thcv  wonld  liave  been  vi'r\-  bcantifid. 


'1' 


Ceylon   fawns,  a   nnnd)er   of  whi'h    1    have   raised. 


were 


(|nitt'   as  g.iy  and  Iteantifnl  as  the  NMrginia  fawns,  and    I  jiresni 
the  Acapnlco  fawns  wonld  have  ('(pialed  oither. 


ne 


'Ihe  niarkine-s  on  tlu^  heads  of  the  fawns  whore  the  antler 


s  wil 


grow  on  the  males,  wonld  s(>ein  to  have  some  signiiicaiice.  These 
aj)j)ear  on  the  fawns  of  all  the  species  in  my  gronnds.  ( )n  some 
these  spots  are  blacker  than  on  others,  but  on  all  they  are  of  a 
darker  shade  than  the  siu'ronnding  coat,  exce})t  on  tlu!  mule 
deer,  on  which  these  s})t)ts  are  of  a  lighter  color  than  the  snr- 
roiindings.  These  spots  are  more  prtmonnced  on  tlu;  female 
fawns  than  on  the  males.  On  several  of  the  species  there  ari- 
protuberances,  or  the  sknll  is  elevatetl  nnder  these  spots. 

When  tlu   winter  coat  iirst  appears  on    tlu;  adidt   deer,  it  ma\ 


with    pro[»riety  be  considere 


(It 


-'ti 


an    oinanieiital    dress,      it    is  then 


short,  line,  ami  glossy,  with  tleeper  colors  than  later  in  the  sea- 
son. This  change  of  dress  takes  place  in  Angust  or  Sc])tember, 
at  the  latest,  wliile  yet  the  weather  is  warm,  and  so  it  is  not 
retpiisite  that  the  new  coat  shonltl  be  as  heavy  astlnriii"'  the  rigors 
of  the  winter.      This  is  the  nnptial  suit  for  all  the  sp     u-s,  -o 

it  is   fitting  that  it  slionld  be  more  beantifid        '       .ractive  than 


acli  other, 


.1 


later  when  the  sexes  have  become  indiil'erc 
so  have  no  desire  to  attract  or  please. 

Fngitive  whilt)  spots  often  appear  on  the  adults  "f  several  of 
the  species.  I  have  a  large  female  elk,  which  wa.->  fully  adult 
when  I  procuretl  her,  antl  was  then  ntjarly  half  white.  All  the 
legs  were  nearly  white.  And  there  were  large  white  spots  with 
well  tlefineil  borders  on  various  parts  of  the  body.  The  next 
year  the  well  defined  white  spots  disappeared  and  the  white  was 


o/,'.V.I.l//;.V7'  I/.   fOAT. 


I.V.I 


iiitt'i'spcrscd  iiiiKiiii^  till'  coliirfil   liiiirs,  hk  tliiit   I  li;iil  n  li^^lit   j^ray 
I'lk  iiistcati  n|' a  spctttcil  elk.     Tlit-  yi-ar  rullnwint;  that,  tlir  wliili' 


airs  \v«'ic  vt'i'v  miu 


h  .1 


iiniiiishcil   111   niiiiilii'i',  lull   still  wt'i'i-  *lis- 


tiii('tl\  (iliscrvalilc  (til  several  [tarts  (tf  ilie  imily  iiiul  (HU'  le<;^-. 
Since  tlieii,  lier  coat.  Iiiis  Iteeii  iiiidisl  iii^iiislialile  I'roiii  tlie  utiier 
lelliales  (if  tlie  ll  ",'(1.  I  liave  since  se\eial  tillies  nlisel'Ved  (til 
ailiilt  l'enial(!  elk,  \v»'ll  (lejineil  spots  of  clear  white  hairs  iVoin 
OIK)  to  four  iiiciies  in  (iiaiiieter,  tint,  I  have  iie\  er  IihiikI  these  to 
occur  tlie  second  time  on  the  same  animal. 

( )n   the  N'irniniii  deer  it  is  not    niicoinmoii  to  liiid  a  white  hair 


atten 


Here 


UK 


I    tl 


leic    III    the    coat. 


IIKl 


once 


had 


a  iloe  oil 


whose    torellead,    Wiiell 


vear  o 


Id. 


clear   white 


M'l 


leai'ei 


altctut  iialf  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  was  oltscrxed  for  two  yearn 
and  then  ([isa]i[teare(l.  and  never  after  was  aiiythinn'  oliserved  ]te- 
diar  almnt.  the   inarkiiiifs  (tf  this  deer.      Iictween   these  fiinitive 


cl 


individual  memltcrs  (tf  sev- 


and  transitory  white  spots  observed  on  i 
eral  species,  and  the  perfect  while  coat  and  re(l  eyes  of  the  true 
alliino,  every  imaginaltle  nradiition  may  he  met  with.  I  havt! 
mounted  in  my  (•(tUectioii  a  Virj^inia  ihte  iUioiit  half  the  body  of 
which  is  white,  tin;  halance  is  the  n(tnnal  color  ;  the  lines  of 
inction  (tf  the  two  colors  uro  well  deliiieil.      While  we  are  in  the 


j> 


liiibit  of  calline;  such  specimens  alltiiuts,  they  are   pntlialily  not  so 
in  fact,  but;  rather  liav(>  exceptional   markings  which   are   present, 


but  a  sinjfle  vear,  (tr  at  UKtst  bnt  a  few  ve 


irs. 


These  abnormal 


markings  are  far  more?  abundant  on  ('crvu><  ('(iliuii/'luiuis  than  on 
either  (tf  the  other  species.  On  an  examination  of  a  lai'g(!  lot  (tf 
pelts  (tf  this  deer  in  Portland,  Oregon,  I  found  a  gi'eat  many  thus 


m 


irked.      I  saw  non(^  that  were  pinu?  white    1 


iiiit,  some 


that 


were 


nearly  set,  otlun'.s  with  but  a  little  white  u[ton  them.  I  sehn'ted 
a  skin  for  my  C(tllec'tion,  wliich  I  thought  the  most  beautiful 
auKtng  tliosti  I  examined,  which  I  have  iKtw.  'JMie  body  is  cov- 
ered with  a  white  ground.  All  over  this  ave  .scattered  nuiiK'ntus 
spots  of  ditl'erent  sizes  and  various  colors.  jM(tst  (tf  them  are 
either  black  (tr  ap})roacliing  the  normal  color  of  the  animal. 

I  have  met  but  one  true  albino  dijer  ;  that  was  of  the  common 
species,  in  a  park  in  the  city  of  lMiiladel[thia,  many  years  ago. 
It  was  a  g(tod  sized  buck,  as  white  as  snow  all  over,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  had  I'ed  eyes,  though  1  was  not  near  enough  to  de- 
termine that  question.  I  have  heard  of  several  others.  That  true 
albino  Columbia  deer  are  very  common  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory, I  cannot  doubt.  White  deer  are  there  so  abundant  in  cer- 
tain localities,  that  some  have  supposed  they  were  a  distinct  spe- 


>li 


iHiifc;!: 


160 


THE   DKEll    OF  AMERICA, 


:\V 


lift 


1    '•     :•  ! 


CK!S,  and  others  liave  concluded  that  tliev  an;  liybrids  from  some 
other  s})(>ci('S.  On  an  island  in  I'uget's  Sound  theyan;  said  to  be 
very  abundant  and  indeed  to  predominate.  1  have  very  littl" 
doubt  that  a,  eritieal  examination  woulil  prove  them  to  be  the 
tru(!  Columbia  deer,  either  ti'ue  albinos  or  with  the  v  !'ite  mark- 
inj^s  unusually  abunchmt.  If  albinos,  their  i)i!euliarities  may  be- 
conu'  luM-editary,  as  we  often  see  with  the  human  species.  I  re- 
gret the  want  of  op|)ortunitieo  to  examine  critically  thes(!  inter- 
esting specimens,  when  then;  could  be  no  dilliculty  in  settling 
the  matter  delinitely\ 

TFIH   HKAl). 

In  the  s[)eciric  d(>scription  of  the  Moose  I  have  shown  that  its 
head  is  of  (morinous  size,  angainly  in  form  and  (piite  diivoid  of 
beauty,  according  to  our  appreciation  of  beauty.  Its  great  length 
in  propt)rtioii  to  its  width  is  magnified  by  the  elongation  of  its 
upper  lip  or  nose,  which  at  last  constitutes  the  most  remarkable 
feature  of  this  remarkable  animal.  It  extends  s<!veral  inches  be- 
yond th(!  lower  jaw,  over  which  it  droops.  It  is  flexible  and  ac- 
tuated by  powerful  muscles  ;  is  prehensile  in  it«  capacities,  and  is 
well  adapted  to  the  puipose  of  grasping  branches  of  trees  aiul 
bringing  the  boughs  upon  which  it  feeds  within  its  reach.  The 
nostrils  are  far  ajjart,  are  very  long  and  narrow,  and  capable  of 
very  great  extension  ;  the  posterior  passages  l>eing  very  large,  are 
designed  to  su[)ply  the  lungs  with  a  great  amount  of  air,  when 
required  by  hard  exercise.  The  front  of  the  muzzle  is  flat,  as  if 
cut  square  oil",  and  is  covered  with  short  grayish  hair,  except  a 
small  space  bjlow  each  nostril,  and  a  space  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  diameter  between  the  nostrils,  with  a  narrow  naked  .strip 
extending  from  this  down  to  the  mouth.  This  has  been  alreody 
particuhirly  described. 

This  extraordinary  feature  —  the  elongation  of  the  upper  lip 
of  the  Moose  —  is  scarcely  apparent  on  the  young  calf,  and  dur- 
ing the  first  year  is  by  no  means  remarkable,  as  will  be  observed 
by  an  inspection  of  the  illustration  of  the  young  Moose.  The  eye 
is  small,  deep  set,  and  has  a  sinister  expression. 

Next  to  that  of  the  moose,  the  head  of  the  Caribou  is  the  least 
to  be  ailmired.  lu  its  proportions,  the  latter  is  the  reverse  of  the 
former,  for  it  is  shorter  in  proportion  to  its  thickness  than  any 
other  of  our  deer.  If  we  are  not  charmed  with  the  proj»ortions 
of  the  head  of  the  Caribou,  as  compared  with  that  of  the  moose 
we  should  consider  it  beautifnl.     The  upper  lip,  or  muflle  of  the 


Tin:  HEAD. 


Itil 


ill 


Caril 


)()ii,  IS  not  cxleiKU'd  i'i'inark;i 


l.lv  1. 


H'\  (111(1  tli(!   lower.  1ml    it  is 


lia 


iiu!.  Ikmn  V,  and  Uluiit,  ami   is  entirely  covcinmI  with  sliort  ;j;r;iv 
ir.      In  this  :'ospect  it  dilVers  from  all   our  other  species,  1 


ml  1- 


[n'ecisely  parulh'led  in  the  reindeer  (<!'  l^iiro[)e. 

Instrikini^'  contrast  to  the  head  of  the  moose  is  that  of  the 
\\'a]iiti  deer.  It  is  symmetrical  in  form,  with  a  ver\  hroad 
llioilij,!!  Hat  forehead,  and  l)et\veeii  the  eyes,  helow  which  1:  is 
lathei-  long  and  slender.  It  has  a  well  developed  exc,  whidi  has 
a  pleasant  cNjiression,  except  when  th(^  animal  is  excited  li\  an- 
ger or  jealousy,  when  it  has  a  wicked  exjiressioii.  This  is  much 
heightened  especially  in  the  male,  in  this  condition,  when 
throws  up  his  jiead  with    tlm  face  in  a    horizontal  position,  draws 


IKICK 


lis  li[)s  so  a.- 


to  show   his  front,  teeth,  and  urati^^  h 


>  molars 


with  i.  load,  harsh  sound.     This  is  not  a  pleasant  smile  1ml  a 
rid  grin.      It  is  so  tliri'atenini''  that  ilie  ohserver 


h'l'- 


is   glad   II    lie  IS 


eparated    h\n\\    tlit^    hrute    hy  an   iiiijiassahle  barrier.      This  is 
arely  observed  in  the  male  exce[)t  during  the  vut,  or  the  female 


1.      Tl 


le   head  ot    t  lie  e 


IS 


ers  ot   alt  our  deer,  and 


when   she   has   a   young  fawn  to  protei 

iiriiameiite(l  with   the  most  beautiful  ant 

is  only  disligiired  by  the  coarse,  awkward  ears. 

Till!  head  of  the  Mule  Deer  is  well  enough  but  for  its  dispro- 
p(>;rioneil  ear.  The  eyt!  is  of  niedium  si/e,  but  lacks  the  ani- 
mated expression  of  some  of  the  other  species.  It  has  a  sunken 
forehead  with  a  siiudl  vo]unu>  of  liraiii.  IJelow  the  eyes  the  face 
arger  and  coarser  than  on  any  of  the  other  deer,  except  the 


IS 


d  tl 


.noose  and  tlie  carUiou. 

The  Coliimbia  Deer  has  a  fuller  forehead,  a  slimmer  face,  and 
a  larger  and  brighter  e\  i'  than  the  mule  deer.  The  ear.  thoiiiih 
large,  does  not  seem  to  detra.ct  from  its  tine  proportions. 

The  head  of  the  Virginia  Deer  is  more  admired  than  that  of 
any  of  the  others  except  that  of  the  wa[)ili.  It  has  a  shar[)  niii/- 
zl",  rather  narrow  forehead,  eves  rather  small  and  of  good  expres- 
"-loii.  On  the  wholi>,  the  pro[iorti()ns  of  this  head  harmonize  ad- 
mirably, and  it  is  carried  in  scch  a  lofty,  lortlly  way,  upon  a  long, 
>leii(ler,  and  graceful  neck,  that  it  may  always  \n'  looked  upon 
with  admiration. 

The  Acapulco  Deer  has  a  short  but  trim  head.  Its  most 
markeil  feature  is,  its  broad,  full  forehead  with  a  very  large  brain 
cavity,  and  it  certainly  knows  more  than  any  of  our  other  deer. 
A  small,  delicate  ear  lioes  not  distigure  it,  wdiiletho  eye  is  of  go(.nl 
^ize  and  pleasant  expression. 

All  oi  llu'  deer  show  the  lachryniul  sinus,  but  it  varies  soiiie- 
11 


102 


THE   DEER    OE  AMERICA. 


wliat  ill   position  and  niuoli  in  oxtiMit.     On  all.  it  is  bolow  tlin 
inner  (•()riii'r  of  the  eyo.      ( )ii   the  moose  aiitl  earibou  it  is  (juite 


near 


tl 


le  eve,  and  is  covered  with  liaii 


Whether  it  is  dilated  in 


■xciteiiient,    I    have    had   no  oppoi'timity   of  ohserviiig.      (  )ii   th 


\vai)i1i,  we  liave  alivailv  sei 


'11,  tl 


le   ojteir.iiii- 


loeate(l  further  h 


low  the  evf,  is  very  large  and   has  a  naked  border,  whieh  is  con- 
cealed when  in  repose,  though  a  ])ortion  below  the  corner  of  the 


C\(!    ( 


xteiidinti'  to  the  orilice  is  naked.      In   excitement,  tli 


e  con- 


cealing hairs  are  thrown  back,   the   lips   which    wei 


e    closed  arc 


WKlflV 


|)arted 


aiK 


It] 


le  sinus  IS  <'noriiiousiy  expanded,  wliicli  ad 


much  to  the  threatening  appearance  of  the  enraged  animal. 

I  cannot  say  that  similar  phenomena  might  not  be  oltscrved 
with  till'  moose  and  the  caribou,  with  the  same  ojtportunities  for 
observation,  but  to  mo  tliese  have  not  occurred. 

Ill  all  till'  smaller  species,  this  opening  exists, l)ut 


IS  siiiader.  or 


at  least  appears  to  be  so,  and  1  Jiave  ii'Sfr  seen  it  exposed  or  di- 
lated in  excitement.  In  all,  a  sort  of  thin  waxy  secretion  is  ex- 
led,  though  iKjt  profus(dy,  and  I  have  not  observed  any  (nlor  to 


nd 


emanate  from  it.  We  may  assntiK;  that  it  serves  some  useful 
jiurpose  in  the  economy  of  the  animal,  undoubtedly  as  connected 
IS  it  is  not  I'lnbraccd  within   the  plan  of  this 


wi 


th  th 


'VI' 


but 


lid   so    cannot 


work,    I   liave  not  carefully  dissected    the  jiarts,   a 

spc'dv  uiiilerstandingly  on  tlui  subject.      I  leave  a   bro;id  Held  for 


tl 


le   researcl 


h  of  the  comparative    aiiaton'ist 


diicli    I     have    but 


rarelv  invaded,     lie  will  no  doubt  correct  some  of  niv  con 


Clll- 


ili 


sions. 


I  will  close  tliis  branch  of  my  subject    l)y  giving  the  nieasui 


ni 


eiils  of  the  head  of  a  lartre  i 


IKIH' 


Elk   which   I  kiUe.l.  live  v 


eai-' 


old 


From  lop  of  liead  to  end  of  nose 
lictweeii  pedicels  of  luitlcrs     . 
Bctwet'ii  tiie  eyes 
lietwrcn  the  eye  and  the  pedicel 
Between  ear  and  pedicel 
Length  of  nostril 
lU'twet'ii  nostrils,  lower 
Between  nostrils,  upper    . 
Lenjitli  of  mouth 


llll'lll'S. 


l.\ 


PPI 


) 


THE   KM}. 


103 


The  Ear. 

Tlio  ears  of  the  deor  have  ln'cii  alrcuily  incidfiitally  or  di- 
rectly spoken  of  and  descrihed  witli  nutre  or  less  particularity.  l)ut 
many  particulars  remain  to  he;  noticed,  which  will  eiialile  us  to 
compare  thosi;  of  the  diflei'ont  species,  from  which  1  trust  we 
shall  (Un'ive  nnu'h  instrut'tioii. 

In  many  respects  the  Moose  and  the  Carihou  mi>st  resemlile 
eacli  otlier,  as  for  instance  in  their  horeal  habitat,  their  jialmated 
antlers,  their  hairy  niuzzhjs,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  foot  :  yet  in 
their  oars  they  jjriisent  the  two  extremes.  ()f  all  the  deer  fam- 
ily the  Moose  shows  the'  longest,  the  coarsest,  and  the  >iL!,liest  ear. 
almost  as  broad  as  it  is  loni;",  ami  nearly  thick  enoui;li  foi- a  plow- 
share, (hi  the  other  hand,  the  Cai'ibou  shows  the  least  ami  the 
sluH'test  ear  relatively,  of  all  the  family,  though  i)y  no  means 
the  finest  or  most  delicate.  While  tin;  Moose's  oar  may  be  four- 
toon  or  fifteen  inches  long',  I  have  never  seen  the  ear  of  a  Caribou 
over  four  inches  long. 

( )n  a  ina,l(!  ^loose  in  my  collection,  said  by  ex])erts  to  be  four 
years  old,  the  oar  is  eleven  inches  long  and  seven  inches  broad. 
it  rises  from  the  head  mnirly  two  inches  in  a  cylindrii'ul  form, 
before  we  reach  the  opening.  It  then  varies  but  little  in  actual 
breadth  for  nearly  half  its  height,  and  thence  tapers  to  the  end. 
It  is  thick  and  iioavy  in  structure.  On  the  outside  it  is  covered 
with  a  dense  coat  of  short,  soft  hair  of  a  grayish  brown  sliailo. 
Inside  the  oar  the  hair  is  abundant,  and  is  longer  than  on  the 
outside.  The  fi'ont  hnver  edge  of  the  ear  is  black.  The  rest  of 
the  edge  of  the  oar  is  a  very  dark  brown. 

The  ear  of  the  Caribou  is  erect  and  is  much  less  subject  to  lat- 
eral motion  than  the  ''rger  ears:  and  yet  I  canm)t  say  that  the 
seuse  of  hearing  1;;  at  .,d  impaired  by  the  small  oar,  or  that  the 
larg(!  oar  makes  that  of  the  Moose  much  more  acute.  In  both 
the  sense  of  hearing  is  vei'v  acute,  as  well  as  the  sense  of  smell. 
When  the  hunter  st'uds  oil"  the  Caribou  by  the  breaking  of  a  sin- 
gle twig,  h(!  will  regret  that  the  scared  animal  was  not  a  Moose  ; 
with  the  hope  or  belief  that  tlu>  latter  could  not  have  heard  so 
small  an  alarm;  but  when  on  the  other  hand  the  Moose  boi-omes 
alarmed  by  the  least  accidental  toucli  of  a  rille  while  the  holder 
i-  passing  a  tree  or  a  rock,  anil  the  Moose  glides  awav  and  soon 
starts  into  his  long  swinging  trot,  the  hunter  regrets  that  I'rovi- 
(Itiico  had  not  given  the  Moose  a  smaller  or  loss  acute  ear. 

The  oar  of   the  Caribou   on  the  specimen    in   my  collection,  is 


1 1 1  * 


ill 


m 


uu 


THE    />/■:/■: I!    OF  AMERICA. 


four  iiiflit'S  loiiu;-  iiiul  live  inelic's  hnind.      It  is  sitiiivtod  Ix'hind  tin 
antlers  one  inch  uiul  rniir  lines,  iiml  the  eiirs  are  live  iuelies  apart 

Tl 
th 


lev  ar(.'  we 


.tlu 


with    hair  on  lioth   sides.      ( )n  the  ontsiiK 


air   IS   short    and  Inu 


side 


iiair  IS  not  so 


an  asiiv  wiiite   color, 
1 


Oi 


lie  111- 


nse,  IS  longer,  soinewliat  enrled.  aiu 


lighter  eolor.  (  H'  the  })ositions  in  which  the  ear  is  earritd  in  life, 
under  dil'lereiit  circumstanees,  1  have  had  no  opportiinil  v  for  ob- 
serving, nor  have  I  any  satisfaetory  information.  From  ihe  small 
si/A'  of  tlu!  ear,  we  may  assume  that  it  is  carried  ert'ct,  and  is  not 
so  liable  as  th(^  ears  of  others  to  chaiij^e  position  under  diil'er- 
eiit  circumstances. 

On  the  reiiidei-r  of  Europe  the  ear  exactly  cori'espoiids  in  size 
and  position  with  that  of  our  caribou.  I  have  never  seen  them 
^vhell  they  were  excited.  When  at  rest  rumiiuiting,  the  ears 
stiuul  (piite  erect,  and  are  not  often  moved. 


The  ear  of  our  Elk,  or  the  Wapiti,  is  very  large  and  course 


ami 


like  that  of  ('.  <dce.s,  attract.s  attention  bv  its  unusual  si/.i 


ma 


ximiiin   lentith  of  the  ear  of  tlu^  adult  Wapit 


1,  IS  alio 


ut    mile 


inclies,  am 


I  its  bri'adth  seven  inches,  but  the 


re  is  an  apjirecia 


dilTerence  in  tlu^  size  of  the  ears,  where  there  is  not  iiiucli  dilTc! 


ence 


in   the  lieiu'lit  of  tin;  animal.     T 


le  ( 


ar  is  thick  and  coan 


ii\ 


but  is  well  supported,  though  it  is  not  carried  so  erect  ordinar 
as  the  smaller  ears  of  the  same  species  ;  and  when  the  animal  lies 
quietly  ruminating  tlu;  ears  loj),  as  if  their  weight  was  a  burden 
upon  the  sujiporting  muscles  ;  but  when  excited  or  alarmed,  they 
are  projected  forward  mor(>  nearly  to  a  horizontal  ])osiiion,  as  if 
to  catch  the  least  sound.  W^lien  a  hostile;  feeling  pcr\adcs  the 
animal,  the  jjosition  vari^'s  according  to  circumstances.  If  the 
alarm  is  threatening  and  he  is  doubtful  of  the  attack,  the  position 
of  the  ear  is  dejtrcssed  and  set  backward.  When  the  attack  i'- 
ileterniined  upon  aiul  commenced,  the  ear  is  projeoteil  forward 
even  more  than  in  the  listening  attitiuU'.  1  have  often  been 
interested  to  observe  these  different  attitudes,  when  sejiarated  b\ 
a  secure  fence  from  the  wicked  buck,  during  the  rutting  season. 
If  nierelv  giving  notice  to  l(;ave,  he  \vould  approach  with  a  tie- 
liberate,  stately  step,  liis  ears  laid  back  alougsidi'  his  neck,  his 
muzzle  thrown  ii}),  so  that  the  antlers  were  parallel  with  tic 
back,  the  lips  drawn  back  so  as  to  present  to  view  his  froii; 
teeth,  aiul  a  constant  grating  of  the  molars,  which  is  a  habii 
much  alft'cted  by  tin;  male,  whenever  he  feels  cross  or  jealous. 
At  such  times  the  stranger,  at  least,  always  feels  doubtful  of  the 
sulliciency  of  the  fence  which  separates  him  from  the  threatening 


!;  •■! 


"Tl 


Tin:  i:.\n. 


ir, 


).) 


licast,  and  is  incHncd  to  rclir'.'  and  observe  from  a  grcali'r  dis- 
tance. Jf,  liowever,  an  atta(  iv  is  resolved  upon,  lie  lowers  his 
head  so  as  to  brint;'  his  faee  nearly  level  with  the  n'rnund,  with 
the  nose  nearly  between  the  fore  legs,  the;  ears  jirojecteil  forward, 
and  he  comes  against  the  fence  with  a  fearful  rush,  wiiich 
tlioroughly  tries  its  stability,  and  the  fence  is  (jnly  enablinl  to 
witlistand  the  strain,  from  tht;  great  luiinber  of  tlu!  points  of  the 
antlers,  distributing  tlu'  force  nf  the  eliaryc  over  so  manv  diiVer- 
ent  palings.  IJiit  few  can  stand  on  the  oppusitt;  side  witlmut 
llinching.  This  position  of  the  ear  is  also  particularly  observed 
on  the  female  when  she  sees  a  dug,  which  is  lier  greatest  antip- 
athy. If  on  till!  opposite  side  of  tin;  fence,  she  will  rush  up,  her 
ears  straight  forward,  and  strike  fearful  bhiws  with  her  fore  feet 
at  the  (ipeiiings  between  tlu^  palings,  in  a  vain  elTort  to  reach  the 
nbiect  of  her  hate.  Jlalf  a  dii/.eii  or  more  eiirau'ed  females  beat 
a  lively  tattoo  on  such  occasions,  and  the  dog  usually  drops  his 
tail  ami  leaves  without  a  second  bidiling. 

Perhaps  this  characteristic  ])osition  of  the  ear  is  most  copspicu- 
ous  when  a  strav  <log  iiiuls  a  way  into  the  ]iark.  As  I  was  sit- 
ting at  l)reaUfast,  oik;  beautiful  morning  in  August,  the  blinds 
of  the  bay-window  which  overlooks  tlu^  South  Park  being  open, 
I  saw  a  tlock  of  the  common  ileer  rush  u[)  the  bank  from  tiie 
densely  wooded  ravine,  their  flags  aloft  and  spread  to  the  utmost. 
With  astonishing  leaps  they  ran  towards  tiie  gate,  wheiethey 
wen,'  most  likely  to  lind  protection.  They  were  closely  followed 
by  a  villainous  cur,  which  gave  a  yelp  of  excitenii'iit  at  every 
leap.  IJarui'y,  the  kee|HM',  had  opened  t\w  gate  from  tlit>  North 
I'ark.  to  allow  the  elk  to  come  down  an.d  show  themselves  to 
some  guests,  and  there  was  the  whoUt  herd  clustered  around  the 
gate.  —  the  bucks,  with  their  scarcely  grown  antlers  still  in  the 
vclvi't,  and  ])robably  a  do/.en  fenudes,  with  their  young  by  their 
sides.  Tlu!  moment  th(>y  heard  tlie  dog,  the  does  [)rojected 
their  ears  directly  forward,  stretched  out  their  necks  and  started 
for  that  dog  with  an  earnestness  which  [)roclaimed  that  they 
meant  liusiness,  while  the  deer  shot  through  their  open  ranks. 
The  moment  tlu'  cur  comiirehended  the  situation,  he  wheeled 
and  ran  as  lu^ver  cur  ran  before.  It  was  the  most  exciting  and 
laughable  chase  1  ever  saw.  The  pursuers  gaine<l  on  (he  pur- 
sued, but  there  was  th(>  sheltering  thick  shrubbery  of  the  ravine 
close  by,  where  was  his  onl_\  safety.  The  exultant  cry  of  pur- 
suit had  i)een  followed  bv  the  short  (piick  yelp  of  despair  which 
escaped  the  tlog  at  every  bound,  while  he  would  turn   his  head 


I   I  :  'I 


IGG 


77//-;  i>Ki:n  of  America. 


illi 


i  til  *  i' 

1!  I  Rf'  i 


(  ,1 


first  to  one  side  and  llii'ii  to  tli(>  other,  to  watcli  tlif  ])ro(fr(\ss  of 
tlic  ])iii'suit,  the  (Iniij^'i-r  of  wiiidi  was  hccomiiii^  iiiorc  and  more 
innninriiL  cvi'rv  nionicnt,  as  the  leading  doe  was  already  close 
ii])on  liini,  and  had  eonunenced  niakinu,'  des[)erate  passes  with  her 
fore  feet,  any  one  of  whieli,  had  it  hit  liini,  wonid  have  ended  a 
worthless  career.  I)ut  this  was  in  fact  his  salvation,  since  hy 
striking'  too  soon  the  elk  lost  s^roiind,  and  just  as  he  was  about  to 
receive  the  fatal  hlow,  Im  gained  the  cover  and  shot  into  the 
thickt't,  wlu'i'i^  tlu^  advantage  was  all  on  his  side,  and  thus 
he  esca[)ed  ;  but  I  ni'ver  heard  of  that  dog  having  been  seen  in 
tliose  ground;-  again.  When  the  does  returni;d,  their  (>ars  were 
all  thrown  back  \\\  ii  threatening  way,  as  if  to  challenge  anv  other 


o  mvai 


le   t 


lu'ir  e'rounds. 


All   this  time,  \\w  bucks  took  no 
av,  and    niauif"sted    little   inti-rest   in    the   result. 


dog  t 

part  in   tl 

They  walked   down    the   lawn,  elevated   their   heads  and   looked 

earnestly  if  not  wisely,  —  that  was  ail.     'I'lu;  chase  beean  scarcelv 

a  hundred  yards  from  where  wo  sat,  or  rather  stood,  for  in  an 

instant  all  ran  to  the  window  to  see  tlie  excitine-  sport,  and  so 


wi^ 


had  the   best   possible   opportunity  to  observe  the  habits  of    th 
animal  nnder  such  circumstances. 


O 


n  another  occasion,  as  I  was  studyintr  tlu^   herd   in    the  east 


park,  a  largi;  pointer  dog  found  a  passage  under  the  fence,  and 
Avent  ranging  tlirough  the  grounds  in  a  characteristic  way,  when 
ho  espied  somo  of  the  buck  elks,  which  had  strayed  a  little  to 
ono  side,  and  started  for  them  with  great  fierceness.  Altiiough 
their  antlers  were  then  hard,  tlu>  suddenness  of  the  onset  fright- 
ened them  at  first,  and  they  trotted  in  towards  the  iieril,  laying 
thoir  ears  back.  The  moment  tlio  does  saw  the  dog  tliey  charged 
upon  him  with  impetuosity,  upon  whicli  that  dog  admitted  that 
lie  had  no  further  business  in  the  ])ark,  and,  aided  by  the  shrub- 
bery, he  succeeded  in  elTecting  a  safe  retreat,  which  I  did  not 
regret.  The  whole  herd  of  forty  or  fifty  joined  in  the  hunt,  the 
bucks  in  the  rear,  but  all  with  their  ears  forward,  as  if  their  only 
purpose  was  speed,  without  a  hostile  thought;  but  the  noise  they 
made  as  they  craslied  through  the  brushwood  was  like  the  rush- 
ing of  many  waters.  As  is  always  the  case,  on  such  occasions, 
the  hair  of  the  white  patches  on  tlie  rum[)  became  elevated  like 
the  bi'  ties  on  the  back  of  a  boar  at  bay. 

The  Mule  Deer  (Cervus  iinicrotix),  lias  the  largest  ear  of  any 
of  the  species  on  either  continent,  in  proportion  to  its  si/e ;  hence 
its  name. 

The  car  of    the  adult  Mule  Deer  is  eight   inches  in  length, 


Nlirt 


rill-:  i:.\h\ 


ItiT 


wIit'tluT  nifasui'cd  on  tin-  (»utsi(lt',  or  tVoni  the  opiMiiii^'  on  tlir  in- 
side. So  it  will  1)('  ol)scrv('(l  that;  tlui  opcniiiLl  is  lit  llu'  vn'y  l)asi> 
of  till'  car,  wliili",  as  we  iiavt-  situ,  on  tin-  otluT  lai'^'r-rairil  sjir- 
cii's,  tlic  nioosc,  till!  o|H'ninL;'  coinnn-nri'S  two  iiu'lirs  al)ovt'  the 
lieail,  or,  for  nioi'L'  than  oni'  sixth  of  its  liMigth,  llu;  car  is  a  dosi'il 
rylindcr.  The  car  is  seven  inches  broail,  is  thick  ami  massive. 
'I'he  oiitsiile  of  the  ear  is  covereil  with  a,  heavy  i-oat  of  soft,  L;ray 
hair.  ( )n  the  inside  it  is  well  Hlled  with  (|iiite  a  dense  mass  of 
long  Iiairs,  niosllv  nearly  white,  tlioui^h  in  the  lower  front  ]iart  of 
the  ear  they  are  i|niti!  dark  colc)i-ed.  Those  hairs  in  the  front 
pai't  especially  are  inclined  to  onrl. 

When  the  animal  is  at  ease  the  ear  is  unite  erect  and  a  little 
spreadinj^,  but  when  the  animal  is  ob.servinjr  anythinu;  with  inter- 
est the  ears  are  projected  forward,  as  if  to  catch  the  faintest 
sonnd.  When  runiiinn',  the  cars  incline  backward,  perha[)s  froni 
the  pressure  of  the  atmos[)here,  to  which  they  exjiose  so  ei'i-it 
a  surface.  The  edge  of  the  ear  is  black,  which  color  is  more 
distinct  and  is  broader  along  the  upper  front  edge. 

'J'lie  ear  of  t'lriuix  Ciihi)it/>i<(nns,  the  true  Black-tailed  Deer,  is 
ni'Xt  in  size  to  that  of  tlie  nude  deer,  and  when  these  and  the 
\'irginia  deer  are  grouped  together,  the  observer  would  pronoinice 
the  ear  of  the  Columbia  Deer  to  be  in  size  about  half  way  be- 
tween that  of  the  nude  deer  and  of  the  Virginia  deer,  though 
a  careful  measurement  shows  that  they  are  much  nearer  the  lat- 
ter than  the  former. 

()n  the  adult  the  ear  is  six  and  one  half  inches  long,  and  at 
llie  widest  part  is  six  inches  broad.  The  outside  of  the  ear  is 
lovered  with  a  shortish,  tolerably  dense  coat  of  hair,  of  the  pre- 
vailing color  of  the  bod}'.  On  the  lower  front,  outside  of  the 
car,  is  a  patch  of  ver^-  light  gray,  nearly  four  inches  long,  pointed 
at  the  top  and  broad  at  the  base.  The  hair  on  the  inside  of  the 
lar  is  not  so  abundant  as  on  the  mule  deer,  but  there  is  plenty 
of  it,  which  is  mostly  whit(!  or  very  light  drab.  On  the  lower 
front  side,  and  op[)osite  the  gray  patch  on  the  outside,  is  a  taw- 
nv  section  three  and  a  half  inc^'es  long  and  an  inch  or  more 
hroad,  pointed  at  both  top  anil  bottom.  The  edge  of  the  eai-  is 
not  black,  as  on  the  nude  deer  and  the  common  deer.  The  ear 
is  rather  thick  and  heavy,  but  much  less  so  than  on  the  mule 
deer.  The  ear  is  carried  more  lazily  than  that  of  the  mule  deer, 
though  never  wholly  drooping,  but  often  partially  so.  When  the 
animal  is  specially  interested  the  ear  is  ensct  or  projected  for- 
ward. When  cross  and  threatening,  the  ear  is  laid  back  close  to 
the  neck. 


mr 


PIPP 


108 


THE    hllEIl    OF  AMERICA. 


\  ■ 


Not  iiiilil  wf  cdim!  to  llie  Viminiii  Doer  do  wo  rnul  aiivtliiii<f 
to  aiiiiiire  in  tlw  ciU'.  His  car  is  ol'  iiicilimn  size,  is  well  sliapiMl, 
is  tliin  ami  pliaMc,  and  is,  pcrliajis,  the  most  spcalciiig  feature 
altout  him.  Tiie  coat  on  tlie  outside  is  fine  and  soft,  and  is  never 
heavy,  wliile  on  tlie  inside  it  is  sparse  and  delicate. 

AhhoULi'h  the  I'ar  of  the  C'onnnon  Deer  is  scarcely  an  inch 
sliorter,  and  not  more  tlian  an  inch  narrower  tlian  tliat  on  the 
hhick-lailcd  deer,  vet  tlu'  casual  observer,  when  looking  at  them 
side  liy  side.  Would  IxTieve  the  dilTcrence  to  he  much  greater. 
E\cn  half  an    inch  added  to  the  leim'th  and   hreadth  of  an  ear 


makes  a  greater  a|)[)reeiaole  (Inference  tlian  would  he  readdy  im- 
aijiiied.     On  tlu!  adult,  tlu'  leiiuth  of  tlu(  ear  varies  from  live  and 


one  li; 


df  t 


o  SIX  nu'lies,  w 


hetl 


ler  measui'cd  on 


tl 


U'  outside  or  irom 


the  Iiottoin  of   the  oi)enini 


on 


the    inside,  and    is  in  width  from 


foul' and  one  half  inches  to  fduv  inches  and  nine  lines.      On   th 


oiitsu 


tl 


)e  ear 


is  clad  with  a  short,  iino,  thin  coat  of  hair,  nearly 


l)lack.  I'lio  ear  is  thin  and  delicate,  as  compared  with  the  ears  of 
the  lai-ger  s[)ecies.  In  summer  dress,  the  arteries  show  j)lainly. 
and  it  is  so  nearly  translucent,  that  when  the  sun  strikes  against 
the  opposite  side,  tlu;  light  shows  through,  giving  it  a  i>ink  sluule. 


It 


dly 


IS  ii'enerally  carried  erect,  a  little  spreadiULT  or  inclined  lorwan 


d. 


thougli  this  position  is  not  so  observahh;  as  on  the  larger  eared 
s])ecies.  In  a  threatening  attitude,  the  ear  is  thrown  hack, 
though  not  nearly  so  close  to  the  neck  as  on  the  hlack-tailcd  d 
\NMien  runniiiL!'  in  fritiht,  the  ear  is  inclined  forward. 


eer. 


On  tl 


H!  ivcapulco 


I) 


eer, 


tl 


le  ear 


is  a  litth;  shorter  and  a   litth 


broader,  and  is  almost  as  thin  as  piirchment.  On  the  outside,  the 
hair  is  yery  short  but  thick  set,  of  a  darki'r  color  than  on  th(-' 
other,  and  has  a  sort  of  lustre,  particularly  observabh;  in  the  sun- 
shine. In  summer,  it  seems  to  be  coyered  rather  slightly  Avith  a 
sort  of  fine  fuzz,  rather  than  hair.  It  is  rather  restless,  which  is 
more  indicative  of  the  sensibilities  of  this  animal  than  is  man- 
ifested by  any  of  the  others.  Both  in  anger  and  in  ]>lay  the  ear  is 
frcipiently  thrown  (juite  back  upon  its  neck,  and  this  is  especially 


SI  I   w 


hen  amusino-  itself  in  chasintr  some  of  the  other  deer,  wl 


lie 


may  he  twic(;  as  lar<re  as  itst 


around 


th 


le  iiarK 


A  mule  buck,  in  my  park,  is  very  fond  of  following  me  in  my 
walks  through  it,  and  if  we  accidentally  meet  this  litth;  Aca}>ulco 


doe  in  on 


r  rambles,  the  chances  are  that  slu;  will  trv  to  cut  1 


iiin 


oil  from  my  [)rotectjon, 


and  run  him  at  the  to])  of  hi 


sf 


teetl   in 


.sonu^  other  direction.     At  such  times  she  will  maki;  the  rush  with 
her  ears  lying  Ihit  to  the  neck,  as  if  terribly  in  earnest,  but  afti'r 


TiiK  i:.\n.—  Tiii:  asti.ki:^. 


KV.t 


;i  turn  or  two,  lie  p-nci'iiUy  iniuuigcs  to  I'liii  ii|i  to  iiic  fnr  protcc- 
tiiiii.  wlicii  slic  will  st()[)  11  littl(!  way  otT,  Iniiijf  tlif  curs  to  a  vcr- 
lical  |iiisiti(in,  iiiul  litok  as  it'  she  would  lil<t'  in  t'lijoy  a  lirarty 
laiiyli  at  tilt'  alarm  she  liad  created  in  tiie  ^rcat,  t'owurdly  Itriite, 
that  is  stronn'  enoiin'h  tu  toss  jier  over  the  fence  on  liis  antlers. 

The  severe  and  loiii;  continued  cold  of  the  winter  of  IsTo  was 
endured  well  l»y  this  tropical  deer,  and  also  liy  the  Ceylon  deer; 
l"it  in  the  spring,  I  found  the  borders  of  tlu^  ears  of  all  had  lieeii 
so  frozen,  that  they  were  curled  up  in  u  sort  of  giithers  all  round 
the  edges,  hut,  with  oiu;  exception,  it  was  only  on  the  vei'y  ('(Igcs 
that  the  vitality  seemed  to  l)e  destroyi'd.  This  when  it  peeled 
oil'  left  tlu!  ear  without  perceptiMe  chann'c.  I  saw  nothing  of 
the  kind  on  tiie  ears  of  any  of  tlie  Virginia  deer,  which  are  next 
ill  delicacy  of  structiin'.  The  longer  these  deer  remain  exjxised 
to  the  cold  winters  of  this  latitude,  the  more  dense  IxM-oincs  the 
winter  coat  on  tin;  eiirs,  uiul  even  on  the  other  j)arts  as  well. 


The  Antln-s. 

An  examination  of  the  antlers  of  the  deco-  makes  it  first  neces- 
sary that  we  iiupiire  of  their  constituents,  then  of  their  system  of 
nutrition,  their  mode  of  growth,  their  maturity,  their  decay  and 
rejection,  and  iinally  of  their  uses. 

An  analysis  of  these  anth'i's  shows  that  they  are  com[)osed  of 
the  same  constituents  as  internal  bones  ;  that  tliev  are  in  fact 
true  bones,  though  in  the  jiroportion  of  their  constituents  they 
ditVer  slightly  from  ordinary  bones.  Healthy  ordinary  bone  con- 
sists of  about  one  third  part  of  animal  matter,  or  gelatine,  ami  two 
thirds  of  earthy  matter,  about  six  sevenths  of  which  is  jiliosphate 
of  lime  and  oim  seventh  carbonate  of  lime  with  an  a])preciable 
trace  of  magnesia.  'J'he  animal  matter  gives  the  bone  elasticit  v 
and  tenacity,  the  earthy  matter  hardness  and  rigidity. 

The  antlers  of  the  deer  consist  of  about  thirtv-nine  parts  of 
animal  matter  and  sixty-one  ])arts  of  earthy  matter,  of  the  same 
kind  and  ])roporlions  as  is  found  in  common  bolu^  This  is  the 
mean  of  many  results  of  analysis  of  antlers  of  different  sjiccies 
of  y\v{},\\  by  dilfereiit  processes,  among  which  very  little  diiVer- 
ences  were  found  in  results.  This  excess  of  animal  matter  seems 
necessary  to  give  the  antler  elasticity  and  strength,  and  lit  it  for 
the  pur[)oses  for  which  it  is  designed. 

A  critical  examination  shows  that  their  system  of  nutrition 
and  mode  of  growth  are  identical  with  those  of  internal  bones, 


170 


TiiK  1)i:i:r  of  ameiuca. 


'Miiii^i 


r 
1 
i 

1 

1 

' 

i 

1 

^ 

B.  , 

althoiij^li  till'  growth  is  imidi  inoro  nipid,  iiml  wlicii  (•()in])l(!t('(l 
otlirr  pliciiDiiiciiM  iirc  noticed  not  observed  in  inti-riuii  hones, 
wiiicli  ;ii-e  riMjiiired  hy  tln^  e(V)nomy  of  tlie  iinimid,  wliieii  deiniinds 
tliat  tliey  conipletc!  tiuiii-  ^rowtli,  die,  and  bo  east  olV  ;iiiniiidly. 
Tliese  inodilications  are  entirely  consistent  with  tin;  <^('neral  nhin 
of  osteal  structure.  During  tlie  period  of  <;'i'o\vtli  of  (lie  antler 
it  is  provided  with  a  /icriosfeiini,  and  with  internal  blood-ves- 
sels as  well,  though  it  has  no  medullary  canal  iilled  with  marrow 
like  (he  long  internal  l)ones. 

As  before  intimated,  the  anth'rs  of  the  (U'cr  are  not  persistent, 
like  (he  other  bones  of  the  body,  but  th(>y  are  grown  from  the 
beginning  to  maturity  and  then  are  cast  away  every  year. 

In  most  cases  the  matured  antler  is  east  in  the  fall  or  winter, 
but  in  soin(!  cases  they  an;  nttaiiied  till  spring. 

In  thos(!  cases  when,'  the  antler  is  dro[)i)ed  in  the  fall  or  win- 
ter, immediately  the  j)eriostenm,  which  surrounds  the  pedicel  or 
the  process  of  the  skidl  on  which  the  antler  grrtws,  the  edge  of 
which  was  li'ft  naked  and  bleeding  when  the  old  antler  was  cast 
ort",  commences  extending  itself  over  the  nal-'ed  end  of  the  bone 
which  it  surrounds,  and  which  constituted  the  seat  oi  the  antler, 
and  in  a  few  days  at  most  it  lias  closed  over  it,  and  consists  of  a 
thick  vascular  naked  covering  with  a  black  cuticle,  and  in  this  con- 
dition it  remains,  just  fairly  filling  the  concavity  which  is  left  by 
the  lower  convex  end  of  the  discarded  antler.  This  vascular  cov- 
ering of  the  concave  top  of  the  pedicel,  grows  no  more  during  the 
winter,  but  the  blood  circulates  freely  though  moderately  (hrougii 
it,  maintaining  about  the  same  temperature  as  other  jjortions  of 
the  skin  of  the  animal  which  are  clothed  with  hairs.  \\'liile 
there  are  no  hairs  or  far  observed  on  this  black  skin,  a  sort  of 
scaly  dandruff  forms  on  it  which  the  animal,  if  very  tain(\  will 
allow  to  be  gently  rubbed  or  scraped  off  with  the  fmger  nail,  and 
even  seiMns  to  enjoy  that  operation.  This  remains  in  a  (pilet 
staX(!  till  s])ring,  when  vegetation  begins  to  shoot  forth  and  a 
scanty  supply  is  procured  by  the  ihier.  Then  those  bucks  which 
had  carried  their  antlers  through  the  winter,  drop  them,  the  old- 
est iirst.  Then  the  top  of  tht^  peilicel  is  immediately  overgrown, 
as  were  those  in  which  the  antler  hail  been  discarded  in  the  fall 
or  winter.  Then  all  commence  rising  up  in  a  convex  form,  as- 
suming first  the  appearance  of  a  great  blood-blister. 

Now  the  antler  commences  a  longitudinal  growth,  the  top 
maintaining  its  convex  form,  while  the  beam  attains  at  once  its 
full  diameter  ;  and  so  it  grows  in  length  but  never  appreciably 


ft 

iif 


rill-:  A\Tii:i!s. 


171 


111    tlllCKllCSS. 

is  t(i  tlii'iiw  ( 


\\ 


icll   the 


mil    Ii;is   iittaiiicil    the  lii'iijlit   wlici't'  it 


>ir 


;i   hi'iilic 


It  lir 


4  In lin's  tlattciic(l  ;it  t 


ic  end 


:mi( 


tlicii  till-  Iiil'iircatioii  takes  plaee,  and  tlie  t  Wd  parts  grow  on  juivl 
/»(Ksi(,  ever  iiiereasiiig  in  length  l»iit  in  it  in  tlianu'ler,  tiiat  wliiili 
is  to  Ix!  the  longest  growing  faster  than  the  other,  ainl  so  on  to 
the  ('oni|ih'llon  of  tlio  external  growth,  so  that  all  the  parts  >|iall 


he  eoi 


ll|)leteil  ilt  alioiit   the  same    t  line 


lie  itiirr  o 


f  th 


ant  ler  is 


It  .1 


oes   not    attain    it^ 


ilianieter  at 


however  an  exce[itioii. 
iirst,  Itiit  is  gradually  enlarged  during  the  growth  of  tin'  antler, 
thoiigh  It  attains  its  full  size  before  the  gi'ow'di  of  the  aiitU-r  is 
eoliiplcteil.      Wiieii  this  growth    is   linished  e\teriiall\,  the  vaseii- 


;ir  coNci 


ing,  called  the  velvet,  and  which  consists  of  the   j 


lel'los- 


tciiiii  ovi'i'laid  with  a  lilack  thin  skin  covered  with   a 


lur, 


is  riilihed  olf  hv  the  animal  ae-ainst  sina 


11  t 


hol't    ilelise 

Ih 


rees  or  ol  her  t^nw- 


veiiien 


t   oh 


jwU 


At  the  time   it  is  thus  ruhlied   oil  thi>  outer 


)veriiig  is  (|uitii  tenacious  and  goi'ged  witli  1) 


d.  I     Ol 


ice  saw 


largi^  elk  in  my  grounds,  soon  after  he  had  coiumence(l  this  wurk 
of  di'nudatioii.  'I'liis  velvet  was  strip[)ed  into  long  strings,  which 
depeiuled  from  various  parts  of  the  antlers,  some  reaching  as 
low  as  Ills  knees.  These  shreds  looked  like  red  cords  ;  the  head, 
neck,  and   breast  were  coven^d  with   fresh    blood,  and   the  entire 


iiitlers  appeared   smeared   willi    i)|( 


bl( 


still 


liioist, 


he   animi 


a[tpoared  iliishcd  and  irritated,  and  soon  rushed  awav  to  the 
thicket,  and  when  I  next  saw  him  not  ;i  vestige  of  the  blood  or 
the  shrudded  skin  remained,  but  the  antlers  wen;  cl 
wliit(!. 


can  and  vciv 


I  I 


lad 


very  tamo  buck  ( 


if  tl 


10   ComiiKtn    species 


with  whi  li  I 


desired  to  try  tin;  elTcct  of  eastrtition  upon  the  iniinature  ant- 
lers. I  delayed  tho  operation  as  long  as  I  dared,  and  tiicii.  with 
tlio  aid  of  somo  stout  men,  oauirht  him,  but  lie  thrashed  about  at 


sue 


h  a  rate  that  in  snito  of  us  ho  hit    hi;- 


s    antlors    agams 


t    tl 


10 


ground  and  other  objects,  and  to  my  surprise  I  observed  the  skin 
to  peel  off  ill  long  strings,  scattering  the  blood  with  which  it  was 
fully  charged  in  every  direction.  I  saw  at  once  that  it  was  too 
late  to  e\(!cuto  my  original  [)ur[)ose,  and  so   I  contented   myself 


witl 


1  a  I'ai 


eful  study  of  the  antlers  and  their  late  eoveriu';,  and 


111 


tletachlng  portions  still  remaining.  Tho  surface  of  the  antlers 
.seemed  hard  and  well  matur(;d,  and  the  points  hard  and  sharp, 
hut  I  detected  no  interception  of  tho  blood-vessels  around  the 
hurr,  although  that  part  of  the  antler  had  attained  its  full  devel- 
opment more  than  a  month  before.  There  I  could  distinctly  see 
the  unobstructed  arteries,  some  passing  through  holes  and  others 


mmm 


172 


77/A'  iJi:i:i,'  or   i  \ii:i!ir.\. 


m 


tlirmioli  iiidc'iitiit  ioiis  ill  tlir  liiii'i'.  So  WHS  rdiiclusivclv  i"fl'ii1i'il 
tln'(iM  iiolinii  lliiit,  1  lie  Mi'DWl  li  ut"  llii'  hiiiT  tli'st  nivs  t  Imsi'  liliioil- 
vt'sscls  liy  i'i)iii|»n'ssii)ii,  iiiitl  lit'iu'f  tlir  velvet  dies  tor  wiiiit  ot'  iiii- 
triiiieiit.  Tliis  iifitidii  was  the  result  cif  jin  iii^'eiiiDii^  <j;ii(..ss  willi- 
niit  study  mid  invest iHiilion.  And  si»  it  is  ut"  niiiii}  theories  in 
iiatinid  hislnry. 

'I'lie  I'xidriice.  (h'l'ived  tV'ini  n  \cry  tireal  nniltitiide  of  ohserva- 
tiiiii>.  iiiade   ihinii^h  a.  course  of   vears,  is  cMiichisive  tiial    nature 


|iioiii|)ts   Ihe  aiiiinal    to  denude   its  antlers  ot    tlieir  eoveriiiL;',  at 
a   cerlaiii    |ieriod   oC   its  n'l'owtli,  while  yet   the   lilood   has  as   tVei 


aeeess  to  t 


hat 


ixcrmn'  !is  It  ever  Ikk 


While,  as  1  have  shown,  this  is  a  I nie  hone,  and  is  sniiplieil 
its  noiirishiiirnt  in  siiltstunlially  the  same  way  as  other  honrs  ai'e 
sii]»|ilie(i,  it  is  still  an  anonialons  lioiie,  and  natiiiv^  has  pfovided 
means  meet  lor  these  aiinmalies.  It  s|»rin;^s  ii[)  ra|tidly,  and.  in 
a  t'l'w  months  s  >  I'ai-  matures  tlrnt  it  <'eases  to  re(|iiii't!  noiirish- 
nieiit  I'oi-  its  eiilaru'eiiieiit.  hut  only  I'or  its  internal  solidilication. 
and  docs  not,  to  anv  appreeialde  deyi'ee,  under^'o  the  ehane'es  ol 


waste  or  alisorption  and  renewal  whieh  taUe  ])hiee  wi 


th  tl 


le  inter- 


nal hones,  Ipiit  the  e(|nivalenl  ol'  this  is  provided  tor  liy  its  eiitin* 
removal  so  so(Ui  as  it  heeonies  inert,  and  then  siiceeeils  ajL^aiii  its 
entire  renewal.  II'  the  periosleum  is  destroyed  on  a  ])ortiun  ot 
the  internal  hone,  the  part  thus  denuded  is  lialile  to  dii'  for  want 
of  the  re(piisite  iiut riiiieiit  and  to  l)u  thrown  oil"  from  the  rest  ol 
the   hone  ;is  foreiin'n  matter.      In   the  antler,  when  the  periosteum 


is   cut  ii'elv  removed    from    the  w 


,^hoh 


su 


rfaee,   it  still   lives   I'or  a 


time,  and   progresses  with  its  internal  [jrow'th,  (illine;  up  the  eav- 
ities  of  the   caiieellous  tissue  with   i^'reat   ra[)iditv  from   tin;  ahuii- 


dant 


supply 


nuti'iinent  it  receives  throuii'li  tlie  beam   from 


Its 


tier  I 


)ei!oines  an  niei" 


very  seat,  till  the  work  is  done,  and  the  an 

mass,  a  forei^'u  suhstanee,  and  it  is  thrown  olf  (mtiris 

Tlieso  are  the  peculiarities  of  this  anomalous  member.  Now 
li't  us  examine  and  we  shall  sec  how  beautifully  nature  has  pro- 
vided, in    the  svstem    for    nutrition,  to  meet  these  peouliaritii^s, 


th 


lese  extraordiiiarv   re(]iiirements. 


pet 
In    doinu:   this  wo    shall    bi: 


oblin'cd  to  run  a  sort  of  parallel  in  tlu;  process  of  growth  with 
the  internal  persistent  bones,  for  so  shall  I  be  (enabled  to  explain 
th(^  most  intelli"'iblv  the  results  of 


inv  mvestiuMtions. 


In  both,  the  great  source  of  nutriment,  during  active  growth. 
is  the  arterial  system  of  the  periosteum.  Within  we  tind  the 
riaversian  system  com[tlete.,  with  only  su(rli  luodilications  as  the 
exigencies  which  the  peculiarities  of  this  bone  [)resent.      For  in- 


Till-:   \\ri.i:i;s. 


I  •» 


^taiii'i',  wlirii  it  is  miiliiri'il  il  is  cdmii;!!';!!  ivrl\  a  miTkI  iHnif.  willi 
iiioiii  (ir  less  liiMiK'lirs,  and  llii'ii'is  all  alix'in'c  n|'  I  lie  iiiriliillai'v 
I'aiiiil,  witli  its  iiian'uw,  aitcrifs.  and  iicives;  luit.  as  wr  >jiali  sec, 
\vc  liavti  tlit'ir  t'(|nivai('iils,  and  iiiki'c,  t'nr  tln'  lilimd  M'ssrls  triiv- 
crsiiiLJ  tilt'  iiiti'i'st  ii'cs  within  ai'i-  so  (Apandrd  during'  tlu'  rapid 
H'fiiwl  h  rif  the  ant  li'i's  as  tn  iiirrt  till'  aiii'inalmis  dmiand  lni'ilir 
c'lrniciits  III' i^'mwili  diii'iiii;'  thai  simrt  Imt  cxcilini;  pfriiML 

I  will  iiuw  cvplain  hricllv  the  systfni  i>l"  ltliMMl-vi'>sc|s  |irii\idt'd 
til  ndiii'ish  the  antler  (hiriiiL;'  its  rapid  growth.  First,  tin'  i'\ti'rnal 
sii}i|ily  Irdin  thr  pcrinstcnin.  Thcx'  arc  an  fxlfiisioii  nt  a  pari 
111'  th(!  arli'rics  ul'  thr  pcridstciini,  wliirh    prrsistnit  ly   cnscrs  tin- 

pedicel  which  I'ni'ins  the  seat  nf    the  new  antli'i'.      S md.   a    pail 

■  if  tlii>  arteries  dl"  tlu-  pe>'iiisteiini  ul  the  pedicel  tiiiii  ill  and  uNcr- 
-■|)reail  tho  top  ol'  tiic  pi'dieid  at  the  artieuhilinii,  and  thence  pa^s 
up  thr(iut;'li  the*  iiiterinr  (if  the  new  antler.  And  lliird.  we  iinil 
a  niiiiilier  of  arteries  which  [lass  np  throiieh  the  inlerinr  ul'  the 
pedicel  and  into  the  ^I'owiii^'  antler.  hiiriiin'  the  period  i^'i 
■growth,  maiiv  of  all  these  three  sets  of  arti-ries  are  oi  eiioriihuis 
si/.(;  as  compared  with  the  I )lood -vessels  with  which  internal 
iioncH  are  snp[)lie(L 

llavinu,'  thus  In'ieily  stated  the  systcn  of  hloud-vessels  juo- 
\i(h'dfortlie  ^^rowth  of  tht>  new  ant  ler,  let  us  iidw  e'o  hack  to 
wlierewc  left  the  top  of  th"  pedicel, —  t lie  coiica \e  seat  of  the 
antler  overeriiwii  with  tin;  thick  vascular  eoveriiiL;'.  which  was  an 
extension  of  tiie  periosteum,  which  persisteiitlv  siirroiinds  the 
liony  process  of  the  skidl,  n[)on  which  the  future  antler  is  to  lie 
e;rowii.  Whether  this  has  liceii  accom[)lislied  niontlis  before,  as 
when  the  antler  was  east  oil'  I'arly,  or  hut  a  day  or  two  liefore, 
as  in  the  case  of  our  elk,  at  the  proper  time  when  the  activ(! 
growth  is  to  commenco,  in  the  blood-vessels  pussino-  ii[)  tlirough 
the  periosteum,  tlm  circMilation  becomes  greatly  aiM-elerated,  the 
tcin[)erature  is  greatly  increased,  the  [larts  b'come  exceedingly 
sensitive  to  the  touch,  and  wci  have  the  ajipearance  of  u  high 
state  of  inilammation,  though  in  reality  but  a  very  active  nat- 
ural action.  As  before;  stated,  the  thick,  massive  periosteum  is 
raised  u[)  from  tho  bono  beneath  into  a  convex  protuberance, 
liencath,  the  H[iaco  is  occupied  by  a  new  .systiun  of  blood-vessels, 
by  far  the  greatest  number  shooting  inward  from  the  arteries  in 
the  periosteum,  still  others  rising  up  through  the  bone  bidow, 
the  canals  thmugh  which  have  suddenly  become  greatly  enlarged 
by  the  absorption  of  the  inner  laininiC.  As  yet  nothing  like 
ossification  has  taken  place,  and  if   the  part  be  now  inspected  it 


1 


174 


Til  I-:   DEFAt    OF  AM  Fine  A. 


pi'est'iits  siin|il_v  tlic  npiicaraiH'c  of  coamilatcd  hlond.  lnil,  as  iniu;lit 
l>t'  cxpcctcil,  a  rloscr  oxaniiiiatiuii  disi'lusi's  a  regular  ami  liiu'Iilv 
organized  arterial  and  venous  system,  ti'avei'sing  a  mass  .>t'  soft 
and  liighlv  excited  animal  tissue. 

Now  eomnienees  tlit'  process  of  ossilicalioii.  j-'irst  around  tlie 
border  nf  tiie  jx'dicel  the  osteal  cells  and  tile  intercellular  tissue 
receive  deposits  of  tlie  eartliv  ])arti(des.  and  thus  the  growth  of  the 
new  hone  is  ciuunienced  at  the  external  iiortioii  or  tin    .iri'Uiufer- 


elii'e  al 


the  seat  of  the  aiitlcr.      The  i)rocess  n( 


)W  !ides  on  raiiKllv 


li\-  the  formation  of  new  intercellular  tissue  and  osteal  cells  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  memhrane.  which  in  turn  ri'ceive  their  de- 
jKisit  ^>i  earthy  matter,  rapidly  huilding  up  the  outer  wall  and 
sliiwK  lining  up  the  interior  with  cancellous  tissue.  The  cells  nf 
the  cancellous  tissue    commence    lilling  up   with   earthy   matter. 


mtl 


ml  arraiiiiinL!  tlu'niseives  in 


to    II 


ivei'sian  svstenis  so  soon  as  thev 


llenisel  VeS 


are    fdi'ined,  and   sd    the    lower  circuml'erencc   nf    tli 


aiillei'  is  lirst   hardened    int 


o    Miid'ao 


y  compact  Imne  ;  hut  it  is  al 


this  \cr\  point  that  this  jn'ocess  goes  on  the  most  s'owly.  else  the 
sources  of  nutriment  which  rise  up  through  the  lionv  process  of 
the  skull,  upon  which  alone  the  antler  must  depend  for  nutriment 


linish  its  growth  after  the  j^erinsieum  shall  lia\c  ln'cn  i 


einoveii 


friun  its  siu'face,  woidd  he  cut  off  while  there  is  much  work  to  ln' 
ddiie  especially  on  young  animals,  after  this  greatest  means  of 
sii|)[ilv  is  g(uie.  I  was  first  made  aware  of  this  fact  many  years 
since,  when  I  caught  a  young  elk  with  his  lirst  antlers  ahout  two 
feet  long,  and  iinely  hranclied  near  the  ends.  These  antlers  had 
lieeii  dixcsted  of  their  velvet  'or  fliree  months,  and  to  all  appear- 
ance eiitireK  matured.  Hefore  put  ting  him  into  the  cage  to  he 
t  to  the   ( "eiitral   I'ark,  ^  ^\\  \'(U'k,  where  he  played   the  sov- 


seii 


fn  for  maiiv  vears.  I  sa^ed  oil'  liis  antlers  ahout  two  in 


erell 

above  the  hiirrs.      I 


(•lies 


was  su 


rprised  to  liiid  the   hioud  to  Ihiw  (piit 


freidv,  sutlliaent  to  stain  the  saw  for   the  whole   length  used.      In 


no  ot  her  I'ase 


have  r  saweil  olT  the  antlers   fi 


•oiu  so  Young  an  am- 


mal,  hut  very  often  from  aihilis  of  the  various  species,  from  none 
of  which  did  I  lind  the  blood  to  (low:  but  in  all  eases,  the  lilood- 
vessels  and  the  color  were  plainly  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  foi'  a 
greater  or  less  area  near  the  middle  of  the  antler,  until  near  the 
time  when  it   would  drop  oil'. 

l)Ut  if  .Mr.  (ieo>'-e  Keiinaii  is  not  mistaken  in  what  he  saw. 
the  blood  'irculates  still  more  freely  through  the  apitareiit ly  ma- 
tured antlei's  of  the  adult  domestieated  n-iiuleer  in  Sibi-ria.      In 


Tent  Life  ill  Siberia"  (p.  1S()),  he  Siiys  :   "  To  prevt'iit  the 


111- 


THE   AXTLICliS. 


».) 


tci'fi'i'ciH'c  ami  kiKickiiio'  togctlicr  of  the  dccis'  aiitU-rs  wlicii  tliry 
slioiild  lie  liai'iirss<'(l  in  couples,  uin'  liorii  was  relent  I^-^In  clKHiped 
olT  close  t<>  the  head  l>v  a  native  anne.t  with  a  hea\y  swoi'd-like 
knife.  leaviiiLi,'  a  fed  ghastly  stnuip.  iVom  whuli  the  lilood  ti'iekled 
in  littlt;  sti'eains  over  the  animals"  cars."  It'  he  had  had  the  ant- 
lers sawed  oiV  instead  of  chopped  otf  with  a  heavy  knife.  I  should 
have  liked   it   licttei'  and   so  pidliahly  won'' I    the  dcei-,  foi'  if   ll 


lose 


nit  lers  Were  a^ 


hard 


;i>  <ir(lniarv  t 


leer's  ant  lers.  it  niiisi  have  1 


>t'rn 


:i  \ery  diHiciilt  as  well  as  a  veiy  cruel  task  lo  chop  them  off  with 
anything.  The  deei-  were  pi-rliap^  castrated.  tliouLi'h  imperfectly, 
which  wmild  render  the  antlL'r  le>s  deii>-i'  with  more  active 
arterial  sv>tein  than  in  perfect  an'h'als  :  Imt  certain  it  is  that  the 
antlers  were  well  iiiatnr<-d,  fur  uur  author  Tells  us  just  heforc  that 


the  ilrrv  wei'c  cauglit  l)V  throwing  a    lass 


oviM-  the  antlers  of   the 
liich    made '•  treiiiend-'iis    leaps   and    frantic   efforts    t'>es- 
ape.  "  Id   have   lioi'iie  wliicii  the  antlers  uiii^t    have   liecii    prcttv 


ileer,    w 


well    1 


iiatiircd.  h;,rd.  and  strong.    'Idiis  was  in  Xovemlier,  near  tl 


Arctic   Circle,  when  on  the   full  Kiicks,  at   least,  the   antlers  must 


h;ivc  hecii  in  tli 


eir  priuh' 


II 


owcNi'i'.  niakine-  e\ci's'  aljowanci'  tnr 


iiiac(airatc  ohservatioiis  arising  from  want  of  appre -iation  nf  the 
importance  of  what  ln'  saw,  we  niav  safelv  cuuclude,  that  when 
the  strong  and    pr'^tlv  well   matui'cil  antler  was  severed  near  the 


head,  there  wa->  a  disi 


■liaruc  of   hliiod  at    least  siitlicicnt  1\' 


CI  li  '|i  Ills 


to  drop    (low  n    upon  t  lie   oar; 


Ins    IS    miicli  more    i  iiaii 


I  h 


c\ cr  I lusei'N'cd 


i\'e 


ire 


l)Ut  all  antlers  do  not  show  r-puil  solidity  at  the  time  they 
dropped  in  the  course  of  nature,  and  it  is  v<'ry  uncomm'iii  to  lind 
eiie  tluit  is  unite  solid  tnroughout.  1  sualU  towards  the  lowt'r 
ciid  and  indeed  for  'lie  greatest  portion  of  it  and  cm'ii  extending 
into  the  tines,  a.  pair  of   the   interior  is  more  or  less   porous  wjicii 


lies  and    IS  thrown 


,\]\ 


the    internal   g?  iwth    erusfs,  the   antler 
This   internal  growth  i.s  arrested   before  sidlicienl   earthy  matter 
has  been  de|»ositeiJ  to  lUl  up  tlw"  jii«!rstices  in  the  cancellous  tissue 


and  rend'      the   antler  sohd   throuu'hoiit , 


he  result    is   that  tiie 


antler,  instead  of   Ueing   solid    has  an  open   interiorof   greater  or 


less  I'xtent,  which,  however,  is  braced  in  every  direction  \>\  thin 
]ilates  of  li'ine,  leaving  tin-  anthn'  lighter,  more  elastic,  and  per- 
il ps  as  strong  as  if  the  solidilicatioii  had  extended  thoughout. 
riiis  arr<^t  of  the  ,  lidifying  proci'ss,  before  all  the  pores  had 
n  lil  -d  up  with  e5»<<*"ihy  matter,  results  from  the  extreme  solidi- 
lication  of  a  thin  plate  at  the  lower  extvemitv  of  the  antler,  wl 


Dei 


lie 


IS 


in   actual  contact  wi«^h  the  })edio<'l.  and   through  which  the  ii 


^ 


Till'.  i)i:i:i;  (> 


mi:  I!  I  (A. 


tcnial  vessels  liiul  viisscd  up  into  llic  nntler,  wliicli  liad  fiirnlslicil 
the    intiTiiiil    nourisliiiiL'iit  iliiriim'   th(!   iffowtli  of  tlic;  aiitli-r.  and 


l)\    \v 


iicli  llic  liai'dcnint;'  process  within  liad  been  continin'd  aft 


CI' 


llic  velvet  liad    lieen   ndiWed   oil".      'V\\o  liardeninix  of   ihi' 


lower 


e\t  I'emn  V  o 


f    th 


antli'i".  s 


tliroii 


e-h  it 


iO  a>  io  compress  the  \'(' 


which    j)a> 


:ind    aiTest   the 


•ulathiii  throMeii  iheni.  is  the  meat! 


It\'  whi<'h    til 


in 


tei'ior  of  the   antler  is    left,  to   ii   t>realei'  or 


extent,  porous  ami  iii-lit  ;is  ahove  described,  and  whic; 


1.  as  we 


readily  ajipreciate.  is 


for  tile  benejit  of  the  animal. 


'I'lie  diaiii'  ;er  of   iIk    antler 


is   onlv  eiilan 


d.l 


iiriiiL;'   Its  i>iowt  h 


the  I'levation  of   ridees  on   th'-  surface,  so  as  to  make  chanm 


or  beds  lor  th(^  lanm-  lU'twies  of   llu'  periosteiin 


T 


IfSI' 


lianiie 


or  e'l'ioves  can  ' 
that   the  'irte'le 
tenia,  whi'h 
cannot  m-c  th«iiai. 


seen  on 


th 


itl 


uitlers  oi 


ill  tl 


le  siii'cies,  aiu 


1   ,si 


low 


'S   were   ei)()rmous    for  blood-vi-ssels   for  a  perio^ 
iiiternul    bones  are  so  minute  i^hat    the  naked  e\ 


At  ti. 


I  owe-     I 


•xtreriBJtP  of  the  antler,  the  ('nlaru'emeiit  con 


tiniies,  tili  nine  -vttn'nitl  i^irurrli   of   the  ant 


er    IS   we 


advanced 


formifiL''  - '■    r  i 
pleted.    :  h>         '1 

iMllals    t  iijf"      lejl 

indeiitai      is  wl 


ow 


IS  com 


HIT.  whetie.  wdien  the  o'l 
unils  s(v.:ie   of  the  tirteries.    formii; 


"■'!»  th 


i»'\'  pBitwi. 


while  others 


TUllss    riiroiiL,'li    deep 


-t   us  eiieetuallv  n^ 


Io   lile 


eaiials. 


'11 


us 


-InxfTS  lis  tksut  till'"***'  «i!:».tnrans4s  who  have  attributed  th 


death  of  tile  velvet  to  tliiie  coiupression  ;it  the  burr,  of  the  vessels 
leading  into  it,  a;re  nriistaikeii.  This  burr,  iiusfe-a.d  of  i-oiiipresf^iiin 
those  vessels  bv  its  increased  growth.  i>  aciaiiimir;dil\  desij^ied  to 
protect  them  fmm  ii.iurv:  and  tlie  protecting  canals  ard  itutlenla- 
tions  never  do  fill   uj,  h\  eontinueil  depo-^its  of  bone  inat.<*ri;il.  as 


occurs 


to  tl 


le  canals   leading  in 


to  th 


■  Hitler  abov^ 


ir 


enc(>  It 


that   wlien   the  velvet    is    nibbed  olV   or  torn  away,  it   is  found 
gorged  with  blood  thrown  u[t  b\   these  uncheekod  arterie'-. 

lUit  there  is  another  sei   of  arieries,  as  we  have  seen.  comiiiL^ 
from  the  ]H'rsisteiit  p'riosteiim  on  the  pedicel    below,  which    pass 


111  a 


I  the  articulation  between  the  [tedieel  and  the  ant 


(•r, 


Tl 


les> 


are   numerous  and  so  large  that  their  canals  may  be  readily  de 
teeted  with  the  naked  eve.     Let  anv  one  curious  to  examine  thi 


interesting  subject,  take  the  first  deer"s 


heail 


w  itli   antlers,  whic 


he  liiids  in  the  inaiket,  and  carefully  disset't  away  the  skin  btdow 
the  burr,  and  he  will,  without  the  aid  even  of  a  pocket  glass,  find 
both  these  systems  of  canals  through  the  burr,  for  the  supply 
of  the  periosteum,  and    those   jiassing   into   the  articulation  be- 


THE  Axrf.7:ns. 


i  t 


twffii  tlH>  ('1(1     11(1  tlie  new  Iiiiiic,  lor  tlic  iiitcnml  supply  ol'  iiutri- 

lllcllt. 

Hut  this  i.i  not  ;ill.  C'(i|ii(>ns  as  is  the  supplv  of  Itlond  wliicli 
tlicsc  LiTCMt  ;ii-t('|-i(s  iii'c  ciipal)]!'  ol'  fiiniisliiiiu-,  still  it  is  iiiad- 
('(jiiatc  till'  s(i  rajiid  ii  fi'rowtli  ;  so  we  lind  aiintlici' sci  of  lilood- 
vcsscls,  (•■  inmmiicatiii^  dii'cctly  ln't wccn  the  |)i'rsistcnt  and  tlic 
dci'iduons  ossfons  i'oi'niat  ions.  Tlicsc  pass  up  tlii'oucii  tlic  l)od\- 
of  tlic  pedicel  into  tlic  ant  Icr.  and  toc-cf  her  with  those  just  dc- 
scrihcd.  pei'foriii  the  oHicc' (if  the  nie(hillary  artery  in  the  inlcrnal 
loijc-  Imiics,  siipplyinc-  it  with  niiti'inicnt  internally,  and  coinnui- 
nicatiii^',  as  in  tlit^  case  of  coiiiinoii  hones,  with  tlu'  llaxcrsian 
systems  connected  with  the  pcriostciiin.  i-ct  us  c\aininc  a  cross 
swtiiolil  of   t  he  pedicel,   ju 


<{  helow  the  scat  of  the  aiitlci'.  when 


antli-r  -.  hut  half  e-i'own  and  the  work  is  L^'iiiui;'  on  in  ils  full 
\  i^'or,  and  we  lind  it  open  and  sjioiiey.  apparent  ly  coiii|ioscd  of 
pretty  conipact  cancellons  tissue  towards  the  circiiiiifcreiice.  hut 
with  open  canals  near  the  middle,  in  the  specimen  now  hct'oi'e 
nic.  which  is  cut  across,  one  of  these  canals  is  nearly  one  line  in 
diiinietcr.  This  is  the  larei-st  distinct  canal  for  the  passaeo  of 
an  artery  throueh  the  ])ediccl  which  I  have  found,  luit  when  these 
canals  are  smaller.  theiHi  are  more  of  them,  if  examined  at  the 
same  slae'c  of  "'rowth.  These  canals  alVord  ahundant  passa!.^e  for 
the  hlood-\csscls  passing  up  throiiLi'h  it  into  the  iiew-e-rowiuijj 
ant  ler. 

Let  us  compart!  it  with  another,  also  on  my  tahlc.  on  which 
the  antler  had  lieconic  hard,  and  was  ncai'ly  ready  to  he  cast 
olV.  Now  we  lind  this  jiediccl.  which  a  few  months  heforc  was 
so  porous,  has  liecomc  a  compact  Imhk^  tliroiin'hout .  with  the  cav- 
ities so  fai'  lilled  n[i  as  to  collapse  the  blood-vessels  and  ohstruct 
the  apprcciahle  passage  of  the  rc(l  hlood,  thouc'h.  ot  course,  the 
lacuna'  and  tlu'  canaliculi  are  still  preservi'd  as  necessary  to  its 
own  continue(l  vitality  :  hut  all  the  visihle  canals  ai'c  now  tilled 
up.  Here.  then,  is  an  order  of  nature  found  nowhere  else,  he- 
cause  the  necessities  of  the  case  nowhere  "Ise  n^piire  it.  We 
lind  a  persistent  Ixuie,  alternatidy  compact  and  porous,  altcr- 
nalint;'  annuallv,  simplv  hecause  it  is  necessary  to  tlu*  per- 
htrmaiKM'  of  a  peculiar  function,  iKJwhere  else  in  the  whole 
lann'c  of  nature's  works  demanded. 

When  the  time  ajiproaches  i'or  the  new  antler  to  commence  its 
growth,  the  lamina'  which  had  tilled  up  the  canals  in  the  pciHcel 
through  whii'h  the  nutriment  to  [)i'()ni(ite  that  new  growth  is  to 
pass,  are  ahsorhed  away  and  tlie  canals  are  thus  enlarged,  and 

12 


I 

■  !'  i 

ilk  1 : 


Ji"'-"!^ 


178 


VV/A;   7;/i /■;/.'    o/.'  A  Mimic  A. 


lit 


^l»! 


the  1p|()()(1-vcsscIs  wliicli  luid  hccii  (■(iiiiprcsscd  iim\v  swi'll  (Uit  ;iii(I 
hcc'oiuu  active  comliiils  t'di'  the  rc(|iiir(Ml  iiiitiiiiicnt  tui'llir  iniw 
i^riiwtli,  1111(1  ('\('i'ytliiiiL!,'  wliicli  had  lircii  loi"  several  luoiulis  so 
ddi'iiiant  suddenly  hecoines  the  scene  id"  intens(Mictivitv.  Tlieii 
aL;ain.  as  this  new  ^niwlh  a|i|ir<iaches  cMin|)letion.  and  iIh-  ncccs- 
Kity  lor  this  nreat  sapjily  (if  nnlriincnt  diminishes,  a  new  deposit 
of  earlliy  matter  takes  |)lace,  new  lamina'  are  fonncd  within  these 
canals  so  lately  o[>ened  by  the  ahsorpt  ion  of  the  old.  the  Mood- 
vessels  ai'(i  ae'ain  e'radiially  diiiiinished,  and  linally  practicallv 
closed,  when  their  actisc  functions  are  no  loiiL;'('r  re(|nirc(i. 

Thus  w(!  see  how  complete  is  the  system,  iiiid  how  perfectiv 
adapted  is  it  for  the  anomalous  i-e(piirements,  to  sn p pi  v  t  he  nut  ri- 
nieiit.  for  the  rapid  erowt  h  of  the  deciduous  antlers  of  the('er- 
viche.    and   a    perfect     com[)roheiisi()n    of    this    will    cnaMe    iis    {d 


UIK 


lerst 


UKl 


he   remarkable   ithases.   under   varie(l   circninstance 


which  it  will  l)(i  necessary  to  explain  before  W(!  coni[ilete  oiii' 
present  suliject. 

A  more  particular  des(aa|>tioii  of  tin;  proe'ress  of  this  e'rowtli  is 
now  necessary,  and  we  are  the  better  prepare(l  for  this  bv  the  in- 
vestigations already  made. 

As  has  been  already  said,  the  tirst  structure  is  of  the  outer 
r  eircund'ereiuu!  of  the   antler   foianin^' a  hollow  exiinder. 


wans,  () 


the  cavil  \'  bein^;  in  the  form  of  an  inverteil  cone.  The  specimen 
before  nie  is  a  deer's  aiith-r  less  than  half  e-|-()\\ii,  and  is  si\.  inches 
loll"' and  one  inch  in  diameter.  'I'lie  ossitied  walls  do  not  extend 
to  the  lo|>,  which  consists  of  a  mass  of  blood-Ncssels,  the  osseous 
wall  at  the  iip|)er  end  presenliiie'  a  thin  serrated  ede'e,  the  cavity 
there  bt;ing'  iiearlv  one  inch  in  diameter.  Helow  this  the  wall 
e'radually  increases  in  thi(^kiiess,  and  is  coni[»osed  of  cancellous 
tissue,  more  dense  towards  the  circuinferenee  :  just  abov<^  the 
Imrr,  tlii^  cavity  is  nearly  tilled  with  this  tissue,  through  which  the 
blood-vessels  pass,  with  a,  small  open  passage  near  the  middle. 
'I'he  internal  cavity  does  not  entirely  terminate  at  the  seat  of  the 
antler,  but  continues  down  into  the  pculicel  in  the  form  of  a  canal, 
where  it  soon  s[)reads  out  into  many  rainilieations,  whence  couie 
the  tributaries  traiismittiiig  tlie  great  ilow  of  lilood  which  passes 
through  that  chaniK'l  for  the  noiirishnieiit  of  the  ra[)idly  growing 
antler. 

The  butt  or  lowcn-  end  of  the  matured  antler  is  more  or  less  eon- 
vex,  corresponding  to  its  concave  seat  at  tin;  top  of  the  pedii.'cl. 
This  lower  extremity  of  the  antler,  where  the  articulation  occur.>. 
is,  as  before  intimated,  exceedingly  compact,  corresponding,  in 
that  respect,  to  the  articulate  extremities  of  the  interniil  bones. 


■rilE   ASTf.KltS. 


179 


'V\w  t 


il)s  III  t  he  ;iiit  Id's,  uii 


ii'li  ;ii'(!  the  last  I'liriiKMl,  iirc  ihc  lir.-,t. 


ln'coiiKj  sdliilitiiMl  ipiiic  llii'uiijj;!!,  and    I'imiu  these  jjoiiits  the  so- 


li(lil"\  iii^;'    pi'nct'ss    g'oes   (111    (luwi 
'lit 


I   thiMiiLiii   the   liraiiehes  ami    th 


leani,  till  the  passages   thi'iMin'h   the  siirhice  dl    the  antler,  which 
idinitted  the  eii'eiilatiiiii  tVoiii  the  perinsteuiii,  ha\c  heeoiiie  eld-^cd. 


•;iiiiii  attei'  whieh  the  velvel    IS  discarded 


Ins  eirciilat  mn    Irom 


ilie  |iciiiisteuin  inli)  ihe  aiillei'  is  lir.-^l  shut  nfl'  nl  the  !i|i|ier  ex- 
tremities, and  (hence  dnw  iiw  ;irds,  imt  the  Mmid  iinws  lVcrl\  iiitn 
this  outer  vascular  cnxcrini^'  all  this  time,  for  it  is  |iri)\ided, 
though  imperfectly,  with  a.  venous  as  well  as  an  arterial  sys- 
tem. 


T 


lis  velvet    Will    never  snontalleouslv  dlsenL:'a'''e   itse 


■lit  ll  It 


is  not  detached  li\  violence,  the  Mood- ves>els  which  sustain  it  will 
soon  close  of  themselves.  Hot  li\'  inecliaiiical  comprosimi  at  the 
hiirr,  liiit  in  ohedience  lo  some  law  of  nature  not  cloarU-  under- 
stood. 1  think  the  most  pmhahle  cause  is  the  imperfection  ot  i  he 
venous  svstem  of  this  periosteum,  which  is  inadeipiate  to  return 
the  Mood  as  last  as  it  is  thrown  up  liv  the  arteries,  now  that  the 
c'anals  to  the  interior  are  closeil,  and  so.  after  a  lonL:,e|-  or  shorter 
strnu'e'le,  this  outer  covering;  must  die.  if  not  previouslv  torn 
away.      It    is   rare   that    a    portion   of   the  \civet  is   thus  retained. 


't  I  h 


lavc  several  specimens   in    mv  collection  where   i 


t    has  dieil 


upon  the  ant  ler.  and  [n'escnts  the  appearance  ol  a  thin  sheet  of 
L;iitta  perclia  adheriiiL:,'  to  the  antler  ■.ith  '_;i'eat  teiiacit\,  fre- 
iliieiitly  resisting;'  all  siihseipieiit  allempls  of  the  animal  to  remove 
it  ;   luit  all  th.e  fur  is  worn  off,  and  it  is  smooihlv  iiolished  hv  suh- 


se(juent  friction.       This  rnhhint;'  process  is  not  suspeiideil 


so  ,>o(  in 


the  velvet    is    reii 


loved,  hut  continiieil   ihr 


iiiLiiioiit    the    iiiltin 


1 1  iiL; 


season,  when  the  n[iper  part  of  the  antler  lieconies  liiieK  polished, 
and  the  outer  surfaces  of  the  tiihercles,  which  fr"ipientl\  a[i[)ear 


nil  the  lower  [lart  ot  t  he  heaiii,  are  ap[)reciably  worn  down.  1  his 
process  is  oarrieti  on  not  only  against  the  trunks  of  small  trees, 
which  arc  sometimes  denuded  of  their  bark  fiM'  several  feet,  Iml 
also  aeainst  the  hranches  which  are  within  reach.  Indeed,  xhti 
elk  are  often  ^vr\\  twi-^tiuL;  their  ant  lei's  anioiiM-  tjie  ex  t  remit  lev  of 
the  liraiiches,  and  1  onee  found  a  hraiich  two  inches  in  <V-  i.'icr 
whieh  had  Iteen  thus  twisted  oil'  from  a  hielvory  tree,  an.,  \uiich 
was  divided  into  .shreds  for  sevcjral  inches  at  the  end.  It  nnisl, 
have  taken  an  inerediMe  amount  of  iiard  work,  aiic  consumed 
much  time  in  tin-  aecoinplishnn  nt  of  the  fear. 

lUit  we  must  return  lo  the  growth  of  the  antler,  and  follow  it 
to  its  eoin[)letion  and  linal  rejection. 


If. 


180 


777 /•;   DEEJl    or  AMKRILA. 


Wlicn  (lo))riv('(l  of  its  cxtc'iiiil  sujiply  of  imtiMiiiciit,  liy  tlic  rc- 
iiuiviil  of  \\w  jx'riostcum,  the;  outer  portion  liiis  Ihtoiuc  lli'ir- 
oiin'lily  solidilitMl,  but  tlu'.  iutonial  t;ro\vtli,  cxcrpt  near  (lie 
]"iinls.  is  still  iucoiiiplctt',  iuid  is  comiioscd  of  cancollous  tisMir. 
'I'liis  is  niiicli  more  tin'  case  on  youiiti,'  animals  llian  or.  oldci'  ones. 
As  -we  liavc  alrcaily  seen,  tliis  contingency  lias  liccn  alnady  piu- 
vided  for,  liv  1  he  blood-vessels  leading  in  thrnULi'll  the  lo\ve|-  e\- 
trennlv  of  the  antler.  ThronLili  these,  earthy  matter  is  eai'iied 
u]i  ami  deposited  in  the  ]>i'o|>ei-  buni  of  lamina'  elosint;-  up  the 
I'clls  and  pores,  and  obliteratim;'  the  lilood-\essels,  both  abovr 
and  hiteiallv.  In  the  mean  time,  the  aiMei'ies  which  pasM'd  up 
through  the.  butt  of  the  antler  and  sn]i|ilied  the  interioi'.  wei'e 
becominif  uiorii  and  more  coin|)resse(l,  as  the  lower  j^art,  and 
especiallv  the  articular  ])late,  liei'anu'  more  and  more  solidified, 
till  iinallv  thev  become  entirely  collapsed  or  cut  off,  and  the  cii'- 
cnhiMi'!!  above  arrested,  ami  the  work  of  lillinn'  up  the  inner  cavi- 
iies  slopped  befon*  the  interior  of  the  antler  had  become  com- 
jiletely  solidilied,  leaving  a  jiortion  of  the  interior  still  porous. 
'J'he  extent    of  this   interior  spungy  j-aiT   varies  considerably  in 


(buerent  specimens,  not  dej)ending  on  a  diiiereiice  ot    the  species 


>f  th 


Th 


is  closing  lip  of  the  arteries.  b\  the  solidilication  of  tic  arlic- 
idar  plate,  takes  ])lace  much  sooner  on  old  animals  than  on  the 
young:  still  the  canaliculi  remain  open  for  a  consi(h'rable  time. 
and  maintain  a  certain  amount  of  life  in  the  antler,  lint  even 
these  at  last  suecuinb,  or  cease  to  transmit  sn^licient  nutrinii'iit  t" 
maintain  vitality,  Avhen  tlie  antler  becomes  an  inert  mass  of  bone, 
slid  so  lirmlv  attached  to  its  seat  that    no  a\ailali'i'  force  can  seii- 


irate  it  from  the  pc 


dicel  at  the  ai'ticiilalion.     If  >iiHicieiit  viol 


ellce 


be  used,  the  i)e(licel  will  be  carried  awav  with  a  i>art  of  the  sk 


the  antler  will  break  oiT  above,  the  burr.      II 


or 

matter  cannot  remain  stationary.      Il 


owever,  oruanizi'il 


must   be  either   u'rowiii! 


1-     o|' 


I'l' 


decaying.      So  soon    as  the   former   'proci'ss   is  linished   the   latl 
commences,  at  tirst  very  slowly,  no  doubt. 

^'aturt!  has  made  proper  ])rovision  for  this,  as  is  clearly  ilis- 
closed  by  a  careful  stiuly.  Let  us  remember  that  there  were 
throe  classes  of  arteries  by  which  the  antler  was  supjtlieil  during 
the  period  of  its  ra})id  growth.  First,  extei-nal.  through  the  pcii- 
osteiim  ;  another,  strictly  internal,  or  those  passing  up  throiigli 
the  jtedicel  int<i  the  growing  antler,  an<l  again,  those  which 
branch  off  from  the  periosteum  of  the  })edicel  and  jiass  through 
the  articulation  into  tin'  antler.  The  first  have  been  destroyed 
by  the  closing  of   the  surface  canals  through  which  they  passed 


THE   AXTLIJRS. 


181 


into  the  iiiitlcf  ;   the   .Sfcond   have   Ix-cn  cut   ulT   liy  tin'  closiii!^  of 
till!  ciiiials  within  the  pi.'iliccl  throiii^'h  which  they  passed  into  the 


iitler  :   till!   tiilrd   have   lieeii   cut  oil'  liv  tlu!  eonsolidat 


loll    o 


f   th 


lower  extremity  oi'  the  antler,  which  I  luive  likened  to  the  artic- 
ular jilati!  of  internal  hones.  IJut  reiiieniher,  the  canals  through 
',\ '  ;cli  these  pass  into  the  articulation  ha\e  not  heen  and  never 
will    l)e   filled    up,  hut   within  the  articidation  they   retain   their 


ow 


vitality,  while  al)ove  it  tliey  are  ]»ra''ticall\'  destroyed.  N 
these  blood-vessels  retaining  their  vitality  within  the  articulation 
coiniMeiice  a  new  and  iniftortaut  work  which  is  assigned  them  — 
that  is,  the  work  of  absorption.  They  pick  up  particles  or  rather 
groups  of  granules,  of  what  I  call  the  articular  plate,  and  carry 
tiiem  away,  and  when  a  suflicieiit  number  of  these  particles  have 
been  thus  removed,  the  antler  becomes  loosened  from  its  seat,  or 
at  least  the  point  of  junction  becomes  weakened,  and  the  antler 
drops  oil",  or  is  more  generally  reiiioveil  by  some  slight  force 
before  it  has  become  completely  loosened  so  as  to  drop  oil"  by  its 
own  gravity. 

riie  iu<>ineiit  tlie  antler  is  thus  removed  the  blood  (lows  freelv 
from  the  rnpt"  ,d  vessels  which  had  [)asseil  into  the  articulation 
and  iloiK!  the  work  of  absor[)tioii,  lait  not  a  trace  of  blood  can 
be  found  coming  from  the  antler  ;  the  detached  convex  surface, 
which  is  of  an  immaculate  whiteness,  though  rough  like  very 
coar^ie  sand-paper,  shows  plainly  where  the  particles  had  been 
removed  by  absorption. 

Blood  is  frequently  found  on  the  end  of  thi!  aiitltM",  which  oc- 
curs when  some  force  lias  been  .ipplied  to  the  ant  lei',  when  it  is 
nearly  ready  to  drop  otl,  not  snlhcieiit  to  detach  it  entirely,  but 
which    partially  separates    it  tiom   the  seat,  and  ruptures  a  part 


)f  the    blood-vessels   then 
tl 


hi-n   the   blood  will  insinuate    itself 


wlierever  the   separation   lias    x-eu 
antler. 

The  fact  that  blood  flows  fr« 


uTe«l  and  stain  the  end   of  tin 


from  vessels  around  tlu*  biM'- 


(lers   o 


f  till 


V 


dicel    and   not  a  partich   from  tlie  antler,  the  i 


no- 


llleu 


t   tlu 


separation    takes    place,   siiows,  wliat  a   more  critical 


examination  also  i>roves,  that  at  least  some  of  the  blood  vessels 
passing  into  the  articulation  remain  open  and  active  nj)  to  the 
time  of  separation,  while  they  are  elTectively  closed  by  the  soliil- 
ilication  of  the  lower  extremity  of  the  antler. 

I  may  give  one  or  tv/o  examples  to  illustrate  this.  Early  in 
April,  while  walking  through  tlie  park,  I  met  Dick,  a  very  tame 
tiiur-year  old   buck.       ( )ne   antler   was   standing,    but  the  other 


1S2 


'/'///•;  /)/•;/•;/.'  or  amiiuka. 


\v;is  Lfoiic.  ;m(l  llic  sent  wiis  <'(iv('r(Ml  witli  frcsli  hlund.  As  lie  \v;is 
ciilinn'  cnrii  I'loiii  oiK?  Iiiiiid,  witli  llii'  (itlicr  I  sci/.rd  the  I't'iiKiiiiiiiL;' 
antler.  Ih;  iiniiicdiiitcly  iuiii|»c(l  hack  and  severed  tlic  antler 
with  a  sniart  snap.  Fie  sliooU  his  he:id  ami  ran  away  as  if  eon- 
sidei'ahK  hnrt,  whih'  tlie  lilood  llowed  so  I'reely  I'ruin  the  exjiosed 
em!  nf  the  pedieel  tiiat  it  ran  down  the  side  of  his  hiee  and 
(hojiped  to  the  eionniL  Aii  inspection  of  the  end  of  the  anth'r. 
at  tilt' point  of  separation,  showed  not  a  trace  of  hlood.  hnt  the 
idnLih  convex  snrhice  was  as  undefded  and  as  wliitc  as  it  is  pos- 
sihle  to  iniaeiiie.  It  was  sonic  ininntes  hcforc  lie  would  so  far  for- 
eive  nie  as  to  come  and  take  more  corn  from  mv  liand.  Tiieii  I 
saw  the  concave  seat  of  thi' ant  ler  was  hded  witli  Mood  already 
l)e!4"iiinint;'  to  coaniilate,  and  the  hemon'liae((  had  nearly  ceased. 

Til''  next  fall,  cai'ly  in  Novemher,  the  same  animal  was  follow- 
iiii;'  me  throueii  the  <;'rounds,  hcggine'  for  o'rat  iiities,  while  I 
wished  to  liestow  my  attentions  niortM'xclnsivcly  to  a  pet  na/elle. 
and  in  my  impatii'iice  al  his  persistent  importunities,  I  kickeil 
hackwai'd.  just  as  he  lowered  his  head,  when  1  knocked  off  one 
of  his  antlers.     Tiie  dislocation  took  place  with  a  smart  crackiiiLT 

ise  and  [irol)ahly  hy  the  use  of  ahoiit   the  same   force  as  on  the 


no 
fori 


iier  occasion,   and    precisidy    the    same    phenoinena    wei 


,h 


served,  lie  carried  tlie  vemainint;-  antler  luit  a  day  or  two  when 
it  disappeared.  <  )n  this  occasion  this  was  the  first  deer  in  the 
park  to  lose  his  antlers,  while  on  the  other  he  carried  them  the 
longest  of  any. 

While  the  erowiiig'  antler  of  the  deei-  is  hnt  indifferently  pro- 
vided with  a  iiervons  svstem.  yet  tlie  nppei'  jiortiou.  ahove  where 
the  ossified  wall  has  hecoiiie  est.ihlished,  is  in  a.  situation  reseiii- 
hlinu'  a  hii;li  state  of  inllammation.  and  like  really  inflamed 
pai'ts  is  ( 


xc'cdiiie'ly  s(^nsitiv(*.     In  the  deer's  antler  the  ap|)ar 


CIUIN 


intlan 


iniaiory   action    or   hieh    tom|)erature    seems    to   siiliside 


soon   as   the   ossified  wall    liecomes   estahlislied.  and   the   extrenu 


sellsl 


hilitv    in   the  outer  coverine'  disa]ipears.      There   tl 


le  antler 


may  he  handled.  eom|)ressed,  and  even  the  velvet  cut  throuuh. 
without  manifestations  of  suffering-,  while  al)ovo  on  the  soft  ami 
yielding  ]iart,  where  the  tempei-ature  is  nuicli  liighertlian  it  is 
lielow.  the  least  ]irossure  or  even  touch  seems  (o  produce  pain. 


th 


lie   antler   o 


the  ileei-  sometimes   tliouiih   I'arelv  heciJines  di^ 


eased,  w  lien   tlie  same   o 


leiionieiia  oiH'ur  as  m  diseased  mteni: 


hones.      The  chaiiiU'ls  of   the  Mood-vessels   1 


)eci  line 


large  and  t! 


vessi  Is   hecome  expanded,   and   even   the   whole  diseased   part  < 
the  antler  becomes  ii'reatlv  enlarged    hy  the    sei)aratiou    of  th 


THE    .WTf.KHS. 


1S3 


I* 


limiiiKi'  !>v  iiillaininiitorv  (l('|ii>si(s  Ik'Iwccii  lliciii.  iircsfntiiiLj  to 
till'  view  li  Idiist'  mill  |iiirnii.s  a]i])i';inmi'r.  Wln-ii  in  tliis  iDiidi- 
tifni  till'  ilisciisi'd  jiortinii  (|mcs  iinl  iiiTl'cct  its  ^TMWtli  si>  as  to 
<lis])('iisi'  with  tilt'  ))('rif)st('iiiii,  at  the  liiin'  tin'  healthy  juM'tiDii  is 
])rr|iari'il  In  ilo  so,  hilt  inrii  thr  ])i)rtiiiii  (if  tlii'  vrlvt-t  rrlliailiilli;' 
nil  till'  liiscasnl  part  ri'taiiis  a,  ciTtuiii  incasiirc  nl'  \itality.  Irniii 
iiitcnial  iiiiti'imciit,  wlii'ii  its  prnprr  siipply  is  I'litlii'ly  cut  niT.  liy 
thr  ili'stnii'tinii  ami  ri'iiinval  <<(  tlu'  \rl\rt  mi  lln'  liralthy  pm'- 
tion  lii'liiw  it.  Tliis  is  hi'aiitifiilly  illiistrati'il  nii  ilir  ahiinniial 
(li'sri'iiiliii^'  tiiir  nil  till'  li'I't  aiitliT  IVuiii  II  ( 'oluiii I lia  iIitt  sIidwii 
ill   tlic   iihistratinii   hiTi'iii'tiT  ;j,ivi'n.      'I'his   l)laci<-tailril   ili'rr  was 

kilii'il   nil    till'   ili  vidilll^-   riil^c  whirll  lii'S  lirl  Wmi  (  'nt  tnHW  nnc 


(■v> 


ami 


( 


Miasta 


li'ai' 
( 


( 


ri'i 


nlllH  V, 


I'Xti'llilill!^'    IVnlil    (  'nttnllW 

( 'alil'nriiia.      It    will 


ni)(l     Slallnll 


nhSrl'N  I'll 


iiai 


''■l»  111 


il'W 


iiichrs   nl'    the  niilrr  cxtn'mitN    nl'    tlii'   tiiu'   is  ^rratlv   ciilar^i'd. 


At  thi'  tiiiii'  till'  d 


I'lT  was 


Ih'd  tl 


11'  vrhi't  was  I'i'iiiaiiuiiii,'  mi 


tl 


lis 


M'tinii  lit'  till'  aiitirr  almii' 


All   t' 


II'  I'rsi  was  ili'iiinlril 


ami 


siii'lai'i'   wi' 


)n|lslh'i| 


Alti 


V   that    I'l'iiiaiiiiiii;'    had    hrrnnic   wr 


iiru'il 


VCSSI'IS     |( 


d   it   n|T  and   i'miiid   that    tlii'  canals 


Inl' 


ailinir  IVniii   the   iii'i'insti'iini    intn   the  diseased    lioiic  had 


iiec(»iiii'  sn  ( 


'iilar^ed  as  to   he   pei'h'ctK   distinct    tn  the   naked  eyi 


indeed  niaiiv  nl    them  wer 


e   as 


ars^e  a 


s  a  siii 


pill. 


he   \lsil)li' 


i\  ersiaii  systems  wit  Inn 


iiiniiths   nl'   these  eaiials   leadiii*^  to  the  II; 

arc  c\ceediiiL!,iv    iiunierniis.      liiternallv  the  crnss  sectinn   nf   tin 

diseased   part  itf  the   tine   ])reseiits  that   li 


nl'ten  seen  in  discasei 


n 


>pnnL;'\'  appearance 


mile 


I 


When  L;'i'n\vinji',  the  antler  i>i  the  deer  is  i|uite  pliant,  and  may 
e  eiveii  aliiinst  any  slia]ie  nr  directimi.  withmit  apparent  injury. 
Nothinij;  is  mnre  cniiininn  than  to  meet  with  antlers  I'rnm  all  the 
species  nl'  this  oenns,  taken  from  wild  animals,  with  the  lieam  nr 
more  I'leipieiitly  some  nt'  the  tines  nccnpyin^  unnatural  pnsiiimis 
atl  riimtahle  In  some  force  applied  when  in  an  immature  state. 


I    I 


ia\e 


never   known    an    install 


ce    wiiere   SUcil    lllj 


urv    In    the 


antler  has  pri 


diiced  di 


sease 


Oi 


icc  w  n 


en  takiiiL!,'  a  pair  of  hlack-tailed   deer  from  a  Imat  inti 


111   a  yaic    nl     Wlllil.   nlle    n 


the  steamship  in  the  C'nliimhia  Iliver 
the  antlers  nf  the  huek.  which  was  a  few  inches  Iniiy.  ^nt  ciuslicd 
down,  and  vet  it  did  imt  appear  tn  hecnme  diseased  fmni  the  in- 
jury. It  Li'i'ew  nil  ill  the  fniiii  of  all  irregular  mass,  shed  i;s  velvet 
at   ahoiifc  the;  siinie  tiling  as  the  uniiiiiiicd  antler,  and  was  cast  off 


aoo 


lit  tlie  saiiK^  time,  present iiiu'  n 


lo  sue 


anpearance  oi  iiisciise  us 


ill  the  case  lirst  descrihed.     'ilu'  next  year  the  antler  thrown  upon 


I w 


ill 


1S4 


Till:  in:i:i;  or  amehka. 


tlic  s;uMi'  .side  wiis  of  [icrfcct  t'onii,  sliowiiiff  that  tin-  jicdicd  Imd 
not  liccii  injiii'cd. 

Tlic  ("rvliiii  liiiik  in  my  grounds  .'ivrivcd  wlicn  liis  iintlcrH 
were  iilxiiit  Iiiiir  I'l'owii,  and  niiu  of  tlicin  was  hadiv  bruised  and 
bent  ovci',  yd  it  i^rcw  on  to  maturity  witliout  showing  any  signs 
of  disease',  hut  without  symmetrv  or  (hdiiiahh'  foi'in. 

I  have  in  my  eoUeetion  many  specimens  of  defornu-d  anlh-rs, 
some  of  which  I  have  illustrated.  ( )nc;  without  a  beam  on  eithei' 
antler  but  consisting  oidy  of  snugs  or  tines  growing  from  the 
bui'r,  others  having  apparently  double  nv  ti'eble  beams  on  the 
same  antler.  'These  deformiti((S,  I  think,  have  arisen  from  inju- 
ries received  in  the  early  stage  of  the  growth  of  the  antlers. 
They  would,  I  doubt  not,  liave  been  shed  at  the  proper  time,  and 
been  succeeded  by  antlers  of  the  proper  form,  Witliont  injury 
ther(^  may  be  abnormal  growths  on  the  antlei's.  As  wlier*'  tines 
a])pear  in  unnatural  positions  or  jjlaces,  or  where  the  be:im  is  lii- 
furcated  with  regidar  palms  on  eacli  ju'ong,  as  shown  in  the  il- 
lustration of  the  antlers  of  tlu'  Scandinavian  elk  in  St<i<'kholm,  but, 
there  are  also  unusual  erowths  throiiohont  the  animal  kine(lom. 
for  which  it  would  often  be  dillicult  to  assign  a  satisfactory  cause. 

The  elTect  of  emasculation  npon  the  growth  of  the  nnllers  of 
the  Cei'vida;  is  very  marked,  and  has  l)een  the  subject  of  long  and 
careful  ol)servati(»n.  Althouu'h  it  has  been  loni;  understood  that 
this  operation  does  produce  soint!  elYect  upon  the  growth  of  the 
autler,  ideas  have  been  very  crude  us  to  what  that  elVect  is. 
This  I  thought  very  reinai'kable,  from  the;  well  known  fact  that 
castration  has  long  been  practiced  by  the  f^apjis  upon  their  domes- 
ticated reindeer,  and  so  its  elTect  should  be  well  understood  by 
them,  and  ojtportunities  for  learning  these  eiYects  by  naturalists 
should  have  been  abundant. 

A  eaveful  investigation  of  the  subject  in  Ijaj)land,  explained 
the  matter  very  satisfuctoi'ily. 

Early  in  July,  when  at  Tromsfi,  in  Norwegian  liapland,  I  vis- 
ited a  wealthy  Lapp,  named  Anders  Xilsen  Ileika,  and  carefidly 
examined  his  large  herd  of  reindeer,  many  of  which  were  lying 
about  within  a  few  feet  of  me,  and  interviewed  their  owner  for 
several  hours  as  to  their  habits,  treatment,  etc.  lie  was  intelli- 
gent aiul  t'andid,  and  seemed  anxious  to  imj)art  all  tla^  infoi'ma- 
tion  possible,  !\Iany  of  my  (juestions  involved  points  which  had 
never  occurred  to  him  before,  and  when  this  was  the  case,  he 
frankly  said  so,  that  no  undue  weight  might  be  given  to  his  recol- 
lection or  impression. 


THE  Asri.i.ns. 


IcSa 


I'l'iiin  liiiii  [  liai'iirtl  tli;il  tlic  iiiali'  rrimliir  unly  arc  iiscil  for 
tlrat't  III'  luiidcii.  'riitsc  ail'  usually  rastratcd  wlicii  tlircf  yi'ars 
iiM.  Tills  is  lint  (loiir  l>y  aiii|piilatioii  as  with  us,  but  liy  liriiisiii^ 
iiiid    ci'iislihi^   the    tfsticlf   with    tlic   ttctli.   witlmiit  opciiiiin'   tin' 


sci'dt  nil 


and    iTinoviiiy'    tlif    iin  inln'i". 


lis     (4      IKHTSSltV     Is      lllll 


very  iiii|i('i-t'c('t  cast  rut  inn,  ainl  while  it  may  dcstiMy  tlir   capafity 
for  !j;('iit'iati()ii,  it  docs  not  riitirdv  ivinove  drsiic.  and   niodciatcs 


(•   oImTM- 


witlioiit  destroy i II l;'  the  spirits  of  the  aiiiinal.      Were  tii 

tioii  ('oin|)lete,  it  inie'lit  leave  the  aiiiiiial  so  dull  uud  stupid  as  to 

iiii|»air,  if   il  did  not  destroy,  his   iisefnliiess. 

It  had  iie\cr  oecnrred  to  the  Lapp,  that  this  operation  had  any 
illihleiice  on  the  e'lMwtli  of  the  antlers,  liiit  he  supposed  they  were 
east  oil'  and  renewed  on  the  iiiiitilated  as  on  the  perfeel  aiiiinal. 
On  relleetioii,  lioweNcr,  he  reineinhered  that  many  eairied  the 
velvet    loiiu'er  than   usual,  and   that   in   ;i  few  instanecs  the  ileer 


had 


arriei'    their  antlers  tliroiii;h   the   winter,  aiK 


1   it 


niiL;hl     lie 


that   the   antlers  were  hrokeii  olV  near  tlu^  heatl    instead  of   liein 


detached  ut  the  articulation  as  on  the  [x-rfect  tmimal. 

My  conclusion  was,  from   all   tlit;   information    I    could    L;atl 


ler, 


that 


coiiinleti!  castration  i 


if  tl 


i(!    reindeer   lias    the    same    eiiect    oil 


is    less. 


the  growth  of  their  antlers  as  on  other  deer,  hut  that  in  Lapland 
the  operation  is  usually  very  imperfect,  and  so  the  eiVi 
and  sometimes  is  so  little,  that  IIk;  antlur  still  matures,  and  is 
regularly  cast  oil'  every  year,  wliilt!  on  others  the  operation  is 
more  complete,  when  the  antler  never  matures,  hut  is  broken  olt 
near   the   head    when   it   liecomes   fro/en   tlirouuh,   and    from    the 


the   f 


stump  a  new  anller  grows 

entiv  see  is  tlio  case  with  otlnn'  deer, 


olIowiii'T   year,  as  we  slial 


pres- 


It 


IS  no 


t  reinarkablo  that  facts  like  these  should  he  (piite  over- 


looked by  the  La[)[)s,  for  to  them   they  have  no  interest  ;  and   the 

niucli  surprised  that  I   should  coiiu! 


\y\\ 


loiibt 


ibliging  l^ap[)  was  no  ( 
so  far  to  make  inquiries  about  matters  which   to  him  were  so  iit- 
terl\   unimportant,  for  he  could   not  sei^   how   they  could   help  to 


till  tl 


le  i)ot. 


su 


But  even  naturalists,  if  they  have  not  entindy  overlooked  the 
bject,  have  not  deemed  it  of  suflicient  imjiortance  to  institute 


ca 


reful 


exixjrinuints  so  as  to  arrivi'  at  correct  coiu'lusioiis. 


W 


I  lie 


most  writers  on  the  Cervida'  have  alluded  to  the  subjei't.  they 
have  generally  despatched  it  in  a  ])aragr;i[)li  or  two,  in  wliicli 
they  have  given  vague  rumors,  or  adopte<l  loose  statements  from 
'•art'less  observers,  and  so  as  might  be  expected  they  have  arrived 
at  contradictory  or  very  unsatisfactory  conclusions. 


B 


T 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


7i 


1.0 


I.I 


^1^  m 

1^  lis  IIIIIM 


IL25  nil  1.4 


6" 


1.6 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


V 


^^ 


N> 


n^X.  ^^^ 


.-6^ 


wi^ 


i  Mi, 


Um 


\m 


i 


18G 


T/fE    DEER    OF   AMEHKA. 


T^r.  ( >\vciis'  statcniciits  uii  tliis  siiliji'i't  '  acrord  mon'  cldsdv 
witli  llic  results  wliii'li  I  have  nbtaiiicd  than  aiiv  (itlicrs  wliicli  I 
Iiiivc  iiii't.  Still  tlicy  dilViT  ill  some  vciy  iniportaiit  jtarticiilars. 
Imt  tlicy  arc  mostly  t'oiiiided  on  cxiicrimcnts  not  made  liy  liim- 
scll' :  and  I  must  say  that  I  think  it  fjuite  jirobable,  from  what  is 
sail],  that  there  was  mnch  room  for  eia'oi'.  It  is  possiltle,  indeed, 
that  a  dillel'ent  elVect  ina\'  lie  produced  on  some  S]>ecics  of  deer 
IVoiii  that  produced  on  others,  hut  all  anahie'V  would  I'onder  this 
exceed int;ly  improhahle.  When  it  is  said  that  the  antler  on  a 
ciistiMted  specimen  has  hecii  shed  and  renewed  aimuallv  as  on 
the  perfect  animal,  a,  donht  is  left  whether  the  animal  was  re  tll\ 
or  at  least  <^omj)letely  castrate(|  :  s\ich  we  have  s(M'n  was  the  in- 
formation n'iven  me  hy  the  Lapp  as  his  lirst  impression,  hut  a 
careful  examination  showed  that  li(»  was  prohahlv  mistaken  in 
liis  suppositiou.  tliat  castration  had  no  elVect  on  the  erowth  of  tlie 
antler  on  the  reindeer.  \\'(>  may  still  doid)t  whether  th(>  oper- 
ation was  complete,  or  wheth(>r  the  hi'eakine'  off  of  the  antler 
near  the  head,  ami  the  e-i'owinu;  of  a  mnv  one  from  the  stump, 
which  as  we  shall  presently  see  alv.iiys  occurs  on  the  smallei' 
species  in  this  lat  itude,  lias  not  been  mistakiMi  for  a  sheddinsi'  ami 
renewal  of  the  antler.  Loni^  practice  and  ureat  care,  as  well  as 
a  full  ajipreciatioii  of  the  distinctive  featur<»s  to  he  souelit  f 
are  iii(i,.qieiisal)le  to  (pialify  us  to  make  oliservations  which  n 


or. 


lav 


be  absolutely  rcdied  u])oii. 

^ly  exjieriments  have  be<Mi  tried  ujion  two  sjieeies  only  in  my 
own  eroiiiids,  but  they  liave  b"en  iiunierous,  and  ii]>oi)  individ- 
uals of  almost  every  ao'c,  and  continued  through  a  louj^'  course  of 
years,      I  proceed  to  results. 

If  a  deer  h(>  castrated  at  any  time  after  the  antlers  are  so  far 
matured  that  their  v(dvet  niav  be  riMiioved  Avithout  material  in- 
jury, and  while  they  still  lirmly  occupy  their  seat,  th«\v  will  lnr,i- 
riiililji  drop  olT  within  thirty  days  thereafter,  tliouLrh  il  mav  lie 
nioiilhs  before  the  lime  when  they  would  have  been  shed  in  the 
course  of  nature.  In  this  ease,  and  also  when  the  operation  is 
performe(l  after  the  antlers  are  drojiped  nat  urally,  in  the  sprini:' 
followine'  when  llm  new  antlers  on  the  perfect  buck  eomnience 
their  erowlh,  the  same  er(»\vth  commences  on  the  mutilated  ani- 
mal, and  proeresses  to  aJI  external  appearance  the  same  as  on 
the  ]ierlecl  animal  till  they  have  attained  iiearlv  the  same  si/e  as 
those  which  were  last  cast  off.  If  tin'  buck  be  a  younn'  one  with 
a  sjiike  antler,  this  will  be  a  spike  also  of  iiearK  the  same  leneth. 

'    ('unijiiiialiri'  Audioiiiii  iiiiil  /'/(i/sinlni/i/  nf  Vi  rlihntti  s,  \iil.  iii,,  ji.  I'l.'il 


'/•///•;  A.xT/.Ens. 


1^7 


fl 


If  an  olil  liiick'  witli  (ivr  tiiii's.  llicsc  will  lie  nf  iiciirly  the  same 
si/.c  as  t 111' I'urmcr.  with  1i\i'  tiiu-s  aiM>.  Tlicsi'.  Iiowcvcr.  never 
|ii'riV('t  tlicii'  i^rnwtli  ami  never  Inse  their  velvet  :  Imt  at  tin'  time 
the  antlers  on  the  peri'ed  laieks  lose  the  velvet,  tlmse  on  tlie 
mutilated  l)iieks  stop  their  urowth,  hut  a  nin(l(>rate  eirenlation  is 
kept  u]>   in   the  Velvet,  whieh  remains  warm   to  the  touch,  and  so 

they  continue   stalioimrv    till   the  sevel'e   weathel'  of    winter   freezes 

the  antlers  thron^h  down  to  or  \'ery  near  the  hiirr.  when  liy  the 
application  of  ,^1. me  accidental  foree  tln'V  snap  off  wiJiin  a  half  an 
inch  or  an  inch  nf  tln'  Imrr,  dependine'  on  the  si/e  (jf  the  antler. 
If  we  now  exanune  the  detached  ])ortion  of  an  antler  we  >hall 
see  that  its  enlii'e  hodv  i-^  loose  and  sponi,'y.  more  cinidi'iiseil  at 
the  cireumfeicnee  than  within.  Imt  has  nowhere  attained  the 
eonsisten<'\'  of  hard  hone,  so  as  to  close  uj)  the  hlond-vessels  lead- 
inu'  into  it  from  the  periosteum.  'Idle  c(umuiinieatioii  has  hecii 
all  the  while  kejit  up  hetwei'ii  the  external  and  the  internal  cir- 
eulation,  as  was  the  case  during"  the  j)eri(jd  of  growth  nf  the 
antler  on  t  ln'  perfect  animal. 

These  stum]is  of  the  antlers  are  carried  till  the  next  sjiriiin'. 
when  a  new  ant ler  shoots  out  from  the  old  stump  not  so  lar^e  as  its 
predecessnr.  and  j^rows  on  in  the  same  wa\'  ami  at  the  same  rate 
as  on  the  perfect  animal,  till  those  so  far  mafui'e  a-^  tn  sliecl  their 
velvet,  when  as  hefore  that  on  the  niutilateil  animal  stojis  its 
Li'rowth.  In  the  mean  time  the  old  stnmjt  lias  enlarged  its  diam- 
eter and  put  out  larye  tnheroles  as  if  su])j)h'ni(>ntal  to  the  Imrr. 
whi<'h  is  also  consideraldv  eiihirt^efl.  The  new  antler  tliii^  pro- 
duced is  not  so  lar'_jeas  the  former,  and  if  branched  has  less  tines. 
And  so  this  process  e;oes  on  vcar  after  year,  eaeh  sueeeechim' 
antler  licinu'  less  in  si/e  and  pert'eetion  than  its  preilei'essor.  while 
the  enlari.;'enient  at  the  lower  end  hecDines  an  exaoe'i-rali'd  Imrr. 
i'liis  process  of  'growth  dilTers  verv  eonsideraldv  in  ililTereiit  in- 
dividuals of  the  same  species.  In  some,  in  a  few  years,  these 
stumps  t;'row  to  an  enormous  si/e.  ci>vere(l  all  o\er  with  lar^'e 
tuhercles.  Sollie  of  them  alllnmitillL!;  to  shafts  two  or  three  imlies 
I'liic',  which  may  he  fro/en  and  hroken  i>\'\'  in  tin-  wiiilei',  while 
neither  may  he  so  eonspiciioiis  as  fo  he  recoM-ni/ed  as  a  licaiii. 
The  whole  of  this  irrenular  mass  is  ever  eovered,  with  the  line. 
>ntt,  M-jiissy  fur.  These  two  lar^^e  masses  in  the  place  of  the  ant- 
lers, covered  all  over  with  these  rudiinentarv  shafts,  present  a 
\ery  cuiiniis  and  inti'restiiiL;'  appearance  on  the  head  of   a  deer. 

I>y  hir  the  liiii'st  speeinieii  of  this  sm't  I  ever  had  I  presented 
to  tliL'  Central  I'ark.  New  York,  in  Isi;,").      I  do  not  kn^iw  if  he  is 


i 


m 


fW 


f 


1S8 


Tin-:  DKEi:  or  ameiuca. 


still  liviiiLj.  I'lit  if  111'  is.  and  this  extraordiiiary  appciKla^i'  has 
(•oiitimitMl  its  j^i-Dwth  in  the  same  uni([iii' tliivction,  it  nmstexhihit 
a  ciii-iuiH  spcctaele  at  this  tliiu'  ami  he  ail  iiitei'cstiii;^  ohjcct 
inv  St  iidy  t(»  thi'  iiatmalist. 

I  ha\t'  si'vi'i-al  rastnitcd  dct-r  in  my  i^froiinds  whirh  wcit  thcrr 
wiicii  "  liilly  "  was  sent  to  New  York,  hiit  iioiit!  ol'  tiiciii  liave  a|i- 
pi'oai'hi'd  the  s|)e('imeii  nieiitioiKMl  in  the  rediimlaiicy  of  this  hasi- 
hir  f^i'iiwtii.  Still  the  dilTereiiee  is  only  in  (h'^^ree.  This  eii- 
lar^^emenfc  df  the  hase  and  iliininiition  of  the  shaft  seems  to  be 
less  and  less  ea<'li  year  as  the  animal  ^rows  older. 

In  ()etohei',  Istl"),  I  i-astrated  niv  lirst  Wapiti,  or  ElU,  the  da\ 
aftiT  he  had  killed  Mr.  DemmieU,  who  in  spite  of  lucks  and  a 
very  snltstantial  picket  fence  eii;ht  feet  hi<;ii  had  manai;'ed  to  ^ei 
into  the  park  a|iproj)riated  exolnsively  to  the  elk.  'Ihat  was  the 
most  terrilily  wicked  elk  I  have  ever  sei'n.  For  a  few  days  aftci- 
the  operation  he  sei'med  madder  than  t'ver.  At  length,  how- 
ever, his  rai;('  i;-radually  subsided,  and  he  was  ever  after  tpiite  an 
amiable  brute. 

As  I  e\|K-cted,  within  four  weeks  the  splendid  antlers  which 
had  adoi-Med  his  head  had  disaitpeared,  and  only  the  larne  pedi- 
cels which  had  snpportetl  them  remained  to  disli^nre  the  contonr 
of  his  head.     The  next   vear  new  antlers  •'rew.  but   smaller  and 


with  fewer  bran 


•hes  th 


lan  the  old,  diil'erini:  in  this  resi)ect  malt 


rially  from  those  observed  on  the  smaller  species  castrated  when 
fully  adnlt.  As  was  ex[)ected,  these  did  not  lost;  their  velvet  at 
the  time,  it  was  shed  from  tlu'  antlers  of  tiie  perfect  bucks,  but 
the  growth  was  simi)lv  suspench'd.      P-  irintr  I)ecend)er,  the  1 


»1' 


leaui 


of  oneantlei'.  about  eighteen  intdies  from  the  point,  was  broken 
otl'  by  some  accident.  This  fragment  alVorded  a  rich  held  for 
study,  but  I  was  not  satislied  with  it  and  killed  the  animal  dur- 
ing the  winter,  antl  was  so  enal>led  to  establish  many  facts  only 
.suspected  before,  but  to  state  each  in  detail  would  be  too  te(|ious. 
The  successor  to  the  deposed  nionareh  of  the  herd  was  onl\ 
less  wicked  than  the  other,  lie  was  castrated  on  the  1st  of 
.lanuary,  lS(i7.  The  present  antlei's  wen;  cast  and  the  new  one- 
grew,  and  sus[iended  their  growth  as  in  the  former  case,  and  so 
they  have  continued  to  the  present  day.  These  were  too  large 
to  be  fro/en  through  and  so  were  not  broken  olT  near  the  head, 
as  has  always  been  the  case  with  the  smaller  species,  but  only  an 
inch  or  two  of  the  ends  wire  broken.  The  next  year's  growth 
was  to  teach  me  something  new,  and  I  watched  it  with  interest, 
rather  expecting  to  see   active   growths  shooting  out  from   the 


iMl 


THE  A.\Tu:ns. 


isit 


ItiNikcii  points  to  iiiikiiowii  Iciintlis.  Ill  this  I  \v;is  (lis;i])|ioiiitr(l  : 
till-  cinis  j^iTw  over.  iiri'st'iitiiiLT  soiiictiiiiii;'  t  lie  ii|i]i(';ir;iiift'  o|'  the 
end  of  an  ;nn]int;il<'(l  liniK  iit'tci'  it  is  licnlcil,  Imt  only  on  one 
point  wiis  tlici'c  ;iny  I'onsidcrnMc  elongation  and  that  diii  iiol 
cxcTfd  thrci'  oi-  t'onr  inrlirs.  'I'lic  new  u'rowtli  was  jtrincipallv 
cxpiMidrd  in  thr  cnlarucnn-nt  of  the  old  rciuainini;'  paits.  <  )f 
thcs:'  till'  actual  dianu'ter  was  a|>pri'('iaiily  inrrcasi'ij,  hnt  the 
Ljrt'atfst  vohinii'  consisted  in  laree  t  nlierdcs  all  over  the  snri'ace. 
some  with  lai'L^e  Kases.  otliers  attached  to  the  ])aient  stem  hy 
small  necks.  These  tnlien-les  are  lar^'est  on  the  lowi'r  part  of  tin- 
antler  and  especially  aliont  the  Imri'.  some  extending  down  omm' 
the  |iediccK  and  oni'  neaiK  two  inches  I)ri)ad  now  extends  down 
over  the  face  Dearly  to  the  eye. 

This  ainmal  is  now  carrviiiLT  these  antlers  the  eighth  winter. 
Kach  yeai'  portions  have  heeii  broken  oil"  from  the  ends  liy  acci- 
dent, so  that  now  l>nt  tincdess  stnhs  remain  scarcely  eiL^lileen 
inches  lonL;;.  'I'he^e  fi-ai;nients  ha\e  rarcK  lieen  fonnd,  ami  I 
have  liccn  alile  to  add  Init  one  to  mv  collection.  I  he  ailual 
dian;eters  of  these  shafts  have  Ix-eu  more  than  donliled.  Some 
of  the  old  tnhercles  are  broken  olT  annnalh'.  and  those  I'emaininL;' 
are  enlaiged  sonn-what  each  year,  and  new  ones  crowd  theii'  way 
ont  amonn'  the  old.  I>ut  the  nnndier  of  new  ones  ami  the  growth 
ot  the  old  ones  seeni  to  dinnnisji  eacli  year  as  the  animal  Li'inws 
older.  ()ne  of  these  tuliercdes  I  fonnd  lianninii,' hv  the  skin,  which 
I  secined.  That  was  snilicient  to  show  that  thev  ;..•<■  eom|tosed 
o|  the  same  cancellons  tissne  as  the  main  stem  on  tins  and  the 
crow  ini;- antler  on  the  perfect  animal.  Tiie  periostenm.  and  the 
cuticle  coverine-  it  in  uhicli  the  line  soft  fiir  of  the  velvet  is  iii- 
serteil,  expand  with  the  growth  of  the  tnUercle.--.  so  as  to  com- 
pletely envelop  them,  penetratiiie;  them  witli  the  nntriinent  con- 
duits, the  saiiK^  as  descrihed  when  treating  of  the  growth  of  the 
antler  on  the  perfect  animal. 

<  >n  the  loth  of  July  I  castrated  a  common  l»nck  four  years  old. 
when  his  antlers  were  more  than  three  ipiaiters  grown,  lie 
soon  recovered  from  the  wound.  I  watched  the  result,  compar- 
ing his  antlers  with  those  of  several  others  of  ahout  the  same  age 
not  castrated.  I  could  detect  no  diiVerence  in  the  progress  of 
growth  till  all  seemed  to  hav(^  attained  their  full  size.  Those  on 
'li(i  castriitc'd  animal  never  so  far  matui-ed  as  to  lose  the  velvet, 
while  that  on  the  perfect  iinimal  was  of  courso  ruhhed  otT  as 
usual.  'I'he  results  of  my  experiments  seem  to  ostahlish  this 
slate  of  facts:   that  the  roniovid  of  the  testes  of  the  deer  whose 


m 


m 


m 


im 


I  HE  i)i:h:n  or  amlui'a. 


antlers  arc  ifrowii,  at  (nit'c  arn'sts  llio  supply  (>!'  iiuti'iiiiciii  wliirli 
lias  liitlu'i'tu  ll(i\vc(l    ini'i   lli<'  aiillcr  wliicii    li;is    l^st    \\u-   \rl\ii, 


til 


riiiiLi'li    it 


s    nasi 


he  siiiiic  ;is  wlifii   (lie    lnw  ci-  i'\l  ii-iiiil  \    ha>al- 


taiiifd    its  iiia\iiiiiMii  l|l'll^ily.  ;iiiil    lliiil    I  lie  mhm'I  Kciil    pii  iros  im- 
llH'diiilcU     (■(illlllli'lH'fS    ll|i<>||     IJir     liiUcr     .^lirtacc     ol     lllr     ;illirl||;ir 

plati',  wliicli  III  till'  iDiirsc  of  a  siiij^ic  niniitli  lias  su  l.ii'  lunccidid 
II   ilir  aiillcr  at    the  art iciiiatinii,  and    it    cliDps  nil    |iii'- 


n'   liiMSi 


(■isi'l\    till-  s;iiiH'    as   (iii   llic    [tcrl'i-cL  aniiiial   when    llic   l'iilliif»  d 
I  iiiir  li;is  an  i\(il. 

Il'  till'  npciatioii  is  |M'rl'(iniicil  lici'nrc  the  antler  liiis  so  I'ar  c.iin- 
|ilcti'(l  its  n'rowtli.  the  lU'posil  ol  caitliv  matter  is  ;irn'>te(l  liel'uie 
tlif  raiials  leadiiiu  Iroiii  tlic  |)eiiost('Uiii  are  tilled   up  :iiid   tli ii- 

IK'ctioll   lictWcell  tlie  extcrillll  aild    illterillll   lilood-\  e>.-el>   is  ellt    olT. 


w 


lien  the  aiitjer  iie\er  matures,  luit    retiiiiis   its   \it;ilit\'   and   li 


comes 


[MM-sisteiit,  althoiii^'li  It  attiiins  a  liiti,lier 


ilee'ree  o|    lierjeet  h  >|| 


111  itserowtli  than   the  antler  which   is  whollv  ;j,i'o\\n  on   the  cis- 
tratcd  laick. 

I  poll  the  return  of  spring'  tic  ahsnrplion  wilhiii  the  pedicel 
coiiiuiciu'cs  ill  the  mutilated  as  in  the  perfeel  aiiimid,  wherehv 
til(!  canals  fur  the  passa^'e  of  the  Iilood-Ncssi'ls  are  elilai^ed,  ;iiid 
ail  active  circiiliitioii  is  estaltlished.  ;md  the  new  ;iiitier  cnm- 
inences  its  urowtli  on  hotli  alike,  and  is  so  ecinlimied.  thnUL!,li 
wil  !i  diminished  force  on  the  mutilated  animal,  till  the>iiminer 
wanes  and  the  riittiiii;'  season  approaches,  'riieii  a  ceitain  pnini 
is  attained  in  the  ifrowth  of  the  antler  which  can  never  lie  pas-ed 
oil  the  animal  from  which  the  testes  have  heeii  coinpletelv  le- 
mo\ed,  while  liy  the  st  iliiillatilie-  inlluelU'e  whieli  they  affnid.  the 
re(|iiisite  nutrinieiit  is  forced  into  the  antlers  nf  the  mimutilaied 
animal  which  eiiahles  tlieni  to  ^row  on  to  complete  perfect 
This  inllnence  seems  to  he  niostlv  excited  in   those  hi 1-ve.- 


loli. 


W 


hich    Ciller    llie    anller  at    its    base,   upon   whieli    the    inleni 


nrowth  of  the  antler  depends,  after  the  destriu-tion  of  the  peiins- 
teum.  luit  the  latter  also  is  deprived  of  a  certain  porlinii  of  ii- 
(•nert^y.  for  it  seems  uiiahle  to  so  solidify  the  surfaci-  of  the 
antler  as  to  close  the  iiutriineiit  vessels  which  lead  ffun  it,  and 
tliroiie'li  which  the  hlood  which  ascends  throueli  the  arteries  nf 
tiie  periosteum  is  returned.  'I'lie  e'l-c^tc-st  deprivation  would 
seem  to  he  ill  the  ca[)acity  to  transport  and  [H'operlv  di'|)osii  tlie 
earthy  matter  by  which  the  hone  is  solidilied,  i'or  it  is,  aftt-r  all. 
this  ilelicieiiey  wliicli  distinguishes  tilt!  one  antler  from  tlie  other. 
It  is  after  the  rutting  season  is  past,  and  the  activity  and  excite- 
ment uf  the  e'eiierative  ttrgans  lia\c  coasotl,  that   the  idjsorbeut- 


•/•///•;  . I. V 7 7. /•;/.'. v. 


I'.'l 


(•niiiniciirc  tlii'ir  wi'ik  at  llic  ai'lirulat  ion,  ami  sn  lonsi'ii  lln'  aiitli'i' 
iViiiii  lis  srat  :  lull  cvfii  al  llial  liiii''.  in  many  casc^  llir  sii>|irii- 
sinii  of  llic  cii^ailalioii  tlinuiuli  t  In-  ai'liciilai'  |(lali;  is  iiicuiii|>li'lc 
I'df  ;i  tiiiii',  and  tln'ii  tlii'  alisdrpt  inn  un  ils  luwcr  >nrlai'i"  is  \cr\ 
^radnal.  il  il  lias  even  ciunnii'incd.  ami  il  nia  v  take  iiimhI  li-  lii-|'(irf 
llii'  aiilli'i'  is  Idoscni'il,  wliilf.  as  we  iiavr  <i'cii.  if  tln'  li->|i'>  an'  ali- 
xiliili'ly  rnniAcd,  ( liis  \\(jrk  is  at  niiic  CMiiiiin'iiriil  ami  ra|iiill\ 
|ir()st'(Mitf(l,  sn  llial  witliiii  a  iimnlli  al  imi>i  ikc  aiiMii'  i^  lliioun 
olT.  I)iit  lliHsc  wliit  lia\c  sii|i|ii)sc(l  thai  iIh'  ^rmaai  i\  !•  organs 
iif  tlir  mail-  ('cividi'  aic  riuiri'l\  (luriiiaiit  ami  imM|ial'l<'  "f  nc- 
tiiiii  fi-Diii  the  lime  flic  aiillci'is  ca-^i  lili  il  i>  a'^ain  <Miii|.|rir| v 
I'l'iK'Wfd.  ai'(!  nii>lakfn  in  llirir  ciiiii'liisidn^.  1  have  sct-n  Imili  the 
wajiil  i  ami  t  lie  smaller  i Ire i'  cniiiilatc  niit  nf  x-asmi.  ami  afl  i|-  i  lir\ 
had  casl  I  hcii' aiil  Irrs.  wiili  friiilfnl  n'siilts,  sm  that  llifold  llicd- 
rifs  on  I  his  siiliji'cl  arc  mil  fdiindt-d  on  fai-ts.  It  isiiodoidil  true, 
as  a  Li'i'iicral  nilc,  that  the  sexual  organs  are  less  si  imiilaic'd.  and 
the  male  is  not  maddened  liv  desin-  diirinn'  the  lime  ulnn  he  is 
de|)ri\cd  of  this  \vea|»on  of  warfare,  so  imieh  as  he  i>  wIkii  il  is 
in  ]H'rt'e('t,  coiidit  ion  :  and  this  is  a  wise  (Jider  ol  nal  iire  to  |)re\cal 
those  coinhats  which  arc  excited  liv  jealousy  al  a  lime  ulien  the 
efowiiig'  of  the  antlers  o|»cratcs  as  a  sure  lioiid  to  keep  the  peace, 
for  !i  siiiLi'le  Kattle  woulii  litlerlv  dotroy  them.  No  doiilii  a  coii- 
scioiisiiess  of  this  wi'akiii'Sn  ma\'  have  a  (iiiietiiiL;'  clh-ct  ujion  their 
liellie'ercnt  disposit  ions,  for  il  docs  not  eiitirel\  lea\etliem  with 
the  riittine"  season,  lait  is  manifested,  t  hoii^h  le>s  rceklcs--|\ .  so 
lon;^  as  the  wi'ii|>oii  retnains. 

W'e  niav  admit  thai  one  phvsical  hodv  can  oni\  produce  a 
physical  el'fect  upon  anoiher  liocly  li\  a  phvsical  medium,  and  so 
conclnde  that  then;  must  he  a  physical  medium  ln'tweeii  tin- 
testes  and  the  aiith-rs,  .s/h'ci>il///  ilixiijmil  iiml  ifiKi/ijii  i/  lo  oio- 
diice  tln'  ellecl  observed  :  hut  if  so  it  is  as  vet  not  identihed.  and 
we  can  only  Iio|)(i  that  some  more  ineenious  and  ctirefiil  oliser\er 
may  iiml  it.  Hie  utmost  we  may  sal'ely  sa\  imw  is.  tlial  in  some 
way  the  testes  eiiahle  or  stimulate  the  proper  hloocl-vessels  to 
carry  into  tlm  antler  ;i  lareei-  amount  of  earthy  matter  and  then- 
pro[)erly  deposit  it,  than  they  can  do  after  tlic  testes  are  re- 
moved, presuming  ut  the  same  time  tiiiit  the  ahseiit f  the  ecu. 

erativ(!  ofeaiis  ile[)rives   lliese  vessels  of,  or  weakens  other  impor- 
tant functicMis  necessary  to  the  full  maturitv  of  the  antler. 

When  the  i'aet  is  estalilislied.  thut  the  testers  exerci>e  a  potent 
inlhieiioe  over  the  growth  of  the  antlers  of  the  deer,  we  might 
expect  that  such  growth   woiilil  he  entirely  cut  ull'  hy  tlieir  re- 


Mi 


l'.t2 


77//-;  i)i:i:n  or  ami.hk  a. 


nioval  MS  iimoli  iis  it  is  l»y  iiiitiirc  in  tlic  ffiuiilc  ;  possilily  it  nii;^'lit 
l)t'  so  if  tliDSn  ()rti;;iiis  wci'i!  rciiiitvcd  Ix-I'drc  tlicv  ii;ul  fxcnisiMl 
tlicii'  iiilliii'iicc  ii|)iiii  tliii  ori^iuisof  niitriticiii  n|ii>ii  whii'li  tlir  niitlcr 
(Icp'.'inls  t'ui"  its  i^rowtli.  This  is  ;i  i|iii'stioii  I  Imvc  in  \;iiii  eli- 
de,isdi'i''!  to  settle  :  Imt  I  have  lievei-  lieeii  aMe  to  sa  \  e  a  lawn 
castraleil  het'ori-  the  first  antler  had  ^rown.  I''i'oiii  the  i'aet  thai 
tile  antler  ei-nwn  alter  tlic  operation,  never  exceeds,  or  even 
('(|iiaU  in  si/e  the  one  previouslv  e'rown,  I  will  xciitnre  the 
opinion  tliiit  no  antler  would  erow  on  the  male  e;istiati'd  when 
\i'V\  voiini^  and  Uet'orc  the  antler  has  made  an  appreeiaMe  start, 
so  that  he  would  always  reseinl)le  the  doe  in  this  reL^ard.  Init 
in  trxiiiL;;  tliis  experiment  we  must  rememher  that  the  I'awn  i> 
liorii  with  the  rudiments  of  the  antler  sdready  ile\elo|)ed.  aii<l  lli: 
fi 


it 


reipieiitlv  an  appreciable  erowtli  may  he  ohserxi'd  diirine-  t  he  lirsi 
year  of  its  life,  if  it  is  an  early  fawn.  In  early  fawns,  tlii>  erowlii 
is  sometimes  sidiieieiit  to  perforate  the  skin  the  lirst  season 


\\ 


lat    has    heeii    said  would  lie    ti  si 


1  1. 


iiliicieiit    answer  to   i'lut'f 


on  s 


theory,  that  tlu^  antlers  of  the  ('ervida'  are  vee'rialile  "rowlhs  on 
the  animal  body,  had  not  all  sid)se(pient  authors  discarded  his 
iissninptioi)  as  unworthy  of  the  least  consideration. 


It 


IS  nil 


Iced 


reinarKahle 


that 


!in   author  so  renowned,  ami  win 


devoted  so  much  time  and  labor  to  the  study  of  natural  historv, 
should  have  ohsiu'vcul  so  superlicially  as  to  render  such  an  error 
possible  when  ii  very  little  examination  would  liavc^  prevented  it. 

We  will  now  consider  the  forms  and  locations  anil  uses  of 
the  antlers  of  tlie  different  species  of  the  deer.  I  liave  already 
alluded  to  the  fact  that  these  have  been  too  much  relied  upon  to 
distiii!i,iiisli  species:  still  tliey  are  l>v  no  means  to  be  overlooked 
in  delerminine- classiiications.     True,  the  fawns  and  the   females, 

til  the  exception  of  the  reindeer,  are  always  without  this  evi- 


\\\ 


dence,  to  tell  of  tli(^  species;  it  is  much  if  they  can  aid  n 
j)laciiie'  the  older  males.  W(>  shall  see,  however,  that  even 
this  they   are    not   reliable,    for  sonu^  vei'y  distinct  species  1 


S      111 


for 


lave 


an 


tiers  precisely  alike,  while  sonietini(>s  we  sliall  lind  them  widely 


variant  in  dilTerent  localities  on  the  same  species.     After  all, 
inveslin-ations  of   the  natural   history  of  tliese  animals  would 


our 


oils. 


vm'v  imperfect,  without  a  careful   study  of  the  forms,  locati 
and  uses  of  the  antlers,  in  addition  to  what  has  been  said  of  their 
structure  and  mode  of  growth. 

It  may  be  pro[)(H"  to  explain  pndiniinarily,  the  terms  used  in 
the  description  of  this  appendage  of  the  deer.     It  has  been  often, 


ft! 


■/•///■;  . I. V 77. /■;/,'>. 


I'j:', 


though  incdVi'i'iMK  ,  fiilli'd   ii    Iim|-ii.      ,\>   ;is  wr  lime   ali'i'inly  sn'ii. 
it    is  ;in    I'Mi'i'iml    n-;si'i)iis    llli'llllnT.  Mini   is  ;is  ililTi'i'i'llt     ill   its    (Mlll- 

|iniii'nis  tri'iii  true   Iini'ii,  ms   it    is   I'imih    nmsi'li'.      (  )iily  in  its  uses 
lis  ;i  wiMjton  and  in  its  liuMtinii  docs  it  romdili'  tin-  li'>ni. 

As  a  wlmli".  till'  iippfiiilapr  is  ]>i'(i|mtIv  tii'iiifil  an  dutliT.  Ilic 
main  sli'iii  is  railed  the  IhiIih:  tin'  lai'L^vr  liranclic-,  I'lMm  tlir 
licam  ail'  calli'd  //;/«. v.  and  tlir  liraiii'lirs  tVoiii  llirsc  and  small 
l)raiit'ln's  iVdiii  llic  licam.  an'  failed  sihii/s.  Tin'  tlattnii'd  jnii'- 
tii)iisi(f  ciilicr  t  111'  licam  or  I  111'  tines  are  ralli'd  jfilm^.  'I'Ih'  ir- 
n'i;iilai'  ciilarn'cmi'iil  at  the  liase,  is  ealled  the  I'ltrr.  and  the 
warty  eminences,  nmre  usually  I'nund  un  the  '  'wei'  |H,riinn  uf  the 
lieain,  ai'e  called  ///'/An,  "•.//•/.•>■.  or  //^ A. ■/•/■/<■>■.  'I'he  luwer  aiilcriMi' 
ciins|ticniiiis  liranch,  is  called  the  /./•'(//•-////<,  and  the  iicM  the  /«':- 
I'nir,  and  the  third  the  r"j/ii/-f>iii'  :  then  the  sh r-r"i/ii/,  etc. 
'I'hcsc  are  most  distinct  un  the  aiillei'  nf  wapiti.  l—nally  liie 
lii'st  ant  ler  I'l'DWii  1)11   the    vminLi'   liiicl<    is   imi    iiraiiched.  lnit    cuii- 


^-^"^^ 


M 


oose. 


sists  (if  l)c:uu  onlv,  and  is  called  a  '/'^/  ur  s})//,i  antler,  iind  the 
latter  term  i,p[)lies  to  tlic  antlers  n|"  the  adults  wlicn  they  aro  not 
hniiiched,  wliicli  is  soinetinit's  the  case  Tlit'  ji,  Jir,/  is  tlio  pov- 
iiiiini'ut  process  of  tlie  sUnll  on  wiiich  the  antler  e'n,\v.s. 

'I'hc  most  oonspicuons  example  of  palmateil  antlers  is  foimd 
on   the    largest  of  the  deer  family.  —  oiir   Mouse.      It,  however, 
13 


illi 


I      I 


'.•4 


77//;  /'/;/;/.'  or  amijik  .\. 


(loc'H  not  (Ici'idfdly  iissiiiiii'  this  cliMi'McttT  till  tlic  iiniiiiiil  hccoiiU's 
iit'iirly  inliiit  ;  nltliuiiuli  iil'trr  tin'  lirst.  it  Im'^^Ius  id  show  ii  ti'ii- 
(l(Mit;y  li'  lliillcii  at  tlic  pliM'i-  nf  hil'iiiTal  ion. 

I  liavr  i'\|M'rifiii'c(l  miicli  tliHiriill\  in  dctrniii  .liiin'  tli(^  an't'><  "I 
tlui  iMoiisr.  ii|i(iii  wliicli  wrrc  j^Tnwn  till"  (lirt'iTrjii  aiitlrrs  wliicli  I 
liiivc  cxaiiiiiicil.  imr  jiaxc  I  vet  aniviMl  at  a  sal  istaclMry  rcsiili, 
I  liiiitiTs,  ot'  lai-!^('  cNiii'rii'iR'c  ami  alsn  ^(,1,(1  nlisci'vcis,  will  ^\'\•<- 
a<;;rf»'  as  to  tln'  a^c  <>t  a  yniini^  animal  jmli^in;^^  from  tlu!  antlris. 
sonni  bfliovinL;'  it  tn  liavf  liccn  (ini'  yrar  olil,  while  otluM's  jini- 
ndiincr  it.  to  liavc  licm  (wo  years  old.  Fur  instance.  I  have  in 
my  I'ollrrtinii  si\  Sets  o|"  niimse  ant lei's,  showing' a  rci^ular  ^n'ada- 
tioii  in  size  and  develupmeiit  ;  ami  yet  the  lari;»'st  was  sent  mh' 
from  llalii'ax,  as  com ini;- from  iin  animal  fonr  years  old,  which  I 
think  is  curn-ct,  while  it  is  ii  dis|iiited  i|Uestion,  whether  the 
smallest  ai'c  trum   an   animal   one  nr  Iwn   \ears  old.  tli(MiL;h  !  he- 


lirVe  it    til  lie    t'ldin    t  lie    lal  ler, 


Jl 


is  alninst   imiiDssihlr  tn  seltl 


these  (|Uesti()iis  with  certainlv,  e\ee|it  where  the  animal  is  <4T(i\\ii 
in  domestication;  and  even  then,  many  specinx'ns  must  he  ex- 
amined to  avoid  heini:;  niislrd,  for  on  the  other  mendxTs  of  tin' 
family  a  wide  dilVerence  is  ohscrvcd  in  the  deytdopment  of  the 
lirst  antlers;  soi>;('  liein^'  spiUes,  while  others  are  l>ifiircated,  as 
wi'  shall  have  occasion  hereafter  to  notice. 

The  character  of  the  ]>;dm  on  (he  antlers  of  the  Moose  is  an 
irrcLjular,  ohlontj;  sheet  terminating  the  lieam.  It  is  tliimn'r 
ill  the  miihlle  than  at  thi'  circiimferenei',  and  has  snags  of  a 
greater  or  less  length   set   M[)on   the  horder;   which    snags  varv 


verv  miicii  111  mimocr  and  si/e 


liiese     palms     is 


It  is  rare  that   more  than  om 


found  on  the  samo  antler,  yet  sometimes  a 
hraiich,  when  it  is  nearly  tin-  size  of  tlu;  bejim  above  the  fork, 
has  a  well-formed  palm  :  hut  in  that  case  neither  may  be  ex- 
pected to  l>e  as  larg(!  as  when  the  beam  aloiu;  bears  tlu;  palm. 
Some  specimens  have  been  met  with  where  tin;  boain  low  down 
has  divideil  into  nearly  eipial  branches  with  palms  of  nearly 
eipial  siz(>. 

An  exam[ile  of  this  is  shown  in  i\w,  illustration  u[)oii  tin;  iieM 
page,  wiiich  is  from  a  Scaiulinavian  elk  which  1  met  in  the  Koyal 
Museum  in  Co[)eiihagen.  It  was  diiliciilt  to  show  botli  ])alnis  in 
the  drawing.  The  left  antler  divides  into  nearly  equal  parts,  tiic 
one  iibove  the  other,  four  inches  from  tlie  burr,  and  on  each 
braneli  is  a  well-formed  ptilm.  In  the  collection  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences,  which  was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1S71. 
was  a  fossil  skull  and  antlers  of  a  Moose,  one  of  which  antlers  was 
divided  near  the  burr,  presenting  good  palms  on  each  division. 


m 


/■///;    i.v •//./. ■/;>•. 


i:'.'. 


TIh'  pcdici'ls  nil  whii'li  lilt'  .M(K)S(j  aiitliTs  «_;rii\v  arc  siluah'  at 
llic  tii|)  dt'  tin-  head,  and  ai'r  I'luiii  >rvcii  ('•  niin'  iiit'lirs  apart, 
willi  a  lalffal  iPinjt'ct  inn.  l-'imii  tlir^r  till' antler^  j^mw  "iit  lat- 
(■rallv  ill  liiiri/iiiital  posit ioiis.  A  t'cw  iiii'lics  tV'iiii  llicir  hascs  tln'v 
I'uiiiliH'iicc  all  ii|i\vaici  and  iCrward  iair\  f. -.n  t  Imt  ili('|ialiii  ii-iiallv 
o(:cii|>i('S  iK-arlv  a  vcrlicai  |i(>-<itiiiii  with  an  iiiiti'iiMi-  incliiia!  inn. 
aii<l  is  lali  rally  cnniprcs.si'd. 

1  kimw  III'  iiuiiilii'i'  living  sjiccics  pnsscssiiiLC  this  lateral  pio- 
irctioii  of  tilt'  all  Ifr:  lait  tlif  I'l'iiiaiiis  tif  thf  f\linfl  Iri'^li  fll< 
-hows  not  oiilv  a  lateral.  Imt    a  depre:isetl   position   <,(   ihe  imiler 


Double- palmed    Aiuli-r   ircni   u   Scanjinavijn    Elk. 

lor  a  sliort  tlistanee  tVoni  the  lieail.  when  it  tahes  a  slightly  np- 
wanl  eiirve  seaively  more  than  snlliei'iit  to  hriiie;  it  tti  a  liori/.t>n- 
tal  position,  which  it.  maintains  Tor  nearly  its  whole  leiie'tli,  so 
liiat  ihe  c'Xtremo  [)oints  oi  the  antlers  are  alioiit  as  far  apart  as 
llieir  eiiornioiis  leiieth  will  permit.  1  lieliexe  there  is  not  any 
existiiiL;'  representali\i'  of  the  ^'eiius  wliieh  j>resents  tiiis  extraoi- 
liiiiary  spreatl  tif   the  antlers. 

The  [)alms  on  the  antlers  tif  the  AFuose  are  ohloiiif,  say  luiee 
as  long  as  they  are  witle,  hut  in  this  they  slutw  o^reat  variations. 
I  lie  tines  on  the  borders  of  the  palms  are  variant  in  size  and 
uiiiiihers  on  iliil'erent  indiviihials,  ami  art;  stoutest  ami  most  al»UM- 
daiit  on  the  anterior  borders,  a  position  in  which  they  are  pre- 
sented to  the  ailversary  in  battle.  Wiieii  the  etlev  of  the  broad, 
iliiii  j)alin  is  [)resented  with  its  deeply  serrated  blade  in  front,  it 
Miav  bear  the  shock  of  buttle  with  more  resistance  than  the  same 


)  II F 


IW 


nil':  i>i:i:i!  or  .\]ii:i;i<  .1. 


\m1iiiiii'   wmilil   (111   ill   11    cN  HihIi'Ii'mI    rui'iii.  Idil    nIkhiM    t'lc   \ici>-.i 


III 


ill'-;  III     i»,i 


II  If  I'Niiiisi'  il    In  ;i   l;i|ri;il    lurn-.  it    wmi 


l|         I  11'         h'SS     II  1  I     !■ 


t    1    Wltll-illlinl     I  III'   sllit' 


•k.      A- 


\Vi'    stiiil 


llcri'illl.T    s|.,-.    llir     Ml 


liKi'iill  llir    111  lii'ix  lit'    lliis    LCniiis.    jiiiii    liiillli'  willi    ;i    ;;ri';il    rii-^li. 

ullii'll    IIHlsl    nflrll    l|-\     llli'    St  rc!lL;tll     <i|'     I  I H  •   ;i  III 'n'l's     hi    till'    IIIiiIikI. 
\i't     wr     |i;i\i'    II)    ari'iilllit     of    llir    illlljiTs     lii'lll'.;-    lil'iiki'll    --ll'irl     nil. 

lull   ll   l'ri'i|iii'iit  ly  ii;!|i|n'iis  lliiil   llic    tiiir^  m- mi;il;s    iii'i'  ili>liir;itiM|, 


lill    I'ur  llir  '^ITilt   ('l;is|  inl  \'    |iiissi'ssi'i 


I  liv  nil  ;inl  liTs  iiviT  III!  Ill  I 


\>-v 


liMlli'S,     (l\\lll'4     In     till'     l.ll'ri'r      |ir' i|lii|'l  inll     III     nilillllll     IIIIIIIiT     wllirll 

tlii'V  riiiilMHi.  a  .siiir|r  lialllr  wiiiilil  sitm'  In  (li'slrny  llniii. 

Aimt  lift'   ]i<'i'llliaril  \     nl'    llu-    aill  Irr^   nl     llir     .Miin-^r.    is     lliat     \\\y\ 
arr    Vrl'V    rillisiilrral)|\     lr>s     ill    \iillllllr.    jllst     al)ii\r     till-     lilllT    wllrlr 

llir\   art!  cN  liiulriral.  lliaii   larl  lin'  iiji.      Tliry  iiirrrasr  in  Miliiinr. 

ilirlllilillf'  tilC   tillrs  ami    jialms.   till   almvr   tllr   lilhlillr  (if    llir   wllulr 

lriiL;tli  lit'  tlir  aiitlrfs.  aii'l  llini  diiiiini^li  in  tlirir  r\l  rnnil  irs. 

Ill     |irii]inr|  imi     In   lllrir    \n|l|llir     lllr\    al'r    lllllrll    >llnr|rl'    lliall    llir 

aiitlrrs  nil  any  nf  tlir  ntlirr  sprrirs.  \rr\   rai'rly  rcarliiii;;'  a  Iriirtli 


n|     lllll'tv   lllrlirs.  altlin||r'il   tiirV  si  illlrt  lllirs  rKcrrcl  sl\ry    pnlliuls   in 

wrirlit.      Tills   liniitrd   Irnrth    in    |)rn]inrtinn   to    Imlk,   nt'   cniiisr 

a'Ms  ri'i'IllK'   In  llir  sl|-rnr'tll  nt'  tlir  \\ra|in|i. 

Tl 

lilllr, 


IIS    rllnllllnus   ^I'nWl  ll    IS    arm 


in|iii>!lri|    in    alinllt    llll'rr    limnllis" 


lir   t  inir   wllrll    1  lir 


ailllrl'S   (if    ihr     M 


nnsr   a  I 


\ariaiil.  ainl  driu'inls  iniirli   nil  tlic   ar-r   i,f 


V  rasi   IS  i|iiili 


lir  animal 


ll 


In  lir  a  iinivrrsal  law  with  the  (Vrvidr  llial    llir  Miiiiir-rr  I 


serins 
ir  ani- 


mal   is    tlir    Iniir'rr  IS  tli('  antler   iii   nialiiriiir'  and   tin-   lalrr  is  ii 


earned 


Tlir    linir  wlieii   llie  active   ijrnwtli    nf   tlie    antler  enminei 


lee-. 


drlirllds   lllinll   the    latlludr,   nl'   ralllrlnll   llir    ad\  aileelllr  111     (ll     ll 


seasnll. 
iisiiallv 


III    il 


s  sniiilierii    raiirc.  sa\'  in    Nnva    Sentia.  the   ^i 


rnwi  ll 


eniiiineliees  lale  ill  April,  nr  the  liliie  when  the  sap  eniii 
llleliees  In  llnw  ill  the  trees.  (  )n  tile  adillls  the  rXlrl'lial  r'mwil 
nf  llir  aiitlrris  eninpleted  liy  the  tir-t  nf  Srplrmlirr.  w  lirii  lli 
velvi't  is  riililied  oft',  which    is  the  cnniiiieiieeiiieiit    nf   the  nut 

11 


MIL 


seasnll.  This  lasts  iVoiii  fnrly  tn  lifty  days,  as  W(!  sliall  liav 
neeasinii  tit  observe  hereal'ter.  It  is  during'  this  season  that  tlir 
aiiiler  is  most  reijiiirrd  as  a  weapon  of  warfare,  when  it  is  all 
idivL'  with  tli(3  internal  growtii,  and  is  more  elastic  and  capaMc 
of  enduring  ;i  greater  strain,  than  after  il  dies  hy  the  destriiclmii 
of  ili(i  nutrient  vessels,  as  has  been  helore  related.  On  the  older 
s|)eciniens  the  antler  is  .soinetiiiu;s  shed  in  Deciunher,  hut  hy  far 
till!  largest  proportion  are  cast  during  .laniiary  and  Fehi'uary. 
while   some   of    the    vouugi.r   siieeiinens    earrv    their   antlers   lill 


■////;    I. \  77, /;/,'>■. 


VXi 


April,   nr  ('Veil     tll«'     .M;iV    ImIImu  i||M>  Altrr     \]\<-     I'llMillH'    SfM-ill     !-< 

|i;i>l,  iluriiiif  uliii'li  lln'  iiiillci's  ;in'  still  in  an  rircciixr  ci.nilil  Imm 
as  \vi'a|Mins  m-  sliicliU,  iIhtc  is  rai'cU  iii'ca^inn  I'U-  llicii'  u>r.  us 
tile  I'cllii^rrrni  i li^| m i^i I ii m  crasi'^  with  till'  nil. 

As  iii\  (Aiirriiiii'iii  >  sliuu  ilial  till'  alisiiilicnt  iiiMrr-.-  wiri.ji 
liiusc'iis  llir  antler  tium  its  si-al.  rri|i;ir(-~  almiii  uni'  iii<>iilli  l"  ae- 
iiini|ilisli  its  wiiik.  diirinn'  wliiili  il  is  an  iiicil  luiciMn  apiii'inli^i-, 
\\i'   sec   tlial    tlir  \\ra|"i|i    I'riaiiis   its   xilalitN   and    i'lliriciic\    I'di-   a 

i'(i||>ii|.'raMf   tillli'.    wli.M     il-.   11^1'    Wulllil     sci'lll     to     In'     nil     IhMU'iT  tlr- 

iiiaiiilcil  Ipv  till'  ili-'|i'i^it  Iciji  III'  ilic  aiiiiiial. 

i  lie  I'liJluw  iim  a.'r  tlic  Ml.M'r\at  iiiii>  dl'    Mr.   MiTimu   df  llalita\. 

•  11    t  llis  Slllijfct   ;     ••     I'lic    cpjil     MiMix'    >lic(|     1  llrir   lliiilis    illllir    iMl-|\ 
[•ail     nf   willliT,   a    MTV    ti'W     ill     1  )ccrllllirl',    tip'    J^rcalcsi     lUlllli'   T   ill 

.laiiiiarv  ami  lAKruai'v  .  1  lia\c  seen  sninc  in  I''i'lii'iia!  .  wliirji 
had  jiist  Inst  their  linnis.  I  niice  >hiit  a  \miiiil;'  Imll  ii.  I'eiiiaarv, 
wliieh  still  wnr,'  ills  horns  liniiU  set  on  his  I  I.  'I  in'  hi 
linriis  1  lieli.'M'  are  earried  until  eaiK  sjirihu  The  M  ■■<-..■  luU 
iheif  velvei  ii-in  the!,'  hums,  just  I'l'l'iire  and  diiriii.;'  \.,,-  eaiK 
pal"  "I'  ilic  nittiiiL;'  season."  l'a|itain  llardv.  in  "  l''oi<  ^1  l/ih'  in 
Aeaiiie,"  says,  ••The  vouiil;'  hull  niuose  ^lows  his  lii>t  lioin  (  ,i 
ill  I  le  da  e'  of  a  e\  liiidrieal  t'oriii  )  in  his  >eeoiid  sunn  iier.  /.  -  ,.  when 
"lie  year  old.  iloth  lhe>e  aiii|  the  iie\t  _\ear"s  LiVowlh.  which  ai" 
hit'iircati',  remain  on  the  heail  throughout  the  winter,  lill  April 
or  May.  The  paliiiate  horns  ot'  siieeeedine'  years  are  dropped 
earlier,    in    .laniiary    or    |-"eliriiar\ ,    a    new    er,,\vtli    eoiuinenein^ 

ill    April.        The   lull   ile\elojiliiellt     ot'    tile     lloril    appears    to     he    al- 

laiiied  when  the  auiiiial  is  in  its  seveiuh  yeai-."" 

|)r.  (iilpiii  says.'    ••  In  the  hull  eall'  of  ilu-  tirsi    year  two  kuolis 

--well   out    upon    the    forehead    heiieatli    the   skin  :    in   the   second 

M'arthe   true   horn   appears,  —  a  siiiu'le  [innin' si\   or  eieht  Indies 

I'Mie- ;    in  the  third  year  the  new  horn  is  usually  triliiieered  and  a 

lill  le  llatteiied  ;   and   in    the   hdirtli   year  assumes  the  adult   form. 

ilioiie'h    small.      The    Indians  and   liiintiMs  say,  they  increase  i ill 

the  eighth   year.      'I'lu-   horn  of   the    adult    hull   springs    at    right 

angles  from    a    hroatl   knohhy   hase   on    the   forehead,   thi'ows  off 

one,  two,  or  tlirco  brow-prongs  or  tines,  ami   then   rapidly  llal- 

leiiing,  retlects  hackwards  nearly  at  right  angles,  forming  a  hroad 

llalleiied  [laliii,  the  anterior  convex  edge   of   which   is   suhdividecl 

into    inort!  or  K'ss  iiumei-oiis  tines.     'Idiere  is   some  analogy  he- 

tWeell   the   iiiimlier  of   these   tiiiesaiul   the  age  of   the  owner,  hut 

'   111   Art.  iv.,  (Jii  III,    Miiiiiiii'di't  "f  .\'"0(  <>fiiiiti,  i)V  .1.  IJiU'iKinl  (;il]iiii,  A.  I!.,  M. 
]).,  M.  i;.  S.  C. 


in> 


77//'    hV.Ki;    OF  A  mi:/;  I'  A. 


iKit  Mcciinitr  ('iinu<^ii  I'oi' calciilatioii.  Almiit  si'vcii  or  ci^lit  tiiics 
;iri'  till'  msiimI  niniilirr.  Tlir  liii'^cst  |>:iii'  ol'  lioriis  I  Ii;i\r  srcii. 
iiicioui'cil   ti\('   I'ci'l    ;iii(l   two  iiiclii's  tVoin  tip  to  tip,  the  lifinicst 


\\( 


i^iicil   iiliout  lil'ty  j)ouii(ls 'I'licy  sIhmI  tlicm   in    I'\'l 


H'll 


iirv.  iiiii 


I   I  I 


i;u  (•  S('( 


11  llic  yoiiiii,^  \('lvcl  horn  iii  A] 


'Xin'il. 


lifsi'  (iiiotat ions  iirc   iVoiii    {\\o  vers  Ix'st    an' lioritic 


H'oihI 


olisciNcrs.  witli  till-  very  lu'st,  attaiiiaMc  opportniiitics  lor  ohscrv- 
iii^.  Mr.  Morrows  observations,  tliat  soiiu'  old  specimens  drop 
their  antlers  in  I)eeeinl)er,  meivly  estal)lisli"s  a  t'aet  wliicli  liad 
iioi  lieeii  oliserved  liy  the  others,  l»nt  wliieli  he  lia<l  liiinsell'  wit- 
iiesseil.  It  is  the  e(.|i(.i'al  impression  thai  llie  antlers  of  the 
Moose  iittain  thi'ir  ereatest  (k'velopnient  when  the  animal  lia- 
reaehi'd  his  lull  maturity  :  and  that  when  ad\  aiieiiiii,' aije  lieein-: 
to  impair  his  viuor  the  antlers  Ljrow  less  in  si/e  and  are  K'ss  pi'i- 
i'ecllv  developed,  and  that  this  deterioration  progresses  as  age 
eiiteelijes  the  animal  :  and  1  think  tlie  weight  of  the  (nidcnee  is  in 
ill vor  ol  this  eoiK'lnsion  :  lull  if  this  he  so  I  think  it  is  except  ioual. 
for  with  the  other  nieiiiliers  of  the  family,  judging  from  mv  own 
observations  and  the  best  evidence  1  can  get  fr<ini  others,  the 
antlers   increiise    in    si/e   after  the  animal    has   attained   his  full 


iea> 


development.  an<l  ])rol);il>ly  so  long  as  lie  lives,  in  health  at 

'I'lie  antlers  on  the  vonng  Mooso  are  of  a  chestnut  ))rown  :  a- 

the\   grow  older  thev  lose   tile  oliestiiut  sliaile  and   hecoiiie  a  gra\ 

hrown.  and   as  thev  grow  older  still,  thi'V  assunie  a  lighter  shade. 

till  liiialK'  on  aged  animals  they  lieeoine  fairly  white. 

'I'liese   oliservatioiis   !ip[>ly   eipially  to   the   Scandinavian   VAk. 
a   e'eiieral    rule  tin-  antler  on   the  latter  is  less  iialmateil 


oiilv  as 


than  on  our  .Moose,  and  the  tines  are  longer  and  laru'er.  altl 


loll"  1 1 


s|ieciniens  n 


av  he    found   from   the  .Vmerican  variety,  |ir 


esent  iiii'' 


this  peculiarity  to  as  great  an  extent  as  in  l'.i,ro{)e,  and  there  [oo 
antlers  are  found  as  much  palmated  as  lieic.  so  that  it  is  onlv  of 
til"  average  that  the  remark  jnst  made  is  applicahle  if  a  niimlicr 
are  compared  together.  \\y  reason  of  the  e\ce|)tional  striK'tures 
met  with  on  Doth  contineiils,  it  is  never  satV'  to  declare  the  origin 


o|    anv  siiie|(>    s 


pecimen  [)resented,  althongh  an  inspection  of  ; 
coiisideralile  nnmher  togetlu'r  might  leave  little  doiiht  as  t' 
whence   thev  came.      'I'liose   from  America  mouIiI    he  found   to  hi 


ari-er.  ov  reason  o 


f  the  increased  si/.e  of  the  animal  1 


lere,  as  we 


is  more  |ialinated.  with  smaller  tines. 

As  we  have  already  seen,  hifiircated  antlers  with  doiihle  palin> 
ire  met  with  in  both  countries,  though  they  are  \ery  rare. 

I    here  present    an   illustration  of  an  antler  of   u  Scandina\  iaii 


THE  a\tlj:i!s. 


mo 


I'Jk,  prncnrf(|  in  R(M'lin,  wli'u^Ii  with  tliosc  sliown  on  ]>;in't^  10.') 
and  nil  tln' animal  sliown  lii'n'atii-r  iindfr  llic  Ih'iuI  ••  (  oiiLicncrs." 
will  <4'iv»^  a  lair  idea  of  tlic  proporlioiis  of  |ialni  and  tiin's  of  the 
antlt'i'sof  that  animal,  and  s(t  they  may  Im  I'omiian'd  with  the 
si'viM'al  antlers  of  tin-  Moos(i  shown  in  the  illustrations.  That  on 
]>am^  !'.••'>  is  an  t'Ktrcmt' s|)('ciiin'ii,  showiiiij;  a  ^rcatfr  jiro|iortion 
of  palm  than  is  usual  with  the  Moimc.  and   I  liavr  never  sri'ii  any- 


Swedish    EIk,    from    Berlin, 

thing  ap)>roat']iing  it  on  the  Scandinavian  Klic.  I  think  onon^h 
has  heeii  shown  to  verify  the  conehision  that  the  palm  contains 
a  larger  proportion  of  the  antler  on  the  American  varietv  than 
oil  the  ICurojieaii  variety.  Still,  for  all  this,  they  are  specilicallv 
identical,  as  we  shall  hereafter  see. 


We  shall  better  nnderstaiid  tlie  comparisons  by  iiexl  exaniin- 
iiig  tilt!  antlers  of  tlu^  Ileimleer.  wliieh  are  the  only  other  spi'cies 
\vhos(>  antlers  are  decidedly  [lalmale  as  a  constant  characteristic. 

(  U"  tlu!  antlers  of  the  Woodlaml  Carilioii.  Dr.  tJilpin,  iji  the 
paper  from  which  I  have  already  ipio|(>d.  savs  :  '•  liotli  sexes 
have  horns,  the  doe  coiii|)arat  ively  .-mall,  with  great  irregidaril  \'  of 


■2W} 


riii:  i)i:i:i!  or  amiuhca. 


t'orin.  "^riicsc  luinis  iwv.  all  rcj^ular  in  two  or  tliri'c  typical  forms. 
Tlusy  liavc  almost  always  t)iie  brow  antler,  ln'oad  and  j)alniatc(| 
ovci-  the  eye,  tlii^  otliLM'  corresponding  antler  ronnd.  A  second 
lirow  antler  iVontinu'  i"orwar<l,  a  few  inches  above  this,  and  the 
main  shall   of  the  horn   turned   forward,  more  or  less  palmatcd, 


li  lillfii 


i-  ■ 

f 

1 

j! 

k 

L. 

Male   Caribou  Antlers. 

and  with  inori!  ov  loss  tines,  all  coming  from  the  !)ack  or  convex 
surface  of  tin;  horn.  I  possess  a  pair  of  horns  in  which  tho  two 
brow  antlers  are  symmetrical,  resembling  clasju'd  hands  over  the 
forelu'ail.  1  i)ossi'ss  another  })air  of  .small  horns,  with  one  single 
brow  antler,  and  but  one  tine  from  ii  scarcely   pahuatod  horn. 


Tin:  .\\Ti.i:i;x. 


2(11 


Tliis  liist  ciiii'.c  t'nnn  l.aluadnr.  and  I  lliiiik  ^rcw  u|iiin  a  dm'. 
'V\ni  (itlicr  may  \>v  ciilicr  a  NUva  Sci.tiaii  ur  Ncwt'cuiiidlaiid  spcci- 
liRMl.  l)ft\vcrii  these  t\\(i,  wiiieli  may  Ik-  eoiisidered  llie  ultra 
cxtfcim's,  the  variety  is  eii(Uess." 

i\iiother  typical  t'eatiire  is.  that  aliiuisi  always  one.  and  gen- 
erally liotli,  (if  the  hrow  tines,  project  diiwn wards  over  the  t'ace, 
reachine  with  the  spurs  on  the  palms,  nearly  lo  the  end  of  the 
nose,  and  very  freijUently  obstruct ine'  the  vision  more  oi'  less. 
Sometimes  liotli  the  lii'ow  ami  the  lie/  line  tlesceiid  fi'om  tiie 
same  antler  to^'ther,  and  are  hroadly  palmated  at  the  ends, 
Tiiese  palms  Liciierally  stand  vertically,  or  nearly  so,  or  are  coni- 
jiressed  laterally. 

I  hav(!  in  my  collection  four  sets  of  male  cariliou  antlers,  ami 
in  all,  the  antlers  on  eiich  heail  ai'e  exceptionally  alike,  as  will  hi; 
seen  in  the  illusti'atioiis. 

TIh!  largest  (  I-'Il,'.  -)  are  three  fei't  long'  each.  The  lieains  are 
nearly  cvlindrical,  or  I'atlier  trian^ulai',  to  near  their  ends,  where 
they  have  small  palms  hordi-red  with  spurs.  Ivich  brow  tint; 
which  descends  over  the  face  is  seventeen  inches  lonj;'.  They  are 
compressed  laterally  towards  their  ends  to  widths  of  three  and 
four  inches  res[)ectively.  thi>  spurs  of  which  approach  each  other 
to  within  three  inches,  while  they  are  upart  ten  inches  at  the 
hcams.  Kacli  in  my  collection,  exce[)t  the  smallest,  throws  off 
line  or  more  postei'ior  tines.  These  show  an  exceptional  absence! 
of  palmation.  and  much  more  I'esemble  the  antU'rs  of  the  l^uro- 
pean  variety  than  is  usually  met  with  in  this  country.  A  ehnice 
at  the  illustrations  of  the  antlers  of  the  Ileindei-r  of  liUi'o[)e 
and  of  till!  Woodland  Caribou  will  show  this,  but  that  the  com- 
parison mav  be  the  bettir  understood  1  will  t;'ive  the  measure- 
ments of  the  antlers  of  tlu>  male  wild  Iveindeer  which  I  bmueht 
from  Laj)land,  shown  in  the  illustration.  ( Fii^'.  T,  p.  'l^^-'u)  The 
rin'ht  antler  is  thirty-eieht  inches  and  six  lines  long.  (  bi  that 
ihe  brow  tine  is  twi'lve  inches  and  eight  lines.  It  has  two  pos- 
terior tines  near  the  end  of  the  beam,  the  first  of  which  is  eight 
inches  and  three  lines  in  length,  and  tlu!  other  is  six  inches  and 
nine  lines,  'i'here  is  no  be/.-tine  on  this  antler.  The  left  antler 
is  thirty-live  inches  and  six  lines  long.  The  brow  tine  is  niiit! 
inches  an  I  tliree  lines  in  length,  and  the  be/.-tiu"  is  thirteen 
inches  long.  While  these  tines  are  llattened  they  are  not  pal- 
>d,  as  is  iisuallv  observe<l    on    the    American  variety.     Al- 


inati'i 


though  the  burrs  are  not  entirely  wanting  tlu'y  are  very  insignili- 
cant,  as  is  always  the  case  on  both  continents,  and  the  pedicels 


I'Mi 


I 


im^ 


iiil 


(i 


!t 


i   i! 


n 


202 


77//;  Dj:i:ii  of  amkiuca. 


aro  sliortor  tlian  on  any  oilier  of  our  sjk'c'k's.  Near  tlio  upper 
])art  of  (lio  Ix'aiu  llirrc  posterior  tiiifs  avu  thrown  ofT.  tlie  loiieest 
\vA\  and  on*'  half  ineh(>s.  ar.'l  th<'  shortt'st  two  inches  and  nine 
linos.  As  T  do  not  find  tht'  antlers  uf  the  female  Caribou  else- 
wliere  descrilicd.  only  as  that  they  are  smaller  than  on  the  male. 
I  ^\ill  o'ive  a  particular  description  of  a  pair  in  my  collection 
(Fin'.  •">).  in   addition  to  the  illustration.      'I'hev  stand  on  conical 


3.    Female   Caribou    Antlers 

4   and    5.    Male    Canbou   Antlers. 

pedicels,  which  are  nearly  four  inclies  apart,  and  which  at  then' 
tops  are  one  inch  in  their  longest  diamettM-,  and  nine  lines  in  the 
shortx'st,  wliii'h  represents  about  the  size  ami  .shaj)e  of  the  antler 
at  tlie  butt,  where  there  is  .scarcely  any  burr.  'J'h(>  ])edicel  is 
seven  lines  loni;.  The  entire  length  of  the  right  antler  is  eleven 
and  a  lialf  iiu'lies.  The  brow-tine  is  seven  inches  long,  is  thrown 
olV  one  and  a  half  inches  above  the  butt,  'i'his  tim-  is  forked 
two  and  ;i,  half  inches  from  thi'  end.  Six  inches  above  the  brow 
thie  a  posterior  snag  is  thrown  olT,  nine  lines  long. 


THE  AXTLKUS. 


20:', 


Tlic  wIk.Ic  l.'iij^'tli  of  the  left  antlci' is  thirteen  iiirhes:  ahove 
the  liiitt,  two  inches,  tlie  hrow-line  is  thrown  olV,  wliieli  is  six 
and  a  lialf  inclies  lon^-  and  not  forked.  Six  inelies  above  this,  a 
posterior  sniiuf  slioots  olT,  which  is  two  inelies  lon<;'.  No  hrond 
pahns  are  shown  on  these  antlers.  P.otli  beams  and  tines  are 
greatly  compressed  laterally,  thickest  in  their  middle  ami  di'aw- 
ing  <[nite  renjularly  to  ed^cs  cncli  w;iy.  Tln'se  are  interestinn' 
for  tli(^  entire  absence  of  any  p;«lni,  althon,n;h  tlu^  Ihittened  form 
shows  a  strong  tendency  throughout  to  palniatation.  Onr  au- 
thors and  hunters  seem  to  have  equally  ovi-rlooked  the  imjior- 
t;in<'e  of  a   careful    studv  of   th(>  antlers  of   the    female  and   the 


6.  From    F(aiale    Wild    Reindeer   frorn    Lapland. 

7.  From    Male    Wild    Reindeer   frorn    Lapland. 

young  mal(>  of  this  species,  though  the  difTereneo  to  me  is  very 
jtlain.  These  certainly  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  small 
pair  in  Dr.  Giljnn's  collection,  his  descrijttion  of  which  I  will  re- 
peat: "  I  possess  another  pair  of  very  small  horns  with  one  sim- 
ple brow-iintler  and  but  one  tine,  fr)m  a  S(!arcely  pal  mated 
horn.  This  last  camo  from  Labrador,  and  J  think  is  a  (hjc's." 
Now  tlu>se  are  the  only  words  of  any  author  wliicdi  I  find,  tend- 
ing to  give  th'i  l(>ast  idea  of  the  antlers  of  th(>  doe,  excei)t  that 
they  are  much  sm.dler  than  those  of  tlu;  buck. 

An  examination  of  many  specimens,  esjx'cially  fi'oiu  the  1-lu- 
ropean  Meindeer,  shows  that  the  l)(»ctoi-  was  Undoubtedly  correct 
in  his  conclusion  that  his  specimen  was  from  a  female  Caribou. 
Compare  his  description  with  the  illustrations  of  tht^  antlers  of 


i 


It 


II  it 


204 


'/•///■;  hi:i:i!  oj'  amehka. 


tlic  Aiiicrii'Mii  iiiitl  Jmii'()])i';»ii  female  J{eiii(li'er,  iiiid  iiiiy  ilnuKl  !•(>- 
iiiainiiijj,'  iniist  l)e  reiuuved. 

I^ct  US  iKiw  \f\\i\  II  (lescriptidii  ami  measurements  of  the  pair  of 
female    wild    lieimleer   antlers    wliicli    1    lirmin 
(  l''i.i;'.  (i  (111  p.  2<l:',. ) 


hi    f 


I'oiii    l>a|ilaii(l 


The  rie'iil  antler  is  eiehtcen  inches  and   live  lines  lunu'.  with  a 


1) 


)r()\v-t nie.  sciven   mclies  and   three  lines    hniy',  ;iii(l   two    posteriDi 


d   t' 


tines,   llm   loiiLi'est     live    iiiela 


iUK 


1    tl 


iree   hues    in   leiijiith. 


T 


lelt  antler  is  nineteen  inches  and  huir  lines  in  leiii;ili.  1  he 
hniw-antlcr  is  six;  inches  and  seven  lines  in  leiiLith,  with  a  small 
smiLi,'  al)(ivc  it  and  then  an  anterior  tine  live  and  a  half  iiicln's 
lout;'.  There  are  four  postcrioi'  lines  or  snags.  Jliere  arc  nn 
jialms  (HI  these  antlers,  tiiouyli  the  lines  are  coiisideraldy  llat- 
tencd,  especially  the  hrow  tines,  which   desi:end   over  the 


IS 


invariahlv  the   case  with   the    iintlers  of   the  Keind 


eer 


ace  a- 


liese 


we   see  are  considerably    lai'in'er    than   those  from   the   American 
variety,  but  this  is  accidental,  for  such  is  not  usually  the  case. 

Ordinarily  the  antlers  of  the  Caribou  spring'  from  the  head  in  an 
oblique  direction,  about  forty-live  degrees  from  the  hori/oiital.  or 
ninety  degrees  from  each  other  ;  their  direction  is  lirst  baekwaid 
and  outward  for  about  half  their  length,  and  then  forward,  ii|i- 
ward,  and  inward,  so  that  tlu;  tevmiiial  points  are  nearer  togetlci' 


than  the  beams  ai'(!  at  the 


aiiii'le  () 


f  tl 


le  curvature,  and   alioiit  as 


far  forward  as   tin;  seats  of  the  antlers;  many,  howi^vcr,  depart 
from   these    characteristics.     Strangely   vtiriant  as    tliesc!  antlers 


)ften 


tin( 


1  an;  iroin  each  otlu-r,  even  when  grown  on   the  same   iieai 
1  at  the    same  time,    yet    they   jiossess  features  never    to    \» 


mistaken  by  the  careful  observer,  who  will  at  once  recognize'  the 
Caribou's  antU'r,  no  matter  what  its  form. 

In  another  respect  the  antlers  of  the  Caribou  and  also  of  tli>' 
Eiiro])ean  Ileinde(;r  are  (piite  peculiar.  'J'liey  have  by  far  the 
least  burr  of  any  antlers  grown  upon  any  deer.  (Jencrally  tl 
liave  what  may  bi;  called 
destitute  of  it,  but  on  all   it 


lev 


L  riulimeii 


tal  b 


)urr,  and   very   lew  an 


is  very  insignilicant  and  on  most  it 
is  (juite  wanting  on  some  part  of  the  circumference. 

A  glance  at  tin-  illustrations  will  show,  while  the  antlers  of  the 
Woodland  Caribou  and  the  liarren-ground  Carilioii  are  formed 
on  the  same  general  [ilan,  they  present  dilferences  generally  suili- 
eient  to  identify  the  species  on  wliich  they  gri;w. 

The  most  striking  dilVerence  between  the  two  species  is  in  their 
relative  si/e.  The  Woodland  Caribou  is  twice  as  large  as  his  more 
northern  rehitive,  and  the  antlers  of  the  latter  are  twic»;  as  large 


i 


'/■///■;  . I. V 7 7, /;/;>■. 


205 


as  tliDsc  lit'  till'  foriiitT,  so  tliat  llu-  siiialli'i'  aiiiiiial  has  antlers 
wliii'li  arc  I'liur  tiiiics  as  larnf  in  iiim|ii  irt  ion  tu  tin'  si/.c  nf  lih^ 
aiiiiiial  iis  tilt-  t"oriui'i'.  As  tiir  aiitlns  nt'  liir  WMMcilmul  ('ariKdii 
arc  as  iai'i^r  in  |>ni[i()rtiiin  In  iiis  si/i-  as  tlm-^i'  ci|  any  nt'  tlir  nilicr 
spcrics.  \vc  set'   tliat  tliosf  t^Town   nn    till-  ISai'i'i-n-^i'iMinil    ('ariinai 

al'i-    SM    r\crssi\r    in    l^roWtll    as   tn  rXcilr  I'lir   Wiiinlrr.        It    cl'ialrs 

till'  iinpri'ssii.n  tlial  lir  must  l>i'  I'airU'  lail''ii  ili)\vn  with  thdr 
Wfinlit,  and  tliat  tlir  drain  ii|ii)ii  tin-  >vsiciii  tu  siipply  tlii>  imimi-- 
niniis  growth  III'  lidiii'  ill  a  few  niniiihs.  iniHt  mtri'lili-  the  aiiiinal. 
for  till'   liiiii'   at    least.      'Ihis    is  nut  sn.  huwcvrr.  inure  than  with 

the  I'lller  spei'ies.  All  thentlier  species  wlliell  \  liave  perxillallv 
(>liser\ed.   while     tile    ailtler    is    ^MMwillL;'.   seem     to    lie     inure  iir  less 

cnl'eelileil  and  in  pmir  eiiiiditinn.  and  most  of  all  is  this  tin-  rase 
with  the  \  ir^'inia  deer.  Diirini;'  the  same  periml  the  females  are 
sui'kliiiL;'  their  yciiiiL!,'.  whirli  would  M'ein  to  lie  a  snllieieiit  ex- 
planation why  they  are  poor  also  :  luit  my  oliser\  ations  teaeh  me 
that  the  liarreii  does  maintain  a  lietter  eiinditioii  of  tlesh  diirinn' 
the  summer  than  the  otlu'rs,  though  these  also  liecoine  ipiite  piKir 
in  earlv  summer. 

llow  tar  the  1  larreii-n'ronnd  Carilioii  are  an  I'xeeption  to  this 
rule.  I  am  imt  prepared  to  say.  •• 'I'he  reindeer.  "  s;ivs  ('aptain 
Lvmi.  "'■  visits  the  ]iolar  regions  at  the  latter  end  of  Mav,  or  earlv 
part  of  .liiiu',  and  remains  until  late  in  Sejitemlier.  <  )n  his  arrival 
he  is  thin  and  his  tlesh  is  tasteless,  iiiil  the  short  suniiiH'r  is  sulli- 
eieiit  to  fatten  him  to  two  or  tlii'ee  inches  on  the  haunches." 
|{ieli;irds()n  (p.  :^4:'>)  say.s  :  "When  in  (•oiiditioii  there  is  a  layer 
of  fat  deposited  on  the  haek  or  rnnip  of  the  males  to  the  dejitli  of 
two  or  three  inches  or  more  ininiedi.itelv  under  tin;  skin,  which  is 
termed  ihjinK'ilIc  hy  the  ('anadian  voyagers  ;  and  as  an  article  of 
Indian  trade  it  is  ofteu  of  more  value  than  all  the  remainder  of 
the  carcass.  The  Jc/m///'//^' is  thickest  at  the  comiiienci'mcnt  of 
the  rutting  .season  :  it  then  hecome.s  of  ti  red  color,  iiciiiiires  ii  liieh 
flavor,  and  soon  after  disap|ii'ars." 

( )ne  not  familiar  with  the  hahit:  of  the  deer,  would  he  likelv  to 
iiiiilerstand  ('ai)taiu  Lyon's  remark  as  stating  that  thi'  animal 
had  heen  increasing  in  ilesh  during  tin;  whole  time  his  antlers 
had  lieeii  growing.  This  would  he  a  great  mistake.  The  fact 
that  the  deer  are  in  the  iinest  eoiulition  at  tin;  beifiniiinix  <>f  th ) 
rut.  which  is  shortly  after  tin;  vi'lvet  is  rulilied  off  the  antlers, 
is  not  conlined  to  tht;  IJarreii-grouml  Caribou,  Imt  applies  to  all 
of  the  family.  It  does  not  reipiire  the  wlioh;  of  even  the  shortest 
summer   for  any  deer  to  imi)rove  from  a  lean  condition  to  that  of 


'.t  i 


fi 


?  ii 


i  i:  i: 


200 


77//';   /^/i'TiVt'    O/-  AMEIilCA. 


§ 


Woodland   Caribou.       [Copied  from  Hardv.l 

8.  The  Oniinary  Canada  Type.  Q.  Carilxm  Horns  from  iJewfoundland. 

lo.   Horns  fnim  Labrador. 


77/ A'   .\XTf./:j;s. 


207 


Barren-ground   Canbo 


(CoiiieU  from  RidiardsoiiJ 


20S 


77//;  /'/;/;/.'  "/■  .\mi:i;ic.\. 


Hi 


H 


:i!i' 


L  'If 

m 


I    I 


M  vi'fv  f;il  <iiir.  (  )iii'  ciiiiiiiiDii  drci'.  wliidi  is  iisiiallv  mtv  |tiiiii 
(liii'iiiiL;  tlif  n'l'iiwlli  III  till'  aiitliTs.  iiiilil  llicy  an-  mtv  mailv 
runiii'tl.  suiMt'iilv  ciiiiimi'iicrs  ti>  iini>ri>vt'  in  cuiiiliti'in,  ami  in  a 
\ci'v  sliiirt    tinit'  afli'i'  tin'  vcKrt    is   nililu'd  <i|V  is   fatter  than   at 


an\  lit  lirr  1 1\\\( 


\y 


I'    n I    iml    (li 


mill    thai  a  vci'\   i'l'W  wcrks   at 


thr  must  arc  i'ci|nin'il  t'l  criVft  an  I'unal  clian^i'  in  t  his  ( '.irilmii 
when  IVcdinL;'  npnn  an  alunulanci' uj'  thrnin-t  nni ritiniis  \ c^cta- 
tiun    k n<i\\  n  tn  l)iitan\ . 


W 


('    nia\   sali'lv  assinni'   that    tins  ilrci'   is  ni    tin'  n mi'i-st  cnnili- 


.iuji  at  the  tiiHi'  wJicn  thi-  ntliri' ili'i'f  ai'i'  |mii)1'csi,  that  is.  wlh'ii 
the  ant  Ici's  ai'f  in  their  nmsl  vii^'oiMUs  L;'rii\\ih:  ami  \'e  niav  well 
(•iijiclmle  t  hat,  the  larger  |u'u|)nrt  innate  si/r  ol'  t  he  ant  lers  dt'  this 
ileer   ninst  niiihe  a  e'i'(';iter  (leniand  nil    thesxsteiii    than  nenirs    in 


lee   \\i'    sec 


that     the  (leer   is     mit    n|| 


tiirt  ion  1 1|    1  lie  elelllelll 


the  ease  uf   the   others.      I  lei 

])(iiir,  l>nt  as  IJielianlsdii  tells  ns.  a  laiL^'e  |iri)| 

nl'  nntritidii   are  drawn    iVoiii  the  llesli.  so  that   it    is  nearly  wnrtli- 

less  as  I'diiil.  while  (he  meat:  nl  the  tiioose,  wlidse  antler  is  mil  niie 

sixth   the    relative   size,  is   still    niitrltidus    thuuLdi    tl 


e   annual  Ue 


jlDdl', 


IJiiiTon  thinks  that  the  size  nf  the  deer's  antler  deiiemls  nii 
iinonnt  nf  nntrinieiit  which    he  takes  :    that 


the 


a    W<'ll-l(Hl    (leer   Wli 


have  larccr  antlers  than  one  even  nf  the  same  species  nut  well 
nourished.  If  this  lie  so,  then  hy  a|i|ilyini;'  the  tlienry  to  this 
spoeics,  wo  may  lind  sdinc  explanation  df  the  cmirnions  dcvclop- 
iiuMit  of  the  untlers,  lor  the  very  nutritious  lichens  (jn  which 
lliey  feed  are  practically  unlimited  within  their  rang'e. 

Ill  fdnii,  tdd,  as  well  as  in  size,  there  is  an  ap[irecialile  dilTer- 
ciice  lielweeii  the  lai'Ljc  and  th(>  small  Carilidii.  altlidU!j;h  tlie\ 
possess  the  same  e'cnend   cdiaracteristics  which   distiiiu;'uisli  then: 


fi'din  those   of  the   other  Ccrvida'.      A 


s  a  ^cm 


rtd   rule   the  1 


)eani 


of  tin;  antler  is  loii:;'er  in  pro[)ortion  to  its  diameter  than  on  the 
larger  species:  it  has  less  tines,  is  h'ss  palmated,  and  presents 
more  curvature,  tdthoueh  exeeptions  to  this  eencpal  ruK'  are  fre- 
quently met  with. 

In  speaking  of  the  Northern  Indians,  Uichardson  says:  "Of 
tlie  caribou  horns  tliey  form  their  iish  s[)ears  and  hooks,  and 
previous  to  tlie  introduction  of  Eurojiean  iron,  ice-ciiisels,  and  va- 
rious other  utensils  were  likewise  made  of  them."'  This  is  cer- 
tainly suggestive  of  tlie  solidity  and  tenacity  of  tlieso  antlers, 
and  shows  tliiit  although  so  large  and  grown  in  so  short  a  season, 
their  growth  is  quite  as  perfin-t.  ai'.d  they  ai'e  as  well  matured  as 
the  antlers  of  ;inv  of  the  other  deer. 


liv 


/•///;  .  I  \- 77. /;/.'>'. 


JD'.t 


.\l\  mily  iiil'unii;iii(iii  is  tlial  llic  nM  Im.ks  .-licl  ilhir  iim  Iii's 
liv  till'  cinl  III'  .\u\  I'liilx'i'.  while  tin-  yniiiiM-  Imrlis  cai'i'v  lliiii>< 
imti!  spriiii;',  and  the  females  retain  tlieir>  until  .Ma\  ov  .liine. 
when  they  are  ahont  to  drup  tiieir  yminL,'. 

In  nue  respeet  only  do  the  ant  leis  of  the  I  >airen -ground  (  '.ni- 
lioU  I'esendde  tllo>e  i.f  the  Laplaud  Keiudeii-  mnic  than  do  ll|..-e 
of  I  he  Woodland  ( 'ai'iliou,  and  thai  is  in  the  lea  t  n  re  thai  i  lii\  ai'e 
less  palniated  in  |iro|ioition  to  their  Milume.  In  this  we  wl.>er\e 
the  same  distinction  lieiween  the  reindeer  n\  the  (  »|d  W'oild  and 
those  of  America  that  we  see  hetweeii  the  elk  (if  I'',iirii]ie  ami  the 
moose  of  this  country.  In  lioth  a  lareei'  |UM|iorii.iu  >A  the  antler 
is  in  tlu'  palms  on  the  .\meiican  vaiieties  than  nn  the  I'anopean, 
and  \('t  we  lind  lioth  exticmes  in  this  reeard  in  hoih  e<iunlries. 

W'itii  the  female  C'arihou  the  dro[ipin^  of  the  antlers  -.eems  to 
lie  iiiLimalely  connected  with  the  time  of  parturition,  and  \ei  we 
would  suppose  that  that  of  all  the  year  wmdd  he  the  time  uIhii 
>he  most  needs  weapons  for  the  defense  of  her  youn^'.  If,  a-  a 
eeneral  economy  of  natui'c,  [>arts  are  adapted  to  wants  ur  ends. 
this  would  sucm  to  be  an  excei)tion  ;  \et  I  think  it  noi  im|iroli- 
alile  tliiit  a  more  intimate  ai'ipiaintani c  with  the  sidijeci  wnuld 
explain  these  phenomena  consistent ly  with  the  e;eneral  rule. 

'idle  naturalist  nuisL  renieudier  t  hat  In-  is  not  i-eipiiri'd  to  ex- 
plain the  pur[»ose  of  every  provision  in  nature  which  la;  <il)- 
serves,  or  else  abandon  this  law,  at  least  till  he  is  sure  that  he 
understands  all  its  uses  ;  and  yet  so  ihorouyldy  ind)nt'(l  is  thi' 
mind  with  the  inteerity  of  this  law  that  one  is  often  tempted  to 
conclusions  from  partially  observed  facts  when  a  more  intimate 
ac(piaintance  with  tlu;  subject  wouM  instruct  him  that  he  had 
ticeii  too  hasty  in  reachine"  comdnsious,  or  convince  him  that  he 
has  not  yet  discovered  the  purposes  designed  by  the  provision. 
We  must  not  understand  this  law  as  reiiuirino'  that  evervthiuL!; 
is  designed  for  the  benefit  uf  tht;  imbvidual,  tor  it  mav  be  de- 
signed for  the  benelit  or  [)rotection  of  otiiers.  Hence  smne  nat- 
uralists have  eonehided  that  the  earlv  sheddiiig  of  the  antlers  ..f 
the  male  deer  is  (h'sigiied  to  iU'})rive  him  of  the  means  of  de- 
stroying tlie  young  of  the  s[)ecies,  wlien  these  are  too  feebl(>  to 
escape  his  persecutions.  Now  tliis  assumes  tliat  the  aged  males 
have  such  destrnetivo  dispositions,  without,  st)  far  as  I  know,  a- 
siugU;  Tact  to  warrant  it.  and  es[)eci;dly  does  it  overlook  the  fact 
that  all  the  members  of  this  family  use  the  fore  feet  as  powerful 
wi'apons,  exce[)t  in  earnest  combat,  when  the  antlers  serve  as 
shields  as  well  as  swords.      Undoubtedly  were  the  male  ilis^xised 


H 


ii 


lit 


HI    r 

II  ■ 


!:■ 


UV 


¥ 


f 

■1    }'' 

fit 

r 


'  I  :  i  1  » 


lild 


77//;  /'/■.7;/.'  "/■  .1  \ii:i;i(A. 


In  ilrsl  r(i\  till'  yoiiiiM-  I'awiH.  Ill'  wuiiM  iiM'  Ilis  t'nrc  fi'ct  for  ilir 
]iiii'iM»sc  iiislcail  III'  Ilis  ;iiil  ji'i's,  even  tlimiLili  tin'  l;it  ti-r  wt'ic  in 
]ii'i'|'cctiiiii. 


13.  Crown  Antler  of  American    Elk. 

14.  Common    Form   of  Antler  of  American    Elk. 

I  must  close  this  brancli  of  my  subject  with  the  ivniiirk  tli;ii 
i'ui'tlier  observations  are  necessary  to  enable  us  to  fullv  imihi- 
stand  this  interesting  feature  of  the  economy  of  this  animal,  am! 


77//;  .1  \'77./;/,'\. 


:ii 


'.'    ^^'''''*    I  l':i\''  said    sliall    iii.lii uiy  wlin   Ii;i\v(l p|H,i  t  iiiiit  v 

I'M-    iii.ikin-    tli.«    ii.T.-ssaiy   (Jis.Tvatiniis    t,,    ,|,,    sn,    I    shall    U-i-l 
lii,ylil\   Lrralilird. 

Of  all  kiiMuii  .l.vf  thr  lual."  Wapiti.  ,„■  Amon.'aii  KlIc,  is  pro- 
valr,l  will,  thr  Icmnvst.lli..  ii.ost  m|.,,, villi  au.l  svi.iin..tn.'alaiitlrrs, 
.•I'l.I  wliirl,    aivals,,    lllnst  ..IL.rlivr  as    l.ntl,   w,.ai,u|IS   aii.l    sliirMs.' 

•'^'"'  ""'y  '!"■  '"■■""  l"'t  llic  liii..saiv..vliii,|riral  in  ru:a,K  altlh li 

'.'"  '"'"''^  •'"'>■  '"•'•  """■•"  '"•  I'-^s  llilttr 1  iMwai.l    tliM   ends,  \v|i,"v 

tHrl<s   will,    nrarly   r,|ual   lM'aiir||..s    ,„.,'iii-,  —  a    rorm  „l'  inaiiilV.t 
lit  i  lily. 

'I'In'y  an-  -n.wii  m,  ,HMli,vls  wlild,  Hs..  sonu'wliaf-  (,Mi,,,i,.lv 
''•"111    i-iIImt  si(lr.,f  ll„.  ,.n.\vn    of  tlidirad    to  a  liri-ht    ,,f  f,,ii'r 

'"'" ■"   '"•    l''ss.  aii.l    an"    iiiiirh    |,,nuvr   lliaii    (lins,-    ,„,    aiiv 

otiicr  AiMcricaii   .Ic.m-.  tl„.ii-|i  lii.!  l.arkiii-' .Im- ,,f  Asia   ^  Crri'is 

["""0'"'r)  far  i     ,1s  it  in  this  ivsiuvt,  havin-  a  iMMli,.,.l  ...malin..- 

'II   lrnj;H,   the  ,,     t  liT  iil,„vu  it. 


First  cr  Dag  Antlers  of  a  Young  American  EU. 

TIk"  (lag  antk'i-  of  onr  Elk  has  a  fcnn  peculiar  to  itself.  It  is 
"sually  a  spik,;  fi-oni  a  few  inelies  to  twenty-four  inches  in 
''■'i,!,'th.  Jt  is  larger  at  the  base  and  for  two  or  tliree  inehes 
"I'ove,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  tlie  rest  of  the  antler,  than 
any  subsequent  antler  grown  on  the  same,  or  on  any  other  deer. 
Ilowevin-,  no  one  familiar  with  them  can  ever  mis'take  ..ne  for 
the  spike   antler  of  any  other  deer.     They  arise  from  the  head 


m 


)!.) 


•Jl 


W  1 


TJ/K  ]>i:i:ii  OF  AMi:nicA. 


til  ;i  |Mist(ri(ir  iiiul  lateral  iiu'liiuitiiin,  and  tln-ii  at  lialf  tlicir 
Ifiigtli  llit'\ ciii'vi!  aiitL'i'iufly  ami  iiiwanl  .so  that  tiic  points  ap- 
pi'oacli  cacli  oilier  iiiori'  or  less.  The  lower  part  of  tin-  lieain  is 
ninif  angular  or  less  round  lha»i  the  .sul)He(|iient  antlers.  The 
taper,  I'roiii  a  I'l.'W  inelies  aliove  the  liiirr  to  the  jioint,  is  very  iini- 
I'olii:  ami  the  eiirvatiire  is  eraceful. 

Ill  several  instances  in  my  grounds,  tlie  dag  antler  on  the 
vouiii''  I'^llv  has  l)i'en  hiliireated.      This  took  iilaeis   near  the  u 


Pl'er 


emi.  ami  the  i)rongs  wei'e  not  widely  diiiereiit  in   their  leiiL:i 
This    has   oeeurred    on    the    large  speeinieiis,   though   not   net 


lis. 


sanl\ 


are'es 


t,  for  the  lar; 


;est  it   lias  happened  were  spikes, 
'lliese  large  specimens  are  divested  of  their  velvet   in  ()ctol)er  or 


N 


ovemhei 


and 


\re   dropped    in    Apail    or 


M 


IV 


iUK 


are   onlv 


grown  on   the  earliest   fawns  dropped   in    May  or  oarly  in  June 
later    lawns   have   smaller  antlers   wlien   they   become   yearlings 
line  (Impped  late  in  Julv.  whose  first  antlers  tli( 


and 


1  1 


lave  liad 


next  se;ison  Would   lie  liiit  a  few  inches  in   length,  and   the  velvet 
ite  ill  the  winter,  and  thev  would  retain  their 


would  reiiiain  til 


antlers  til 


nine 


)!'  even  later,  am 


I  I 


once 


liiul 


a  very 


lat( 


awn 


vliose  antlers  did   not  niaturo  the  first  season  of  their  growth. 
Hit  carried  the  velvet  all  wiiitei',  and  urew  on  and    matured  the 


next  siMsoii. 


Iiese  are  pheiioiuena  not   likely 


t.)  1 


lave    oeeii   o 


b- 


serve<l.  except  bv  tlK)si!  who  liav(>  a  large  number  in  coiilinenieut. 
and  who  have  studied  them  for  a  number  of  years  in  sueeessiou  ; 
wliicU  may  serve  to  explain  why  liuuters,  of  (.'ven  the  largest  ex- 
perience, may  sometimes  disagree  as 


t(j  tl 


le  ai 


le   of  the  doer  oil 


wnicii  ^I'lveu  siiecimelis  "rew 


It 


IS  no 


t  siillicieut  to  euabli 


a  i)er- 


son  to  arrive   at   correct    conclusions  to  have  live  or  six   sets  o 


antlers  grown  m  successive  years  on  tlie  same  animal  to  judge 
from,  for  as  we  have  seen,  even  the  first  may  be  ipiite  diifereiil 
from  those  grown  oil  another  individual  of  the  .same  age. 


lu'i'e  is  more  iiniforiiiitv  in 


\\' 


ipiti. 


<  )ii  all  these  which  1 


the 
1 


seci  )|u 


I  antlers  uroun  on   tl 


e  Ueen  reared  in  mv  I'ldiiin 


sc 


couil  antlers  iiave  both  the  brow  and  the  be/,  tines,  aiul  soiii 


times  a  snag  or  tiiu'  in  a 


Iditi 


ion,  lias  appearetl  on  one  oi 


red 


Del 


antlers,  though    I  have  met  with  specimens  elsewhere,  on  whicl 


e  be/.-tiiK'  was  wanting  or  was  merely  rudinuMitary. 

The  third  antlers  almost  uniformlv  have  the  roval-tine 


and 


rarely  more 


The  fourth  and  the  lifth  year  in 


■ly 


or  mav  nut. 


pr 


odiii'e   the   siir-roval   on   one  or  liotli  antlers.      'I'hose  of    sm 


ceeding  years  may  be  expected  to  have  additional  tines,  but  thcii 
presence  one   year  furnishes  no  certain  evidonco  tliat  they  wil 


■ 


Tin:  A  ST  1.1:11s. 


•2in 


a]ipo;ir  tli(»  iirxt  ;  still  tlu^  foiii'  fifst  tines  and  a  It'.fmv'atinn  alH)vi' 
tlicin,  niav,  with  cnnsidi'ral))!' ('(infidcnct'.  I'l-  iclicd  npnn.  I'm'  all 
after  the  iirsfc  ai'i'  forked  near  the  ends;  fi-e(juently  the  s|H'iamens 
taken  fi'oni  tlie  ohh'r  Itueks  show  three  tines  at  tlie  npper  fmk. 

The  second  and  siil)se(|ti>'Mt  ant  lers  present  forms  of  the  same 
Li'eiiei'al  eharaeterisiies.  though  ihey  are  suhjeet  to  eonsidiT;dile 
variation  in  detail.  'I'liese  anth  rs  rise  with  a  lateral  inelination 
more  or  less  jirononnei'il,  some  liein^'  ver\'  s|Meadino'  while  oiliers 
are  mueh  nioi-e  vertical.  They  assume  at  first  an  anterior  direc- 
tion, and  then  cnr\('  backward.  All  tie  normal  tines  have  an 
antei'ior  projection,  thoiiu'h  fi'eipiently  ahnormaj  tines  or  snajj;s 
occur  which  violate  this  law. 

The  Imrr  is  laru,'e  and  i-(jul!,]i.  The  hrow-*ine  spi-in^s  from 
immediately  ahove  the  hnrr.  in  a  desceuilim;'  and  lateral  direc- 
tion; hut  at  about  one  third  its  leiieth  from  the  point,  it  com- 
mences a  ^racefid  upwai'd  (Mirvc  so  that  tlie  point  stamls  nearly 
vertical.  The  teianinal  point  is  verv  sharp.  Immediatelv  ahovc 
tlie  lii'ow-tine,  t he  lie/.-tine  springs  out  in  a  less  (h'presse(I  auil 
niort!  lateral  direction.  It  is  nearly  the  same  lcnij;th  and  form  as 
the  lirow-tine  ;  above  this  the  biMui  becomes  reiluced  in  si/.e  aiiil 
rises  as  a  naked  round  shaft,  till  the  royal-tine  is  thrown  out. 
This  is  n-cnerally  eousiderablv  -mailer  than  thosi'  below,  and  has 
an  upwai'd  inclination.  In  this  it  differs  from  the  antlers  im  ll  • 
stau;  of  I'airope,  where  the  roval-tine  is  usually  larj^'er  than  the 
bi'ow-tin(\  In  lOurope.  also,  on  the  ri'd  ih'ci'.  the  biv.-tine  is 
usurdl\  much  smaller  than  the  lu'ow-t  inc.  thouu'h  I  have  met  with 
spiH'imeiis  there,  which  corrcsjiond  with  oui-  |''dk  in  these  par- 
ti(Milais,  and  I  have  met  with  specimens  L^rown  here,  having-  (he 
>mall  bc/.-tine  and  more  freijUeiitly  with  the  larL;'e  roval-tine. 
1  have  in  my  collection  a  very  lar^'e  fossil  antler,  on  whi<'h  the 
ro\al-tine  is  as  lari-'e  prouortionattdv  as  anv  I  e\i'rsaw  froiu  the 
red  deer. 

I'l)  to  and  iiu'luiliuL;,'  the  royal-tine,  usnallv  liotli  antlers  are 
Ncry  much  alike.  Above  this,  while  thev  ;_;cni'rall\'  uearK'  cor- 
respond in  length  and  volume,  they  are  ipiite  likidy  to  dilVei'  in 
the  number  and  si/.e  of  their  prongs  ;  but  we  mav  alwa\s  expect 
to  lind  them  near  the  ends,  either  bifurcated  or  t  rifurcate<l.  (  )ii 
the  re(l  deer  it  is  not  unconunon  to  lind  the  upper  part  of  the 
antler  ^'I'eatly  expanded,  with  a  deep  iudentatiou.  foi-miiiii'  a  cup 
of  (he  capacity  of  a  L^ill  or  more,  from  the  irre^'ular  rim  of  which 
-everal  tines,  probably  of  uutMpial  leuijth,  spriuii'  "P-  These  are 
calleil  crown  antlers.      When  studvinij'  these  abroad,  T  re^rarded 


id 


214 


Till:    DKIlll    or  AMIIIUCA. 


tliis  iiiilciilatiiiii  ill  llic  tup  nf  tlic  fnlar^'cd  antler  as  ji  inodifioa- 
tion,  tliuii^li  Mil  important  (Hic.  of  (Ik;  t'orkcd  cxtrcinitv  of  tin.' 
niitliTol  our  I-'lk  ;  soiiu-  of  wliicli  I  liail  seen  appi'oacli  it  in  cxtcr- 


I    liav(i  since  nict  with  a  ]>air  of  ] 


iv  s  ant  Ids, 


iial  ap[).'araiicr 

one  of  wliicii  lias  the  iiulcntatioii  drscrihctl,  and  is  as  pcrffct  a 
crown  antler  as  is  often  met  with  from  the  red  deer,  while  tlic 
other  approaches  it  very  nearly.  These  ar(>  illnstratiul  in  Fi_e'.  1:1, 
paye  lild.  There  may  he  many  of  theses  antlers  found  on  tin.' 
Wa[)iti  deer,  luit  this  is  the  only  one  I  lia\('  ever  met  with,  hav- 
iiie'  a  ilish  at  the  end,  with  a  capacity  siillicieiit  to  hold  a  good 
drink  ol  wine.  These  antlers  may  l>c  compared  with  crown  ant- 
lers of  the  red  deer  hv  examiniiiij'  the  illustrations. 


m 


lU 


H# 


Crown  Antlers  of  the    Red    Deer  or  Stag  of   ELjrope. 

Almormal  snags  may  frinpiently  occur  on  any  part  of  the  lieaiii 
or  the  tines,  more  fremieiitly  on  the  hrow-tines.  These  more 
rarelv  occur  on  the  .vtlantic  than  on  the  I'aeiiie  coast.  There,  I 
have  found  the  hrow-tiiu'  forked  near  tlu'  end  into  ( (pial  hraiichcs, 
—  an  illustration  of  which  I  e-iv(>.  'I'his  I  have  never  ohservcd 
on  an  eastern  l''dk',  or  on  the  red  deer.  (  )n  ahout  iivi'  ])er  cent, 
of  the  antlers  er()\vn  on  I'dk  in  the  Kccky  Mountains  and  east  of 
them,  a,  short  snag',  more  or  less  (le\elo])ed,  appears  on  the  npj 


)ei; 


side  ami  iisiiallv  neares 


t   tl 


le  eiK 


1  of  the  hrow-tiii 


e,  and  sometime 


on  the  !ie/,-t i 


lie 


his  nia\   l)e  an   inch   long  or  a  nieri'  pr 


(il  ulicr- 


ani<_'.     1  examined  a  large  collection  of  the  antlers  of  the  v^d  deer 
in  Uerlin,  and   found  the  same  development  on  these  tines  there 


and  in  about  the   same  ]u'oportii)n 


Tl 


lose  from   Bohemia  am 


d 


THE  AXri.EIlS.  i>i;, 

Hiinu'arv  -woiv  imicli  the  largest  iintlcrs,  and  not  r\\>\\\  disiin- 
giiislicd  from  tlio  antliTs  of  our  Klk,  of  wliieli  tlien^  were  a  inini- 
lior  in  tlu'  collection.  There  were  s(!veral  .s[)eciniens,  wliicli  I 
was  at  a  loss  to  deternii)U!  wlictlier  they  wore  "rown  in  America 
or  Kurope.  I  nnist  say  that  the  ty|iical  indicia  of  the  antlers  of 
hoth  these  varieties  are  [ireeisely  alike. 

I  present  U[)on  the  next  |ia,u'e  (  Fig.  IS")  an  illustration  of  trip- 
let antlers  on  the  ?,aine  head,  from  a  \lv^\  Deer,  wliicji  I  >aw  in 
Roseidiurg  Castle,  Copenhagen,  said  to  have  hcen  killed  hvthe 
king  several  centuries  ago.  |-'.ach,  it,  will  he  dhserved,  has  a  dis- 
tinct and  independent   [)edicel.      'J'lie  rigjit  antler   is  t,liiri\-Lwo 


From    a    California    Elk. 

in(dies  long.  The  upper  left  antler  is  (wenty-nine  and  a  half 
inches  long,  and  the  lower  left  antler  is  tweut\-Hve  inches  in 
length.  A  similar  almormal  growth  (iccuri'ed  in  this  State  (  Illi- 
nois) so!ne  years  since,  on  an  American  101k.  oulv  the  extra,  ant- 
ler was  hetweeii  the  other  two.  nearer  to  one  than  the  niher. 
and  Wiis  relatively  smaller  than  the  l^uropean  s[)eciiuen.  It  had 
a  distinct  pedicel,  and  seemed  to  grow  ipiite  iudepeiidenl  l\  'A 
the  other  anth'rs.  Tlu;  s[iecimen  was  in  the  collection  of  Dr. 
\'elay  and  was  destroyed  in  tlu;  great  Chicago  lire  in  1>71.  I 
lia\e  lu'vi'i'  heard  of  an  instance  where  tripK-t  antlers  ha\e  urowu 
ii[)ou  any  otlier  species  of  deer. 

On  hotli  our  I'^lk  ami  the  iMiropi'an  Stag,  timse  aidlers  which 
spread  the  most  an;  usually  the  longest,  are  the  most  symmetri- 
cal, and  are  the  most  admired. 


li    1 

■■n 

!■ 

■ '  ] 

li 

i 

21 1 ; 


77//;   DEElt    OF  AMIllilCA. 


Five  feet  is  tlio  extreme  lelK^tll  of  tlu!  Jilltler  of  tllc  Elk.  of 
wliieli  I  liave  any  jiiitlieiitic!  aeroimt.  'J'lioso  arc  now  in  tlie  cdl- 
le-ti-n  of  llie  hit..'  Ml-.  W.  F.  Parker,  of  West  Merideii,  Cdin. 
(>ii  the  I'in'lit  antler  tlu;  snr-royal  \\\w  is  bifurcated,  tli(>  t\v.. 
]>uliits  (if  wliicli  are  of  about  equal  le'iiL^tlis.      Around  the  buiTs 

o\v-t  ini'v 


the\  are  tliirteeii   inches,  between  tlie  liurrs  and   the  br 


the   I'ircuiiifert 


nee  III 


tile  beam  is  ti'U  and  one  half  incl 


les. 


Til 


riL^lii  antler 
lei>   are  as 


liresents   eight,  and   tlu;   left  six   points.      TJiesi'  ;int- 
remarkalile   for  their  sNinnietrical   and   eleL;ant    fnrin 


ami  uraceliil  eurvalures  as  lor  their  exti'aorchnarv  si/.e. 

1  he  type  of   tlie  antler  is  established  wlien  the  animal  is  ii 
third   \ear.  that  is.  with  his  second  antlers.      If  these  ant 


1   lib 


efS  are 


Triplet  Antlers  from   a  European   Red   Deer. 


rejiiaikably  lar^'e.  or   remarkably  broad   or  s])readiiiu;  or  the    d 
Aerse.  the  saiiie  cliai'ai'tei'istics  nia^'.  with  conlidence,  be;  expectc 


ill  all  llie  antlers  sub-^i'inientlv  irrown  on 


that 


iniiiial 


\\'it 


1   nianv  other  interestina'  views.  Dr.  Ila\den,  U.  S.  Gi 


oi;ist,  jireseiiteil   me  with  the  jiliotograph,  by  .Jackson,  of  an  Flk 
killed  on  the  liSthi.f  Aui-ust,  iSTI.at  an  altitude  of  about  10,<'iio 


■t  abii\i'  t  he  sea,  on  t  lie  < 


livide   between   tlu;  YellowstoiK^   Lak 


ami  t  lie  Ileal 


1  wat 


ers  111 


the  Hast  Fork  of  the   V 


whiih  isslmwii  111  the   illustration. 


)tli   th 


owstoiie  luvcr. 
lese  antlers  show  re- 


markable imjierfections  in  their  growth,  which  may,  no  doubt,  lie 
attriiinted  to  some  injury  received  in  their  earlv  stages.  This 
Id,  or  in  his  third  v^'ar's  growth  with  liis  .second 


I 


\\:\>  two  vears  u 


li 


Ml 


THE   .WTI.KIls. 


•217 


srt  <pf  niitl.Ts.  Tlic  niitlcrs  w.mv  in  the  vdv.t.  w.mv  infrHor  i,, 
si/,.'  as  \v,.l|  as  iiii|H.rf..ct  in  t'orni.  'I'Iumt  ,l,.li.-i,.nci.'s  in  tines  aiv 
iiianilVst  at  a  ohnuv.  'Hu-v  wriv  ahnut  f,].ial  in  Icn-tli  l(,  iln- 
<lao-  antler  of  an  caHv  lawn.  l)ut  tlic  tines  show  thai  tliev  weiv 
siH'ond  antlers. 


Fig'.  19.    Ha^dfii's  Ell<. 

r.nt  the  most-  romarkal.Ie  featniv  of  tliese  antlers  is  tlieir  n- 
tanle.l  e-rowtli.  wliidi  may  he  attrihnte.l  to  the  altitude  of  the 
linnie  of  the  in. livi.hial.  for  injuries  to  the  anther  when  -rowing- 
ilo  not  retard  their  maturity.  With  tho  photograph  l.efore  m.^ 
I  spent  luiieh  time  in  eoniparine'  it  with  th.'  growine-  antlei's  on  a 
uumhei'  of  two  year  old  JCIks  in  mv  •••rounds.      It 


was   earlv  ap- 


paivnt  that  these  were  nnieli  in  advance  of  those  on  the  Ilavden 
I'dk.  I  was  from  homo  at  the  time  wjien  mine  ivadie,!  the  saiiu; 
^taee  (,f  maturity  whieli  Dr.  Hayden"s  had  attained  when  it  was 
K-ill.Ml  :  hut  on  the  I'Oth  of  .lid'y.  just  one  month  e.arli.M'  than 
'''■'*  'ill"'-  1  li:i'l  :i  lint'  view  of  the  whole  hand  of  VAk,  with  most 


tile    two    \-ear   olds   toe'eth 


'r.  and    as   near  to   me  as   I   desired 


tli.'Ui    for  the   inspection.      All   sliowed   both  brow  andi.e/,  t  ines. 
'■"inpletely   formed  :  showiue-  npon  one  or  hotli  antleis  a   roval 


tme.  a! 


tl 


leniu'  iidnrcated  near  the  ends.      So  far  as  T  c,,idd  iudi 


lesc  were  about  two  weeks  in 

111 


advance  of  tliose  on   the    Ila\(leii 


ind  as  t!'at  was  killed  a  month  later  than    the  tini 


made  tliese  observation 


e   WUeil 


s,  we  see 


that 


the  antler  on  the  mountain  Elk  was  retarded  at 


rom  some  cause  the  e'rowth 


least  SIN  w 


ceKs. 


illi 


lfjl 


21S 


rill-:  i>i:i:n  of  amiiuka. 


iis 


('iiiupart'd  willi   tliosc   in   my  f^romids,  besides  liciiiL;'  v 


flV     111- 


I'criur  in  si/c  and  very  dcliciciit  in  nicinbi'i's.  We  may  iii>t  accdiint 
f'ltr  tliis  niiirkeil  elTeet  hy  a  want  of  I'lxxl,  for  it  was  in  llic  mid.^t 
of    foi'i'sts   and  slirii'olierv 


wliieh    is   its   tavonte  aiiincii 


iicitlicr 


eoiild    it   liave   siilTered    fi'oiii    want   of    t;i'assc>,   for    \vi'    licar    no 
(•oin|ilaint  tliat  tlie  numerous  liorses  of  a  lar^'e  expedirMn  did  Hdi 


iiiiil  iileiitv  for  tiieir  siil)sisten('e  while  in  tlie  same  eounlrx, 


\\ 


inav  safelv  assume,  however,  that   in 


that 


region    vc'm'tatioii  was 


as  much  retanh-d  in  tlie  spriiin'  as  was  tlie  growth  of  tlirse  antlers 
ill  the  summer :  anil  this  I  thiiiU  the  most  proliahle  e\|ilaiial  ion  ol 
their  late  growth,  for  ever\  where  the  eommeiiei'nient  of  the  "row  th 


)f  the  ai 


itjer  o 


f   the  i.\('{'V  seems   to   in;  alioiit   the  time  when  vee' 


hoot  forth. 


c'tatioii  heelns  to  s 

1  may  say  here,  that  I  think  the  antlers  of  all  the  deer  are  not 
as   largely   developed   when   they   an;   eoiilineil   in    parks  of   even 


arii'e  extent  as  when  ninnme;  wild 


Th 


IS  may  be  part  ly  at  I  rilui- 


taole   to  ehanu'e 


>f  Jiabit,  but  mf)re  probalily   t 


o  a   want  ol    t 


lai 


•lertioii  of  food   which   tliev   find   in   the  wihl   state 


T 


lev   Slll- 


le\ 


fer  most  for  the  laek  of  an  aluindaiu'e  of  arboreous  food,  for  tl 
seem  t<i  make  it  their  lirst  business  b)  kill  off  all  the  >hnibbery 
within  their  reach.  lh)Wi'ver.  I  have  had  some  very  line  antlers 
orown  in  my  grounds.  'I'lie  antler  of  the  l\lk  coiilinues  to  in- 
crease in  volume  lonu'  after  the  bodv  has  attained  its  full  si/e.  and 


siiii'i'es- 


iii  many  cases,  probably,  tlirough  life.  I  liav(>  heard  no 
tion  from  any  source  that  {\w  antlers  of  the  l\lk  decrease  in  size 
after  the  animal  has  passed  its  full  vigor,  nor  have  1  made  aiiv 
oliservation  to  warrant  such  conclusion,  as  is  said  to  l)e  the  case 
with  tJH^  inoosi'.  The  largest  antlers  are  not  necessarily  from  the 
largest  animals.  'J'lie  largest  ever  grown  in  m\  •'•rounds  were  on 
a  mi'dium  sized  animal,  and  he  was  always  snliject  to  th(>  control 
of  a  laro'cr  buck  with  smaller  antlers.  Indeed,  there  were  sev- 
eral  in  the  band  with  antlers  larger  than  those  on  this  monarch. 
Tfe  is  now  a  mounted  specimen  in  the  Royal  Museum  in  Cliiis- 
tiana.  Norwav. 


After  the  lirst  si't  of  antlers,  i 


isuallv,  a 


line  drawn   from   tl 


ee.    so 


seat  of  the  jintler  to  the  ti[>  will  be  in  a  line  with  the  fa 
that  when  running  Ihrongli  the  bush  with  the  nose  thrown  up  so 
as  to  bring  the  face  in  a  horizontal  ])osilion,  the  butts  and  llie 
tips  of  the  antlers  will  be,  on  the  same  level  with  the  face.  'Iheii 
all  the  tines  are  curved  backwards,  so  that  they  canuoi  become 
entangled  in  the;  brush.  Still  these  imnu'nse  antlers  are  a  serious 
impediment  tu   their  speed  thruiigli  dense  thickets.      Hence  W(! 


Ill 


77//;  . I. V //./;/;>■. 


210 


:il\V!ivs  iiiid  tlicii'  |iiitlis  avdiil  such  [ilacfs  wlicii  ju-ai'ticalilr,  and 
arc  iiiailc  tliinuuli  (lie  open  "iadcs  :  tlnaicli  tlicv  mmt-  ti>  lia\(' 
IK)  olijccrKHi  to  tlic  dcc|t  sliadcs  jirodiiccd  l»_v  dense  lnliac'c  alxisc. 
Ill  (Uir  latitude,  tlie  vclvel  on  tin:  antler  til'  tlic  ai;cd  elk  is  \\illi 
ereat  nnil'nrniit  \  discarded  in  Aiii;ii>l,  and  the  aiiller  is  iiivari- 
al)ly  di'dpiied  in  April.  'I'lie  Wapiti  is  the  (inly  s|tec!es  m|'  our 
deer  which  carries  its  anilers  t'or  so  lone-  a  time,  or  so  late  in  the 
>|)riiii;\  and  is  so  nnit'orni  in  the  time  of  slieddini;'  them.  1  was 
for  ;i  lone-  time  disinclined  lo  credit  this  exceptional  unit'ormitv, 
liiit  its  reciiireiice  for  many  years  and  with  e\crv  iiidi\idual  (  and 
I  have  had  lar^'e  niimhers  to  ohserve  ).  compelled  me  In  reliiKpiish 
my  d(.nlit.  'I'hat  tlu^  times  of  slieddiiii;'  may  differ  in  dil'ferciit 
latitudes  is  no  donhf  true,  hut  I  feel  conlidciit  that  the  same 
uniformity  prevails  every wliei'e.  I  may  leinark  here,  that  the 
I'^uropcaii  red  deer  also  carries  its  antlers  throue'hont  the  winter, 
ami  with  the  same  uniformity  drops  them  in  the  sprini;'  ahoiil 
the  season  tiiat  fresh  veectation  lieniiis  to  shout  forth.  Siu'li  is 
the  infonmition  <>'iven  me  hv  the  director  of  the  zoi'ilniiical  ear- 
dens  at  I'xMliii,  where  there  wvv  a  consideralile  iiumher  of  red 
deer,  and  I  found  his  observations  corrohorated  hy  others. 

Altli()iie]i  possessini;'  many  marked  specific  diil'ereiices,  the  .Mide 
heerand  the  ( 'olumhia  l)lack-tailed  Deer  have  ant  lers  >o  nearly 
alike  in  all  their  feat  iires,  even  in  their  ecceiitricilies,  that  I.  at 
least,  am  unahle  to  disliniiuish  them  from  each  other,  and  so  shall 
treat  of   them  toecther. 

As  miL;lit  he  expected,  the  first  antler  on  the  young  huck  is 
Usually  a  s[)ike  from  six  to  nine  inclu's  lone;. 

'Ihe  first  which  I  had  drop[ied  in  my  eroiinds  was  a  ('olumhia 
\)('i\\  with  a  spike  antler  about  six  inches  in  length.  The  next 
was  a  Muli>  Dt'cr.  It  was  an  early  fawn  dropped  the  last  of  May. 
His  first  antlers  were  eight  inches  long,  and  lioih  were  forked  at 
the  ends  with  tines  two  inches  long.  Aiutther  Mide  lawn  had 
spike  antlers  about  six  inches  long. 

The  antlers  of  these  dei'r  start  from  tlit;  head  in  a  dire(;tion 
iiicliniiig  backward  and  outward:  bid  below  the  middle  of  the 
antler,  conimence  a  graceful  forward  curve.  They  jiresent  a 
>liglilly  crinkled  appearance  and  are  not  pei'fei'tly  round. 

.\fter  the  dag  antlers,  thoir  distinguishing  characteristic  is  a 
liifurcafion  into  preit\  nearly  e([ual  parts,  and  on  old  specimens 
a  se(;ond  bifurcation,  or  a  division  of  these  parts  into  nearly  etpial 
tines:  but  there  is  less  certainly  in  tin;  regularity  of  these  divis- 
ioiLs  tliiin  in  the  formur.     These  characteristics  1  lind  as  constant 


220 


Tin:  j)/:/:i;  or  .\mi:i;ic.\. 


nnd  iniifnnii  on  aiiiiiiMls  found  on  tlic  cast  side  of  tlic  Hocliv 
.Monnlains  as  on  tlio  Pacillc  Coast. 

Tlic  second  and  sul)sc(|ncnt  antlers  o'fown  on  tlicsc  dcci-  nsnalU 
liavc  a  very  small  snau;  iHi  inch  of  two  above  tlie  liuir,  on  tin- 
iH)|)er  or  inni'i-  side  of  the  hcani,  standini;'  in  neatly  a  v<'rtii'a! 
l»osition,  hut  sonietimi's  curved  one;  way  oi'  the  other.  This  an- 
swers well  to  tli(!  I)iisal  snai;'  on  tlie  antler  of  tlu;  Virginia  deer. 
only  it  is  vei-y  much  smallei'.  'I'he  lower  part  of  the  beams  of 
tlu'  antlers  of  these  are  covered  more  or  less  with  tubercles,  those 
near  the  burr  beiiiethe  larLjest  and  (|nit(!  disa])i)earin<4' at  the  lirsi 
fork,  but  these  are  most ly  confined  to  the  U|i]iei'  side  of  the  l>eani. 
These  tubercles  also  appear  on  the  antler  of  tlu;  Vire-inia  deer. 
even  more  abundant,  for  they  are  found  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
beam  as  well. 

A  medium  ])air  of  antlers  in  my  collection  and  shown  in  the 
illustration  (V\iX-  21.  ]>.  221  ),  may  be  brielly  described.  They 
arise  fi'om  the  head,  in  a  line  with  the  face,  but  sjireail  lateralU  . 
Two  and  a  half  inches  above  the  burr,  a  basal  snaj^  appears  nn 


le  up])er  snie.  whicji  is  two  niches  long,      hroni   this  point  t 


)eam 


has  a  slie'lit    anterior    curvature    for  seven  and    one  halt 


clies,  then   it  divides.     'IMie  anterior  prone'  of   the  left  anti 


er 


m 

continues  with  the  same  curve,  for  six  inches,  when  it  forks 
tli(^  front  tine  beiiiu;  four  inches  and  tlir(M!  lines  lone-,  and  tin 
other  four  inches  in  leiielh.  The  posterior  [irong  of  the  lirs 
bifurt'ation  curves  posterioily  for  six  inches,  where  it  forks  iiiti 
ifuite  iiiKMpial  tines,  the  front  one  beiiiLi;  live  inches  long  ami  tin 
other  three  inches  and  tlire(>  lines  in  leiie'th.    The  extreme  leniill 


if  this  antler  is  twentv-oiie  inches. 


Tl 


le  same  di'scrii)tioii  wil 


answer  for  the  right  antler,  exce[)t  that  the  first  posterior  prong 
rises  eight  inches  before  it  forks,  with  tines  but  two  inches  and 
three  lines  long,  'i'hese  anthers  ai'e  from  a  Columbia  l)lack-tailc(l 
Deer,  and  as  before  remarked,  are  of  medium  si/.e.  1  have  a 
much  larger  ])air  from  the  same  species,  taken  near  igo,  in  Shasta 
County,  California,  already  ri-ferred  to  (p.  IS:!),  and  illustrated 
ill  Fig.  22,  p.  221,  which  exhibit  the  abnormal  diseased  proiiu 
descending  from  tlu^  lower  side  of  the  beam  of  the  left  antler. 
These  antlers  arc^  twenty-four  inches  long.  They  have  an  un- 
usual sprea<l  at  the  tips.  .Vnother  pair  of  antlers,  also  illustrated 
(Fig.  2:')),  are  from  a  'S\\\]o  Deer  from  the  l»lack  Hills;  these 
are  also  twenty-four  inches  long,  but  hav(!  not  so  broad  a  spread. 
An  abnormal  des(>en(ling  line  is  also  fouinl  on  the  b(>am  of  tin- 
riirht  antler  of  this  pair.      Hoth  of  these  viairs  of  antlers  show  the 


1 


11^ 


Till-:  A.\Ti.i:ns. 


•1-1\ 


Icnglli 


(loiil)l('   I.ifiiivMlioiis    clianictiM-isti.'  of    tin.   antlers  ,,1"    (Iicsr   two 
spccirs,  ami  aiv  lierc  illustrated  oii   the  same  [.late,  to  show  liow 


Columbia    Black-taWed    Deer   and    Mule    Deer 

20.  Alpiioniiiil  Frrin  of  AutKr  from  IMiick-tiiiled  Peer. 
2t.  Xnniial  Form  of  Aiitltr  frmn  lil.'icU-Ciili.d  Deerfnun  Califonim. 

22.  Ncniial  Korm  of  Aiitier  fn.m  Itliuk-tiiilcd  Drer  from  Califuniia,  with  nii  Ahnoniial 
[)i?eiisea  TiuH  on  tlie  Left  AntliT. 


23.  Xoriiml   !•' 


onn  of  Aiitier  from  Mule  Iifcr  from  the  Black  Hills,  witli  an  Ab 


Tine  ou  the  Kight  Aiitlei 


normal 


c'xactly  alike  tliey  are  in  general  feat 
•lent  opinion  that  no  one,  no  nuitter  how  1 


nres. 


I  express  the  eonli- 
ony  and  carefuUv  lu 


<    1 


u 


m; 


1 

'  If  ii 

1      Hi 

jm 

■ 

r 

1 

.-).).) 


77//;  /'/■;/;/.'  n/'  .\.\ii:i;ic.\. 


iniiv  study  tin;  siilijcct.  cim  ever  dccidi'  liv  tln'ir  iiis|)('ctinii   fi-nm 
wliii'li  s|»crirs  citliiT  rami' ;   wliilc   In-  will   rraililN  di'tcniiiin'   lliat 

til('\    LJircW   nil    III)  (illliT  s|ii'cit'S  of  di'cr. 

'J'lici'c  is,  liuwcvd',  auiillirr  I'niin  of  aiilli'i'  soincl  iiiH's  mrt  wiih 
III)  l)iitli  the  ( '(iliiinliiii  and  iIh'  Mule  drcr,  iniu'li  iiKiri'  rcsciidiliii'.; 
till'  aiitirr  III  till'  N'iri^iiiia  dciT,  and  wliirli  mn'  wlu)  liad  nut  rair- 
I'ldly  slndinl  tliriii  niiiilil  rradily  inisiaUf  tnr  tlir  antliT  nl'  llh' 
lattiT.  (  )nr  nl'  tli.  sr  in  my  CHlli'ct  ion  is  iVum  a  ( 'uluiuliia  DriT. 
killi'd  iirar  ilii'  ('alavnas  ni'n\i'  nl  Mi;'  tri'cs.  in  tlir  Sirrra  Nr- 
\ailas,  and  is  slmwn  in  I'i^.  i!'L  and  aiintjicr  s]H'i'iiiirii  is  imw  nn  a 
two  vrar  nlil  Miilr  |)('ri'  ill  my  inrniinds  :  tlii'v  arr  his  si'imikI 
antlci's.  llir  lii'sl  having  lirm  mi'diiim  si/.rd  spiki'  anilrrs.  TIimm. 
on  till'  Mull'  I  )('i'r  ari'  aliniii  I  lie  saiiir  si/i'  as  i  Imsi'  iVniu  I  lie  ( 'nliiiii- 
liia  Di'iT.  wliirli  wi'i'i'  pinliaMy  also  IVnin  a  yniiiiij  animal.  I'Ihv 
arc  I'niisidci'alilv  smallri'  than  llic  usual  si/,i'  ni  ihr  anilrrs  n'l'nwii 
nt    lint  ll   tlli'Sr  spci'irs.        i'^rniii     (  i 


>n  till'  adult  nt'   hnth  tl 


I'^rnin    I  lii  ,  \vi'    minlit    lie  Inl 


to  till'  cnnrliisiiiii  that  this  I'M'i'pl  loiial  Inrm  is  usually  i;rn\vii 
VKUni;'  animals,  and  it  may  bi'  sn,  l>iit  it  rrrtaiiilv  is  nut  alwavs  m 
I'nr  tlirrr  is  a  skclrtnii  nl'  a  t'lilly  adull  Mulr  Di'iT  in  tin-  iiium'Ui 
III'  the  Chiragn  .Mrdii'al  ( 'nlli'L;i'.  wliirli  has  iliis  I'nrni  nl'  aiilli 
with  all  its  |u'ruliaritirs  ;  nnr  dn  the  yniiiin'  males  alwa\ 
this  rnrm  nl'  antler,  t'ur  as  we  hav(i  seen,  I  had  a  Mule  1) 


nn 


s    liavi' 


err  Willi 


dag  antlers  wliieh  were  I'oi'ked,  with  tines  nl'  eijual  lengths  ;  ami  1 
have  seen   many  specimens  not  tiilly  adult,   with   antlers  nf 


till 


usual   tnrin  iirnwn  nn   these    speeies. 


Til 


IS    except  mnal   Inrm 


antler  I'nr  ils  lower  pari  has  a  pnsterinr  ii^'linatinii,  and  linn 
curves  anteriorly  like  the  heain  of  the  \'ii'L;'iiiia  deer,  imt  lln'  ra- 
dius nl'  the  curve  is  iniicli  longer  than  that  nn  the  latter  animal  : 
nor  docs  the  u|ipi'r  part  nl'   the   lieam    ever   point   so  direcllv  I'ni- 


\v 


ard.      II'  this  t'orin  nl'  the   heam  is  ever    i'oiiiul  on    the  \'ir 


ii'llll; 


deer   it  must    be   very  exceptional,  I'nr    I  have   never   nl 
The    nc\l    dcparturi'   fmiii    the   antler   nf  theVirg'ii 


)servi'i|   II 


lia  (leer  IS  111 


till'  basal  snaix,  wliicli  is  miicl 


I  smaller,  corrcspoiuiini;'  in  si/e  wilh 


that  on  the  usual  bifurcated  antler.  The  tines  uri'  all  [jrojeilnl 
posteriorly  from  tlic  beam,  like  those  mi  the  N'irginia,  deer.  Imi 
thev  are  propnrtiniially  niurli  longer,  are  not  curved,  and  are  of  a 
dill'ereiit  fnriu.  ( )n  the  cnmninn  deer  if  the  tines  are  llatteiied  al 
all  it  is  at  their  base,  where  they  always  show  their  greatest  diaiii- 
oters.  On  the  others  the  lower  part  of  the.  tiiu>  is  always  i-oiiiul. 
o\w  quarter  or  one  third  of  the  way  up,  when;  it  flattens  out  iiiie 
soujething  of  a  triangular  form,  so  that  it  then'  sliows  ji  larger 
diametc'r    than   below.      As  we   proceed    towai'd   the  point,  how- 


Tin:  .1  \  11. 1:1::^. 


I)k);> 


ever.  i(  L;iMilii;illy  rrsiiincs  tin'  r_\  liinlritMl  I'uriii,  so  (I',;it  \[<  ii|i|)rr 
p;irt  is  iiH-aiii  rdimd.  'I'liis  I'urin  is  mure  ulisci'valilc  i>\\  llir  lnwci' 
liiii'  lliiiii  nil  tliiisc  ;il)()V('  it.  <  )ii  :ill  till'  s|ii'('iiii('iis  I  liavc  met. 
will;  till'  lii'aiii  is  I'liiiiiil,  wiiilc  on  tlic  \' iri^inia  flrcr  (Ik'  Im'siiii  is 
l'n'i|ii(iil  U    llal  li'iicd.  Iia\iiiti,a  lalrral  CMiiiiiri'^sinii. 

AltMi^vi  lici'  tlic  carft'iil  iiliscrvi'i'  will  lia\t'  lilllc  Irniililc  In  ili^- 
tini^iiisliinn'  this  I'xri'jttitiiial  t'oriii  nf  tlir  aiitlt'is  ol'  tlii-sc  iV'w 
IrDiii  tlh'sr  of  the  X'ii-M'iiiiii  dt'cf,  altlioi|M|i  tlic  I'rscmlilaiicf  is 
very  >Iiii||m'  in  soiiii-  ol  llicir  feat  hits.  Indciil,  tlic  l)asal  siiml;" 
aloin-  wiiuld  in  nio^t  cases  lie  MilUcicnl  to  dist  iiieiii-'li  tlicni  lic- 
\oiii|  a  dniilit.  To  111c  it  was  ail  intcri'si  inM-  tact  to  oliscr\c  that 
Hot  oiil\  llic  aiitli'i'sol'  the  oi-diiiar\  lonu  "ii  these  two  species 
are  iiiilist  iiic'uislia!>lc  IVoiii  each  other.  Imt  that  "H  hotli  are  soine- 
tiiiies  I'oiiiid  this  except  ioiia!  t'oriii.  hasinij,'  the  same  peculiarities 
which  distine'iii^h  it  I'roiii  that  ol'  the  N'ir^inia  ilcer.  '\'\\\^  t'oiin 
is  iioi  iiy  any  means  aiioinaristic,  for  when  it  occurs  it  coiifoniis 
to  those  descrili<'d,  ami  so  seellis  to  oliev  all  estahlishi'd  law.  lint 
it  is  simply  iiniisiial.  The  Mule  I)eer  in  my  er,niiids  whose  lirst 
antlers  after  the  spikes  were  of  this  exceptional  I'orni.  the  next 
yciir  had  antlers  of  the  same  form,  and  had  he  lived  we  ma\  con- 
cliitlc  would  alwaxs  lia\e  had  them.  So  we  may  st  roiielv  sus- 
pect it  is  a  cliaructeriHtic  of  the  indixidual.  I  wi>h  i  knew  if  it 
is  hereditary. 

In  coiiipariiiu'  this  unusual  antler  with  tliat  of  the  \'iruinia 
deer,  1  iiiid  thai  the  tiiliercles  found  mi  hotli.  for  some  ilistaiiee 
aliove  the  luirrs,  iirc  nearly  all  coiilined  on  the  foinier  to  the  up- 
per side  while  the  hiwer  side  is  (pilte  siiioolh.  as  is  iisualU  the 
case  on  those  of  the  ordinary  hi  furcated  form,  w  hile  on  the  antler  of 
the  \'irL;inia  deer  the  tid)ercles  are  found  on  ihe  lower  as  well  as 
the  upper  side,  ami  are  hirger  and  more  ahundaiit  than  on  either 
form  from  the  Mule  Deer  ur  the  C'oliiinliia  Deer. 


\\'hal  has  lieeii  already  said  must  eive  some  idea  "f  the  pe- 
culiar characteristics  of  the  antlers  of  ('.  ri/-i/iiu'ii)U(s,  —  our 
( 'ominoii  1  )eer. 

Thev  are  in  form  ([uile  unlike  those  of  aiiv  other  of  the  genus. 
unless  it  he  the  exi'ejitional  form  of  the  antlers  of  th(>  ninle  and 
the  ('olumhia  deer,  already  <lescrilied.  Their  e-reat  characteris- 
tic, which  distinciiishes  them  from  tiie  antlers  of  all  the  other 
Cervida'.  except  as  before  stated,  is  that  all  the  normal  tines  have 
a  jiosterior  projection.  This  necessitates  a  peouliar  shape  of  the 
lieain  in  order  to  present  these  tines  to  the  adversary  to  niaUo 
llieni  elHcient  weapons  of  ollonse  or  defense  in  their  battles. 


m 


-2\  riii:  in:i:i;  or   [miiuh  .\. 

f Ifiici'iilly  tlif  iiiitlcr  <i|'  tlic  \'iryiiii;i  I)«'ci'  iU'iscs  I'rcMii  llic  ])ctli- 
ccl  ill  tlic  l':i<'ial  liin'  siu'radiiin'  iiinrc  oi'  less  (o  tin-  liasal  siia<^'. 
I"'r()iii  thai  |iiiiiii  it  (■(iiiiiiiciit'cs  tu  (ihm-  ii|)\\ai(l  ami  Iniwaril.  ami 
llicii  (Inwiiwanl  ami  liiwaril,  ill!  tin'  i'\t  rcmitirs  nl'   llic  iiraiiis  ic- 


im>t('l\   aiiin'oarli   cacli  ntlici', 


Tlii 


s  fiial'lcs   IIh'  aniiiial    hv  Imw- 


iii^'  iiis  licad  ill  liatllr,  as  is  ]iis  lialiil,  li>  prcsi-iit  llu'  lim'S  tu  tin; 
ailvcrsarv  in  Iroiil.  Wiicii  two  iiu'ct  in  tlic  siiucli  uf  liattlc  tliii> 
ariiii'il.  tlirsc  antlers  I'onii  sn  cniniiirtf  a  sliicid  lliat  1  liavc  iicmm' 
known  a  puim    lo  rraeli  an  adviTsarv,  as  will   lie  srcn  wlnii  \\\' 


\.\.  Acapu 


Ico  D 


eer.     j;  an 


d  jG,  C 


ornmon  Ueer 


rol 


lie  to  di'scrilic   tlit'ir  iiindc  ol'  warfare      Tlic  liasal   snat>'  star! 


illiolll  two  illcl 


ii's  aliiive  till'  l>urr  and   ris(>s 


to    tlu'     lll'inllt    (l|'     IVdll 


two  to  live  inches  at  an  an^lc  of  from  lifteeii  to  tliirlv  deercts  li 


the  beam.     '11 


lis    snai 


is  iisiiallv  'noi'e  covered  with    tuliercli 


than  the  tines  aliovc,  and  on  ^■c^y  l;ir  v.-  s|ieciiiieiis  from  aL;i'd 
mals  is  soinetiiiu's  liifiirrated,  and  si  nielimes  llattciied  as  in  !•" 
'Jll  ;   sometimes  a  small  HUpplciiicnlal  siKiii'   oeciirs   near  the   1 


ini- 


lasc 


aiK 


I    I  1 


lave  oceasioiKV 


lly  ol)si 


isorved  one  or 


more  of  the   tulien 


of  the  burr  extend  to  snatis  an  inch  Imin',  Usuallv  from  one  1' 
Imlf  a  dozen  tines  oceiu"  on  each  antler,  the  lower  ones  liciii^'  tli' 
lono'ost  and  largest  ;  on  very  lare'e  specimens  some  of  these  tiiic 
may  [iroihiee  snags,  or  a  siiay  may  arise  from  tlic!  beam  at  abmi 
the  same  point  where  a  tine  occurs.  ( )n  the  smaller  specimeii> 
the  tines  usually  ctirrespond  on  the  two  antk-rs  on  the  same  head 
but  as  the  animal  grows  older  and  the  antlers  larger  this  is  le> 
likely  to  be  the  case,  though  if  one  antler  has  an  extraordinai' 


w 


<•  St  all  > 
iViiiii 
rccs  111 
uTcli-^ 
(■(1  aui- 
in  l'"iL:. 
('  liasi', 

(inr  1" 
iiii;'  ill'' 
sf  tiiw- 
(:  aliiiii; 
fiini'ii-. 
u!  licail, 
is  li'-" 
■ji'dinai  > 


/•///;  .i.v7/./;a'n. 


■i-2:> 


iiiiiiil))')-   (if   |)iiiiits,    tlif    iitlii'i'    is    i|iiilr    siii'i-    i<>    liaM'aii  iiini->nal 
iiiiiiilirr  also. 

A  very  fi'iiiiiiiiii  idea  has  |irrvailri|  aniniiii'  limili'is  ainl  li'iii- 
t  ii-rsiiicii  tlial  till'  iiiiiiilii'i' n|'  lilies  I'll  till'  ant  Ifis  111'  tin'  deer  in- 
(lieate  its  ae-i',  eaeli  |iiiiiil  ie|  ii'esent  i  lit;'  a  _\eai'.  riiis  eertaiiilv  is 
a  |iMjiiilar  error,  tlionoh  it  ,i|t|iri)\iiiiati's  tln'  tiiitli  iinire  with 
yDjiiiiT  aiiiinals  tliaii  with  nhl  nies.  'I'lir  nmst  that  can  he  saiil  is, 
thai  the  older  tin'  aiiinial  the  iiioie  prunes  arc  liUely  to  occur 
on  the  antlers.  In  doniestication,  I  ha\e  never  seen  oiieeiuuii 
with  more  than  li\e  point-.  I  have,  liowe\ir.  in  iii\  colledioii 
two  jiairs  o|'  antlers  of  the  ('oinnion  I  )eer.  Imth  "f  which  were 
killed  in  this  \  icinity  (  i-a  Salle  ( 'oiiiity.  111.)  in  1^1"^.  ,,hicli  are 
of  nearly  ei|iial  si/e.  and  the  largest  I  e\er  reiiieinlier  to  li:i\e 
seen.  'I'he  antlers  of  the  one  which  fell  til  ni\  own  rille  weieh 
li\e  |ioiinds  and  eleven  ounces  :  each  aiithr  has  six  points  ln'sidcs 
the  stiih  of  a.  liruki'n  prone'  (ui  the  h'fl  aiitli'r,  'I'he  other,  killed 
liy  .Mr.  .Mackey.  wei^^di  live  pounds  and  one  ounce.  The  ri^hi 
antler  has  eleven  points,  and  the  left  twelve.  Thns  wi'  see  thai 
the  lai'ecst  antlers  have  hut  ahont  half  the  miinlM'r  of  point-  that 
are  found  on  the  smaller  ones,  (hi  each  of  these  aiillei>  the 
hasal  snae'  is  liifnrcated,  which  onl\  occurs  on  the  largest  speci- 
mens. (  )ne  of  theprojies  o|  the  Iiasal  suae'  of  the  left  ^f  ihe 
larei'st  antlers  is  live  inches  in  leiieth.  The  si/.e  and  position- 
of  tliesi'  liasul  snaes  woidd  almost ciitille  them  to  the  name  of 
hr<iw-tines,  althoiieh  ordinariU  that  term  wmih  he  ipiile  inap- 
propriate to  this  niemher  on  the  antlers  of  the  N'iieinia.  the 
nude,  or  the  hlack-tailed  deer. 

Many  iiliiiormal  growths  of  the  antlers  of  the  ('oinmoii  I  )eer 
are  to  he  met  with,  one  of  which  iiow  in  my  collection  is  ilins- 
irated  oil  p.  l^llt'i,  and  was  referred  to  when  coiisideriiie'  the  mode 
"f  erowtli  of  antlers,  Jn  these  we  see  there  is  no  lieaiii,  lail  they 
consist  eiitircdy  of  tines  and  snags  starling  out  fruiii  the  circiim- 
fereiu'e  of  the  bases  of  the  antlers.  'Idle  liases  of  these  tines 
'onstitute  rims  (jf  depressions  forming'  cups,  each  iif  which  '.vonid 
hold  a  (piantity  of  water,  and  so  in  this  regard  resenilile  tlu' 
•I'own  antler  of  tb.e  I'ed  deer  and  wajiiti.  ()lliers  have  the  .ip- 
pcarauce  of  two  beams  arising  from  the  same  pedicel  with  an  \[n- 
loiuMioii  system  of  snags  or  tines.  Probably  all  of  these  cases 
are,  due  to  acciilental  injuries,  either  to  the  peilioel  or  to  the 
antler  hi  its  early  growth,  as  was  no  doubt  the  case  ^vith  tlu; 
-[like  antler  on  the  deer  in  Lincoln  I'ark,  which  has  proved  so 
destructive  a  weapon  in  battle,  with  which  he  killed  all  tlii'  other 


«Jt.( 


V'l^ 


2:2ii 


TIIK    DKEIt    OF  AMEinCA 


biirks  in  the  park.  It'  ilii;  iiijiiry  was  to  tlic  pt'ilii^cl.  (lisaiTang- 
iiiL!,'  the  'iiitrieiit  \esseis  v.illiiii  it,  we  iiiiu'lit  espt'et  that  all  siih- 
se([iii''  .  antlers  grown  on  it  would  be  det'ornu'd.  ll  the  injury 
Avas  sini|il\  to  the  mtU'r  in  its  early  growth,  then  il  wnuM  have 
no  inlluenee  on  tliiit  of  tiie  next  vear's  u'rowth. 


m 


Abnormal   Antlers  of   Ccrnnion    Deer. 


I  ought  not  to  close  tliis  part  of  my  sul)i(>et  without  referring 
to  thri'e  fdssil  antlers  in  my  collection,  I'ouiul  in  the  lowi'r  drift  in 
the  valley  of  the  Fox  Kiver,  ni'ar  ( )ttawa.  Illinois.  Here  has 
been  an  u[)lieaval  which  elevated  the  coal  measures,  and  I'xposed 
all  to  the  action  of  the  great  currents  wliich  sweep  southward, 
and  which  carried  away  everything,  down  to  the  St.  Peti'r's  sand- 
stone. I'xcept  in  Ji  few  places  where,  for  a  few  humlred  acivs. 
the  lower  vein  of  coal  renuiins.  ( )ver  this  sometimes  a  jtortion 
of  i.he  soapstoue  remains,  jiiul  in  others  it  is  gone.  Where  tliese 
fossils  were  found,  about  two  feet  of  the  soapstoiie  remained  in 
place  over  the  coal  ;  the  deep  furrows  on  the  toj)  of  which  show 
j)laiuly  the  glacial  action,  or  rather  the  plowings  of  thi^  icebergs, 
which  drifted  down  with  the  great  current  and  grouudetl  two  or 
tlnve  miles  lower  down,  where  the  extent  and  foims  of  many  may 
now  be  seen  and  traced,  by  the  chisters  of  great  bowlders  whieli 
they  left  when  they  nu'lted  away,  us  [)l:'inly  as  if  marked  on  a 
map.  After  this  ileiiudation  there  was  de|)osited  a  stratum  of 
gravel  six  inches  thick  and  above  that,  nu)re  than  sixteen  fed 
first  of  sand  and  gravel,  then  sand,  then  sand  and  clav,  theii  clav. 


iinc 


I  histly. 


sur 


face  U)am.     In  this  lowest  stratum  of  gravel,  wli 


icn 


IM 


M 


.viiing- 

U  snb- 

injurv 

il  have 


veft'vvin'j,- 
V  clril't  in 
llevo  has 
1  exposed 
iiitlnvav'l. 
cr's  siiii'l- 
rinl   aiM-cs. 

n  povtii'ti 
lunv  tlu'sr 
inainctl  in 
liioh  show 
,.  icel)i'r-:;;s. 
iihI  two  or 

inauv  may 


(U'l-s  w 


hi. 


av 


kcil  on  a 
stratum  of 
lixtoon  fri'l 
then 


avt. 


•lav, 


1,  whH'h 


77//-;  AXTf.nns.  227 

was  the  first  deposit  ai'tci'  the  i('ch{'f|L;s  liad  ceased  to  (h'ii't,  and 
the  denuding  proci'ss  was  lin".-.iied,  thesis  antlers  were  found,  in 
positions  showiiin'  beyond  doid>t  that  they  wei'e  drifted  in  with 
till-  i;ra\'',.'l.  'Ihey  were  not  found  ton'<'ther  hut  at  fonsiderahle 
distances  a[)art,  and  ai'e  from  different  aniuials.  In  tin?  sauu' 
vt'in  of  grivel  ari^  found  a  considerable  variety  of  fossil  woods; 
several  specinieus  of  Avhii'h  I  have  submitted  to  the  inspection  of 
the  learned  professor,  Leo  i.as(|uereau\.  who.  fort  v  years  ago, 
examined  the  peat-beds  of  Denmark,  and  distinguished  the  suc- 
cessive gi'Uerations  of  trees  there  (le|)osiled,  which  had  grown, 
flourished,  decayed,  ami  disappeared,  lea\ing  (Uilv  that  decayed 
record  of  (heir  having  once  existed  in  ;i  land  where  for  unknown 
ages  they  have  been  entire  strangers.  Tliese  he  finds  to  be  arbo- 
rescent conifers  which  are  not  now  found  neai'er  than  the  regions 
;)f  Lake  Su|>erior,  and  oaks  wliicli  are  now  flourishing  here  but 
ai'e  not  growing  tlutre. 

Two  of  thesi'  fossil  antlers  exhibit  all  the   peculiar  charact(M'is- 


I'k 


IH'S   O 


f  the  antlers  of  the  X'iriiinia  Deer  m 


nihaliitiUL;'  tins  eoun- 


trv  in  the  most  pronouncinl  form  :  one  from  a  fullv  adult  animal 
and  the  other  about  four  yeai's  old.  They  luid  both  been 
ilro[)[»ed  in  the  course  of  nature.  The  other  presents  but  about 
six  iiK'hes  of  the  lower  ])avt  of  the  beam  and  before  any  of  the 
tines  hail  o<'curi'eil,  and  so  it  ma\  not  b(>  identified  with  eertainty. 

nd  the  beam  is  straiglitei   than  is 


fie  l)asal  snag  is  rudiuuMitary 


usual  on 


the  V 


iririnia  1  )eer 


And 


in   tliese  respects   it  resembles 


the  exci'ptioual  form  of  the  autlc'r  of  flu;  nude  deer  and  the 
Columbia  deer,  but  it  is  not  safe  to  declare  that  it  did  gi'ow  on 
a  dtier  of  one  of  these  species. 

In  the  same  locality  and  at  t  »"  sauu;  deptl 


1,   111  a  no( 


■ket 


ell 


i\  deposited  in  the  lower  str.tuiu  of  gravel,  I  found  nearly  tlu; 
tire  skeleton  of  a  female  \'irginia  deer.  With  great  pains  I 
ve  compared  these  Dont  ^  individually  with  the  bones  of  a  frdly 


an 


IS 


adult  female  Commoii  Deer  tlKst  died   in   my  grounds,  and 
discover  no  appreciable  diti'erence   in  size  or  form.      The'     i 
nearly   identical  as  possibh'  throughout.      These  were  evidently 
deposited  at  a  later  iieriod  than  were  the  antlers. 

We  loarn  from  those  relies  that  our  C'ommon  Deer  was  an  in- 
habitant of  our  el(r>ated  plains  or  at  least  of  a  region  north  of 
us,  soon  after  the  waters  left  tlieni  and  while  this  Lireat  vallev 


h'liii 


1  a  niih'  and  a  half  to  tw'o  miles  wide;  and  moie  th; 


in  one 


iiiidretl  feet  deei)  was  vet  filled  wife,  tl 


T 


y 


lie   ix\ 


eat  current  •.vliicli 


swept  down  from  the  north  and  brought  with  it  and  deposited 


228 


Tin:  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


tlic  llrst  drift,  al'tcr  tlic  more  riipid  curi'ciit  with  its  icelxM'gs  li;i<l 
swx'pt  oil'  must  of  tlic  siirf;a-(^  nintcriiil  down  to  \\w  bed  rock, — 
tlic.  St.  Peter's  sniid-stonc,  —  and  at  tlio  same  tiino  tlHM)aks  and 
the  conifers  which  formed  liis  sheltei".  I  am  not  awiire  that  we 
have  satisf;ictoi"y  evideiici^  that  any  other  of  our  existing'  fauna 
lived  liere.  even  at  that  time.  So  far  as  the  proof  L!,(>es.  we  mav 
pronounce  our  (h-er  th(;  oMest  of  our  extant  fauna.  Tim  late 
Dr.  .1.  W.  Foster  carefully  examined  the  locality  with  me,  and 
lu'  j)ronounced  it  tlu!  oldest  of  the  valley  drift  which  had  dejxis- 
ited  these  remains,  and  considered  tin-  ihid  of  the  highest  geo- 
loL!;ical  inti'rest. 


The  antlins  of  the  Aenpulco  Deer,  which  is  the  smallest  of  all 
our  North  American  s})ecies,  are  witlely  separated  from  those  of 
either  of  the  otlier  species  both  in  size  and  form.  I  have  but 
one  j)aii'  oi  these  in   my  collection  from    an    adult,  though  1  have 


S(!ver 


111 


irom  vounu 


buck 


The  larii'e  ones  were  from   an  animal 


that  died 


aire 


in  the   i)ark  of  (Governor   Latham    in  C"al- 


ifcn'iiia,  to  whom  1  am  indebted  for  a  female  of  the  same  s| 


)ecies. 


It  is  unfortunate  that  I   have  not  antlers    from 


1   consuieraoh' 


number  of  full  gi'own  bucks  of  this  spi'cies  so  that  I  could  feel  a 
conlident  assurance  that  I  am  pi'esenting  typical  characteristics. 
Now  tliere  is  a  bare  j)ossiliility.  that  the  antlers  before  me  are 
excejitional  in  their  foi'ms.  Jlowever,  in  desci-ibing  this  single 
pair  W'e  may  provisionally  assume  that  the  peculiarities  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  species,  admitting  that  there  may  be  minor  dif- 
ferences in  individuals,  as  we  observe  with  all  the  others.  They 
are  ilhistrated  in  Fig.  24,  on  |>.  224, 

'JMiesi!  antlers  spring  fi'om  pedicels  of  unnsu  I  height  for  their 
si/e,  which  at  their  tops  are  two  and  one  half  inches  apart. 
The  extreme  length  of  these  antics  is  seven  inches  and  three 
lines  aud  above  the  burr  the  circumfereni v  of  each  is  two  inclies 
and  nine  lines  where  they  are  nearly  round,  but  they  very  soon 
assume  a  triangular  shai)e,  and  at  two  inches  above  the  burrs 
from  the  inner  side  of  the  beams,  the  basal  snags  ai'se.  That 
on  i\w  right  antler  is  one  inch  ii\  h'ligth  and  on  the  left  it  is  nine 
lines  long.  Above  these  snags,  the  antlers  flatten  out  from  the 
triangular  form   into  distinct  palms,  increasing  in  w  idth  and  di- 


mnnsnin<r  in 


thicl. 


xness 


to  tl 


leir  ends,  w 


hid 


1  are  notched,  the  rielit 


deeply  and  the  hsft  slightly.  At  the  broadest  ])art.  just  below 
the  notch,  the  right  antler  is  one  inch  and  ten  lines  wide,  and 
the  left  is  one  inch  and  seven  lines  wide.     The  beam  above  the 


¥P 


77//:   AXTf.KHS. 


.).)(» 


notcli.  wliicli  iH  an  extension  of  tlic  jiostcrior  cd^'c  of  tlu>  |>!ilni, 
extends  two  inches  and  tliree  lini's  to  tlie  imint  on  tiie  right 
anth'r,  and  on  the  left  one  and  one  lialf  inches.  Tlie  anterior 
ed<j;e  of  (lie  palm  is  tliiekest  iind  it  thins  down  <4'r;i(hially  to  the 
)U)st(!rior  edn'e,  whicli  is  shai'p  for  its  wliole  length.  'I'he  com- 
pression is  lateral.  The  directidns  of  the  antlers  f<ir  the  hiwer 
half  are,  outward,  then  they  ,L;'iMcefully  <Mirve  in  slii^'litly  inward 
directions,  when  they  approach  each  other  for  thu  upper  half, 
so  that  the  points  are  but  four  and  one  half  inches  apart,  while 
at  till'  point  of  widest  separation  they  are  si\  inches  and  ten 
lines  asunder. 

No  tuliei-cles  appear  aV)ove  the  burrs,  but  the  loni;'itudinal 
channels  for  tin;  arteries  of  tin;  periosteum  are  very  distinct. 
There  are  no  tines  pro]>er  on  these  antlers,  but  tin;  basal  snags 
are  niuisuallv  ili-vtjloped  for  the  size  of  tlu^  antlers.  The  notches 
at  the  ends  present  distin(!t  points,  so  that  we  nuiy  be  justilied  in 
saying  that  each  antler  presents  three  points.  These  anllei's  are 
I'emarkably  stout  for  their  length  and  worn  (piite  smooth  by 
abrasion. 

These  antlers,  it  will  be  obsei'veil,  are  nuich  more  j)almate  than 
any  of  the  others,  except  the  moose;  and  the  caribou,  wliicli  this 
deer  also  I'csembles,  as  we  have  already  seen,  in  the  absence  of  the 
metatarsal  gland;  and  so  in  aiinther  inipurtant  feat  ui'c,  also,  we 
se(!  these  extremes  meet  where  thev  widely  dilTer  fimu  the  inter- 
nu'diate  species. 

( )n  a  young  buck  which  I  have  of  this  species,  the  first  anilers 
were  deformed  from  injuries.  The  second  antlers  are  two  and 
one  half  inches  long,  with  a  rudinu'utary  basal  snag,  showing  as 
yet  no  tendency  to  Ihitten.  I  have  another  [tail'  from  a  two-year 
old  buck  much  smaller  than  these,  but  with  the  same  chai'acter- 
istics. 


The  antlers  on  tlu;  ('eyloii  l)uck  in  my  grounds,  which  in  si/e, 
form,  and  color,  most  resembles  the  Acapulco  deer,  may  not  be 
entirely  neglected.  Those  of  tlu^  lirst  pair  gi'own  on  this  buck 
after  I  got  him  are  considerably  smaller  than  those  Hrst  dcscril.ed  ; 
they  are  straighter  and  much  moi'c  cylindrical,  although  they 
show  a  little  disposition  to  flatten  towards  the  I'lids. 

Hut  the  most  striking  feature  is  a  long  brow-tine  in  plac<'  of 
the  basal  snag.  This  tine  is  stout  and  neai-ly  half  the  length  of 
the  antler. 

The  secoml  antlers  grown  on   this  buck  in   mv  gi-ounds  more 


ill- 


m 


If! 


1 


II  li 


2:10 


77//;  /)j:ki,'  or  America. 


nearly  rcsciiil)k'  tlmsf  frnm  tli(^  Acapulco  doer,  wliilc  tlmy  rcscin- 
1)1('  till'  (ii'st  ill  iiiosi  of  tlii'ir  (iiaractcristics,  except  tliat  tiie  |.>iiLi' 
tine  is  now  reduced  to  a,  siiau,"  scarcelv  more  tliaii  an  iiidi  lon^-, 
and  the  left  antler  is  more  ilatteiied  at  the  end.  Thes(!  are  more 
fully  considered  under  the  title  "  Analo_<;'ues." 

Mr.  Darwin,  tin;  distinguishod  naturalist,  \vhen  jirepariiii;-  his 
celehrated  work,  " 'iiie  Descent  of  Man,"'  for  tin;  press,  asked  nie 
for  my  ohscrvations  as  to  tlie  utility  to  tlie  animal  of  the 
branched  forms  of  the  antlers  of  tlu^  Cervida-.  This  is  a  (|iiestioii 
cortaiiilv  not  easilv  solved,  and  vi't  tho  mode  of  warfare  of  these 


animals  mav  serve 


to  tl 


irow  some  lioht  on  tli(>  suhiect 


'J'he  mode  of  p     sing  battle,  as  wo  shall  see  in  another  place 


s,  is  with  a  tremendous  rush  t(i<j;eth 


er 


with  all  the  cerviii  ■  •  " 
Some  species  fall  biicl;  -'ud  rep)eat  the  rush  many  times,  like  the 
ram,  while  others,  aft(!i  .  'ey  thus  meet  continue  jiressiui;'  and 
worrying  each  other,  maneuvering  to  break  each  other's  foil. 
Mow  if  the  antlers  on  <'ach  ]iresented  but  single  j)oints,  death  to 
oih'  or  both  the  combatants  would  almost  surely  ensue  ujxni  the 
first  collision,  and  thus  would   the  species  soon  become  extermi- 


na 


ted. 
Tl 


lere   w 


as  in  the   fall  of    1 ST"),  in    Ivincoln   Parle,  a  W 


rii'ima 


b;Uck  live  years  old,  whose  left  antlei  was  a  sj)ike  about  ten 
inches  long  with  a  largely  developed  basal  snag,  while  the  right 
antler  was  of  the  ordinary  form  and  size.  The  keeper  informed 
me  that  this  buck  had  killed  tho  two  others  in  the  same  enclos- 
ure, the  last  but  the  day  before  my  visit,  and  that  it  was  this 
sharp,  straight  spike  which  did  the  m'schief.  Always  before,  the 
antlers  f)f  this  buck  had  been  of  the  ordinary  form  and  si/.e.  with 
which  he  had  nevtsr  injured  the  other  deer.  He  thought  the  siii- 
ular  Lirowth   was  duo  to  an    iniurv  to   the  antler  in  the  earlv 


IS  iiro- 


g 

stage  of  its  growth. 

'iiio  many  branches  with  which  the  antler  of  the  deer 

vided,  undoubtedly  impair  its  elliciency  as  u  wea[)on  of  attack. 

but  they  convert  it  into  a  shield  which  elfectually  foils  tin?  I'low 

from  a  similar  weapon,  though  it  may  not  certainly  ward  off  a 

blow  from  a  single  shaft.      I  liave  never  yet  known   an  instance. 

except  in  the  case  of  the  spike  antler,  in  which  either  combatant 

received  a  wound  in  these  sudden  onsets.     The  battle  is  won  bv 


)ersistent  endurance,   or  bv 


SOU! 


(^   accident  or  want  (tf  skill 


au'i 


lit 


y   wiucli    ex] 


)oses 


one    to    tlu!    reach   of    the   other.      If    ih 


blanched  antler   is  a  disadviinta<re  to  the  individual,  there  can 


'  I V  . 


Tin:  A. XT/. i: US. 


•2:n 


^h 


\i 


ht!  IK)  (loiil)t  tliiit  it  contrihiitcs  lai-yclv  to  tin-  urll  lM■iil^■.  tin- 
|ircs('rv;iti(m.  and  tlic  iin|iri>vt'iii('iit  of  tln'  nu'c  Tlif  iimst  \ii;'iii'- 
iiiis  ami  active  males  arc  still  left  niaslci's  df  the  Held  ami  so 
Kecoinc  the  ])n)geuitors  of  siicceediiii;-  ijjeiKiratinns. 

It  has  loii!^  hetMi  ;i  ])revaUM»t  opinion  anioni;'  hnnters,  and  to 
some  extent  has  been  ado|)ted  l)y  naturalists,  that  a  race  of  cum- 
nioii  deer  tin;  adults  of  which  have  iintlei's  without  hranchcs.  have 
ostublislied  tlu-mselves  in  the  northeaslei'u  part  of  the  I'liiied 
States  and  in  Canada,  whence  they  ure  drivini^'  out  the  pnuiL;- 
antlered  bucks. 

This  is  a.  matter  of  the  o'realest  seientide  importance,  and  I 
have  taken  pains  to  investigate  it  to  mv  s;itisfaetion.  and  am 
entirely  convinced  that  it  is  a  ]ii)pular  ei'i'or.  founded  upnu  in- 
cnmj)lete  observations.  The  spike  fnicks  found  in  the  Ailirnn- 
dacks  are  all  yearliiiL;;  bucks  with  tluur  (irst  antlers.  'I'he  uni- 
versal testimniiy,  so  far  as  I  iiavt;  been  able  to  gather  it,  is.  that 
tlicv  are  smaller  than  the  averaii'e  of  tii(>  prong-antlered  bucks, 
and  that  their  s[)ikes  vai'v  in  length  from  eight  inches,  oi-  ten 
incht's  at  tin-  very  utmost,  down  to  two  or  three  inches  in  length. 
It  is  only  i\u'.  largest  of  these,  that  any  have  claimed  to  lie 
adults.  It  is  very  easy  for  a  hunter  to  say.  ami  even  believe, 
that  ho  has  killed  deer  with  s[)ikes  ten  indu's  long,  but  diil  lie 
actually  measure  them,  and  make  a  note  of  the  fact,  with  tiuu'  and 
place,  describing  its  appearance,  and  take  an<l  note  the  nu-asiu'e- 
luents  of  the  animal,  or  did  he  preserve  the  head,  so  that  lie 
could  carefully  examine  it,  after  the  excitement  of  the  chase  was 
over,  or  so  that  he  could  submit  it  to  the  examination  of  others? 
I  have  never  heard  of  sucii  a  case;  such  a  head  ami  antlers 
Would  bring  more  than  numv  times  the  value  of  the  lareest 
carcasses  ever  sent  to  market.  It  is  n(!ver  safe  for  an  observer  to 
guess  at  dimensions,  but  he  should  always  resort  to  measure- 
ments, and  even  then  he  must  not  trust  his  nu.'mory.  All  obser- 
\ations  should  be  noted  ilown  on  the  spot  and  at  tlu^  time,  even 
while  the  eye  is  u[)on  the  objiict,  and  Ix;  sure  that  ev<My  impor- 
tant fact  is  stated.  Il(!  who  waits  till  he  gets  to  camp  to  make 
his  notes,  is  sure  to  make  them  of  little  value.  The  very  act  of 
noting  down  our  observations,  leads  us  to  notice  many  important 
things,  which  would  otherwise  be  entirely  overlooked.  If  hunt- 
ers and  anglers  would  generally  [)rovide  themselves  with  note 
hooks  and  measure,  and  whenever  they  kill  an  interesting  speci- 
iiien  would  make  careful  measurements  and  minute  notes  of 
them,  they  would  soon  educate  themselves  into  (sxcellent  natural- 
ists, and  would   add   vastly   to  our  fund   of    reliable    zoiilogical 


i:mt\- 


!UJ! 


lilifl. 


fiii 


I  f  I'l 


I'iri' 


2,^2 


77//-;  ]>i:i:it  or  a  mi: me. 


kiKtuicdgo,  and  I  trii.st  tho  tiiiic  is  coiniiit;'  wIumi  sporlsincn  will 
i^cncrally  adopt  this  oi)m'si'.  In  this  way,  tlicv  will  dniddc  thi- 
pli-asuri'.s  of  till'  cliasc,  and  wluMi  tlioy  meet  in  llio  caiiii)  or  at  tin' 
clnl)  lioiisc.  to  recount  tlicir  triuniplis  and  compare  tlieir  ohserva- 
tioiis,  tliey  will  enjoy  an  intejlei^tuiil  treat,  i'ar  snr[)assine'  the 
stoi'v  oF  the  simple  score  or  tlic  skillful  sliot. 

JJiit  K;t  us  return  to  the  consideration  of  the  spihe  buck.  1  ic- 
\)o:\t.  so  far  as  1  know,  wo  liavo  no  well  authenticated,  reliahle 
ohservations  to  justify  the  conclusion  that  these  spike  antlei's  are 
evei  ^I'own  upon  adult  animals.  All  we  have  on  the  suhjeet  is  a 
sort  of  general  conjecture,  founded  no  douht  upon  exceptional 
cases. 


en 


Continued  observations  upon  the  young  dcM'r  in  my  ])ai'ks,  1 

light 


lave 


ened  me  nmcli  on  tins  snoj 


th 


d. 


]' 


or  several  years 


I 


real 


p(M'suade(l  mvself  that  1  had  the  true  spike-antlered  bucks,  and 
set  myseif  to  care!  y  imti'  theii-  ])eculiarities.  and  fondly  believed 
that  I  was  about  to  add  an  important  chapter  to  scientilie  knowl- 


15  u! 


■  ic 


.s(>  careful  and  coutinued  observations  soon  iindi 


(ieived  and  disa 


PI' 


'.tee 


year,  w 


hicl 


l)y  marking  the  spike  biu'k  of  on 


1  was 


as  large  as  one   hu'ding  by  his  side,  having 


or  tl 


u'ce  tines  on  each  antler 


I 


loiind 


tl 


le  next   year  that   his  aiil- 


lei's  were  also  branched,  and  my  spike-antlereil  buck  Inul  become 
f  the  ordinary  kind.      And  tluMi  tlu*  earlv  fawn 


tin 


le  specimen  o 

of   tlu^  year  before,   drop[»ed    from   ;i   fully  adult  yigorous   doi 

which   had   furnished   him  j)lenty  of  milk,  had  now  grown  to  tli 

si/.e  of  a  niediuin  adult,  and  had  fine  spike  ant 


Jill  thiiiiis  liis  older  brother  of  the 


th 


lers,  resembling  in 
pret'eding  yi'ar  now  bearing 


pr 


ono'ed   antlers. 


And 


so 


1  an 


xionsiv  iiursiu't 


1  1 


"y 


)l)ser 


V!l- 


tions  for  a,  number  of  vears,  ever  looking  in  yain  for  a  seceuil 


antler  without  [)n)n 


\\'itlu)ut  this  certain   means  of  ki 


low 


edge,  I  should  have  believed  that  those  large  s])ike-antlered  bin 
wen;  more  than  yearlings  aiu 


tition  nut'' 


ht  1 


I  nearly  adult.      It  is  true  the  deii- 
lavt^  undeceived  me,  but  this  .1  could  not  ascertain 


while    the   animal   was   alive,  and   this   test    has   probably   lieeii 
1    and    carefully    studied    by   those    hunters,   who 


rarely   examined    ami   car( 


believe  they  have  killed  adult  deer,  with  s[)ik<'  antlers.      I  fee 
quite  sun;  that  they  had  not  the  means  of  accurately  determiniiu 


the  t 


ru(^  ages  o 


f  tl 


le  wi 


Id  deer  which  they  had  killed  ;  and  what 


I  havi!  already  stated  may  serve  to  show  liow  yery  liable  all  arc 
to  be  misled  in  relation  to  a  point,  upon  a  certain  knowledge  of 
which  tin;  whole  question  depends. 

I  think  the  evidence  siitisfuccory  to  establisli  tlie  fac;t,  that  in  a 
few  instiinces  female  Virginia  deer  have  been  killed  liaving  snial! 


THE  A.\l'f.i:i!S. 


O-'O 


spiki^  aiilliTs.  Mild  T  li;iv(!  iiotircd  nil  iifcduiit  of  out'  in  rnlifoniia. 
prolinlily  a,  ("t)liiiiil)ia  deer.  ()ii('  example  is  tumid  in  the  Siiiitli- 
suniaii  coUectidii  wliid:  I  luive  had  an  i>|>|iiirt  unity  of  sludvini;'. 
The  antl'Ts  are  on  Inw,  small  ]iedi('els.  'i'liey  are  in  the  velvet. 
Iiiit  appear  to  have  been  nearly  matnre(l.  Thev  are  almiit  six 
inciies  in  length  and  halt"  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  have  a  ^raee- 
fnl  anterior  curvature,  and  spi'ead  apart  less  than  is  usual  on  tlie 
spiUed  l)ucl\.  The  spike  on  the  perfect  i)U('k  is  alwavs  straie'ht. 
so  far  as  my  ohsei'vations  extend,  and  [  have  examinetj  hundreds. 
I  presume,  so  that  this  anterior  eurvaiui'e  dlstiniiiiislies  it  from 
the  spike  on  the  male.  1  have,  however,  noticed  a  similai'  cur- 
vjiture  on  the  velvet  antler  of  a  castrated  huck,  wln-re  the  opera- 
lion  was  performed  when  he  carried  his  spike  antlei's,  and  had  I 
met  with  this  specimen  without  information  that  it  was  from  a 
female,  I  should  liav<'  concluded  it  was  from  a  vouni;  castrated 
liuck.  l>ut  I  am  willing  to  accept  the  statement  that  it  was  from 
a  female, 

Such  an  occurrence  may  he  as  probable  as  that  a  woman  should 
have  a  full  (lowing  beard,  which  we  sometimes,  though  verv  rarelv, 
see. 

r  have  noticed  many  otht^r  accounts  in  sporting  [)apers  and  in 
the  journals  of  the  day,  of  antlei-ed  does  having  been  killed,  and 
if  mention  was  made  of  their  form  and  condition,  thev  were 
always  small  spike  antlers  and  in  the  \elvet:  and  the  jiei'iods 
when  the  notices  appeared  would  indicate,  that  they  were  killed 
when  the  antlers  on  the,  bucks  had  ])erfected  their  external  growth 
and  lost  their  vidvt^t.  Now  this  h;is  suggested  to  me  the  jjos- 
sibility,  that  wlu'ii  the  antler  is  found  upon  the  doe,  it  is  still  of 
an  imperfect  growth,  like  the  antlers  upon  the  castrated  buck,  so 
that  it  never  matures  so  far  as  to  los((  its  V(dvet,  and  that  in  win- 
ter it  is  frozen  and  broken  olY  without  bi'ing  shed  as  is  th.e  antler 
of  the  perfect  buck.  It  may  not  be  im])robabl(!  that  these  antlered 
does  will  always  b(!  found  to  be  barr  n.  My  observations  upon 
the  effect  of  castration  on  the  growth  of  the  antlers  of  the  buck, 
show  that  there  is  an  intimate  connection  Itetweeii  tlie  repro- 
ductive oroans  and  the  e'rowth  of  antlers,  and  so  it  is  not  un- 
reasonable  to  su[)[)ose,  that  the  phenomenon  of  antlers  upon  a 
female  deer  niav  arista  from  some  peculiarity  in  the  ovaries,  or 
some  other  of  the  genital  organs. 

I  make  these  suggestions  more  with  the  hope  that  those*  who 
may  have  the  opportunity,  may  be  induced  to  maki'  cari'ful  ob- 
servations on  the  bubj(!ct,  than  for  any  other  value  whicli  they 
may  possess. 


B  : 

■  1 ','  'i  ■ 


■im 


ffp 


•234 


77//;  i)r:i:i!  or  amejuca. 


TAILS. 


mt-'  ol 


tiiils  (if  the  (Ifcr  liavc  hccn   mostly  dcscrilicil  wlicii   t 
IIk'  ( 


IVIlt- 


lilT 


crciit,  sjM'cics  s('])iiriit('ly,  so  tliiit    imw 


lilt 


(•   I'rli- 


m 


>    - 


CO 


M    CTl 


Q 


u 


ctitiiiii  iiiiiy  hi'Cdiiic  1111- 
iivoi(l;ii)l('  wlicii  it  lic- 
coiiii's  iicccssai'V  to  ('((111- 
pui't'  tlicm. 


As    til.'  tails   of    til 


ircc 
Fiiis. 


irjiH'st      spcci 


•). 


10) 


most 


cacli     other, 


Z.  o     vosomhK 

s  ^     and    arc    (iiiitc    iiiilikf 

^  Z     those    of    any     of     the 

y  H     otlu'i"   species,   we    will 

treat  of  them    lirst  and 

toe'cthcr.      The   tail    <<{ 

^     the  Moose  is  longer  than 

!     that  of  either  of  the  olh-- 

°-    er  three,  and  is  lonu'er 

and  lareer  than  that  nf 


its  1^: 


nro[)eaii  cone'ener. 


Audnhon  and  liaehmaii 
give  ns  thi^  measure- 
ments of   two,    one    of 


w 


hieh 


1   was  eleven   and 


*-'  one  half  inches,  and  the 

Z  other  nin(^  inches  long. 

H  Should   Ave    tak(>    these 

°°  for  a  fair  average,  we 

-  lind  them  much  longer 

Q  than  th(),s(!  of  the  Wa- 


iiti. 


Both 


ar(!    car- 


n  §■  ried  closely  depressed, 
^-"^  thougli  that  of  the 
"  —     Moose  is  the  most  util- 


ized.    'J'he  tiiil  of 


our 


J-: 


is  never  elevated. 


UKl  rarelv  movec 


lat: 


w 


hetl 


ler     standing 


ease  or  going  a 


t  tl 


icir 


best 


six'ed 


Fl 


U's    or 


mos(piitoes  may  annoy 


i     ■ 

V.  V 

II   '' 


Tin:  T.\/f..  2:1', 

tlicin  never  so  iniuli.  slill  the  tail  remains  (,iilet,  while  they 
may  l)e  staiiipin-'  with  their  feet  or  Ihrashiii-'  ahum  the  hea,|  iii 
a  I'raiiti  '  way. 

Oil  I>()th  these  animals  the  tails  ure  round  :  on  the  .Mo,,se  they 
lire  s.Miiewhat  ta|.erin-,  while  .m  the  Klk  the  tail  is  of  a  unilorin 
ilianieter,  with  an  aliriqit  termin;ition. 

The  tail  of  thi'  Caril.oii  is  soinethiiiu'  lonu'er  than  that  of  the 
Klk.  It  is  somewhat  ilatteiied,  v.mt  hroad  at  the  hase.  laperino' 
:ill  the  way  to  the  end.  It  is  very  short  for  so  hir.^v  an  animal^ 
hut  is  more  active  than  on  the  I-'dk. 

On  the  Moose  the  color  of  the  tail  varies  from  verv  lin-ht  to 
dark'  lirown. 

'I'he  tail  of  the  Carihoii  is  of  a  dark  shade  on  top^approai'liinn' 
a  hrown.  ami  on  some  specimens  it  is  decidedly  so. 

On  all  the  smaller  species  the  tail  is  fonnd'to  l.e  a,  promin.'iit, 
and  to  some  extent,  a  useful  member.  Ka.'li  has  a  tall  con- 
structed on  a  plan  peculiarly  its  own.  hy  which  it  mav  he  r.'ad- 
iiy  distinguished,  and  l.y  this  mark  alone  mav  th..  species  he 
ideiitiiied.^  \Vhil(!  each  may  vary  from  th.'  otl'iers  in  length,  all 
are  of  sniHeient  size  to  harmonize  with  the  i;vneral  structure  of 
the  animal. 

The  larnvst  of  this  ,<;-roup,  and  the  one  which  we  shall  lirst  con- 
sider, is  the  Mule  Deer.  Jn  many  respects  this  tail  differs  from 
all  tli(i  others  of  the  species,  and  its  individualities  are  such  as  to 
identify  it  at  (mee  and  e  verv  where. 

Ill  my  earlier  studies  I  was  led  into  some  erroiuMuis  e(.nclu- 
sions  as  to  the  tail  of  this  deer,  wdiicli  I  have  been  able  to  cor- 
rect by  subse(|uent  observations. 

The  most  strikinn-  peculiarities  and  wliicli  first  strike  the  ob- 
server, are  that  it  is  of  a  yellowish  white  color  except  a  tuft  at 
the  lower  end  wliicli  is  black,  and  for  most  of  the  wav  it  is  naked 
"11  the  umler  side;  the  color  <.f  this  tail  is  a  shade  "the  lightest 
on  the  under  side  bor.leriiio-  the  naked  part. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  the  Mule  Dinn:  The  eastern  or 
IJocky  Arountaiu  variety  I  shall  lirst  consider.  AVhile  in  color 
the  tails  of  different  specimens  are  (juite  alike,  in  form  they  are 
quite  variant.  Most  are  larn^e  at  the  base,  taperinn-  to  small 
dimensions  to  the  limit  of  the  white  hair,  and  then  terminating 
with  u  large  black  tuft.  "^ 

This  form  is  most  observable  on  the  aged  animals.  Tn  other 
speciniens  the  white  hairs  are  nearer  of  a  nniforin  length,  so  that 
^<"l•y  little  taper  is  observed.     In  these  specimens  the  white  hairs 


t 

Hi 


1 

ll  il 

i 

'■ 

ill 

It 

i 

1  •:  ^ 

:■  I 


280 


77//;  /^/;/;/,'  or  amiuika. 


ovorlii))  llic  iip])(M'  piii't  of  llic  bliick  so  !is  io  liidc  n  porllon  of  it. 
This  coiidilioii  iisii;iily  occurs  in  the  f;ill  of  this  yciir  iiiid  on 
yoiiiin'  nuiinals  not  niort;  tliiiii  tlii'cc  m-  four  years  old.  'I'Iim 
foniicr  condition  is.  to  sonu'  extent  at  least,  artificial.  Il  i-esidl-- 
from  those  wiiile  haii's  near  tiie   lower  part  of  the  tail  liecomiiiu 


worn  o|]   so  that  thev   are    shorter 


ins    IS   rendered 


possihle 


from  the  while  hairs  liein;^  open,  sponi,fy,  non-ehl^ 
so   that   they  are   reai 
)] 


lie 


anil  hritl 


lilv  1) 


)i'oken   oil    ov  connnti'  in  contact,  wit 


ol)  I'cts  wlien  the  tad   is  moved  liv  tiie  annn; 


Th 


lose  hairs  near 


the  upper  end  of  tlie  tail  are  less  exposed  to  ahrasion  than  tlmsi 
lower  down  ami  near  the  end.  'I'iie  hhick  hairs  eoinposiiii^  tin 
switch    are   dil'ferent.      Tln^v   are  (piit(^  solid,    firm,    ami    elastic 


illvt^ 


Hose    ( 


Ml    the   tail    of  tin;    lioiv 


and 


so   cun    bear   a   yreat 


anioiint  of  frit'tioii  without  beiiin'  lirokeii  oil".  Tlioy  eiidure  iIh' 
violence,  while  the  white  hairs  just  al)ove  them  liccoine  worn 
down  short.  The  two  extremes  and  an  interinediat(!  form  air 
shown  in  the  illustrations.      Fies.  li,  :!,  4.  p.  'l'-\A. 

Independent  of  this  jibrasioii  there  is  in  most  s|)ecimens  a  cer- 
tain deeree  of  taper  rosnltine-  from  the  fact  that  on   them   the 


w 


liite   hairs  ai 


shorter  on   the   linwr  than   on  the  upper  part 


the  tail.  ( )n  an'cd  specimens  these  whit(^  hairs  are  more  hrit lie 
than  on  youneei-  animals,  hence  they  are  worn  shorter  on  thcin 
and  so  present  a  much  more  taperine-  form. 

'I\ike  a  specinicMi  about  the  first  of  Aut^ust,  when  the  old  while 
hairs  are  nearly  shed  ami  the  new  ones  are  still  short,  and  aliovc 

(^  way  up,  while  the 


the   black   tuft   the  tail 


IS   verv  smal 


th 


bli 


hairs  which  are  constiint,  lik(^  those  on  tlu;  tail  of  the  lior- 


remain  eoiispicnoiis  tlinnie'liout   the  year.      These   lilack  hairs  arc 
generally  shorter  and  stand  in  a  more  radical  ])osition  on  the  old 


tl 


sjx'cimens  tlian  on  tiie    youii 


th 


( )ii    the    voune-    tliat  wdi 


icii   i.- 


worn  off  of  the  black  liairs  is  replaced  by  new  growth  which 


1^ 


more  vieoroiis 


ovi  the  young  than  the  old  ;  on  the  latter  tlie  growth 
is  tardy  and  does  not  fully  rei)air  the  loss,  so  that  on  tlii>  young 
tlie  black  tiift  appears  longer  and  of  less  dianuder  than  on  tlm  oM. 


I  have  said  that  the  under  side  of  the  tail  of  the  M 


ule 


1) 


is  naked  down   to  wwv  the  end,  like;   the  lion 


tail.      T 


eel' 


lis    IS 


not  absolutely  so,  for  v,\v\\  the  on  young  sjieeimeiis  a  careful  in 
spection  will  rev(>al  to  the  naked  eyes  a  number  of  scatteriiiL 
very  short  line  hairs,  more  abundant  towards  the  lower  end  o 


tl 


le  n 


aked 


space 


tl 


ies(!    grow    somewhat    laru'er  as  the    animal 


grows   older,  but  are  always  ke{)t  worn   short,  so   that  on  (»ld 
specimens  the  lower  part  of  the  nakinl  portion  exhibits  a  good 


77//;  y.i//.. 


2;J7 


niMiiy  short  stiihs  of  liaii's,  dl'  almost    llic  (rminctcr  of  the   liairs 
1111  tin-  ii|i|)f'r  side,  wliidi  tlirv  arc  liUc  in  color  and  Icxtiiic. 

'I'lic  lihicU  hairs  cover  I'ldiii  one  eli^htli  to  one  leiitli  of  the 
vertcliia'  at  its  exlrcmity,  and  as  liefnre  staled  are  iimi  >lied  with 
tiie  _e<.|)(.i'al  coat  as  an;  tlie  white  liairs  on  the  rest  of  the  tail. 
'I'his  Mack  |iortion  is  clothed  as  ahundantly  i«n  the  lower  as  on 
the  u|>|)er  side.  Alton'cther  the  cliarai'teristics  of  the  tail  of  this 
deer  ari'  so  pt'cidiar  that  any  one  of  the  least  oltservatioii  can 
readily  (list iiis^iiisli  it  in  any  of  its  t'oriiis,  at  any  season  of  the, 
vear  or  at  any  ae'c. 

I  have  only  had  in  domestication  six  specimens,  taken  wild,  of 
which  tlinu'  were  of  each  sex.  'Hiey  exhiliited  tliese  several 
forms,  hut  the  specimens  killed  hy  hunters  which  1  have  exam- 
ined showed  e'reater  extremes  than  those  in  my  own  grounds,  es- 
jicciallv  did  they  show  the  hairs  more  worn  o|'f  on  the  parts  most 
cX|iosed  ;  that  is,  1  have  foiiml  on  the  wild  animals  tails  mori; 
tapering  from  the  ni)[H'r  end  down  tt)  the  hliick  tuft  and  on  the 
oldest  and  largest  the  most  so.  1  think  tlie  males  show  this 
more  than  the  females. 

These  tails  always  ap])car  to  he  round.  l''.ven  the  aliseiice  of 
hairs  on  the  under  side  hiils  to  nive  them  the  flat  appearance 
always  seen  on  the  \'ire;inia  deer.  IJy  measurements,  taken  on  a 
female  Mule  Deer  four  years  old  in  my  erounds,  I  find  the  diam- 
eter of  the  tail  at  tlu;  hase,  it'casurine-  from  the  ends  of  the  hairs 
in  their  natural  position,  is  two  and  one  half  inches,  and  live 
inches  lowi'r  down  I  tind  the  diameter  to  he  one  and  one  half 
inches,  'i'lie  diameter  of  the  tuft  of  hiack  liairs  corresponds 
with  that  at  tlu-  hase  of  the  tail. 

Another  specimen  in  my  collection  (Fig.  -),  from  a  very  large 
huck  killed  in  the  JMack  Hills,  shows  that  the  diameters  are 
nearly  half  an  inch  less  at  all  the  ))oiuts  indicated,  which  gives 
the  tail  a  much  more  tapering  ap[)t'arance  than  the  first.  The 
Icne-th  of  the  vertebra'  of  this  tail  is  eight  and  one  half  inches, 
whili!  the  black  hairs  extend  three  and  one  lialf  inches  I'urth' r., 
making  the  tail  twelve  inches  long.  I  have  another  specimen  in 
which  the  vertebra;  is  fivt;  and  one  half  iiu'hes  long,  wl  •'  it  is 
fully  ten  inches  to  the  end  of  the  black  hairs.     This  was  from  a 


voting  animal  killed  early  in  the  seasoi 


T 


le  white;  hairs  are 


1)11 


t  little  worn  down,  and  they  overlap  the  black  hairs  for  more 
than  half  their  length,  so  tha,t  the  black  tuft  is  no  larger  than  the 
white  hairs  above  it,  but  there  is  a  gradual  though  slight  taper  all 
the  way  from   the  base  to  and    includine;  the  blai'k  tuft  in  its 


■i    r 


'^^,H 


'riir:  i>i:i:u  or  ami.hica 


liiri;'('sl  piirt  :  tlinici'  it  t;i]it'rs  jo  ;i  point.  I  Imvc  in  my  !LCri>iiii(ls  ;i 
.Mull'  liiirk  ill  his  srcoinl  yt'iii',  wIium'  l;iil  in  I  )ci'fiii!ii'r  wms  almost 
tilt'  ('(iiiiitiTiiart  of  tills.  Ill  tlic  latter  part  o|'  wiiilrr  it  was  coii- 
si(lri-aM\  (ruiiiiiislii'd  in  si/r  towards  llif  lower  portion  dj'  |||,. 
while,  show  inn'  the  taperiiie'  roini  down  to  the  lilaek  lull.  In 
.liilv  I'ollowin^',  the  white  hairs  were  nearly  all  shed,  lea\iiiL(  the 
tail  scaivi'ly  larger  than  one's  liiiecr,  while  tla;  liil't  ol'  lila<'U  hairs 
maintained  its  orieinal  hinness.  The  verlehra-  was  six  inelies 
loiin'.  and  to  the  end  of  the  tiifl  the  tail  was  ten  iiieln's  loii<^. 

(  >n    the   ('alifornia   variety  of   this  deer,  the  tail    has  nearly  the 
same   foiin    luit  avera^'i's  a  little   loiter.      Its  ereat  dist  iiiel  ion    Is 


in    t  111-  eolor  of  t  he   tail,  whii 


)ne    IS    SllHieiellt     to  declare  il 


ver\  dislinel  variety,  weie  other  indi<'ia,  wliieli  are  plainly  de- 
clared, wanting.  it  has  the  naked  portion  on  the  under  side  the 
same  as  the  eastern  variety,  Iml  instead  of  all  lieinn  while  ahov 
the  iilack  liift  at  the  end,  a  stripe  ol'  the  color  of  the  Lack  aho\e 
the  tall,  with  which  it  unites,  runs  down  the  upper  side  of  the 
tail  and  unites  with  the  terniiiial  lilacU  liifl.      On  some  specimen^ 

r  end,  and   on 
e  Mack  tiifl. 


this   liiown   stripe  erows  darker  towards  the   lowi 
some  llie  tawny  lirown  sliaile  of  the  stripe  invades  th 


Ordiiiarilv  the  tail  of  the  Mule  l)cci-  is  carried  d 


el  ii'esse(  I,  cji  isc 


to  the  liody.  In  rnnniiii;-  it  is  elevated  ;i  little  hut  not  ecnerally 
above  the  h' 'ri/ontal  :  hut  when  the  male  is  very  lia])py  and  feels 
Very  SI  If-iinportant  he  will  strut  ahoiit  with  tin-  tail  elevated  in 
a  vertical  position  or  iiiclinine-  a,  little  forward,  remiiidiiie'  one  of 
the  actions  of  the  male  j^oat  when  he  feels  his  self-importanee  in 
a,  hie'li  deeree.  This  is  peculiar  to  the  iNliilc  Deer,  certainly  aiiiouL; 
tlu^  American  species. 

It  is  to  lie  ivi^retted  that  this  deer,  with  moi'*'  of  a  while  tail 
than  any  other  of  our  tieer,  —  with  in  hict  a  white  tail  tippetl  with 
black,  —  is  universally  called  by  the  hunters  of  the  JJocky  Moun- 
tains ///('  />/(i<-k-liii/i''l  l>i'i'r.  As  they  know  nothine;  of  the  true 
black-tailed  deer  of  tlui  Pacific  Slope,  it  creates  no  local  incon- 
venience, but  wheiKner  one's  in(]uiries  extend  west  of  this  local- 
ity confusion  necessarily  results.  Wliether  this  ina})i)ropriatc 
local  name  will  ever  be  liiveii  up  bv  those  wjio  do  not  extend 
their  observations  iievond  tliat  reidoii,  1  very  much  iloiibt. 


The  tail  of  the  Columbia  Deer  is  j)eenliar  and  cliaraeteristic  of 
the  animal,  and  shows  the  aj)pro])riati'ness  of  the  name  oiven  it 
by  Lewis  and  ('larke,  of  liUtck-tailed  JJcer.  It  is  short,  or  aboiir 
the  length  of  the  tail  of  tlio  mule  deer.     It  is  very  nearly  straight, 


i!ii 


i^ 


■////■;  7.1//,. 


20lt 


tlMHii^li  a  sli^lil  upwni'd  mill  thru  rcvci'-iil  cmNc  iiinv  he  nhsrrvnl, 
li  is  all  iiclivc  iiii'iiilirr  llial  is  cajialilr  n|'  liciiiM-  wliisUi'd  almiit. 
llii'ii^ii  it  i>  iidl  iiiiicli  used  ill  that  way.  'I'lif  |insiti<iii  in  whirh 
llic  tail  is  I'ai'i'icil  is  in  iiiarkcil  cDiilrast  t<>  that  i>l  all  tlii'  ntlur 
>|fci'.  I  hi'-  |iii-~itiMii  is  imi  Ncrtiral  nr  (|c|iicssr(l  against  thr  IhmIv, 
l>iil  il  slaiiiUmit  ill  a  (lrii()|iiii^°  nf  iiu'linril  |ii>sili(<ii  ali'>iil  in  a  liiH' 
with  llic  liat'lvlioiii',  I'i'iini  the  ti>|i  ol'  lli.'  hips  |Mi>tcri(irl\ .  it  \>r\- 
liaps  a  II w  iji'^^rcrs  niin'r  (li'|iiT>scil. 

In  t'liiiii  the  tail  is  I'lUind,  ti'iiiiiiiatiii^  with  a  sliai'|i  hut  alniipt 
liji,  thr  |ii.int  III  whirh  is  uii  a  liiH'  with  the  Inwcr  side  nl  the  tail 
nv  a  litl  li'  d('|irr>si'd.  It  is  cuvci'i'd  all  a  nun  id  with  hairs  nl'  iirailv 
a  uiiilnriii  Irii^lh.  ni\ini;'  it   ilir  lunii  drsrrihcd. 

(  >ii  tup  and  till  the  sides  at  tin-  liiwci' end  for  half  its  Iciintli 
the  tail  is  lilaik.  'I'lifiifc  ii|iwai'd  the  ends  nf  a  part  nf  thr  hairs 
hrciiiiir   tippril    fni'  a   i|iiarlri'  iif  an    iiirli   nr   niiii'r    with  a  tawny 

>lia(h'.       'I'llr    llllllllirl'    nf    tllrsr    illrl'rasr    rapidlv   IIS    Wc    asrrlld    ill 

the  rNaiiiinat  imi,  and  thr  hudics  of  thr  iiairs  iircmiir.  lir'htrr. 
*  .-pi .  ialiy  on  lilt'  lower  half,  until  iirar  thr  I'oni  nf  tjir  tail  thr 
Inwri-  half  of  thr  hail'  lircoiiirs  a  li,r;ht  i^rav.  i  im  intrrvnirs  a 
idiisidrraMy  darhcr  shade,  trrmiiiat  In^-  with  thr  tawny  tip  wliirli 
L^ivr--  a  rrildish  cast  to  the  npprr  portion  of  thr  tail.  Thr  iindcr 
>iilr  of  the  tail  is  wliitr,  iirai'  the  root  fiillv  onr  half  of  thr  cir- 
iiiiiifrnMicr  ;  hilt  a  little  lower  down,  not  more  than  one  (|iiartrr 
nf  the  einaiiiifrrmrr  is  white,  so  that  we  may  proprrly  say  that 
llirre  is  a  white  stripe  aloii^-  the  under  side  of  the  tail  which  is 
iinrdereil  l)y  a  russet  streak  on  each  side  alonr-  {\\i.>  lower  iialf 
iiiorr  eonspiciioiis  towards  the  end,  and  as  these  russet  hairs  and 
even  souu'  of  the  white  ones  are  longer  tlian  the  hlacU,  the  e\- 
iremt!  point  of  the  tail  is  a  tawny  white.  A  careful  inspection 
shows  tiiat  the  hairs  attaclied  to  tlie  hnver  side  of  tla;  last  ini-h 
nf  the  vertebra'  are  all  black',  with  dilVerent  degrees  of  intensity 
mi  llieir  outer  parts  and  the  inner  portions  white  or  tawny, 
whrrras  above  that  point  the  wliitc;  hairs  maintain  that  (.'olor  thr 
whole  leiigtii.  The  tail  ta])ers  sliglitly  and  lias  a  slight  upward 
curve,  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 

The  above  descriptions  are  from  tlio  only  four  I  liave,  one  male 
and  three  females  now  in  my  grounds,  whose  tails  are  almost  ex- 
actly alike;  yet  I  have  a  number  of  specim»!ns  which  I  obtained 
frniii  dried  skins  at  Victoria,  li.  C,  and  Portland,  Oregon,  some 
nf  which  are  considerably  longer  and  a  little  more;  i)ointed  at  th(! 
ends.  Still  all  hold  their  bigness  with  great  uniformity  to  very 
near  the  extreme  ends,  and  in  this  respect  dill'er  very  much  from 


240 


THE  DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


tlie  Virglniii  deer.  In  color,  I  ciinnot  peivcive  luiy  iipprccialili' 
(lift'eiviuu;  between  niy  live  specimens  antl  those  obtained  at  Vic- 
toria and  Portland. 

Tlie  white  between  the  hams,  nnder  the  tail  of  this  deer,  is 
wider  than  the  tail  itself,  so  that  when  looking  at  the  deer  from 
behind,  it  is  seen  about  one  inch  broad  on  each  side  of  the  tail 
for  its  whole  lenirth. 


II   ! 


The  tail  of  the  Vircjinia  Deer  exceeds  in  length  that  of  aii\ 
other  of  our  deer.  It  varies  very  much  on  dilTerent  adult  indi- 
viduals, on  sonu!  being  not  more  than  eleven  or  twelve  inches  long, 
wliile  on  others  it  is  found  to  be  sixteen  or  even  eighteen  inches 
in  length.  In  sha[)e  it  is  ilatteneci,  being  the  broadest  a  little 
posterior  to  its  base  :  tlience  it  contracts  in  width  gradually  and 
(piite  regularly  to  a  point  at  the  end,  giving  it  a  lanceolat(!  f  irm. 
as  shown  in  the  illustration. 

On  the  under  side  and  on  the  edues  it  is  alwavs  white,  luii 
on  to])  it  is  very  variant  in  color.  I  have  some  s[)ecimens  in  m\ 
grounds  which  are  jet  black  for  the  lower  half,  growing  liglitei' 
towai'ds  the  anterior  or  upper  part  by  the  interspersion  of  gray 
hairs  witli  the  black,  which  become  more  abundant  anteriorly. 
These  very  bhick  specimens  are  (pute  rare,  but 
more  or  less  black  towards  the  extremities.      \ 


a  majority  have 


erv  man 


'■}' 


J' 


How- 


ever, have  no  black  upon  them,  but  are  of  a  tawny  gnvy  on  top. 
Scarcely  any  two  an;  exactly  of  the  same  shade  of  color,  some 
being  of  an  exceedingly  light  gray  on  top,  and  betw'een  these  and 
the  black  every  intermediate  shade  is  to  be  found. 

The  blackest  s[)ecimens  are  met  with  east  of  the  Mississipj'i 
River.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  west  of  thi;m,  the  lightest 
colored  specimens  are  met  with,  and  I  have  never  met  with  one 
there  with  any  black  uj)on  it.  Hence  in  that  region  they  are 
called  the  White-tailed  Deer.  In  the  northwest  they  have  been 
called  the  Long-tailed  Deer,  not,  I  imagine,  becaus(!  the  tails 
there!  are  longer  than  on  the  same  species  east,  but  because  they 


have  longer  tads 


th 


an  an 


V  other  deer  in  that  region. 


When  viewed  posteriorly,  the  white  of  the  eilges  shows  dis- 
tinctly as  a  border  to  the  colored  [lortion  on  to[).  And  when  tiie 
tail  is  elevated  and  the  hairs  radiate  in  excitement,  nothing  but 
the  white  is  seen,  exce})t  from  an  anterior  view.  The  nuturai 
tion  of  the  tail  is  dein-essed  or  vertical.     When  the  animal 


posit 


IS 


excited,  jis  by  seeing  a  dog,  for  instance,  the  tail  is  elevated  to  a 
horizontal  position,  and  the  hairs  become  radiate,  while  the  aui- 


THE    TAIL. 


241 


inal  is  standing  deliborating  wlictlicr  to  I'un  or  not  ;.  and  so  it  is 
wIr'U  the  deer  approaches  an  object  in  a  tlireateiiin^  Avay.  When 
it  runs  away  in  fright,  it  generally  raises  the  tail  to  a  vertical 
position,  the  hairs  still  spread  out  s(j  as  to  much  enlarge  its  ap- 
pearance. This,  however,  is  by  no  means  universally  the  cas(\ 
They  friMpiently  run  at  full  s[)eed  with  the  tail  as  much  de}>rcssed 
as  when  (piietly  standing.  I  have  often  observed  a  lot  of  a  do/en 
or  twenty  when  alarmed,  running  from  one  part  of  the  park  to 
another  to  escape  a  supposed  danger,  and  usually  have  seen 
one,  or  perhaps  several,  with  tlu;  tails  depressed.  Indeed,  a  larger 
proportion  will  have  the  ilag  elevated  wlien  I'unning  at  ;j^  niod- 
erati!  s[)(!e(l  than  when  a})])arently  doing  their  Ix-st. 

When  a  Virginia  Deer  is  wounded,  Ik;  almost  in\ariably  di'ops 
his  tail  and  runs  with  it  pt'iident,  or  if  much  hurt,  he  will  lash  it 
from  side  to  side,  and  by  this,  more  than  any  Dtlier  indication,  the 
hunter  determines  the  extent  of  the  injury  iuilicted  liy  his  shot. 
As  the  tail  of  the  Virginia  J)eer  is  longer  than  that  of  any  of  the 
others,  so  it  is  niore  used  or  is  n\ore  freiptently  in  motion,  but 
wiih  all  this  the  hairs  are  never  pei'ceptibly  worn  oif  as  on  the 
tail  of  the  nud(,'  deer.  All  the  hairs  on  the  tail  are  nuich  mon^ 
solid,  elastic,  and  enduring,  th.an  on  the  body. 

No  matter  what  tiie  size  or  color  of  the  tail  i.f  this  deer,  its 
tlattened  and  lanceolate  form  ami  white;  borders  will  always  de- 
clare its  identity  to  even  an  indilTei-ent  oliserver. 

As  I  liave  said,  the  tail  of  the  A'irgiuia  Deer  is  Hat  and  ta|)er- 
ing  to  a  point.  The  anterior  part  is  twice  as  wide  as  it  is  thick. 
The  white  at  the  under  side  and  tlie  borders  (iccu])ies  fullv  two 
thirds  of  the  circumference  of  the  tail. 


The  tail  of  the  Acapulco  Deer  more  resembles  that  of  the  X'w- 
ginia  deer  than  any  of  the  others  ;  yet  it  has  its  distinctive  char- 
acteristics. While  it  is  eonsideral>ly  flattened,  it  is  not  as  nuich 
so  as  ou  the  common  dee'",  yet  much  more  so  than  on  any  of 
the  others.  By  reference  to  the  illustration  it  will  be  seen  that 
it  does  not  taper  regularly  from  the  root  to  the  point,  but  nearly 
maintains  its  widtli  till  near  the  end  and  then  tapers  raj)idly  to  a 
much  more  blunt  point. 

riie  under  side  is  pure  white,  but  this  does  not  extend  around 
the  sides  or  edges  so  it  can  be  seen  from  a  posterior  view  as  on 
the  common  deer  when  the  position  of  the  tail  is  ilepn'ssed,  but 
only  the  colored  portion  which  pervades  the  top  of  the  tail  is 
seen. 

10 


II  i 


M 


242 


T/fJC   J)/:KII   of  AMERICA. 


I  liavt'  iiliviuly  stiitod  that  the  color  of  tliis  spccifs  is  vei\y  va- 
riant oil  (liUV'ient  iiulividiials,  from  a  dark  russet  gray  to  a  russet 
brown  ;  and  tin;  same  is  true  of  the  color  of  the  upper  j)art  of  the 
tail,  —  some  are  decidedly  brown,  approaching  a  dull  black,  which 
is  more  i)ronounced  on  the  lower  part,  while  others  are  of  a  light 
tiuvny  shade,  with  no  part  black  or  even  brown.  Tiie  length  of 
the  tail  may  be  stated  at  eight  inches. 

The  position  of  the  tail  on  the  Acapulco  Deer  is  usually  closely 
depressed,  and  ordinarily  is  but  little  raised  from  this  when  run- 
ning, especially  when  jnu'suing  the  other  deer  to  amuse  itself.  It 
is  more  freipiently  raised  when  fleeing  from  supposed  danger,  but 
not  as  much  as  is  usual  with  the  common  deer.  Wh'  "  excited 
tlie  hairs  are  radiated  as  on  the  common  dew. 

1  am  unable  to  distinguish  any  appreciable  ditl'erence  between 
the  tail  of  the  ^Vcapulco  deer  and  that  of  the  Ceylon  dtH-r. 

On  the  tails  of  all  the  deer  the  hair  is  shed  but  once  in  the 
year,  which  process  is  gradual  and  occurs  in  the  summer  time, 
while,  as  stated,  the  black  switch  on  the  Mule  Deer  is  not  shed 
at  all. 


* 


I  ! 


rilK   F(X)T. 

The  forms  of  the  hoofs  of  the  different  species  of  the  deer  may 
receive  our  attention  for  a  short  time.  I  have  found  them  si>  de- 
pendent on  circumstances  that  it  is  not  practicable  at  all  times  to 
determiiu!  to  which  of  several  species  a  given  specimen  belonged. 
This  is  more  particuUirly  the  case  with  the  smaller  species  ;  that 
is,  those  less  in  size  than  the  caribou,  at  the  head  of  which  stands 
the  ^lule  Deer.  If  the  hoofs  on  these  smalhu-  sj)ecies  dilYer 
somewhat  in  the  projiortions  of  length  to  breadth,  still  in  general 
configurations  they  are  alike,  aiul  the  dilTercnce  in  their  ])rop()i'- 
tions  is  so  sliu'lit  that  observers  do  not  always  ai'ree  in  iheir  con- 
elusions. 

Thcwe  inhabiting  rocky  or  gravelly  ground  become  worn  down 
so  as  to  change  their  size  and  proj)ortions,  as  compared  with 
those  wliich  live  on  the  prairies  and  travel  principally  on.  the  soft 
grass.  When  examining  a  specimen,  therefore,  it  is  necessary  to 
incpiire  as  the  character  of  the  country  which  it  inhabittnl.  This 
is  no  doubt  the  principal  cause  of  disagreement  among  observers, 
as  to  the  form  and  extent  of  the  hoofs  of  the  dilYerent  specie.-'. 
When  all  are  grown  in  the  same  place,  as  in  a  park  for  instance. 
then  the  iMpiality  of  condition  renders  our  observations  of  moic 
value  than  when  they  are  limited  to  wild  animals. 


THE   FOOT. 


24:'. 


l1 


M-y  va- 
,  russet 
;  of  tlie 
,  \vlnt'li 
:i  liglit 
nnlh  ot 

closoly 
en  vun- 
ic'lf.  It 
o-er,  but 

excltLHl 

between 

T. 

-e  in  the 
lev  time, 
not  slunl 


(leer  may 
MU  SO  de- 
L  times  to 
belonged, 
les  :  tluit 
I  slands 
es  ditl"e\' 
ot-neral 
propor- 
R'ir  eon- 


n  u't 


01 


irn  down 
red  witli 
u  tb(!  soft 
ssarv  t«i 
lb  This 
)bsei'vevs, 
lit  species, 
f  instanee. 
IS  oi  more 


Till!  tV»rm  of  the  foot  eondjines  with  other  eauses  (  Isewlicri^ 
mentioned  to  establish  a  line,  whieh  separates  our  deer  into  two 
divisions. 

The  (ii'st,  (Mnbracing  the  moose,  the  wapiti,  and  the  two  speci(>s 
of  caribou,  wliieli  have  shorter,  broader,  and  Hatter  hoofs  tli;in 
the  seeond,  whieli  embraces  the  mule  deer,  the  Columbia  deer, 
the  Virginia  deer,  and  tin;  Aeapulco  deer,  whieh  have  higher, 
longer,  and  narrower  feet. 

The  hoofs  of  the  Moose  are  not  remarkably  hum',  eoiisidi-rinj"' 
the  size  of  tlie  animal,  nnd  would  seem  to  be  less  than  would  be 
convenient  for  him  in  the  deep  snows  of  winter  and  the  soft 
uiarshy  grounds  whieh  \w.  affects  in  summer.  They  are  not  long 
l)ut  broad,  and  conveK  at  the  outer  edges.  They  pi'ead  only  less 
than  those  of  the  caribou.  The  hoofs  themsi'lvt.'s  are  not  rigidly 
attached,  but  have  considerable  involuntary  motion,  when  tlie  font 
is  lifted  from  the  ground,  especially  if  tin;  animal  is  traveling 
fast,  so  that  tlu-y  striUt!  together  at  every  step,  i^roducing  a  louil 
clacking  noise,  whieli  t\w.  hunters  used  to  ascribe  to  the  cracking 
of  the  joints. 

The  hind  hoofs  or  dew  claws,  as  they  art;  often  called  in  this 
country,  are  rather  loosely  attached  and  an;  far  apart.  Tlie  font 
has  more  s})read  than  any  (»f  the  other  sj)ecies,  except  the  car- 
ibou. 

Our  I'dk  has  a  neat  and  well  shajied  foot,  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  ox  in  proportion  to  his  size.  It  is  convex  at  the  lower 
outer  edge.  The  false  or  hind  hoofs  are  small  and  ])oint  well 
downward,  never  touehiue;  the  ground  unless  it  is  verv  soit.  so 
that  the  track  is  deeply  impressed. 

The  foot  of  till!  Caribou  has  more  remarkabh'  charactei'istics 
tlian  any  other  of  the  deer  family,  and  is  peculiarly  adapti'd  to 
sustain  it  in  snows  and  in  soft  swampy  gi-inuid.  The  hoof  is 
large  and  very  broad,  maintaining  its  bri'adth  well  to  the  point. 
The  cleft  between  the  toes  extends  far  up,  an<l  enables  the  foot 
to  spread  so  as  to  expose  a  large  bearing  surfa.ce,  so  that  the  fi.>ot 
at  some  times  appears  nearly  twice  as  large  as  at  others,  and  thii 
iiii[)rint  in  soft  ground  is  so  much  larger  than  on  a  hard  surface, 
as  to  reijuire  the  eye  of  a  practical  hunter  to  recognize  the  track 
as  miule  by  the  same  animal.  Each  hoof  is  surrounded  with  an 
ahimdance  of  coarse  stilY  hairs  extending  quite  down  the  ch'ft, 
which  add  to  the  bearing  surface  when  the  animal  is  traveling 
over  soft  material.  The  hind  or  accessory  hoofs  on  this  animal 
arc  of  real   use,  which  will  be  readily  appreciated  upon  careful 


$il. 


■  I 

r   1,. 

■ 

1 

11! 

[1' 


244 


77//;   /;/•;/;/.'    (//•'  AMF.niCA. 


()1)S('rv!itiiiii.  'rii(>so  lire  largor  tliaii  on  iiny  otlici-  qnadnipcd  of 
its  si/c.  Tlirii'  jKisitioii  is  inorc  'lateral  tliaii  on  the  other  species. 
wliieli  eiial)les  them  when  I'tMpiired  by  circunistancL's  to  add  mneh 
In  the  hearing  surface  (if  the  foot. 

'J"he  f(ilh)\ving  is  Captiiin  Hardy's  description  nf  tin;  foot  of  the 
Woodhind  Carihon  In  tlie  wintei' :  "Hut  fur  tlie  Caribou  I  can 
aver  tliat  its  foot  is  a  beautiful  ada])ta.tion  to  the  snow-covered 
country  in  which  it  resides,  and  that  on  ice  it  has  naturally  an 
advantage  similar  to  that  obtained  artilicially  by  tlie  skater,  in 
winter  time  the  froo-  is  almost  entirely  absorbed,  and  the  edu'cs  ot 
the  hoof,  now  (|uite  cone  ve,  grow  out  in  thin  shai-p  ridges  :  each 
division  on  the  umli'i  surface  jiresenting  the  ap[>ea.rance  of  a 
hng(>  nnisch^  shell.  Accoi'ding  to  '  Tlu!  ()lil  Hunter.'  who  h;i> 
kindly  lurwunled  to  me  some  specimens  shot  by  him  in  New- 
foundland in  the  fall  of  ISl^T,  for  comparison  with  examples  nf 
mv  own  shot  in  winter,  the  frog  is  absorbed  by  the  latter  en<l  of 
November,  when  the  lak»>s  ai'e  frozen  ;  the  shell  grows  with  great 
nipidity,  and  the  frog  does  not  fill  up  again  till  spring,  when  llic 
anth'rs  bud  out.  AVith  this  singidar  conformation  of  the  fnot,  i(s 
great  lateral  spread  and  the  additiunal  assistan<'e  afforded  in 
nniintaining  a  footliold  on  s]ip[)(>ry  surfaci's  by  the  hmg  stiff  biis- 
tles  wliich  grow  downwards  from  the  fcMloek,  curving  nj)wari| 
underneath  between  the  ilivisions,  the  Caribou  is  enabled  to  pni- 
ceed  over  crusted  snow,  to  cross  frozen  lakes,  oi-  ascend  icy  jirec- 
ij)ices,  with  an  ease  which  placi's  him,  when  in  flight,  bevMinl 
the  reach  of  all  enemies,  e\ce[)t,  perha^JS,  tile  nind)le  and  untir- 
ing Wiilf."  ^ 

Thesi'  judicious  observations  sliow  the  appreciative  naturalist 
in  tlu^  study  of  his  subject,  and  should  teach  us  not  to  pass  li\ 
facts  which  appi'ar  to  be  unimportant  as  nnwnrthy  of  our  atten- 
tion. In  this  case  our  author  readily  perceived  their  signilicanee, 
and  p()ints  out  their  impoi'tance  in  the  economy  of  the  animal. 
They  show  ns  how  readily  nature  interposes  to  change  structural 
formations  to  meet  emergencies  arising  from  peculiar  conditions 
of  life.  We  can  readily  understand  how  such  a  foot  is  recpiired  to 
secure  safe  and  rapid  locomotion  in  tlie  winter  season  in  the  frlgi'l 
zoiK'  and  a  rougli  and  broken  country,  intersected  by  ice-l)ouiiil 
lakelets  and  frozen  streams.  Hut  these  conditiims  only  exist  for  a 
part  of  the  year,  and  it  is  only  during  that  season  that  tlu>  foot 
of  the  Caribou  is  made  to  conform  to  tln^  I'xigencies  which  tlnv 
impose.     Upon  the  disappearance  of  the  snow  and  ice,  the  sharp 

'  Fonsl  l.ifi   ill  Aoitlii,  ])|i.  1l>'.i,  1;!0. 


a 


:'i- 


THE   FOOT. 


245 


,'111(1  coiiciive  foot  wliicli  tlicso  niiulc^  iiccossiiry  to  the  wfll-heiiig 
of  tlu!  aiiiiiiiil,  tills  up  with  a  more  chistic  siibstiiuc.'.  bettur 
iulaptiiii;  it  to  tiK!  conditions  of  its  suiiiiiicr  ran<f(>. 

If  I  do  not  (jiiito  an'i'oc  with  Captain  llardv  that  the  fro^j,'  of 
the  foot  of  the  Carihou  tlisappt'ars  in  the  fall  hy  ahsorption,  still 
tlie  fact  which  lie  first  iiiontions,  so  far  as  I  know,  is  none  the 
less  significant.  My  own  ol)servatit)iis  incline  iiie  to  think  that 
tlu^  fi'og  ilisappcars  Ity  abrasion  and  detachineiit.  IJv  taking 
the  foot  of  the  Caribou  with  tlu;  full  fi'og  and  soaking  it 
in  diluted  ah^oliol,  or  even  in  a  weak  brims  we  may  oi)serv('  that 
the  frog  is  laininateil  or  arranged  in  layers,  and  after  a  wl.ik?  it 
becomes  almost  as  soft  as  muck,  and  may  be  all  removed  by  the 
linger  up  to  a  hard  horny  crust,  caj»able  of  resisting  abrasion 
almost  as  elVectually  as  the  outsid(!  of  the  hoof,  leaving  the  ho(^f 
a  thill  |)late,  seiiseU'ss  and  elastic.  My  own  conclusion  is  that 
this  inner  wall,  which  is  less  diMise,  and  through  which  the  blood- 
vessels pass  during  the  summer,  and  nourish  tlu;  frog  during  its 
growth  and  maturity,  becomes  inon^  indurated  towards  fall,  ami 
iiiially  gradually  closes  those  blood-vessels,  when  for  the  want  of 
uourishmeiit  the  frog  dies,  and  becomes  a  dead,  inert  substance, 
and  then  decay  and  destruction  commence.  This  lirst  occurs  on 
flic  lower  surface,  where  it  is  exposed  to  abrasion,  and  jtrocceds 
gradually  till  all  is  gone  ;  in  tlu>  s[)riiig,  when  this  peculiarity  of 
the  foot  is  no  longer  roijuircd,  this  plate,  which  constitutes  tiie 
wall  on  which  the  frog  is  built,  becomes  softer,  and  allows  the 
blood-vessels  which  {)ass  through  it  to  resume  their  functions, 
when  the  growth  of  the  new  frog  is  commenced,  and  proceeds 
rapidly  till  the  foot  is  again  filled  with  the  rather  soft,  tough, 
and  elastic  lUass.  which  coin[)arative  anatomists  call  the  frog. 
The  truth,  however,  can  only  be  revealed  by  the  microscope, 
and  1  now  feel  a  self-rc[)roach  for  leaving  this  undetermined. 
( )thers,  I  trust,  will  assume  the  task,  who  can  perform  it  bettei' 
than  1  can.  These  peculiarities  in  the  feet  of  the  Woodland 
Caribou  I  find  even  am})lified  in  the  IJarren-ground  Caribou. 
The  hind  feet  are  larger  and  broader  than  the  fore  feet.  The 
hoofs  on  the  hind  feet  of  the  former  in  my  collection  are  two 
inches  and  six  lines  long  at  the  cleft,  and  three  inches  broad,  and 
measure  five  inches  around  tlie  sharp  edge  from  the  |)oint  to  the 
heel.  Th(>  accessory  hoof  is  two  inches  long,  and  one  inch  and  six 
lilies  broad.  In  the  accessory  hoof  the  frog  is  but  jiartially  gom>, 
but  the  edge  is  very  sharp,  especially  at  the  point.  Tlu^  hoof  of 
the  fore  foot  is  also  two  inches  and  six  lines  long,  but  is  only  two 


m 


m 


24»; 


THE   DEER    OE  AMEUICA. 


inches  iind  tlireo  lines  broad,  and  four  inclios  around  the  outtM- 
edt^e.  'i'lu;  aceessoiy  liooF  on  the  fore  foot  is  one  iiieli  and  eleven 
lines  lon^.  and  one  inch  and  five  lines  l)road.  The  edj^es  are  less 
worn  or  sharper  on  tin;  fore  feet  than  on  the  hind  feet.  It  is 
evident  that  the  hind  ftM't  are  ])repared  for,  and  endurt;  much  the 
hardest  service.  On  th(?  fore  feet  the  lower  phalanj^^eal  bone,  to 
wiiich  the  accessory  hoof  is  attached,  is  half  an  inch  long'  aliovc 
tlui  hoof,  the  next,  or  upper  phalangeal  bone  between  the  articu- 
lations, is  ten  lines  long  and  six  lines  in  diameter,  and  the  spliul, 
or  accessory  carpal  bon«%  above  the  articulation,  is  three  inches 
h-ng  and  half  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  lower  end,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point  at  the  upper  end.  This  accessory  carpal  bone,  which 
j)ossesses  an  imperfect  facet  of  artieidation,  is  attached  longitu- 
dinally to  the  carpal  bone  for  its  whole  length  by  ligamentary 
tissue  which  admits  of  great  vertical  and  lateral  motion,  thus 
facilitating  the  great  spread  of  these  members  of  the  foot  oh- 
served  in  the  reindeer.  All  the  bones  connected  with  this  ac- 
cessory hoof  in  tlie  reindeer,  are  more  than  ten  times  as  larg(>  as 
they  are  in  the  connnon  deer.  'Jliis  alone  should  c!()nvince  us 
that  real  work  is  expected  to  be  performed  by  this  accessory  hndt' 
of  tin;  ('aril)ou.  These  bones  are  ap[)reciably  larger  and  stoutci- 
in  the  hind  foot  than  in  the  fore  foot. 

That  we  may  compare  the  foot  of  the  liarren-ground  Caribou 
with  that  of  the  Woodland  Caribou,  I  give  the  measurements  of 
a  fore  foot  of  this  last  species  in  my  colU^etion.  It  is  two  int'hes 
and  six  lines  long  at  the  cleft,  and  is  two  inches  and  six  lines 
bi'oad  ;  measuring  around  the  curved  eilge,  it  is  four  inches  and 
nine  lines. 

When  we  remember  that  the  Barren-ground  is  but  half  the 
size  of  his  Woodland  cousi'i,  it  will  be  observed  that  its  foot  is 
much  the  largest  proportionally,  and  that  the  outer  edge  is  uuicli 
more  convex,  that  is,  it  maintains  its  width  towards  the  point 
nuich  better,  thus  presenting  more  bearing  surface  in  })roportiou 
to  its  length  and  greatest  width.  This  peculiarity  is  very  strik- 
ing to  the  eye  when  they  are  viewed  side  by  side.  On  the 
smaller  aninu.l  tluj  accessory  lioof  is,  in  fact,  larger  than  on  tlic 
other.  On  the  specimen  before  me  from  the  larger  species, 
the  accessorv'  hoof  is  one  inch  and  nine  lines  long,  and  one  iucli 
and  six  lines  broad.  "^I'liis  UTUch  greater  bearing  surface  of  the 
foot,  it  being  about  twice  as  large  in  proportion  to  the  si/e  of  the 
animal,  would  seem  to  be  required  h\  the  more  nortlunn  and 
suowy  region  occupied  by  the  deer.     The  hoofs  of  the  hind  foot 


ill  ;: 


TVim  F^ 


THE    GLANDS. 


241 


(if  tlio  wild  reindeer  from  Norway,  :vro  nt  tlie  cleft  two  inches 
long  and  are  two  inches  and  six  lines  Lroad,  and  measure  around 
the  curved  edge  three  inches  and  six  lines.  The  aceessory  hoof 
is  one  inch  and  nine  lines  long,  and  one  inch  and  six  lines  hroad. 
The  accessory  carpal  bone  is  two  inches  and  six  lines  long. 
This  hoof  corresponds  in  shape  with  that  of  our  Woodland  Car- 
ihou,  with  which  the  doer  is  si)ecilically  identical,  iind  is  of  ahout 
the  same  piT)portionate  size.  T  regret  that  1  have  no  specinuuis 
of  the  Woodland  Caribou  from  the  northwest,  where  it  reaches 
the  frozen  ocean  west  of  the  Macken/ie  liiver,  nor  have  I  n'liable 
information  as  to  the  size  of  this  animal  in  that  region. 

I  have  already  shown  that  there  is  no  marked  ])eculiarity  about 
the  forms  of  the  feet  of  the  other  species  of  our  deer,  nor  is  the 
distinction  bi'tween  them  very  marked.  I  have  spent  much  time 
in  examining  their  tra<'ks  in  light  snows,  and  could  generally  ilis- 
tinguish  the  track  of  the  mule  deer  by  its  being  longer  and  slim- 
mer than  the  other  ;  but  even  as  to  this,  I  was  sometimes  in  doubt, 
exce[)t  in  the  cases  of  fully  adult  specimens,  the  feet  of  which  ar*; 
larm'r  than  the  feet  of  the  larm'st  Virccinia  deer. 

AN'hen  com[tared  with  that  of  any  other  (luadrui)eds,  tlu'  track 
of  the  smaller  deer  is  readilv  distiimuishable.  Its  narrow  iieel 
and  sharp  points — its  length  in  ])roportion  to  its  breadth  and 
graceful  outside  curvature,  can  never  leave  a  doubt  of  the  iden- 
tity of  the  track  of  a  deer.  It  can  n(n'er  be  mistaken  for  the 
track  of  the  sheep,  the  goat,  or  the  antelope. 

The  white  fumtive  markino-  around  the  feet  of  tlu;  Virginia 
Deer,  and  its  absence  on  all  the  others,  excejtt  the  caribou,  has 
been  explained  in  another  place. 


THE   GLAKDS. 

From  necessity  the  naturalist  must  ever  be  in  search  for  pe- 
culiarities in  organized  beings  which  will  enable  him  satisfac- 
torily to  se[)ari;*'e  them  into  divisions,  orders,  genera,  and  species, 
and  it  is  not  remarkable  that  some  more  than  others  should  at- 
tach importances  to  peculiar  characteristics. 

On  the  2Sth  of  June,  1(S.')(),  Dr.  (iray  made  some  observations 
before  the  Zoological  Society  of  London  —  see  its  proceedings  of 
that  dat<!  —  "On  the  tufts  of  hair  observable  on  the  posterior 
legs  of  animals  of  the  genus  Cervus,  as  a  characteristic  of  that 
group  and  a  means  of  subdividing  it  into  natund  sections." 

These  tufts  are  found  on  the  inside  or  the  outside,  or  sometimes 
on  both  sides  of  the  hinder  legs  of  all  the  deer  which   Dr.  (rray 


fid 


i  .;,i'. 


ilii 


iff 


248 


77//;    DKElt    OF  AMERICA. 


liiid  had  un  opportunity  of  exiuniniiifj,-,  with  tlio  exccptiou  of  th(( 
miiiitjak,  and  h(!  tiioiiL!,ht  tliat  if  upon  more  critical  examination, 
both  were  wanting  on  tliis  animal,  tijgu'ther  with  its  having  ^ 
persistent  horn  and  some  other  peculiar  clianicteristics,  it  would 
altord  an  additional  motive  for  excluding  it  fi'om  the  genus 
(4'rvus. 

lie  says  truly  that  tliese  tufts  are   found  at  all  ages  and  on 
both  sexes,  and  henc,(!  their  value   to  determine!   the  s})ecies  of 
hornless  f(!males,  and  that  the  liorn  is  unreliabh;  as  bi'ing  un- 
stable and  only  on  the  males.     From  these  tufts   Dr.  (xray   tli 
vidos  the  Cervida*  into  sections  as  follows:  — 

1.  Tlu!  lirst  has  a  pent'il  of  hairs  seated  on  the  outside  of  the 
hinder  [»art  of  the  metatarsus,  about  one  third  of  tlu;  distance 
from  the  calcaneuni,  towards  the  hoof.  In  this  section  he  in- 
cludes ('.  r/itphiix,  C.  Canadensis,  C  axh,  ('.  piirclnics,  0.  hlppi- 
htpJiHx,  ('.  llama  and  its  varieties,  and  C  ')u'i/c)\  etc. 

2.  In  the  second  section,  in  Avliich  he  includes  ('.  Viri/iniainis 
audits  variety  C.  JIcjicaniixAhvvi'.  exists  two  tufts  of  hair,  one 
seated  on  the  outer  side  of  tin;  hinder  part  of  the  metatarsus, 
about  two  thirds  of  the  ilistance  from  the  calcancnim  to  the  hoof, 
and  the  other  on  the  inside  of  the  hock  or  heel.  In  this  sec- 
tion would  also  be  included  C.  maerotls  and  (\  Culinnhldinis, 
although  the  outside  tufts  dilTer  very  widely  in  extent  and  loca- 
tion from  C.  l^ifi/inianns,  as  we  sh.dl  hereafter  explain. 

■\.  The  third  section  comprises  those  which  have  a  distinct  tuft 
inside  th(>  hock  and  none  on  the  outside  of  the  metatarsus,  J)r. 
Gray  found  this  on  two  species  from  Demcrara  and  one  allied 
species  from  South  America.  He  thought  he  could  discern  the 
internal  tuft  on  the  reindeer  in  the  Society's  museum,  but  no 
trace  of  one  on  the  outside  of  the  nu'tatarsus,  which  was  covi-red 
by  a  very  uniform  thick  coat  of  hair.  In  this  section  woulil  be 
included  our  moose  and  caribou,  as  we  shall  presently  see,  and 
also  my  diminutive  Acapulco  deer. 

4.  Of  the  fourth  section  he  speaks  with  doubt,  but  assigns  to 
it  the  European  elk,  Cerviis  alecs,  on  which  he  f(mnd  distinct 
tufts  on  the  inside  of  the  hock  and  on  the  outside  of  the  meta- 
tarsus, about  one  third  of  its  length  from  the  heel,  as  in  the  lirst 
section,  but  of  the  existence  of  the  l;<tter  tuft  he  is  by  no  means 
certain  on  account  of  the  age  and  state  of  the  specimen. 

I  must  say  that  I  have  carefully  examined  the  Swedish  elk. 
and  am  enabled  to  say  that  there  is  no  tuft  of  hair  on  the  out- 
side of  the  hind  legs,  and  that  the  metatarsal  gland  is  entirely 


!  : 


!*'     i 


ill 


^^^ 


Tin:  (ii.AXhs. 


249 


sli  elk. 
he  oiit- 
nitirelv 


wiintiiiij^.  In  this  regard  he?  is  precisely  like  our  moose,  so  we 
iiiiist  dispense  with  his  fourth  section. 

We  niiiy  briefly  sumniiirize  these  sections  thus:  First,  where 
tlie  ontside  tutt  is  ])resent  and  the;  inside  wanting,  >Src<iiii],  where 
both  ivro  present,  and  Third,  where  the  inside  tnt't  is  present  and 
tliat  on  the  outside  wanting.  Tliis  certainly  divides  tlie  genus 
into  ver}'  natural  sections  easily  recognized. 

Wy  a  carefid  study  of  these  tufts  of  hair  and  the  structures 
which  they  indicate  and  cover,  I  lind  we  an;  enabled  with  eipial 
certainty  to  subdivide  these  sections  and  designate.  th(!  species 
composing  them  respectively.  Dissection,  with  aid  of  tlie  luici-o- 
scope,  shows  us  that  I'ach  of  these  tufts  of  hair  indicates  the  placi; 
of,  and  cf)vers  and  surrounds  a  cutaneous  gland,  a  distinct  organ 
which  in  the  econoni}'  of  the  animal  has  its  i)roi)er  and  peculiar 
functions  to  perform.  When  we  find  such  an  organ  ])resent  in 
one  class  of  animals,  and  absent  in  another  class  sufficiently  i-e- 
sembling  them  to  be  ranki'd  in  the  sanu^  genus,  we  are  almost, 
prepared  to  declare  them  to  be  specifically  ditVert'ut,  and  are  led 
at  once  to  look  for  other  difYerence  to  corrolxirate  the  sus|)iei()n. 
A  distinct  member,  always  constant  in  all  its  features,  among  all 
the  individuals  of  a  class  who  freely  associate  togetluu',  wherevc" 
such  associatitm  is  permitted  without  restraint,  and  who  avoid 
the  society  of  all  other  similar  animals  destitute  of  that  member, 
—  this  peculiarity  adds  to  the  susjticion  of  a  specific  ditVerence  ; 
and  so  on,  whcncM'cr  we  can  find  difYerences  either  in  structuie 
or  habit  which  cannot  be  assigned  to  accidental  or  fat-titious  cir- 
cumstances or  surroundings,  such  as  climate,  altitude,  alinieut, 
and  the  like,  we  are  mori;  and  more  inclined  to  draw  the  dividing 
lino  of  species.  But  whenever  we  can  ascribe  peculiarities  cither 
of  structure  or  habit  to  such  accidental  suri'oundings,  w(>  may 
conclude  that  the  difYerences  would  gradually  disapjx'ar  on  a 
change  of  circumstances ;  then  we  may  be  justified  in  the  opinion 
that  the  chanoe  is  transient  and  we  have  but  a  variety. 

I  know  of  no  feature  or  member  of  any  of  these  animals  so 
exactly  alike,  in  dimensions,  location,  coloring,  and  structure,  on 
every  indiviilual  of  each  species  of  our  deer,  as  these  tufts  of 
hair  and  the  glands  which  they  conceal,  and  yet  those  on  the 
outside  of  the  metatarsus  are  entirely  dilTeivnt  from  each  other 
on  the  difYerent  species,  anil  this  difference  is  so  great  that  when 
one's  attention  is  once  called  to  tliem  the  most  casual  observation 
is  sufiicient  to  identify  them,  and  i-nable  us  to  say,  with  certainty, 
to  which  species  they  belong.     We  look  in  vain  for  any  other 


1  1 

1    1 

M 

1 

1  ' 

1 

t   IfiiiHit; 

!  1    : 

IIS'^s 

' 

1 

III?; 

'I         '  1 

h 

m 


!/^ 


250 


'/•///•;  r>/:T:n  of  ameiuca. 


mark  so  limited  in  extent  wliioli  so  tlistinetly  deolares  the 
species. 

I'nlesH  I  exagijjerate  to  myself  tlie  im|M)rtanee  of  tliese  indieia, 
T  sliall  he  jiistilicd  in  ileserihinj^'  tli(>m  on  each  of  tlie  species  of 
whicli  I  treat  witli  hiu;1i  partieuhirit)' as  will  enahle  anyone  to 
<listin>^aiish  them. 

The  iLjland  on  the  outside  of  the  liind  le<r  Jms  lono'  liecm  desig- 
nated the  metatarsal  gland,  from  its  loeatim.  That  on  the  in- 
side oi  th(i  hoch.  for  the  sake  of  distinction  and  from  its  location, 
I  ha\e  i-alled  the  tarsal  gland.  Hoth  occupy  the  whole  body  of 
the  skin  where  tliey  \\\\\  situiite.      I  here  present  ligiires  showing 


1  2  3  4  r. 

I.    Moosi;.      2.   Wapiti  or  Elk.     3.    Caribou.     4.    Mule  Deer, 
6.    Cor>-.iiKin  Deer.      7.   Acapuico  Deer. 


5.   Black-tailed  Deer, 


the  outsidt^  of  the  hind  legs  of  all  the  species  of  which  I  treat, 
except  that  of  the  barren-ground  caribou,  which  would  only  dif- 
fer from  that  of  the  woodland  caribou  in  size  and  in  liaving 
more  white  upon  it.  The  location  and  extent  of  the  metatarsal 
gland  is  shown  on  Figs.  'J,  4,  T)  and  (^  while  it  is  entirely  want- 
ing on  Figs.  1,  •),  and  7.  These?  marks  or  their  absence  are 
sliown  on  the  full  iigures  of  the  animals. 

If  we  commence;  with  the  largest  in  our  examination,  we  hnd 
that  the  nuitatarsal  gland  is  entirely  wanting  on  the  iMoose,  nor 
is  there  any  tuft  of  hair  on  the  outside  of  the  metatarsus.  All 
the  hairs  are  of  an  even  length,  and  lie  smooth  and  flat.  I  have 
bi^en  led  to  a  more  careful  examination  for  this  gland,  or  some 
tuft  of  hair  in  its  place,  from  the  fact  that  Dr.  Gray,  in  "  Knows- 


I 


Tin:  (.i.i.xns. 


2:)1 


lev  INIciiMgcric,'"  (IcscimIm's  this  filaiul  iis  |)n'st'iit  in  (lie  Swedish 
elk,  wliicli  I  liavc  Inimd  by  rarcful  stuily  tti  In-  spccilically  iilnili- 
cal  with  our  iiiodsc.  In  his  spccilic  dt'scriptioii  of  ( '.  ii/ri  s  he 
dcrlai'i's  its  jircscncr  in  tlicsc  words,  '•  hind  h'^s  liavc  tlic  tiil'l  of 
hair  ratlici-  above  tiie  niichlle  of  th(!  ini'tatarsns."  He  had  pi'e- 
viousiy  stated  to  the  /oiihinieal  Soeioty  at  tiie  ineetiii;^  to  whieh  I 
liave  rrfcrrcd.  tliat,  he  had  examined  the  elk  at  tiie  Ib'itisli  Mii- 
senni  and  '^  it  a|i|)eared  to  have  very  (bstinct  tnfts  on  th(^  iinier 
si(h'  of  tlie  hocks,  and  others  also  on  the  outside  of  the  metatar- 
sus abont  one  tliird  of  its  U-ngth  from  the  heel,"  tiion^li  of  the 
latter  tufts  he  says  he  was  by  no  means  certain  on  account  of  the 
aye  ami  state  of  the  specimen. 

I  liave  lieen  to  no  small  pains  to  satisfy  myself  by  a  personal 
examination,  and  find  that  there  is  no  ylatid  or  tuft  of  hairon 
the  outside  of  the  hind  h'g  of  the  Scandinavian  elk.  so  that  it 
exactly  resend)l('s  onr  Moose  in  this  rej^ard.  The  best  observer 
is  liable  to  be  misled  when  I'xamining  mounted  specimens,  es- 
[u'cially  of  ([iiadrnpcds. 

There  are  sonuf  features  of  the  tarsal  gland  found  on  the  insidt^ 
of  the  liock,  which  are  common  to  all,  which  may  be  lii'st  men- 
tioned. All  are  entirely  overgrown  with  liairs  which  are  ele- 
vated to  a  greater  or  less  angle  from  the  skin,  and  more  than  tli(i 
surrounding  coat. 

Except  on  ( '.  (docs,  the  rise  or  eh'vatioii  of  the  liairs  cnm- 
lUfMices  at  the  upper  and  smaller  end  of  the  tuft,  at  which  poivit 
the  hairs  are  longest  and  extend  down  to  the  large  end  of  the 
tuft,  which  is  thi'  liiiihest,  and  terminates  rather  abruittlv.  'IMie 
skin  under  this  tuft  is  occupied  with  the  gland  composed  of  sei-ret- 
ing  ducts,  witli  their  canals  extending  to  tlie  surface,  now  pai'- 
tially  obliterated  and  nearly  dormant.  The  skin  presents  to  the 
I'asual  observe^'  a  s[iongv  ai)pearance,  of  twi(H>  the  thickness  of 
the  surrounding  skin.  A  peculiar  muscular  and  nervous  arrange- 
ment enables  ami  prompts  the  animal,  whenever  excited  by  fe:ir 
or  hostility,  to  elevate  the  hairs  of  this  tuft,  so  that  they  stand 
nut  at  right  angles  to  the  skin. 

( )n  our  i\I()os(>  and  on  the  Swedish  Elk,  the  tuft  of  liair  cover- 
ing the  tarsal  gland  dilVers  in  size,  position,  ami  color  from  that 
on  any  of  the  other  species.  It  comnu'ncos  at  a  ])oint  at  tlu^  ])os- 
terior  extremity  of  the  hock  :  from  this  point  a  seam  slightly 
elevated,  caused  by  the  m(H'ting  of  the  short  hairs  which  ap- 
jtroach  from  above  and  below  inclining  forward,  extends  ante- 
riorly on  the  inside  of  the  hock  for  one  incli  and  three  lines. 


i  I  lit 


f 
III 


m 


•2.".2 


77//;  i>i:i:i!  or   i.i//;/,7''.i. 


Hero  this  scmiii  divides  so  as  to  I'inbriicc  tlic  tuft  prnpor.  This 
tuft  is  ou(.'  iiH'li  and  niix'  liin's  h>nin',  widrniun-  out  from  the  point 
of  connufncruii'nt  for  one  inch  of  its  Icni^th,  where  it  is  neiiil\ 
nine  lines  wiiht;  thi-nce  it  niirrows  down  to  its  itnterior  e-xtri'Uiity, 
where  it  is  rounded  otT.  l''roiu  all  dii'ertions  tii(i  hairs  on  the 
surroundiun'  re^'ion,  —  whieh  are  of  a  very  lii;l\t  roan  eoh)r,  or  (hill 
white  with  red  hiiirs  sparsely  scattered  throu;^h  them, —  point  to 
tliis  tuft  and  overlap  its  l)or(h'rs.  Most  of  the  hairs  intiietiift 
are  a  dull  hlucU,  hut  u  few  an-  wliite  and  sonw  a  russet  red  :  oii 
nianv  the  general  appearanco  is  jet  black.     The  contrast  in  col 


or 


of  most  specimens  nud<e  this  a  conspicuous  mark,  hut  on  some 
th(^  sui'rouiuline;  coat  is  much  darker,  and  others  are  lighter  than 
that   fi'om  which   the  altove  description  is  taken,  so  that    the  cou- 


Tj'sal    Giand   of    Moose   and    Swedish    Elk. 


trust  may  he  more  or  less  striking,  hut  the   initial    radial  jioint, 
the    seam    and    the   tuft    itself,   are   found    just   alike   on   all,  in 


position  an 


1  eol( 


r,  only  varvmo;  m  extent  wi 


th   tl 


le  size  o 


f  th 


anim 


[il. 


It  will  be'  observed  that  this  ilitl'ers  from  those  on  all  the  other 
species,  in  that  it  occuj)ies  a  liovizontal  instead  of  a  vertiea'  ])o^,, 
tion  :  is  black,  and  is  much  smaller  in  proportion  to  t'  ol 

the  animal.     No  one  who  has  earefullv  studied  it  could  liesi- 


tate  to  declare  the  s[)ecies.  fr 


oin  an 


inspection  of  this  tu      a! 


one 


It  is  as  certain  indicia  of  the  species,  as  is  the  metatarsal  ghui  I 


on 


tl 


le   niu 


le  dei'r  to  be  hereafter  described.     It  is  more  indi- 


vidualized than  is  the  tuft  covering  the  tarsal  gland  on  either  of 
the  otliei"  species. 


no 


To  sum  up,  we  may  say  that  the  glandular  system  on  the  hi 
leg  of  the  Moose,  which  is  the  largest  of  the  species,  is  much 


THE  (./..WhS. 


•2."):; 


ncni'or  f)l>litt'rat<'il  iIimm  oh  imy  nf  oiir  (itlitT  species,  ;is  not  ;i  ves- 
tige ri'iiiiiiiis  of  the  iii('t;itiirsiil  i;'I;iiiil,  iiiul  tin-  tiirsal  is  the  Icnst 
of  nil  in  si/c.  As  we  sliuU  liereiifter  see,  tlie  nietiitiirsiil  ffjiintl  is 
WiNitini^'  on  tjn'ee  of  liie  otiier  sjieeies.  vet,  on  all  these  tlie  tiirsal 
gliUid  remains  in  full  si/e  or  nearly  so  in  |>rM|untinn  to  llie  si/e  uf 
tlie  animal. 


2   is  from  the  Woodland    Caribou.     3  is  from  the    Male,  and   4   is    from  the   Female  Wild 

Reindeer  of  Norway. 

On    tlu>  Woodland  ("arihou  the   tuft  of   hairs  over  the    tarsal 


has    its    characteristios,  whieli   enable    one   who    has 

is   more  variable  in 


U'land    also 

stud'    I  it  to  readily  recognize  it,  thougli  it 

size  and  shai)e  than  on  the  moose.     'I'he  hairs  composing  the  tuft 

occupy   a  descending  position.     From    the   upper  end   th(?   tuft 

commences  to  rise  up  gradually,  and  so  continues  to  the  lower 


t 


■fUn 


■i' 


gtii 


ii 


if 


ii! 


i    II ; 


•254 


77/a;  />/■;/•;«  of  amiiiuca. 


eml,  wlit'i'o  llui  I'levutioii  is  giViitest.  Tlic  length  ul"  tliis  tiit't  is 
two  inches,  while  the  breiulth  is  one  inch  >.n(l  three;  lines.  The 
midlife  of  this  tnt't  is  ii  yellowish  white,  for  a  horizontu!  extent  ol' 
two  inches,  and  a  vertical  extent  ol"  one  inch  and  three;  lines. 
The  nreatest  diiiineter  of  the  white  [)oflioi\  is  near  the  lower 
border  ol  the  tul't.  Below  the  white  ])ortion  the  tnl't  shades 
down  to  the  olive  brown  of  the  rest  of  tlui  leg.  It  occnpies  the 
internal  cavity  cf  the  hock  posterior  to  the  central  part.  Jt  is 
not  (luite  so  large  in  proj)orti()n  to  the  size  of  the  aniiual  as  im 
most  of  the  other  species,  neither  is  it  nuich  beiow  them  in  rela- 
tive size.  It  is  not  so  exactly  alike  on  each  individual  of  this 
species  as  it  is  on  the  smaller  species. 

A  careful  exaniination  of  his  congener,  the  European  KeindciT, 
shows  that  they  correspond  in  the  glandular  systi-m  on  the  hind 
leg  as  well  as  in  other  respects.  The  illustrations  show  the  tufts 
of  hair  on  the  inside  of  the  hocks  of  both  varietii-s  of  this  drer. 
It  will  be  seen  that  they  corres])ond  both  in  location,  ft)rm,  and 
extent.  Those  from  the  male  and  female  wild  European  Rein- 
deer, were  drawn  from  a  ])air  I  obtained  from  Tromso,  within  the 
arctic  circle  on  the  west  coast  of  Norway.  It  will  be  ol>serveil 
that  they  do  not  corres^xind  exactly  with  each  other  or  with  that 
on  the  Caribou.  Those  on  the  female  reindeer  and  tin;  ('aril)ou 
being  more  alike  than  those  on  the  male!  and  female  IJeindcei-. 
They  vary  a  little  in  size,  tliat  on  the  female  being  the  largest  as 
well  as  most  irregular  at  the  lowi'r  [)art  of  the  tuft.  Altogethi'r 
the  dilTi'rence  is  more  marked  than  is  to  be  found  among  individ- 
uals of  any  of  the  other  sjtecies,  and  to  that  extent  it  impairs  the 
reliability  to  be  placed  upon  this  tuft  as  a  distinguishing  mark. 
and  yet  they  sire  quite  unlike  those  found  on  any  of  the  othei- 
species.  After  all  they  have  distinct  characteristics  which  tell 
US  their  origin  at  once.  I  studic'l  several  hundred  tame  lieindeer 
in  Lapland,  and  observeil  thai  those  general  charai'teristics  pre- 
vailed, while  the  dilference  in  size  and  form  here  re})resentcil 
was  observi'd  among  tiiein. 

This  tid't  of  hair  on  the  inside  of  the  liock  is  iiresent  0:1  the 
Barren-ground  Caribou,  and  the  specimen  in  my  collection  is 
much  more  circular  in  form,  wanting  the  long,  sharj)  j)i)int  at  tln' 
upper  end  which  is  so  observable  on  the  Woodland  Caribou. 

( )n  both  si)eci(.'3  of  our  Caril)o\i,  as  ■well  as  on   tlu;   I''.uroi)can 


Keindeer,  the  most  careful  scrutiny  fails  to  disclose  tiie  least  ves- 
tiii't'  of  a  liland  or  tuft  of   hairs  on  the  outer  side  of   the  meta- 


tarsus,   and    in    this    respect    it    correspi)nds   wi 


th   \i> 


nei 


ghlx 


'^''1 


'/■///•;  (,/..\\/>s. 


2.35 


Illli'LT, 

I  liiutl 

"  lllfts 

II.  and 
Uciu- 
liii  till' 
sei'vcd 
li  that 
'avibini 
ikUtv. 
L;'est  as 

ctll'T 

livid- 

•S   till' 

nark, 
other 
h  tell 
nderr 

s  pri'- 
'Utetl 

!'.  the 
;ii)n   is 

at  the 
u, 

ropean 
ist  ves- 

mcta- 
i^hbur, 


occupying  tlie  same  siil)-Aivtic  ren-ion,  the  ninose  and  the  Swed- 
ish elk. 

The  speeilic  identity  of  o\iv  \Voit<lland  Cai-ihou  with  the  Lap- 
land Ueindeer,  ('.  fKi'diiihi.^,  has  louif  l)een  a  snhject  of  diseussion. 
if  not  of  controversy,  iiniono' iKituvalists  ;  Imt  I  have  studied  them 
in  vain  to  find  any  speeilic;  diiVerence  between  them,  and  the  cor- 
res[tondenee  of  this  mark,  to  say  the  leiist,  harmoni/c's  with  tliis 
eoncliision.  In  anotlier  place,  I  assi<fM  the  reasons  which  incline 
me  to  think  that  there  is  a  speeilic  dilYereiiee  between  oiir  north- 
ern and  southern  Ueindeer,  which  it  is  unne(  essary  to  here  antiei- 
pati',  and  if  this  eonelusioii  be  juslilied.  it  would  follow  that  the 
lMU"o[)i'an  species  coulil  not  be  the  same  ;is  our  r>arren-i;'round  Car- 
ibou. The  Woodland  Caribou  is  nntloubtedlv  larger  than  either 
the  wild  or  ti  >  tanu;  Reindeer  of  l-iUrope,  but  there  is  said  to  be; 
a  variety  of  Ueindeer  in  nortlieastern  Asi;i  eorresponding  in  size 
to  our  Woodland  Caribou.  It  was  tin;  La[)'and  Ifeiudecr  which  1 
person;  lly  studied,  on  all  of  which  the  nu'tatarsal  gland  was 
entirely  wanting,  and  so  I  am  constrained  to  conclude  that  Dr. 
(iray  was  in  error,  when,  in  his  specific  description  of  the  same 
animal,  he  said:  '■'The  external  metatarsal  gland  is  ab.ive  the 
middle  of  the  leg."  However,  the  same  careful  and  intelligent 
nliserver  tebs  us  tliat  upon  an  examination  of  the  reindeer  in  the 
IJritish  .Museum,  lu;  thought  he  could  observe  the  intei'ual  tid'ts. 
but  no  trace  of  the  exteri>al,  the  entire  hinder  edge  of  the  nu't- 
atarsus  being  coveretl  with  a  uniform  very  thick  coat  of  hair, 
thus  corresponding  with  my  oi'ser\ations  of  the  same  animal  and 
of  our  Woodland  Caribou.  I  \\\\\  aild  that  1  was  unable  to  de- 
tect t!;,-  metatarsal  u'land  or  anv  ontsidt;  tuft  of  hair  on  the 
mounted  specimen  of  the  I'airopean  lieindeer  in  the  Snuthsonian 
collection,  but  the  tlillieulty  of  making  sure  work  with  dried 
specimens  always  leaves  me  in  doubt  as  to  correct  c!0!iclusiipiis,  and 
especially  on  this  particular  point.  I  sought  long  and  carefully 
for  this  gland  on  a  dried  skin  of  a  ileer  from  South  America 
without  deLCctiiii''  a  trace  of  it,  but  after  softeninii'  the  skin  with  a 
day's  soid<ing,  a  very  little  examinai on  plainly  revealed  it  lui- 
covered  with  hair,  but  with  tlus  horny  scale,  as  on  the  N'irginia. 
deer  or  the  nnde  deer. 

On  the  two  specimens  of  th<'  Ilarren-groinid  Caribou  I  liiid  the 
same  glaiubdar  system  on  the  hind  leg  as  on  the  largei-  species. 

Our  l''dk,  C.  C(iH(iih'it-'<is,  is  tlu;  only  speciijs  of  North  Anierii-an 
deer  which  is  without  the  tarsal  glaiul,  and  so  falls  into  the  lirst 
section  of  Dr.  Grav's  classiticatioii.  as  elsewhere  stated,  although 


•■•I . 


2:)G 


THE   DEER    OF  AMERICA. 


li"  cites  a  iiiiiiilxT  of  otlicr  species  from  other  countries  possossiii'T 
tlie  same  peculiarity. 

The  lirst  and  the  only  mention  I  liud  of  this  interesting  fact, 
as  connected  with  our  Kik,  is  hy  Professor  Baird  in  his  descrip- 
tion of  th(^  ipia(h'ui)eds  in  Pacific  Kaih'oad  Keporls,  but  the  liesi- 
tancy  with  which  he  nu-ntions  it  slu)ws  how  remari<able  he  con- 
sidered it,  and  timt  lu'  tliought  it  ])ossil)h'  that  tlie  specimen 
wliicli  he  examined  mi^lit  he  e\c(>]itioual  in  tliis  regard.  It  is 
also  wanting  on  tht;  red  (U'cr  of  Ivirope. 

Tlie  metatarsal  gland  (Hi  the  outside  nf  tlu;  hind  leg  of  the 
AVapiti,  and  so  of  the  red  deer,  is  cousjiicuously  present,  though 
wo  may  with  propriety  say  that  it  is  moi'(>  ohliterati'd  than  on  the 


.tl 


otliei's  w 


hicli  still  retain  it.     On   this  animal  alone  tl 


lis  liiand  i 


ent ii'ejv  overthrown  wi 


th  1 


lairs. 


It  is  situated  on  the  outside,  i 


icar 


the  hacU  edge,  and  about  two  inches  below  the  ui)per  end  of  tli( 


cainu)u   ooiu 


au( 


I  is  covered  with  a  tuft  of  lonu'  white  hair.- 


oil 


the  i>utsid(>  of  which  tlnn-e  is  a  border  of  long  colored  hairs  ( se 


1' 


p.  2.")S).      The  tuft  is  ovate  in  shape,  is  fi'oni  three  to  foiii 


inches  long,  and  is  one  inch  and  six  lines  broad.  The  space  occu- 
pied by  the  white  hairs  is  about  oiK^  inch  and  six  lines  long,  and 
less  tlian  one  inch  broad.  These  white  hairs  are  frecpiently  con- 
cealed by  longer  surroundini;  luiirs  overlaying  tlunn,  and  some- 
times  tlie  white  hairs  are  niucli  longer  tlian  the  others,  and  biK'ome 
(piit(-'  cons[»icuiMis,  and  extend  themselves  posteriorly  as  if  they 
would  embrace  the  back  I'dge  of  the  leg.  When  the  sui'roinidiug 
hairs  are  the  longest,  and  overlay  the  white,  tluiy  unite  in  a  seam 
which  has  a  descending  posterior  direction.  Surrounding  tlie  long 
colored  hairs  is  a  border  of  short  cinnamon-colored  hairs.  This 
border  of  short  haii's  is  of  a  nnich  lighter  color  than  those  on  tlic 
leg  bey(Uid  it,  ami  is  about  half  an  inch  broad.  From  the  bot- 
tom of  the  tuft  descends  ii  stripe  of  tlie  same  rufous  color,  niiir 
lines  broad,  down  the  posterior  edge  of  the  leg  to  between  the 
small  hind  toes  or  accessory  hoofs.  The  structure  of  the  gland 
beneath  is  much  like  tliat  of  the  tarsal  gland  on  the  other  mi'iii- 
bers  of  this  family.  This  metatarsal  gland  has  almost;  l)ecomc 
inactive  on  Wapiti,  and  pn^sents  a  massive  sj)ongy  ap})earanoc. 
making  the  skin  api)ear  much  thii-ker  there  than  on  tin- surrouiid- 

it  has  not  yet  attained  that  vitality  and 
activity  which  enables  it  to  obliterat(>  the  hairs  wliich  cover  it,  as 
is  observed  on  tlie  otiior  sitecies  where  it  is  present. 


mg  parts  ;  or  ju'rhaps 


In  tl 


us  COl 


mection  it  is  interesting  to  repeat,  tliat  no  remnai 


or  rudiment  of  this  metatarsal  uland  is  found  on  the  two  other 


77//;  nr.AXDs. 


•  )( 


fact, 


irvoiuiu- 

ity  !U\(! 

cr  it,  as 


Mimaiii 
,()  otli' r 


larn'c  sp(>cics,()f  dccn-  —  tlic  Mdoso  and  tlu^  Cai'lbdii.  Tlio  extent 
(if  tlie  tarsal  n'land  on  tlie  Mouse  is  less  than  i  the  nielatai'sal 
L;land  on  the  Wapiti,  while  tin;  latter  is  soniethiniLi  less  in  relative 
extent  than  th(>  tarsal  eland  on  llui  Carilion,  which  is  a  smaller 
animal  than  mir  elk  while  the  .Moos.{>  is  laru'er.  We  mi^'ht  infei- 
Ironi  this,  that  with  the  advancement  in  size  the  dennind  in  the 
animal  econnmv  for  this  glandular  svstem  is  less  nre-cnt.  and 
with  the  decrease  of  this  demand  tin*  ehmds  themselves  are  grad- 
ually tlis;i[)pearin<4,  and  in  the  process  of  time  may  linally  liecume 
extinct  altou!;ellier. 

I>nt  here  W(!  aro  met  with  the  fact  that  the  smallest  of  our 
species  as  well  as  the  lareesi,  is  also  without  the  metatarsal 
'^land,  which  is  not  eompensated  hv  an  increased  development  of 
th  >  tarsal  L;land,  so  that  at  last  we  may  not  he  at  liherty  \n  at- 
li-ihnte  the  disappearance  of  these  n'lands  to  the  increased  size  of 
the  species.  \)\\i  niv  ol)|ect  is  to  stati'  imparliallv  oliserved  and 
well  authent  ieated  facts,  I'at  her  than  to  s[)ecnlale  u[ioii  them  or  tn 
deduce  or  sustain  theories  fi'om  them. 

( )n  the  other  extreme  of  develop:. ;ent  of  the  metatarsal  e'land 
is  the  MuK'  Deer  (  Kig.  '),  p.  '2'>>^).  which  animal  is  next  in  size 
to  the  woodland  oarihou,  on  which  as  we  havi;  seen  it  is  entirely 
wantinc^. 

( )n  tile  insldi>  of  the  hock  (<f  this  d(>er  the  tuft  of  hair  .'(jxcr- 
iuii'  the  tarsal  glaml  is  larjji;er  than  on  auy  of  the  [)reoedinn'.  is  of 
pear  sha[u'd  form,  and  occupies  a  vertical  jiosition  with  the  small 
end  uppermost.  Like  the  others  it  is  composed  of  loiiLf.  elevated 
hairs,  those  on  the  top  beinu;  the  long'est  and  liiidiuL!,'  I  heir  seat  at 
<n-  near  the  uppei-  point  and  descend iiej,'  to  the  ahriipl  lower  end. 
In  color,  the  tuft  on  tlie  surface  is  of  a  lightish  tawn\  vellow.  hut 
upon  opeiiiiiL;'  it  appears  hlaek  "thin.  When  examined  separ- 
ately the  hail's  are  found  to  he  .lom  an  inch  and  six  lines  to  an 
ii'ch  and  nine  linos  long.  For  one  (piarter  of  their  length,  at 
their  u|)[iei-  ends,  they  are  of  the  lawny  v<'llo\v  shade  stated, 
and  the  lower  three  (|uarters  hlaek,  less  intense  tnwards  the 
lower  em's.  A  few  white  hairs  are  found  among  them.  When 
the  animal  is  excited  this  tuft  is  raised  u|)  and  spreads  out  lilce 
a  fan,  when  the  dark  shade  below  overpowers  the  lighter  shade 
of  the  ends,  and  the  whole  tuft  appears  blaelc. 

The  metatarsal  gland  is  situate  on  the  outside  and  near  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  metatarsus.  The  tuft  <>(  hairs  cciveriuL;- 
and  overlaying  the  gland  commence  just  below  the  tarsus,  and 
extends  down  the  leg  eight  inches,  and  is  in  width  about  one  inch 

17 


'II: 


2.",  8 


77//;    DEKll    OF  AMEIIIL'A. 


R-:s 


I 


I 


\m 


m 


'!0/, 


% 


/: 


'// 


WW/ 


^w 


^ 


\\X>^^A^ 


o 


THE  <;L.iyi>s. 


2:)0 


and  six  linos  at  the  uppov  end,  but  is  narmwor  below  the  gland. 
About  six  lines  below  the  upper  end  (  t'  this  tuft  ('(nnnienees  the 
upper  end  (>i  tlie  naIv(Ml  spaee  over  the  elaud.  Tiiis  nal\e<l  space 
is  I'roui  five  inches  and  one  Vww,  to  six  inches  loii<j;  on  very  lai'L;'e 
specimens,  and  I'roui  four  lines  to  hall'  an  inch  l)road,  and  is  cov- 
ered by  ii  black  scale  of  the  concentrated  exudation.  (Fii;'.  -*>,  p. 
l!.')S.")  'I'ht^  g'land  extends  beyoud  the  naked  ])orlion  so  that  its 
borders  are  under  the  tuft  of  hairs,  but  the  poilion  covered  with 
hairs  is  much  less  active  than  the  naked  [mrtion,  so  that  the 
encroaclunent  of  the  hairs  would  seem  to  be  oradiially  obliter- 
ating' the  gland,  or  the  advancement  of  the  gland,  by  di'grces 
displacing  the  hairs.  'J'lie  elevat<Hl  hairs  ou  either  side  of  the 
gland  ajiproach  each  otiier  over  its  centre,  and  then  when  they 
meet  turn  back  and  so  foi-ni  a  sort  of  seam  directly  over  the  orgiin. 

I  have  critically  examined  a  great  number  of  specimens,  and 
have  found  this  organ  remarkably  unilorm  in  all,  varying  nuly 
in  extent  according  to  the  size  of  the  animal.  Not  a  single  white 
or  black  hair  ever  occurs  in  the  tuft,  but  the  whole  surface  is  a 
uniform,  tawny  yellow  of  exactly  the  same  shad(^  as  on  the  rest 
of  the  leo;.  Nor  is  tlui  insich;  black  as  is  the  tuft  on  the  inside 
of  the  hock  just  described,  but  the  lower  part  of  ihe  haii's  is  of 
a  lighter  shade  than  the  outer  portion.  I  could  never  observe 
these  to  be  disturbed  by  excitement  as  is  the  case  with  the  other. 

I  here  j)resent  illustrations  of  thes(>  glands  of  all  our  species  on 
which  they  are  found,  and  also  on  the  small  deer  from  ('eylnii. 
with  the  tufts  of  hair  which  cover  them,  ojteiied  so  as  to  expose 
the  naked  poilions  covered  with  tlu"  black  incrustations.  liv 
seeing  them  thus  brought  together,  we  are  the  better  enabled  to 
compare  them. 

In  this  o-landular  system  the  lUack-tailed  deer,  ('.  ('nhiinliiiUinx. 
as  well  as  in  sonu'  other  peculiar  characteristics,  is  nearest  allied 
to  the  nude  deer,  as  we  shall  see  in  another  place,  although  in 
ether  respects  these  species  are  widely  divei-geiit.  'I'lie  meta- 
tarsal glaixl  counnences  a  little  lower  down  on  the  metatarsus, 
than  on  the  mule  deer,  and  its  tuft  of  long  partially  reversed 
hairs  occupies  a  s])ace  about  foiu-  inclu's  long  and  fully  on{>  inch 
liroad.  ( )n  a  large  s[>ecimen  the  naked  crusted  })ortion  is  two 
inches  in  length  and  scarcely  three  lines  broad.  The  hairs  nf 
this  tuft  iUH^  disposed  imu'h  iis  on  the  mule  deer,  though  the 
central  seam  over  the  gland  is  not  so  well  delined.  Like  the 
other  it  corresponds  exactly  in  color  witli  the  hairs  on  the  rest  of 
the  leg,  without  a  single  white  or  black  hair  in  the  region,  and 


'.!H 


•i ' 

t  ^  jti 

'  'C 

1  m    W 

Imu 

1 

m 

1"- 

200 


77//-;  />/•;/•;/.'  o/   AMhiiKw. 


iiltog'ctlu'r  is  scarcely  (lislinL!,Miisli!il>l(>  troiii  tliat  on  tlio  niulc  (lc(>r. 
<>.\:cc])t  from  its  diiiiinislicd  si/c,  Tlicsc  indicia  of  species  I  liave 
found  exaolly  alike,  wlietlicr  taken  from  specimens  captnred  a 
tlionsand  mill's  apart  or  hred  in  mv  ni'onnds. 

Tile  tarsal  gland  on  tliis  deer  occupies  abont  tlie  same  position 
as  (in  the  mule  deer,  is  similarly  shaped.  Iml  is  a  litlle  less  in 
I'Xtent.  The  tuft  covering  it  differs  fmni  the  other  most  st  lik- 
ingly  in  color.  Instead  of  |iresenting  a  lighlish  yellow  color  on 
tile  surface  it  is  a  foxy  red.  and  it  |)resents  hut  little  change  wjicn 
opened,  although  careful  inspection  shows  a  liarker  shade  near  tlie 

ii'iT  halt 


ski 


n;  tlu!  hairs  when  ind'vidiially  eAamined  are  for  the  ii| 


a  foxy  red  color,  then  they  begin  to  turn  a  little  gray,  and  ncnr 
the  lower  end  are  a  light  brown.  When  the  hairs  of  this  tuft 
are  spread  out  in  excitement,  no  appreciable  change  of  color  i^ 
observed  in  the  ajipearance  of  the  tnft.  Its  individiiiil  characler- 
istics  are  suillciently  pronounced  to  declare  tlu'  species  to  wliirh 
it  belonsi's. 


Scarcely    less  I'haracterisiic  ai'c   tli(>se  glands  on   the   \'irgii 


na 


Deer,  tlioiiiili  from  their  wide  distribution  sliifht  variations  in  size 


are  1(1 


und  on   those  taken   from  widelv  dilVerent   l(H'aliti( 


Still 


they  possess  such  distinctive  (pialities  as  never  to  leave  the  least 
doubt  us  to  tlie  species  to  which  they  bidong  wIumi  nothing  but 
tlH>  skin  of  that  portion  of  the  leg  is  examined. 

The  tuft  of  hairs  covering  tin;  nu'tatarsal  gland  on  the  N'irginia 
Deer  commences  six  lines  above  the  middle  of  the  cannon  bone, 
and  extends  downward  one  inch  and  six  lines,  and  is  nine  lin"s 
la'oad,  the  post(>rior  line  extending  a,  little  bey(Mid  the  jiosterio'' 
edge  of  the  leg,  as  in  all  the  other  s])ecies.  On  the  fully  adiill 
the  naked  jxirtion,  which  is  covered  with  the  same  hard  black 
scale  as  the  others,  is  nine  lines  long,  the  u|iper  end  of  which  i- 
as  neai"  as  possible  at  the  longitudinal  niiddh;  of  the  leg  and  is 
about  two  lines  wide. 

The  largest  })ro[)ortionate  sj)(>cimens  T  have  found  were  on  tin' 
coast  of  the  (nilf  of  Mexico,  tdtlanigh  the  animals  are  smaller 
than  further  north.  The  longest  1  have  ev(n'  met  with,  on  a  me- 
dium sized  animal,  was  one  inch  and  one  lliut  lonn-  and  taken  from 


m  animal  I  found  in  the  Mobile  market:  and  on  a  v 


eai'lilig  line 


we 
I   f 


killed  on  NeL''<'o  Hummock  near  the  month  of   linrwicks  I'a\ 


ound  the  naked   portion  nearly  one  inch  in  length.      From  al 
the  Hpecimens  I  have  been  able  to  examine,  from  near  our  south 


ern  border,  I  can   se 


ircelv  doubt    that   thi^ 


'land 


is  appreciablv 


hireer  on  the  Virginia  Deer  there  than  it  is  in  this  latitude,  and 


%  ■ 


Tin:  (; LANDS. 


2(11 


tlii.s,  Ix's'uli;  till!  (rmiiliishcd  size  uF  (lie  ;iiiiiii;iK  is  the  o\\\\  ]ii'- 
ciiliarity  I  liave  been  able  to  discdvci'  in  the  animals  roiiiid  in  the 
far  south.  On  the  very  hii'^c  Imrk  wiiicli  I  killed  in  Wisconsin, 
in  iNTti,  the  niclalai'sal  L;land  was  one  inch  and  six  lines  lon^'. 
which,  however,  was  no  larL;er  propurtioiialeK  than  isoliscrved  on 
aninuils  ot  the  ordlnaiy  si/e.  The  smallest  I  lia\c  ever  I'ound  on 
on  ailnlt  was  on  a  small  I'emale  and  was  si\  lines  lone'.  In  all, 
both  wild  and  in  |iarks,  iVom  one  oi'can  to  the  other,  in  the  mid- 
dle States  and  north  of  them,  1  ha\c  lonnd  a  wondeifid  nnifonnitv 
in  the  si/,i!  of  this  elaiul,  varvine,  of  coiuse,  with  the  size  of  the 
animal. 

Imniediatidy  aronnd  the  naked  space  is  a  band  of  white'  haii's, 
which  occnpies  a  space  on  the  skin  about  two  lines  broad,  al- 
though from  their  being  longer  than  those  aroiuid  them  they 
appear  to  oeeu[)\'  ii  greater  space.  Jmnu'diately  outside  this 
white  band  tluM'e  is  usually  a  very  narrow  dark  border,  shading- 
down  to  the  prevailing  color  of  the  balance  of  tlie  leg,  which  is 
more  generally  of  a  fawn  color,  though  there  is  great  variation  in 
the  color  of  \\\v,  li'g  of  the  CV)nnnon  Deer,  even  more  than  on 
other  [larts  of  the  body.  Sometimes  the  baial  sui'ronnding  the 
white  hairs  is  fairlv  black  with  the  outer  border  adioiniuL;'  the 
rufous  colored  and  shorter  hairs  well  deiined. 

On  the  specinuMiH  found  in  the  western  mountainous  regions 
and  in  the  high  northern  latitudes — wliere  tlu'v  sire  ealleil  the 
white-tuiled  or  the  long-tailed  deer,  and  have  been  doubtfulh 
named  C  /cKctirux  —  this  dark  border  is  wanting,  and  this  is  tin- 
only  dilTerence  I  can  liiul  in  and  about  this  glaml  from  the  com- 
mon varii'ty  here.  In  location,  formation,  size,  and  covering, 
they  are  precisely  alike,  save;  only  tliis  small  pencil  of  (lee|)lv 
colored  hairs  surrounding  the  wdiite  tuft,  which  would  never  bo 
noticed  by  the  casual  ol)server,  and  which  would  be  unworthy 
the  attention  of  the  most  critical  intpiirer,  wore  it  not  for  their 
constant  presence  and  exact  uniformity,  except  as  to  the  depth  of 
the  color  on  nearly  every  specimen  found  east  of  the  llocky 
Mountain  slope  and  south  of  latitude  forty-three  degrees  north. 

On  specimens  from  the  far  i\orth  and  west,  the  white  portions 
of  the  aninud  are  ai)preeial)ly  niort;  extensive  than  on  specimens 
found  here,  as  we  have  seen,  when  s[)eaking  of  the  coat  and 
c,olor  ;  and  on  one  specimen  in  my  colU'ction  from  the  far  north- 
west, not  only  all  the  hairs  in  the  region  of  this  gland,  but  tlie 
whole  k'g,  including  the  hock,  is  white,  with  a  few  red  hairs  in- 
terspersed along  the  lower  front  part.     I  cannot  think  that   the 


202 


THE   DEE  It    OF  AMERICA. 


m 


absence  of  tlic  pencil  of  diirk'  liairs  nroiintl  tlie  wliite  wliicli  sur- 
rounds the  ^land,  is  snllicient  to  jastil'y  us  in  setting-  up  ii  new 
species  or  retaining  an  old  one.  .Many  individuals  from  i-acli  re- 
gion may  l>e  met  with  exai'tly  alike  in  color,  only  this  little  dark 
[)oneil  of  liairs  is  almost  universally  found  on  those  native  Ihtc, 
and  ucnerallv  wantintf  on  those  ixrown  there. 

The  tarsal  <j,land  and  the  tuft  of  hairs  eoverinii;  it  on  the  \'ir- 
ginia  Dimm',  are  just  alike!  on  alt  tlw^  varieties.  It  is  larger  than 
on  anv  of  the  other  species.  It  is  ])ear-shaped,  and  is  ]ilaced 
with  the  small  end  upwards,  from  the  upper  end  of  which  the 
tuft  gratlually  ris(;s  to  its  h)wer  broad  extremity,  wluni'  it  ter- 
minates abruptly.  The  liairs  eomposing  this  tuft  are  white,  bi.l 
are  generally  more  or  less  stained,  so  that  at  first  we  would  often 
suspect  them  to  be  of  another  eolor,  and  very  freijiu'iitly  tlie  cen- 
tre of  the  lower  extremity  of  the  tuft  is  stained  to  a  deep  black 
color  for  a  space  the  siz(!  of  a  dime  oi'  larger.  It  is,  however. 
only  the  extreme  tips  of  the  haii-.->  that  are  stained  sufliciently  to 
show  when  they  lie  oom])a('tly  together.  Let  but  a  dog  come 
along  on  the  outside  of  tlu^  fence  and  look  in,  and  these  tufts  on 
every  deer  near  enough  to  notice  him,  will  immediately  rise  up 
and  spread  out,  {>resenting  the  appearance  of  a  great  snow-ball 
of  the  purest  white  on  the  inside  of  each  hock,  and  not  a  trace 
of  the  stains  will  be  observed. 

Lastly,  we  come  to  my  little  Acapulco  Deer,  which  may  bo  soon 
dis[iosed  of,  for  as  previously  remarked,  the  metatarsal  gland  is 
entirely  wanting,  as  it  is  on  the  moose  and  the  caribou.  Ibit  the 
tarsal  gland  is  present,  with  tlie  tuft  of  hair  covering  it  of  a  gooil 
size,  considering  the  size  of  the  animal.  It  bears  the  sanu;  gt'u- 
eral  a[)i)earance  as  on  all  the  other  species,  except  the  moose,  hut 
is  of  the  same  color  as  the  re";ions  surroundino'  it. 

The  want  of  the  metatarsal  gland  separates  it  more  distinctly 
from  the  Ceylon  Deer  in  my  grounds  than  any  other  character- 
istic, tlu)Ugh  it  is  sometliing  smaller  in  stature,  and  the  antlers 
differ  somewhat,  as  we  have  seen,  when  that  branch  of  my  sub- 
ject was  considered.  The  tarsal  gland  is  present  on  this  Ceylon 
species  as  well,  resembling  much  those  on  the  others,  while  the 
gland  on  the  outside  of  tin;  leg  is  situated  lowtu-  down,  and  is 
much  smaller  than  on  any  of  the  other  species  (see  Fig.  (S,  p.  2oS). 
A  few  white  hairs  are  observed  about  this  gland,  though  the  tufi 
is  so  small  as  to  elude  detection,  except  on  a  close  examination. 

Dr.  Gray  expressed  the  opinion  when  he  first  suggested  the  im- 
portance of  the  tufts  of  hairs  covering  these  cutaneous  glands  as 


It.i  ,. 


Trrf 


THE    ai.AXDS. 


203 


ii  nioiuis  of  dividing;  tlio  n^cnns,  tlmt  (loini'.>ti('Mtioii  or  confinc- 
iiicnt  ti'iid.s  to  (liniiiiisli  tin;  si/i' of  tlii'si'  tufts.  I'^roin  this  siig- 
<;'t'stioii  1  liav(!  hi'Cii  led  to  carcftdly  look  for  siicli  clTcct  iiiidi'i' 
tlio  conditions  sngi^cstt'd,  Imt  I  liavo  licrii  iinablo  to  d^'tcct  any 
dilTcrcnco  in  tli(!  sizt;  of  tlirsc  tufts,  on  the  wild  animals  and 
those  I'cai'cd  in  parks  or  Iccpt  in  dose  cdntincnicnt. 

W'liih'  on  each  of  the  st'|iaratt'  spcL'ics  tlif  tarsal  i;lanil  and  the 
tuft  of  hairs  covcriniif  it,  is  not  so  niai'kcd  in  its  distinrtlvo  char- 
acteristics, cxccjit  indeed  u|ion  the  niodse,  yet  there  is  (|nit.i' 
a  plain  dilVerenee  between  those  found  on  any  om;  s[ieeies  and 
those  on  either  of  the  others.  'I'he  fact  that  lheyar(^  just  alike 
on  each  individual  of  either  s])eeies,  renders  these  niai'ks  of  nre;it 
value,  and  justilies  a.  cai'eful  study  of  each  so  as  to  eleai'ly  ap[U'e- 
ciate.  dilTerenres  hotweon  ihos.i  found  on  the  dillVreut  s])eeies. 

There  is  another  set  of  e'lands,  which,  though  not  found  on  all 
of  the  s[»ecies.  are  constant  on  some,  and  would  seem  to  lie  usual, 
to  say  the  least,  on  others.  'I'hese  are  interdigital  ehuuls,  and 
like  the  others  of  which  1  have  treated,  are  conglomerate  and 
dermal.  They  ai'o  situate(l  tietwo(»n  tin;  up})er  phalangeal  bones. 
They  ar(i  ii»  th(!  form  of  small  sacks  opening  anteriorlv.  ( )n 
sonu!  spejies  they  are  largei"  in  diameter  and  in  depth,  ]M-opoi-- 
tionally,  than  on  others,  and  in  a  given  s[)ecii's  they  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  animal,  as  do  the  other  glands  treated  of. 
All  have  more  or  less  liairs  growing  within  the  sack',  and  they 
vary  considi-rably  in  their  activity.  <  )n  the  moi-e  active  ones,  at 
least,  when  dissected  out  from  tlii'  recently  killed  animal  and  ex- 
amined on  the  ilesh  side,  they  seem  to  be  literally  covchmI  with 
(Uicts  or  divided  into  lobules  readily  distinguislied  by  the  naked 
eye. 

So  far  iis  I  have  been  a\)le  to  make  a  personal  examination  I 
have  found  them  the  most  extensive  in  the  smallest  species,  the 
little  Acapulco  Deer.  On  a  fidly  adult  doe  I  find  the  sack  to 
he  about  one  inch  in  ileptli  and  live  lines  in  diameter.  The  sack 
contains  a  limited  amount  of  hairs  and  a  considerabU^  amount  of 
secreted  matter  which  has  a  pungent,  disagreeable,  musky  odor. 
I  fnid  it  on  all  the  feet  in  all  the  specimen-  I  have  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  examine,  and  all  substantially  corresponding  to  tlie 
above  description,  only  on  smaller  specimens  it  is  proportionally 
less.     About  the  same  may  be  stated  of  the  Ceylon  Deer. 

Of  the  Virginia  Deer  I  have  examined  great  numbers  for  this 
gland.  It  is  always  present  in  all  the  feet.  It  is  about  the 
same  si/0  in  both  sexes.     On  a  medium  si/.ed  animal  it  is  fully 


r 


t  !l 


I 


111 


f,  .'^ 


ihi 


'H\\ 


77//;  />/;/■;/.'  o/'  amfjikw. 


(iiif  iiicli  ill  (Irpili  mill  .scvtii  lines  in  diiinii'lt'r.  ( )ii  \cr\  liii'n'i' 
aninials  [  have  I'diiini  il  liilly  om^  inch  and  a.  Iiaif  in  <l<'|itli. 
Halt's,  tliDUn'li  ti>  a  limilcd  minilici',  arc  found  williin  it.  ( )ii  lliis 
dcci'  I  have  loiiiid  lliis  eland  more  active  than  on  aiiv  <•!'  the  olheis. 
It,  alway's  eouLains  ;i  eonsidei-altlc  aiiKiuiit  (it  tla;  secreted  niatter. 
which  is  about  the  ciiiisistciicy  ol'  ceruineii,  uiid  a  |i(irti»in  of  it 
fret  I  uc  III  l_\  assiinics  t  lie  i'oriii  of  pellets  almut;  the  si/e  of  a  small  |iea. 
which,  however,  arc  so  soft  as  to  he  iiiort^  or  less  llatlciUMl.  This 
sulislaiicc  is  of  ;i  ijjravish  color,  and  emits  an  oih)r  which  is  stroll^ 
ami  oifcusivi'  to  most;  nostrils.  1  have  never  seen  a  white  man 
smell  of  it  who  did  luft  look  ami  express  himself  dise'usti'd. 

'rill!  (.'olumhia  Deer  [»ossess  this  gland  in  each  font.      While  its 
location  is  the  sanu'  its  position  seems  to  he  a  litth'  dilVereiit  fi 
that  on  any  of  the  others,  and  it  is  more  massive,  and  has  the 


olii 


jcarancc    o 


f    muscle    attached   to    the    inner    sidi 


tJH 


aii- 


uii. 


thoiiLih   in   tact  it    iiervados    tl 


le   Whole 


Lin. 


Th 


lol)iiles  are 


larger  than  on  any  others c\amiiu;d,  heinghalf  a  line  in  diameter, 
and  sexangiilar  or  octaimular  in  form,  and  readilv  distine'uished 
l)V  tlio  luiked  eve. 


The  direction  of  tlu;  opening  is  more  parallel  with  the  li 


lie  o 


the  foot,  the  opening  being  found  hy  passing  the  proiu'  ii[)  the 
dee[)  indentation  between  the  phalangeal  bones.  TIu>  sack  is 
about  seven  lines  deep  and  live  lines  in  diameter  at  the  oriiicu', 
eontraeting  toward  the  end.  it  contains  a  limited  amount  of 
hairs,  and  the  amount  of  secreted  matter  within  is  moderatelv 
abundant.  The  gland  is  not  confined  to  the  sack,  but  extends 
down  to  the  extreme  point  of  division  between  tlui  hoofs,  the 
hairs  overgrowing  it  at  the  bottom  of  the  indentation,  all  the 
wav  down,  being  stained  a  yellowish  shade  liy  tht>  eNiidatinii. 
This  retains  its  ])iingent  udor  a  long  time  after  the  death  of  the 


animal 


Tl 


lis   i* 


land 


.1)1 


is  aji[)reciat)iy  larger,  as  we  sliall  sei 


th 


III 


is  that  on   the  mule  deer,   which  has  ideiiticallv  the  same  uait 
when  at  its  best  speed. 

I\ly  opportunities  for  examining  the  ^Iiile  Deer  have  been  sulli- 
cieiitly  extensive  to  be  satisfactory.  This  gland  is  present  in  all 
the  feet,  but  is  much  less  extensive  than  in  the  Virginia  deer 
and  proportionally  less  than  on  the  Columbia  deer.  On  a  fully 
adult  animal  the  sack  is  six  lines  deep  and  five  lines  in  diaiiu'ter. 
'J'his  sack  is  nu)re  abundantly  lined  with  hairs  than  that  on  the 
Virginia  di;er.  These  hairs  are  line,  soft,  and  elastic,  and  from 
their  conlinement  have  assumed  a  curled  or  curved  for 


m. 


Th 


secretions  I  found  less  abundant,  and  less  ]mngent  to  the  smell 
than  ill  the  Virginia  deer  or  the  Columbia  deer. 


f 

■It 

i 

iliL:.tl.  J.  \  , 

-fr. 


I  in:  >,..\Mis. 


.'•;.) 


.M  y  i>l>l'i>rluiiil  ii's  to  cNaiiiiiir  tlir    ISai'i'i'ii-uitniinl   ('arilHiii    I'ui 
tlii.s  ^iaiid  have  Ihtii  liiniti  d.      I  liuAn  bill  two  liiml  I'ict  ainl  mn 


lore   I'lHit,  (il    tills  aiiiiiial,  which  1  have  carcl'iilK  (li»ccl( 


(  >ii 


the  Inn-  I'nnt  tlici'f  is  111)  a | i|ii'ai'a lire  of  the  L;l;ni'l.      '  *ii  "iic  hind 


loot 


IiiiiikI    it   very  <'oiis|ii(M|oiis. 


U 


was  an   iiu'li  ami  li\  c  hnc 


iiMh'pth   and  six:  lines  in  diaiiKjUT,  and  was  literally  lillcd    with 
I'oaisc,   slilV  hairs,  pointiui;'  to  and  even  prol  indiiij;'  iVoiii  ihc  oil 


licv 


All  of   ihi'  hall's  williin  the  sa>k  wcit  staiiu'il  a  tawii\    \i 


ow  color,  dccpcsl,   near  the  orilicc,  hut    lic\(inil  ll    tin'  ends  faded 


1 
lilt,   to    liearlv    wh 


he.      When  soaked  and 


waslied    niiieji    oj 


Ills 


coloiiiiij,-  inaller  is  rt'iiiovcd,  l)nt  still  the  hairs  do  not  ln'conic 
white.  This  coloring  niatti-r  is  the  cxudalioii  of  the  L;laiidiilar 
ducts,  which  is  very  al»iiiidaiit  upon  ami  near  ilie  skin  anioim  the 
lower  |iait  of  the  hairs,  and  is  found  in  detached  paillcles  adlier- 
liie-  |o  tlii^  hairs  for  sonic  distance  up  from  their  {-(lols.  I  ol)>ei  \c<l 
no  odor  from  this  .secri^lioii,  nor  sh 


V 

HiM    I 


have  e\|iected  any  after 


the  snecimcn   iiad   been   drietl    for  a,   vear  or   two.      (hi   tl 


liiiu 


I    foot 


le     Irft 


iis  we 


as 


on   the   fore   foot   of  this  ( 'aril 


>oii.  t  Ins  Mjaml 


was  entirely  wanting.  The  fact  that  it  w  a>  coiisiilciiously  |ires- 
eiit  ill  the  right  hind  foot  and  wanting  in  the  lefl  foot  of  the 
same  animal,  shows  that  in  that  sjiccics  at  least  this  mark  is  not 
reliable.  The  sunie  thing  may  occur  in  other  deer,  but  I  have 
hearil  of  no  example  of  it  unless  it  be  in  the  Woodland  Caribou. 
I  li;iv(.'  not  liatl  an  opportunity  to  examine  the  feel  of  llie  Wood- 
land Ciiribou,  but  Dr.  (iiipin  informs  niu  that  he  linds  Ihcsi; 
ghinds  in  tlio  hind  foct  ul'  this  animal  and  not  in  tlu;  lure  feet  of 
the  adult,  though  he  found  them  distinct  though  \ei'y  small  in 
a  fawn  of  this  species,  Avhich  suggested  to  him  the  possibilitv 
that  they  might  '.c  present  in  the  fawns  and  become  obliterateil 
ill  the  adult.  'I'liis  I  uiidersiand  also  corresponds  wit h  the  obser- 
vations of  .Mr.  Morrow  of  Halifax.  My  examination  (»f  the  wild 
reindeer  which  I  brought  from  Norway  shows  that  I  hey  agree 
with  the  Woodlaml  Caribou  in  haviiiii'  the  interdieilal  lilaiitls  in 
the  hind  feet  and  not  in  the  fore  feet. 

From  the  many  specimens  examined  of  our  i^lk,  I  think  I  may 
safely  say  that  this  gland  is  entirely  wanting  in  all  of  its  fi-et  ; 
at  least  1  have  never  found  a  vi'stige  of  it  in  any  spi'ciiiu'ii.  The 
cleft  or  indentation  between  the  phalangeal  bones  is  very  deep, 
but  that  is  all. 

I  have  no  reliable  information  whether  this  gland  is  pri-sent  in 
any  of  the  feet  of  the  Moose  or  not,  and  so  must  leave  that  to 
future  observations. 


1 

I 

Umm  ft 
I  Iwii 


2ii(; 


'/•///■;  i>i:i:i!  "/•  .\mi:i;i<  i. 


I  111 


That  tlic  oiliir  I'liiilti'il  liy  tlii'sc  j^laiids  is  left  ii|i(iii  tin-  track 
of  tilt' (li'cr  may  Ix'  pi'csiiiiicil,  Imt,  as  the  li'ail  n\'  oIIkt  animals 
not  piMvidi'd  uitli  tlii'sc  oi'Ljaiis  sr 'ins  tn  lie  as  readily  iollnwid 
liv  the  liniiiids,  \vc  may  safely  cinicliidr  that-  Ihry  arr  imt  the 
only  siiiiri'fs  ol'  the  sci-iit  Irft  in  the  tra<-U.  'Ilic  (•a|)acity  nf  aii 
ai\imal  to  have  a  scciil  whii'h  may  ln'  l'M||i)\vcd  hy  an  ciumiiv. 
would  seem  to  he  (let I'imciital  to  its  salrty  oi'  well  hein^^.  e-,- 
[x'ciiillv  ill  a  wild  state,  lnit  it  is  eommnii  to  most  if  iioi  all  lef- 
iH'slrial  animals.  There  are  eumpeiisatin^'  advamai;<'s.  no  doulit, 
at  least  to  soiiit^  extent,  foi'  it  enahlfs  them  to  find  comiianiuns 
which  tlit'v  mii^lit  otherwise  seek  in  vain. 

Whatever  may  lir  (he  uses  of  these  glands,  certain  it  is  th;ii 
tliev  are  very  active,  constantly  secrctine'  matter;  and  this,  in 
everv  case  where  I  have  examined  the  live  or  recently  killed 
animal,  emits  a  luineeiit  odor. 

I  prefer  rather  to  ;^ive  the  facts,  than  to  advance  or  maliilalii 
doiil>tfiil  theories. 

The  lonneratid  the  more  minutely  I  have  examined  this  i;iaiid- 
iilar  svstem  on  the  hind  le^s  of  the  different  species  of  this  eeuu-. 
the  iiion^  I  have  liecoiiK'  impressed  with  its  imporlaiice  in  the 
ilivisioii  into  or  ideiitilieation  of  species.  As  Dr.  (iray  justh 
remarked,  they  are  not  transient,  or  exce|)tional,  like  the  antlers, 
liiit  are  present  on  both  sexes  and  at  all  ages,  and  had  he  studied 
them  with  care  he  would  have  added  that  they  are  as  iie;ir  aliki' 
as  possible  on  each  individual  of  each  species,  ami  that  those  mi 
the  outside  of  the  lei(s,  when  present,  are  entirely  unlike  on  the 
dilTereiit  species;  so  that  upon  an  examination  of  the  part  of  tin- 
skin  eontaininu;  this  ulaud,  no  one  familiar  with  the  subject  could 
hesitate  to  declare  with  certainty  from  which  sjiecies  it  came. 
Hardly  anv  other  single  mark  pervading  so  many  species  is  so  rc- 
lial)le  as  this,  and  certainly  none  of  so  small  dimensions.  The  tail 
of  the  mule  deer,  no  doubt,  will  always  declare  itself,  and  so  will 
the  foot  of  the  caribou  ;  but  still  they  vary  in  size  even  pro[ioi- 
tionately,  while  this  gland  is  so  exact  that  from  it  alone;  one  may 
closely  ai>l>r()xiniate  tlie  size  of  tlie  animal.  Should  I  be  presented 
with  a  piei-e  of  skin,  conttiining  a  gland  similar  to  the  oiie  which 
I  have  above  described,  yot  differing  from  it,  I  should  conclude 
that  it  came  from  some  distiint  country,  and  that  other  distinc- 
tions W(»uld  ])robably  be  found  establishing  a  species  dilTering 
from  any  of  ours.  As,  for  instance,  shfaild  I  lind  one  resembling 
tluit  on  our  Virginia  deer,  but  without  the  white;  band,  or  es- 
pecially with  a  black   band  around   it,  or  one  otherwise  corrc- 


im 


Tr. 


Till:  i.i.AShs. 


.'ti. 


spoiitliiii;'  to  that  ol'  tln'  iiiiilc  deer  or  tin-  ( 'oliiuildii  dcrr,  willi 
ritlicr  !i  wliilc  or  ;i  li|;ii-k  liaiiil  iiroiind  it,  I  could  not  lit'sitali-  to 

drclaic  that  it  lirlolincil  to  llcithiT  of  those  s|M'i'irs,  nor  yi't  to  aiiv 
of  the  others  wlliell    I    have  descrilied. 

It  will  lie  oliservcd  tliat  tlicrc  is  a  i^'n-iit-  similarilv  in  th lor, 

and  not  a  very  wide  dilTci'ence  in  ihi'  extent  of  the  Infis  o\ei'  ihr 
metatarsal  ylamls  on  the  Nirt^inia  dier  and  the  wapiti,  while 
they  dilVer  widely  ill  their  location,  and  es|ieei,illy  in  that  on  the 
latter  the  eland  is  entirely  overerown  with  tln'  white  hairs,  while 
Oil  the  former  the  ehmd  is  covered  with  a  horny  scale  and  is  en- 
tirely destit  iito  of  hairs,  except  around  its  outer  and  iiearK  dor- 
mant liorder  upon  which  most  of  the  white  hiiirs  eiow . 

In   the  inille  and    the  ( 'ollllnliia  deer  they  closely    resenilile  e.ich 

other,  in  shape  and  locution,  and  differ  piincij  \\\\  in  esteiil,  and 
appreeialily  in  color;  and  this  is  so  niarUed  mh  all  the  individuals 
of  each  species,  as  to  separate  them  widely,  and  leave  no  diljiciilt  v 
in  determiniiii^f  as  to  which  any  eiveii  specimen  helone-cd.  If 
from  the  fawn  of  the  mule  deer  and  so  no  larecr  than  from  an 
adult  lilack-tailed  deer,  the  entire  absence  ot  the  hoiii\  crust, 
or  concent  rated  e\  in  la  lion  from  the  e-laiid.  w  oiihl  reiiio\  e  all  doiilit 
as  to  where  it   should  he  placed. 

I  now  see  that  I  have  omitted  to  mention  in  the  proper  place, 
that  this  horny  ernsl  does  not  appear  upon  the  fawn,  hut  later, 
after  the  secretions  of  the  ""land  have  lieeil  elliitle(l  and  coliceil- 
tral<'tl.  and  this  increases  in  thickness  and  in  density  with  the 
age  of  till'  tiiiimal. 

Once  .'  hail  three  female  Mack-tailed  deer  sent  me  from  () re- 
eon,  l>y  Dr.  I'lummer.  The  loiii;'  voyaee  told  severely  upon  them, 
and  all  arrived  very  poor,  and  one  sick.  In  detiaiice  of  the  most, 
careful  attention,  she  continued  ill  for  two  months,  when  she 
dropped  two  fawns.  She  lived  a  month  loneer  and  died.  Tht; 
fawns  were  scarcely  a  third  the  natural  si/.i;  and  were  uiiahle  to 
stand,  hilt  when  ivy.\  with  warm  cows"  milk  they  were  soon  ahle  to 
stae'^rer  altoul.  hut  both  died  in  a  <'ouple  of  days.  (  )n  both  these 
premature  fawns,  as  I  suspect  they  were,  the  metatarsal  elands 
were  entirely  overgrown  with  soft,  line  hairs.  About  a  month 
later  both  the  other  does  drojiped  a  fawn  each,  which  were  .small 
and  emaciated,  but  I  think  mature,  on  wliicli  this  ejand  was 
naked,  in  the  middle  at  least,  but  ai)peared  to  be  more  encroached 
upon  by  line,  short  hairs  than  on  tlu!  adults.  These  line  hairs 
soon  disa}>peared  from  the  spaces  where  there  arc  no  hairs  on  the 
adults.     These  seemed  to  thrive  moderately  well  for  about  f(jur 


268 


'/'///■;  hi:i:i;  nr  ameiuca. 


iiiontli.s,  and  till  tlic}-  luul  slice!  tlieir  (»rii:uno)itiil  coal,  wliidi  was 
veplaecd  by  a  full  euat  of  bay  ivd  hairs,  wlioi  they  died,  and  their 
skins  wero  added  to  the  Smithsonian  colleetion. 

Fr'iui  the  fact  observed,  as  above  stated,  we  may  infer,  that 
wIkmi  tlu!  eoat  of  hairs  ap[)ears  on  the  fcetal  fa-wn,  it  pervades  tin- 
whole  surface  of  Jie  gland,  but  that  even  before  birth  it  ordinarilv 
disap[)ears,  at  least  })artially,  and  very  soon  aftei'  to  the  same  ex- 
tent as  on  the  adult.  Those  aetpiainted  with  tlie  sul)ject  will  lec- 
oyiiize  that  this  is  not  an  uncummon  oecurrenee  to  betal  L!,i'(iwth  : 
still  it  seems  to  me  not  without  interest  in  eonneetion  with  the 
other  faets  I  have  stated,  of  the  present  t'ondition  of  this  glandidai' 
system  on  the  dil'ferent  species  of  which  I  particularly  treat. 


(iK()UL'L\(iS. 

I  IIAVK  alrciuly  sIidwii  Ui;it  tlicrc  aic  iiiaiiy  iii' aiis  wliicli  we 
uiiuiil  ail(Pi>t  lor  classifying'  tiir  ilccr  of  diir  count  ry,  l)iit  none 
wliicli  would  be  completely  satisfactory.  If  we  niakt>  a,  class  of 
those  wlios(!  antlers  are  paluiated.  ami  another  of  tliose  whose 
antlers  are  I'.ylindrical,  we  slujuld  lind  ourselves  ii.  harmonv  with 
another  mode  of  classification,  for  on  all  the  former,  the  metatar- 
sal i^iaiid  is  wanting,  while  il  is  present  on  all  thosr  which  have 
cvlindi-ic;il  antlers.  In  this  lirst  class,  I  repeat,  \v(!  include  tlu' 
largest  ami  the  smallest  of  the  s[)ecieH»  that  is,  the  moose  and  the 
Acapidco  deei-,  and  it  would  also  eml)race  the  reindeer.  Al- 
though the  pahnatation  is  less  pronounci'd  on  the  smallest  species, 
it  is  very  distinct  on  the  upjier  part  of  the  antlers  of  the  adult. 
Iieine-  llatlt'neil  out.  almost  liUe  ■,\  knife  l)lade 


THK   OKVtTALS. 

The  genital  organs  afford  us  anothei-  anl  Ncrv  distinct  mode  of 
classiiication,  as  will  bt-  seen  by  a  more  particular  desenptio..  of 
them.  ( )n  all,  the  scrotnni  is  moderately  pendi'nt,  more  so  than 
tliatof  the  hoi'se,  but  less  ^.o  than  that  "T  the  bull,  the  ram.  or  the 
goat,  and  it  is  much  le-s  in  si/,(>  than  on  either  of  these.  It  I'U- 
larges  \fry  decidedlx   during  the  i  ,t, 

( )n  the  Moose  the  theca  ♦"xtends  np  tlie  abdomen  about  half 
way  to  the  und>ilicns  and  temiinatc^s  with  a  simi)le  (irilice  without 
;i  prepuce,   The  same  df-criptioii  answers  for  the  Caribou  as  well. 

On  the  Hlk.  the  theca  exttnids  uj)  the  aJxlomen  ap))reciably 
further  than  on  either  of  IIh'  o(ih«M's.  full;  two  thiids  of  the  way 
i>v  more  to  the  uui 'ilicus.  nnidi  like  that  of  the  bull,  terminating 
also  without  a  prepuce,  but  at  times  during  the.  rut  th(>  limp 
nia'e  organ  is  partially  exposed,  which  might  be  mistaken  l)y  a 
casual  observer  for  a  very  conspicuous  prepuce.  On  neither  is 
there  a  tufi  of  long  hairs  at  he  orilice  of  the  theca  .as  is  seen  on 
the  bull.  In  tiles.-  cliaractrtit'^'tics,  I  lind  tlu^  I'Jiropeaii  elk  to 
curresjioiul  with  i>ur  moose,  i)i.e  reindeer  of  Lapland  to  agree 
with  our  caribuii,  and  the  red  dc^-r  of  I'airope  to  be  like  our 
wapiti. 


ill 


f 


i! 


^i!) 


H 


m 


270 


77//;  />/•;/■;/.'  or  amfjuca. 


Til  all  the  other  species  of  our  comitiy  the  checa  extends  up 
the  alHloineii  har(lly  at  all,  but  is  cpiito  detiiehed  from  il,aii(l 
drops  down  vcM'tii-ally  close  to  tlie  serotmn.  to  a  jf-n^th  of  iwn 
inches  (ir  mere.  I''iiiiii  this  case,  ordiiiarilv.  the  penis  ddcs  iint 
entirely  ictreat.  I'his  is  a  feat  arc  which  I  iiave  not  eisewhere 
met  ancMiu-  1  iiiniiiaiits  :  nor  do  I  rememlier  to  hav"  observed  it 
on  any  other  (piadni])ed. 

Here,  then,  is  a  very  distinguisiiiiiL,'  cliai'aei eristic  common  lo 
all  the  lesM'r  sjn'cies  of  tin  de.-r,  wliili-  the  i  liree  larger  specie- 
resemble  in  this  part  of  their  organl/atii  ii  most  other  rumi- 
nants. 

There  is  norhino'  remarka-We  in  the  location  of  the  femali 
organs  of  any  of  tiie  spei""s,  except  in  our  J'^lk.  In  lier  thi> 
organ  is  situated  niu<'h  further  below  the  anus  than  in  th'-  other 
specie^.  It  is  -.1  fardiiwii  thar  it  is  not  covered  bv  the  sliori  tail 
of  tile  animal,  \vliw4^.as  m*^  have  sei-n,  ir«  about  four  inches  Ioul;-. 
In  this  respect,  tli.irt:  is.  ii»  liie  leniiT.h  of  the  tail,  the  I'eij  di-ei- 
ditVers  from  the  \Va.||Witi.  In  the  i:orm*-r,  tlie  tail  is  generally 
sufUcieiiliy  long  to  ti*»<*!r  ti«f  iiwtuiilt-  organ. 


r. 


^u'e'inia  Deor  t'ar  sui- 

...I.-.       Lts  slender,  deli- 

s,  make  it  an  object  of 


ilia  ole  e:ise  allil  <''r:ice  >>\ 


In  lieauty  of  botln  f«<«riin  aii  '  i  rinr  "' 
])asses  I'ither  of  the  otim-r  s|m 
cate  h-gs,  and  its  synmietrical  pi 
universa!  admirati(Ui  :  but  iit;  is  tint-  iiudt  - 
its  motion  which  till  one  with  .■d)Molul.e  deliglit.  The-*-  1  hav.- 
already  described  on  pitge  l.V».  in  connection  with  the  onii!ianii»'i:'. ;d 
coat  of  this  fawn,  wliieli  have  alwavs  associated  themseivt^s  in 
my  mind,  each  seeming  t()  add  i  charm  to  tiu;  other.  It  i-^  un- 
necessary to  repeat  liere  what  was  there  said  of  the  graieiuJ 
step  of  the  fawn  of  the  \  irginia  I  )eei'.  The  trot,  both  of  th' 
fawn  and  the  adult,  freipuuitly  varies  to  a  graceful  anibh'  when 
it  is  about  to  sto[),  but  docs  not  ejiangc!  to  that  ])ace  when  it 
is  about  to  incri'ase  its  speed.  When  startled  l)y  surprise  the 
Virginia  Deer's  first  gait  is  a  canter,  whicli  it  pursues  for  two. 
three,  or  four  jiim|)s,  when  it  nuikes  a  high,  long  leap,  as  if  to 
enable  itself  to  take  a  broader  survey  of  surrounding  obji cts  ; 
tlieii  follow  a  lew  of  the  ordinary  lower  and  shiH'ter  jumps, 
wiiich  are  again  succeeded  by  the  high,  long  lea{)s,  and  m)  ou 
till  it  becomes  satisfied  that  its  apprehensions  are  groiindles-;, 
when   it  subsides  to  a  trot  or  and)le,  and  then  stops,  with  head 


■■■f 


(iAIT. 


:7i 


;in<l  ears  crei-t.  iiiul  liMiks  with  liiviit  oanu'stiK^ss  at  tlio  ohjci't 
whicli  startled  it.  It.  Imwever,  it  is  piu'siiecl  by  a  dog,  for  in- 
stance, it  vims  ;it  grt^at  s|»ee<l,  witli  a  low,  long  Ji;allo]),  ('ntircly 
omitting  the  liigk  leaj*-..  wliii'li  Imt  iuipiMlc  his  ]trogi'ess.  These 
iii'o  never  repiMtcil  when  tlie  deer  is  running  at  s|)e('il.  In  a 
large  majority  of  cases,  in  all  of  these  paces,  the  N'irginia  Deer 
flfvates  its  tail,  all  the  hairs  of  wliicli  ai;;  radiatecl,  ur  spread 
out,  so  as  to  form  a  very  conspicuous  white  ohji'ct  as  it  wags 
from  side  to  side,  hut  at  high  speed  the  tail  is  less  elevated,  and 
he  wagging  motion  is  less  ohserved  than  when  at  a  more  niod- 
late  pace,  and  (piite  often  when  running  tlu;  tail  is  ciirrii-d  close 
•  r.iwn.  and  all  Innnters  know  that,  whi'U  a  deer  is  wounded,  it  will 
ilrop  its  tail  ami  sw  itch  it  from  side  to  side  when  it  runs  away, 
,ind  by  this  nc  ;inw  they  judge  whether  the  game  is  hit  or  not,  as 
iiias  been  ali'eaviv  "\plained. 

In  addition  to  ihe  gaiis  above  specified,  this  deer  has  a  slow, 
i[iiiet  walk,  and  a  leisurely  short  trot,  as  for  instance,  when  he 
sees  corn  in  my  hand  which  he  is  invited  to  come  for.  or  falls  a 
little  behind  his  fellows,  and  wishes  to  overtake  them.  lie  rarely 
.;  tes  out  of  a  walk  when  passing  from  one  part  of  the  grdiinds  to 
■  iiother  of   his  own  \  oliiiuii. 

There  is  another  step  taken  by  the  Virginia  Deer  which  dis])lays 
a,  graceful  elasticity,  which  must  l)e  mentioned  to  complete  the 
description  of  its  locomotion.  When  standing  at  a  little  distaiu-i' 
Irom  a  passer-by.  ;ind  staring  with  a  timid  luok.  us  if  suspicious. 
Iput  not  really  alarmed,  it  will  t[uieklv  raise  niie  fore  fodt.  suspend 
it  for  a  nKuneut,  the  foot  itself  ])endent,  and  then  (piiekly  drop  it 
to  the  ground  with  a  t hreateiiiiig  stamp,  and  then  repeat  the 
■>anio  motions  with  tlu!  other  foot,  again  bringing  it  to  the  ground 
with  a  stamp  in  a  threatening  way,  as  if  to  try  the  courage  of 
the  exciting  olijt'ct.  This  motion  may  terminate  wit  h  a  stand 
still  and  an  earnest  u'aze,  or  in  the  uraeefiil  trot  aboNc  deseribed, 
or  he  may  rush  away  with  a,  loud  whistle  or  snort. 

The  gaits  of  the  Acapulco  Deer  and  of  the  Ceylon  D.'cr  are 
the  same  as  those  of  the  N'irginia  {\i.'v\\  only  they  are  less  grace- 
tul  and  agile.  When  iliey  run  the  back  assumes  more  of  a  con- 
vex curvature.  The\  run,  however,  with  great  speed,  especially 
tlieCevlon  Deer.  I  have  no  observations  indicatiii":  whether  they 
are  ca[iable  of  maintaining  this  high  s]iecd  for  a  gi'eat  length  of 
time.  Their  shorter  legs  ami  shorter,  thickm-  bodies  explain  the 
want  of  that  graceful  elasticity  observed  in  the  Virginia,  deer. 

There   is  nothing  graceful  or  attractive  in  any  of  the  paces  of 


!?!' 


:w. 


iilN 


:     1  il 

11 

ii. 

272 


T/fE   DEER    OE  AMERICA. 


\]n\  Mult'  Deer,  ni'pordiiii^  to  my  iipprt'ciation,  tlioiigli  less  so  in  tlu^ 
wild  stilt''  )li;iii  in  scMni-doincsticMtion,  It  lias  jin  ii\vl<\v;n'(l  nnd 
sliJinililiiiL;'  walli,  and  its  trot  is  still  less  to  ho  adniiri'd.  .Mnjlic. 
an  old  doc,  was  fond  of  following'  nic  aronnd  the  grounds  wln'ii  I 
was  ridini;'  in  a  l>nu'!4V,  and  wlicn  she  had  to  trot  to  kccji  n]>.  >\\t' 
])res('nt('d  so  hidicfoiis  an  ohjcct  as  to  \h'.  (jnitc  lanyhahlo.  I 
nov(>r  saw  hrr  or  any  other  adnlt  of  the  spci.'ics  in  niy  grounds  at 
fnll  speed,  hnt  1  have  seen  the  wihl  deer  in  the  nionntains  when 
tlei'inij,-  from  <lann'er.  Then  it  is  that  the  e'ait  exaeily  i-esenililes 
that  of  the  mnsk  (h-ei- (  .l/'/.sc/i'^.s-  iiinsrhil'friin,  Linn.),  of  the  Hini- 
iihiyas.  It  is  not  a  leap  Imt  a  honnd.  all  the  feet  le;ivine'  and 
strikini:;  the  e-ronnd  at  the  same  time.  These  honnds  displav 
wondeifid  elasticity  for  a  time,  hnt  after  a  while  they  seem  to 
become  faliuninn'.  and  the  sti'idi'  heconies  less,  and  the  speed 
slackens.  It  is  evident  that  this  niotion  is  less  adapted  lo  a  I'lWj^ 
and  I'apid  HiLi'ht  than  the  long',  leajting  gait  of  the  \'irginia  deer. 
The  fawns,  when  starteil  from  their  concealment  in  my  gronnds. 
idd  spring  np  with  a  high  bonnd.  alighting  on   all   the   feet  at 


wo 


onc(\  and  bonn<l  away  with  astonishing  swiftness  in  the  same  wa\ 
as  till'  adults.      'I'he  walk,  the  ii'allop.  the  trot,  and  the  bomnl.  a> 


al>oVe  (ie-<crioei|.  arc 


the  onlv  paces  I  have  observc'l 


ni'aciieed    ii\- 


the  Mule  Deer.  The  thr(H>  first  are  always  performi'd  in  a  la/y. 
leisurely  wa\-,  and  the  last  is  resorted  to  oidy  in  alarm  and  c\- 
citenu-nt. 


he   same   description  mav  be  given  to  the  gait  o 


f    the  ( 


>linu- 


hia    1  >laiiv-tailt 


Ol 


•  1  1  )eer,  except  that  the  walk  mav  be  a  littl 
slower  and  more  di'liberat(>,  and  the  trot  is  less  awkward  and  le- 
freipiently  practiced.  Notwithstanding  this  appa,rent  w;inl 
elasticity  in  the  motions  of  thesi\  two  species  as  com]>ared  with 
the  Virginia  deer,  they  iire  nmch  more  inclined  to  leaji  fences. 
Mollie  w<iuld  leap  a  fence  four  feet  high  into  a  yard,  the  gate  of 
which  was  open,  as  soon  as  go  six  feet  further  to  ])ass  through 
th(!  gate,  and  Albert,  the  I'lack-tailed  buck,  would  climb  up  four 
feet  upon  the  hay  which  liad  been  left  against  the  fence,  eiglii 
feet  high,  and  juin])  into  the  I'oad,  ap|»earing  as  indilTeicnt  to  llie 
drop  of  eight  feet  upon  the  frozen  ground,  as  if  it  were  but  two 
feet,  '["heir  s|  rong  bony  legs  seem  to  stand  them  •.veil  in  hand 
on  such  occasions.  I  have  seen  tli(>  IJlack-tailed  buck  at  full 
speed,  \Vhen  I  was  (pnetly  stamling  neai'  the  edge  of  the  bluli  in 
the  North  I'aric,  he  canu'  rushing  nji  the  steep  hill  at  a  fcarhil 
rate,  and  was  about  to  pass  me  when  I  spoke  to  hini.  Ileal 
once  stopped  his  tremendous  bounds,  ami  walked  up  to  me.  lu't 


(.AIT. 


•21  r, 


|l  t'niir 

•,  r\'A\\ 

to  llir 

lit    two 

n   linnil 

at  full 

luff  ii> 

I'ciirl'iil 

llr  ;ii 

nil'.  iM't 


raj)i(lly,  but  in  an  au'ltalcd  way,  as  it  ^lad  of  my  protect  ion. 
SonictliiiiLj  iniisi,  liuvc  o'reatly  alannctl  liiin.  tlioiinh  I  coulil  imt 
disc.ovci'  what  it;  was.  His  fail  was  clcvalfd.  tlioii<j,li  not  vertical, 
and  tlu!  hairs  s|)re;id  out.  as  descril)e<l  on  the  X'ii'^inia,  deer,  under 
similar  cir(MiinstaiU!i's.  His  hounds  wei'e  on  all  the  led  at  once, 
precisely  as  described  for  the  muh;  deer.  1  repeat.  1  lhiid<  the 
jiaces  of  the  two  species,  as  welt  as  the  antlers,  are  as  nearly  aliki- 
as  possiMe.  and  (piite  indike  those  of  anv  of   the  other  species. 

'I'he  Moose  walks,  ti'ots,  e'jiJlops,  and  makes  lon^'  horizontal  leaps. 
When  pressed  his  principal  e'ait  is  a  lone',  swineini;'.  and  i-apid 
trot.  lie  thus  passes  throneh  deep  snows,  o\ei'  the  hi^h  trunks 
of  fallen  trees,  and  Ihroneh  thick  luaisli  in  ;i  nianni^r  truly  aslon- 
ishine".  IIo  very  I'arely  resorts  to  a  runnine'  u'ail.  unless  when 
thrown  off  his  lialani/e  hv  excitement,  as  when  chareiuL;'  an  ad- 
versary. His  stealihv  and  I'apid  walk  when  he  sees  or  smells 
a|iproachine'  danger  is  well  calculated  to  astonish  the  hunter, 
'["he  lattei-  L^ets  a  glimpse  of  the  eame,  and  su[iposini;-  himself  nn- 
ohsei'ved,  thiidxs  it  cannot  escape  without  his  k'nowledec.  and  <'om- 
niences  stalking  it,  while  the  animal  snulfs  the  taint  in  llie  air 
iiml  sleahliily  gTnles  awav  almo>|  before  his  eyes  and  at  a  rapid 
rate,  w;lhout  the  least  laistliiig  anumg  the  leaves  or  the  crack- 
ing of  ;■  twig,  and  is  miles  away  before  his  escape  is  even  sus 
peeled.  All  agree  that  the  Moose  will  escape  with  ",ri'at  celerltv 
and  without  noise  overground  where  an  Indian  with  miHcasoned 
feet  ((juld  Hot  e'o  without  beiu'''  heard.  Unless  ai.  a.  vei'v  slow  and 
cautious  rate. 

'Idle  iiii/its  of  the  Caribou  ai'c,  the  walk,  the  t  rot.  and  the  run.  or 
galhip.  When  uiidist  urbed  and  migrating  from  jilace  to  place, 
the  gait  is  invariably  a,  walk,  unless  one  lags  behind  the  iiand  to 
pick  u|)  sonu-  choice  mor.sel  which  has  lenipled  it.  when  it  ma\' 
strike  into  a  moderate  trot  to  overtake  its  companions.  When 
the  Reindeer  bei'i)mes  alarmed,  he  will  stiike  into  a  long  swing- 
ing trot,  which  Ik;  maiutaius  for  hours,  and  he  allows  noihiuL;'  to 
divei't;  him,  till  he  has  fairlv  left  the  couutr\,  nr  at  least  till  he 
lias  placed  many  miles  between  himself  and  the  object  which 
alarmed  him.  His  oi-ilinarv  traveling  gait  thi'U.  is  a  walk  :  when 
in  hast(!  he  trots,  but  whei\  grt'atlv  alarmed  he  runs  with  speed. 
When  ('a[)taiii  Hardv  missed  his  lirst  Caribou,  ^vhicll  was  lyiiiii; 
dnw  II  in  the  snow,  he  says:  ••  Up  iliev  jumped,  live  of  them,  ai-- 
parcnily  rising  from  all  directions  around  u-^,  and.  after  a,  b.  •■( 
stare,  made   off   in    long  gracefid   bnunds.""'      llel'i.n-.   on   p.    ,•'.(•, 

1  Full  si  l.ij'i  ill  Ariiilii.  Lomlciii  I'll..  |i.  tts. 
J8 


p 

274 


THE   l)i:i:ii    OF  A  MRU  I C  A. 


li(>  siiys:  "Tlic  ])iio(i  of  tlic  ("iirihou  wlicn  stni'ttMl  is  like  lliat 
dl'  the  .Mddsc,  —  ;i  Idiin'  stcMilv  ti'dt,  l)i'r:ikiiig  into  a  lirisk  walk, 
ill  iiilcrvals.  us  tlic  pdiut  of  idarm  is  Icl't  l»cliiii(k  \\v  soiiic- 
tiiiK's    nalldps,    dl-   ratlici'   boiiiKls  lor    ;i    sliort   distiinco  at    iirsl. 


This  tiir  -M 


diisc  iie'vcr  does 


The  jiaccs  n|'  tlic  Wapiti  Dcci'  arc,  tlic  walk,  tlic  trot,  and  liir 
galld]),  or  run.      W'licn  moving  voluntarily,  not  hastened  Ity  aiiv 


sense  of  alarm,  his  ])aou  is  always 


a  walk.     Tills  niav  1 


)e   \-:v\ 


rapid  if  hint  dii  eiiangino-  his  feeding  grounds  to  a  distant  rcg 


loll. 


his  is  alwavs  done 


in  the   night,  and   even  when  feeding  1 

li 


)V    tiK' 


wav   he   lre(piently  will   cover  an    immense!   distance    in   a,  siiigli 


night. 


Uut  he  is  a  natural   trotter.      'I'his  is  the  uait  wliicli  h 


always  ailo[)ts  when  tlecing  irom  danger,  unh'ss  lie  is  thrown  oil 
his  feet,  when  he  may  lircak  into  a  run  ;  but  tliis  is  so  unnatural 
a   uail  for  him   that,  if  he  is  fat  it  soon  worries  him  and  l)reak> 


hini  down. 


\\ 


leii  the  animal  is  lean,  a 


ind 


so  it  is  with  the  vouiil;' 


animal-  he  is  niiieli  more  iiuTiiied  to  break  his  trot  and  adojil  lln' 
ruiini''.;  gait.  lie  can  run  faster  than  he  can  trot,  and  if  in  con- 
dition ti>  maintain  that  jiaee  it  increases  liis  chances  for  escape, 
but  when   the   fat    buck  is  once  forced  into  a  run,  lie   must  somi 


Cdllie 


tol 


>a\' 


( )ii  this  subject  Colonel  Dodge ^  says  :  "  Singular  as  it  may  ap- 
pear, i>lains  liiinters  are  e(iually  divideil  in  opinion  as  to  the  gaii 
of  the  KIk  when  goi'\g  at  his  best  sjiced.      Some  old  hunters  wlm 


have  bagged   their  liundn 


if  IClk,  stoutly  maintain  that 


\<    olllv 


trots  when  at    his  best   pace;   while  other  eipially 


auihorilies  insist  that  he  runs  like  a  deer.      'I'lie  truth  is,  both  ai 


soniewhal     rielit    ;'ni 


botl 


1    wrong. 


'Hie    I'^lk   trots   wit) 


1    o-real 


speed,  and  this  seems  to  be  his  easii'st  and  most  natural  gait. 
lie  t'an,  however,  and  does  run  much  faster  than  he  can  trot,  but 
it  is  a  great  eilort  and  soon  tires  him  out." 

In  iiiv  grounds  the  Elk  have  learned  to  eomc!  to  the  call,  though 


in   the   summer  time,  Avlieii  the   weather  i 


s  warm  aiK 


I  th 


le   iias- 


(H'c 


turage  is  abunilant,  the  keeper  may  call  till  lie  is  hoarse,  bef 
one  will  get  up  in  the  cool  shade,  but  when  the  weather  gct^ 
cooler,  they  will  come  towards  him  in  a  slow,  lazy  walk,  but  after 
tli(,'  frost  has  come,  and  they  have  had  a  few  tastes  of  niai/.e  (an 
old  one  will  crunch  an  ear  ten  inches  long,  and  an  inch  ami  a 
half  in  diameter,  withdut  making  two  bites  of  it),  they  answer 
with  alacrity  thdiigh  half  a  mile  awtiy.  The  whole  herd  will 
.start  at  lirst  ipiite  leisurely  ;    presently,  one  or  two  will  strike  a 

'    T/ir  Phiiiis  a/ III"   <;.■■(  (tl    lt>47,  |).  iiu. 


mr 


a  A  IT. 


127:) 


trot-,  Aviicn  nil  will  do  so,  oxcopt  the  yoiiiitjf  0110s,  wliicli  break  into 
a  run.  TIk;  pafo  is  iiicroas.'d  l.y  all,  till  tlioy  roarli  a  Miil't',  or 
ravine,  when  all  break  into  a  t'nrions  run,  and  come  tlinnderinn' 
down  the  clilT  like  an  a\alanehe.  When  you  see  forty  or  liftv 
Elk,  inore  than  one  fourth  of  tliein  ha\ino'  huge  antlers,  cDnic 
rnshin,!,'  down  towards  you,  you  feel  glad  there  is  a  good  fence 
ni  fi'ont  o!'  .u.  Sueli  a  sight  is  worth  going  many  inil(\s  to  see. 
When  chasing  ii  dog  in  the  grounds,  or  when  pursuing  each 
other  in  animosity,  they  always  run.     The  Elk   is  nndouhlvdiv  a 


n.dni'al   trotter,  and  Colonel  Dodno  s; 


ivs  : 


I  l.eli 


eve  an 


wil 


trot  across  ordinary  prairie  at    the   rate  of  alM)ut  a,  mile  in  three 
minutes   Ihirly    seconds.""     There    is.    h..wever,    about    the 
ihiToreiKte  in  speetl  among  JOIk  as  among  horses. 


same 


UXmV    AND    DOMESTICATION. 

A  I.I,  III'  thr  (li'cr  t';iiuily  arc  easily  tamed,  in  a  wiM  slate  tlicv 
llee  fiiiiii  man  and  all  tlieii'  natural  enemies,  and  except  dnrinn 
tile  rutting  season  tlicv  are  |)ca('eal>le  anicn^^  tlieinsidvcs.  ^\'llen 
stimulated  and  even  cuaded  (in  hy  their  passions  durinc'  the  nn. 
tile  males  liecome  very  Ixdlin'crent',  towards  each  oilier,  Imt  llii.-- 
arises  from  jealousy  or  rivalry  alone,  lor  even  at  this  sea->Mn 
their  timidity  generally  restrains  them  from  attackini;'  other 
animals. 


m> 


'WW.   Alod.si;. 


I- 


I'oin  this   L;'cner;il  remark  we   ma\    possili 


Iv   except     the  >h 


wliose  ereat  size  and  sli'ciioth  emholdciis  him  in   rare  instances  s( 
us  to  make   him  voliintarilv  iitlack   even  men,  durliic'  the  riiltiiii. 


sciison. 


Dr.  ( 


I  ilpiii  sa\s 


T 


owanls  llie  eiH 


1  ol'  the  rnt   some  tew 


hulls    licconie    inl'uriated.   attacking'    the    cow   e([uallv    with 


liiil 


at  tackiii!''  cn  er\  thin'. 


1      .^, 


nic  other  authors  make  sim 


lar  stiitementis ;  hut  the  c'cucral  conclusion  is  that  the  Moose  \ciy 
rarely  attacks  tlie  hunter  in  the  woods  unless  he  is  both  wounded 
and  very  hardly  pressed,  seidnu;  no  rcasonahle  chance  I'or  esiMpc. 
lie  does  not  attack  from  I'a^e  or  for  rcncnu'c  hut  for  defense. 
There  are,  however,  a.  few  cases  reconled  where  the  wouiidcij 
.Mo( 

ver\  exceptional.  In  dnmesticatioii,  like  the  other  nieinhcrs  of 
this  familv,  tliev  lose  their  fear  of  man  to  u  <'ertain  extent,  when. 


has   pursued  and   attacked   the  hiinler,  hut  smdi  cases  ai 
xceptioiial.      Ill   domestication,  like  the   other   nieinhcr: 


at   |iart  icular  seasons. 


tliev  are  inclined  to  attack  him.      Mr.  M' 


row  writes  me:  "  Wlu'ii  u  boy,  1  recollo(!t  that  ii  Moose  which 
was  liroii^ht  from  the  countiy  in  a  semi-doniesticatcd  state  and 
kept  in  a  barn  adjoinini;'  my  father's  house  (I  think  in  the  lallei- 
part  of  the  month  of  September),  would  attack  aiiv  one  who, 
while  visiting  it,  showed  any  signs  of  fear."  We  mav  sai'elv  con- 
clude that  it  is  not  from  an  innocent  disposition  but  fi'om  a  lack  of 
courage!  that  Ihev  do  not    attack  the   hunter  in  the  forest.      I'lom 


nti 


lis  IS  lost  bv  mtercouiM 


ii> 


timidity  or  fear  they  llee  from  hiai 

with  him,  their  naturally  wicked  disposition  asserts  its(df.  T 
timidity  is  much  overcome,  no  doubt,  by  the  stimulant  of  deslii 
during  the  rut.  but  it  is  not  destroyed.  Then  they  are  the  niori 
e;isil_\   [)rovoked  and  are  inncli  the  most  dangerous.      'Idieii   tl 


ie\ 


'    (ht   l/ti'   MlllHIIKlilll   (l/Wuni    Sl'l:li<l     II.    111. 


IIMUr   .\M>    hoMllsric  \  7IOX. 


will   att;icl<  ;in  <  .iciiiy  <>v  ilcfcnd   tliciiisclvcs  iiiidfi'  ciri'iiiiisl.iiiccs, 
wlit'ii  llicy  woiild  only  think  of  cscnix;  at  otlirr  scasnii^. 

Till'  li'inali'  also  loses  lici'  tiiiiiilil\  soiin'tiiiii's,  and  lictMjnu's 
couran't'oMs  and  even  desperate  in  del'ense  o|'  liei-  xonni;'.  Mr. 
( iilpin,  son  ol'  I  )r,  ( iilpin,  of  I  lalifa\.  once  niel  one  when  lnini  inn" 
small  Li;anie,  that,  charee,!  Iiim  mi  si^lit,  niosl  fnriously.  Imt  iu; 
had  th<'  presence  of  mind  to  meet  the  charn'e  with  his  fowline- 
piece,  and  severe(l  her  windpipe  with  a  diarue  (jf  slmt.  Ilei' 
lawn  was  too  youne'  to  escape,  and  in  her  maternal  >olicitud(' 
she  fore'of  hel'  feai's  of  even  her  most  dreaded  enem\. 

These  (h'er  are  less  niini'atoi'N-  than  the  carilion,  and  so  con- 
line  their  rane-e  to  more  linuled  areas,  iioi'  are  thevso  eaNilv 
driven  away  fi-om  their  nsnal  haunts  1)\  the  enci'oachnients  of 
the  white  settler.  'I'liounh  very  wary  and  e\er  on  the  look-out 
for  an  enemv,  they  will  listen  with  eomiiiacency  to  the  distant 
sound  of  the  w  oodmans  a\e.  the  rinnhlinn'of  the  raili'oad  t  I'ain.  oi' 
the  sound  of  the  whistle  of  the  en^'ine.  without  ln'ing  driven  to 
another  country,  oi"  even  Iteine"  much  disturbed. 

'The  M(jos(  has  often  lieen  I'eared  and  tameil  in  this  counti'v  ; 
luit  I  know  of  no  systematic  attempt  to  domesticate  them,  nor 
have.  I  ever  heard  of  their  l)reedinL;'  in  domestication.  Thev 
have  heen  sonu'times  broken  to  the  harness  and  proveil  iheni- 
selves  al»lc  to  di'aw  <:;ood  loads;  and  yet  1  know  of  no  reeidar 
id'fort  that  has  l)een  made  to  i-ediice  them  to  servitude.  When 
tamed,  tlie\  are  reasonahly  docile,  except  the  males  during'  the 
ruttino"  season,  when,  as  Uiie'ht  he  suspected,  (hey  heconie  fero- 
cious, and  should  be  kept  in  close  (piarters  whert;  thev  can  do  no 
harm.  If  castrated  youne',  and  eai'ly  tau^llt  olx'dienci-  to  man, 
we  mav  not  doubt  that  tiu'y  would  readily  submit  to  his  domin- 
ion, anil  tlieii' e'reat  st  rength  would  give  pi'omise  of  useful  beasts  of 
draught,  es[)ecially  in  countries  where  ih'cp  simws  prevail,  throueli 
\vhich  they  pass  with  hu'ility  where  ordinary  cattle  c(juld  make  no 
progress. 

Of  his  Kuro[)eau  brother,  Louis  Fignier,  in  "  .Maunnalia,"  sa\  s  : 
"  'riu!  (dk  when  ciiught  young  may  l)e  completely  tanu'd  with- 
out dillieulty.  It  recogni/es  the  [)ei'son  wdio  takes  care  of  it  and 
will  follow  him  lik(>  a  dog,  manifesting  considerable  joy  on  see- 
ing him  after  a  separation.  It  goes  in  harn(>ss  as  well  as  a  rein- 
deer, ami  i:an  thus  perfoi-m  hmg  journeys.  Vov  two  or  tlirec; 
ci'Uturies  it  was  nsed  for  tliis  purpose  in  Sweden,  but  tlie  custom 
is  now  given  up."  If  in  this  the  learned  author  is  n(it  nnstaken, 
then  the  Swedisli  101k  at  that  time  must  have   been  bred  in  ch)- 


f'^ 


•21 S 


Tin:  i>i:i:i!  or  amiiuka. 


nu'sticiilioii,  else  siiU'icIciit  stock  coiild  not  liiivf  liccii  procuri'il  for 
uciicral  use,  IT  oiu'c  fairlv  siiliicctiMl  to  <loiiu'sti('iitioii  and  use  it 
may  l)i'  diHiciilt.  to  iiiidi'i'staml  why  it  was  nivm  ii|)  in  a  count rv 
so  well  adapted  to  its  use.  (  >n  tliis  sultject.  we  may  i-eceive  ihc 
statement  of  Ml'.  Lloyd  in  exjtianation.  lit;  says:  "  l-'orniei  I  v 
these  animals  were  maile  use  o|'  in  Sweden  to  draw  sletlg'es  ;  l»iit 
owine',  as  it  was  said,  to  their  speed  l'rc(|neiitly  ai'coleratinn'  the 
c'Sca[)C!  ol'  [)eople  who  had  been  guilty  of  nnn'ders  or  other  crimes, 
tliL'ir  uso  was  ])rohil)ited  nnder  great  penalties.  Thongh  I  ap- 
prehend those  ordinan(.'es,  if  not  alii'oga,ted  an;  obsolete.  I  am 
not  aware  that  ihe  elk  are  evei-  nnide  use  of  in  that  kingdom  ni 
the  present  day  eithei'  to  draw  a  sledge  or  for  other  domeslic 
purposes."  '  Again,  in  a  sidiseipient  and  mor(^  elaborate  work,- 
thc!  samt>  author  says:  "The  elk  can  l)e  easily  donu'sticated. 
Several  instances  have  coiue  to  my  knowledge,  when  brouglii 
up  from  a  tender  age,  have  become  nearly  as  t;ime  as  the  callle. 
with  which  Ihey  wei'e.  not  nnfreijuently,  allowed  to  consort  and 
jmstnre.  Uut  I  never  heard  of  this  animal  being  trained  to  h,n- 
nt'ss  as  formerly  was  often  tlio  ca.sc!  in   Scandinavia." 

It  is  to  lie  d(>eply  rogretted  tliat  sonu'  one,  in  a  locality  in  this 
country  ada[)ted  to  their  natui'al  wants,  has  not  thoroughly  tried 
the  experiment  of  domesticating  our  Aluost',  and  determined  the 
[)racticability  of  breeding  them  in  (h)mestication  and  of  their 
uses.  We  may  i'eai'  that  tlu-n;  would  be  found  diiru'ully  in  pro- 
curing an  abunihuKM^  of  their  favorite  food,  around  habitations 
or  in  enclosures,  but  as  we  shall  presently  see  that  our  elk  is 
healthy  and  thrives  well  on  herbaceous  food  almost  I'utirelv,  so 
it  might  prove  that  the  Moose  can  prosper  on  a  Ic'ss  pro[)ortion  of 
arboreous  food  tlian  he  gets  in  tlie  wild  state. 

(  )ne  of  tile  most  remarkalde  features  of  this  deer,  whii-li  dis- 
tinguislies  it  from  all  our  other  species,  is  its  monogamous  habir. 
While  seeking  a  companion  during  the  rutting  season  the  male  is 
no  doul)t  vei'v  much  in  earnest,  and  manifests  a  high  state  of  ex- 
citement. Wlien  he  finds  himself  accepted  by  an  agre(>able  part- 
nei'  they  retire  to  a  dee[),  secludetl  thicket  in  low  marsliy  ground, 
where  they  spend  their  honeymoon  of  three  or  four  weeks  ([uite 
contented  with  each  other's  society,  never  leaving  the  localifv,  the 
male  at  least  scarcely  taking  food,  living  a  rather  (piiet  and  re- 
spectable life,  (piite  in  contrast  to  the  one  In;  led  wdiih;  he  was  a 
roving  bachelor  seeking  an  associate.     If,  iiowever,  his  (piiet  |)ri- 

1  Fiilil  Sj)i)/iii  iif  the  \iinii  11/'  /■',iii(i/ii',  ]i.  ,'i.'!I, 

-  St'diiiliiiiiri'iii  ^[ilri  iiliins,  -Jd  odilioii,  Loiiiiun,  lf.-)4,  [i.  \V2. 


ii.'.r.ir    I.N/'  i>ti\ii:siii.\iii>\. 


\iU'_\  is  ilistiii'liiil  \)\  II  risal,  his  liiTi'dicss  iiinl  nin'c  ;iii'  ;ii  "Hcc 
kimllcd  iiili)  w  I'lirv,  mid  lie  ^ncs  to  un'i'l  lin'  luc  licyninl  ilic  pii'- 
ciiii't  III'  his  hiii".  Ill  his  |ii'i\;iti'  rctrc;il  hi'  piiw^  up  ihr  >'ilt. 
iiinist  I'iirth  till  III'  iiiaki's  ;i  ('(Piisiih'raMc  ('\('a\:ititiii,  in  whiili  hi' 
wallitws,  liiiviiiL;  s|)riiikh'il  it  witli  liis  iiriiir,  iiiid  which  ln'riuius 
scented  with  ii  very  |)i)\vi'i-|'ui  ddni-  whifli  is  said  to  lu-  so  oll'i'ii- 
sive  tliat  none  hut  an  Indian  cares  to  ('iicoiinter  it.  It  is  interot- 
iiii;'  to  ol)scrvi'  how  exact  I V  t  he  haliits  ot'  his  l'jii'o|ii'aii  conn'ciicr 
coi'i'espond  with  those  of  lia'  Moose  in  this  extraordinary  feature. 
Mr.  liioyd  .says  :  ••  Although  just,  prior  to  tlie  nittiiijj;  season  ihe 
males  wander  or,.atl\  in  search  of  iiiatcs.  yet  as  soon  as  they  have 
found  a  [lartiier  the  pair  retire  tou'dlier  to  a  dense  hrake,  L;'eih'r- 
allv  consistiiiL;'  of  lir  or  spruce,  in  tlie  wildest  recesses  of  tic  for- 
est. Here  the  male  forms  a  ^n'oss  or  ca\ity  in  the  ground,  which 
he  very  pleiitifullv  liesprinkles  with  urine,  and  jieiice  the  term 
gross.  It  is  said  tiiat  for  some  tlirci'  weeks,  (hiring  which  the 
rnttine'  season  continues,  the  pair  couliiie  themselves  to  tin-  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  tlie  spot,  to  uithin  a  space,  indeed,  of  Mime  frw 
feet  in  diaiiieter,  wliii'ii  spot  of  their  own  accord,  they  will  on  no 
accoiiiit  desert:  and  even  should  tlie\'  he  scared  from  tliriicr  liv 
pe()[)le  or  dogs,  tliey  will,  as  soon  as  the  pursuit  has  ceased,  return 
to  it  again.  Several  pair  of  elk  arc  sometimes  found  near  to  the 
gross,  tlio  sel(>ctioii  of  which  is  frei[ucntly  made  known  liy  the 
males  scoring  the  small  trees  in  the  vicinity  with  their  honi-.  or 
it  iiiav  he  in  twisting  them  in  the  manner  of  witlis."  '  Ihre  is 
an  exact  correspondence  in  hahit  with  the  Moose  in  a  ver\  i-x- 
traordinarv  disposition,  which  is  something  more  than  acciden- 
tal, occurring  with  animals  separati'd  hy  a  great    oce;iii,  which  of 


ail   than   at    the    moiioii'amic   hahit    itself,  sti 


iccie 


itself  would  suggest  a  lU'ar  relationship.  We  ai'(i  even  more  sur- 
prised at  the  d 
this  is  exceedingly  exce[itional  among  (|uadru[»eds,  although  ipiite 
common  among  hii-ds.  Thiji  hahit  is  said  to  he  sometimes  oh- 
served  among  the  monkey  trihes,  and  there  is  one  other  s[ 
i)f  deov,  in  wliicli  it  is  more  marked  than  in  ('.  hIi-ck,  that  is 
the  )-oe-decr  of  l'airi)[)e.  where  the  male  and  female,  once  lia\iiig 
made  their  selection,  continue  constant  to  I'acli  other  thi'ough  life, 
ever  associating  together,  eschi'wing  the  socii.'ty  of  all  others 
even  of  their  own  kind,  except  their  own  oll'spring,  to  the  care  of 
which  hoth  parents  devote  themselves,  as  wo  have  seen  in  another 
place.      IJut  to  return  to  the  Moose. 

During  this  connuhial  period  the  male   Moose  hecomes  emaci- 


"^fiiiKliiiurltin  Ailri  iiliins    liv  I.,.  Llnvil,  2>[  1. 


lS:i4,  vol.  ii.,  11.  1011. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


A 


/ 


My. 


1.0 


I.I 


i^lM    |2.5 


11.25  i  1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4db; 


<r 


V 


-^ 


V 


'^\ 


:\ 


'^ 


0 


.J! 


f 


i 


I  it;: 


I';; 


''KO 


77/a;  />/•;/•;/.'  or  .\\ii:iu<a. 


;iti'<l.  ami  at  its  tcniiiiiat  imi  rd  ii'cs  ti  >  st  ill  di'i'iicr  x'cliisiMH.  w  Imti 
w'llli  I'rl  iiniicl  a|i|"'tit('    lir  t  rii's  Id   rcn-uit    lii-   llcsli   ami  st  ivii'_;i  h 

W  Ip'ICW  il  ll    In   11)1 'rl    lllc   I'i  fill's  III"   winter  :     IpIII    if   he   l>f   ail   nlil    In  111 

li''  I'lit  |iaiiially  >iir.'iM(l-.  in  lliis.  ami  it'  llir  liiiiitiT  lias  In  (Irpfm 
I'll  his  iloli  tip  sii|i|il\  liis  caiiiii  lie  needs  sliarp  teeth  ami  a  l;cmm| 
a|ipetiti'  t't  make  it  lemler  ninl  deliridiis. 

I  lie    lUllilie    >.>;i-,iili    with     llle    nld    allilliaU    (•iiiniliellees    in   S,|i 

leiiiiier  imd  the  liiwiis  are  diiiji|ied  ill  Ma\.  NN'illi  nuuii-  ani- 
mal.-- lhi>  .^easiUI   is  later   witll    Itutll    se\es.        Ill    eellel'iil     il    nia\    1  I 

said   to  (•iiiiinieiiee   ;it    the   time   the   aiitlers  of  the   males  are  di- 


ll t 


vested   III    Ijleir   Vel\e|.  aiHl    tills   lelliaik    IS  ei|liall\    aliplliM 


ll    this  eieat    lamilv  of   iiiiiiinaiits,  tliniieii.  as  I   li.ve  si 


|ii\\ll     eNe- 


\\  liel'e.    I  |ie\    lire   ea|i;ili|e   ii 


pinrreiil  lull  at  aii\   utlier  seasnii  I'l  tl 


vear.  and  when   ip])|iMrtunit  ies  are    uaiitine-  at    the   |irii|)er  seasmi 
lliev  at  leiist  smiiet  iiiies  lirced  at  utlier  tiiiu's  (if   the  \('ar. 

I' UK  <Ai;ii;(M  . 

(  )f  the  dis|iiisll  imi  iif  iiiir  (arilpipii  I  kiiipw  iinthinu'  fruiii  mv 
own  iilisei\  at  imi.  and  learn  iinthiiie'  frmii  ut  hers,  exeept  nf  their 
leai'iif  man  and  their  i-lTnrls  In  escape  his  pursuit.  I  timl  iiu  rei'- 
iiid  III  a  manifestation  of  coiirae'e  e\en  in  despi'rate  eireiiiii- 
stanees,  and  I  learn  nothing  from  the  liimlers  of  siieh  an  oceiir- 
eiiee.      (  )f   I  he  doinest ica t rd  leiiidcer.  ill  Northern   MiiroiM'.  w  hieli 


IS    lde|itl(;il     III    sjieiirs    With    oUI'S,    Wi 


lIloW    thai     t  llev    freiplelll 


1    at    oilier   season-. 


Iteronie  daiieeioiis   duriiiy    the    rut,    and    evei 

they  soinetiiiu's   becoiiu^    uiiiiiana;.^('altli!  and  attack   their  driv 

lull    this  fnjiizJL'd  stato  lasts  hut  a  slmrt  time,  and  tl 


er. 


ev  are    soUi 
piilv  the  cast  rated  reiml'ir 


lis     \lcloiis    (llsnoslt  lull 


induced  to  resiiiiic  the   journey.      .\> 

are    worked    in    haiiiess   liy    the    Lapps,    t 

which    thus   soiiu'timcs   manifests   itself   when  at  work  should   he 

consid'.'ivd  except iomil  did  \\x'   not    rcineinlier  that  tin*  operation 

of  emasculation  is  very  imperfectly  |ierl'orineil  ,   so  that  the  stini- 

iilatine',  or  provokiiie-  inlliieiice  is  still  felt,  at  least  partially.      In 

all  of   tlu'  species  with  which  I  lia\e  expi'iimeiited   in   this  diri'c- 

tioii,   after   ciunjtlete    emasculation    every    vestige    of    wickedness 

.seems  to  he  eradicated,  ami  scarcely  any  courage,  even,  seems  In 

he  left;  ami   I   doiiht   niueli  if  the  reindeer  should  he  considered 

exceptional  in  this  regard. 

Jlilt  few  elTorls  have  heeil  llKule  to  domesticate  either  sj 
of  our  Carihou.  The  Woodland  Ciirihoii,  at  least,  seems  ti>  he  a 
wild,  restless  animal,  even  during  the  winter  ranging  through  wide 
districts  of  countrv,  and  often  chaniriii!''  his  home,  and  vi;rv  sus- 


teclcs 


II  Mil  r     \.\l>    hoMl.sricA  Ijnx. 


281 


picidiis  ami  wary.      An   alarm.  tVnm  wliidi  tln'  'iium-,!'  WduM  ,,]\\v 
lice    a    I'fW  mill's,  will    -rml   auav  tlic   ('arilmii  a  wlinlrdas.  al    a 

r:i|tiil   ]ia<'f.  uliicli  takrs  liini  (|iiilc  (Hit  of  tli iinliv,  ami  ildii-; 

llif  |Hirsiiit  III'  tlic  Imiili'i-.  'I'iirsr  art'  cliaiailcrisi  ics  wliicji  dn 
iml  iHMiiii^i'  wrll  t'oi'  tlii'ir  (iiimolii'aliiiii.  W'licii  i-ai>i(|  as  pris, 
lil<i'  ;ili  till'  iitlicr  dcci',  tliry  liisc  their  iVai'uf  niaii  ami  ln'CMinc 
very  taiiii'.  and  systcmaiii'  ciTurL  t  lifmi^li  a  \<<]i'j;  cMur-i-  n\  mmts 
mii^lil.  no  doulit,  lirini^  tlicm  to  ;i  state  ol'  semi-ildme-^t  ieat  inn, 
wliieji.  al'tci'  all.  is  alioiit  as  much  as  can  he  said  of  the  i|iiiii.>i  i- 
caw'd  i-eindeei'  iit'  N'oi'lhern  l'>uro|)e  and  .\>ia.  I  here  i>  no  dtliei' 
domolie  animal  whieh  )iro[)aL,fates  its  species  in  thai  cMndiiiou 
wliich  i-ctains  su  nnndi  of  its  wild  naliiie  as  tlie-e  icindeer.  I'liis 
|io>silily  may  lie  accdunted  I'or  li\  the  frecjiient  iniermixl  iiie  of 
wild  liloiiil  aiiidiio-  t  hi'  domcst  ic  herds,  which  i-^  said  to  lie  eii- 
coiiraued  liy  the  l^app-^.  as  it  is  sii|i|idscd  to  infuse  xi^nr  into  the 
stock.  This  is  not  a  dillieidt  end  to  accomjilish.  as  the  \\il,|  deer 
oltiMl  fani^'e  the  same  imaiiitaiiis  which  arc  inhahited  h\  the  lame. 
'I'lic  domestication  of  oiii-  ( "arihou  should  oid\  lie  altempied  in 
situations  wlici-e  the  cliuiate  and  fond  are  adapted  to  the  well 
heine'  of   the  animal  in  the  wihl  slate. 

In  the  U'W  instances  recorded,  or  of  which  I  ha\e  heard,  no 
attem|)t  has  hcen  made  in  hreed  them  in  the  dome-^iic  stale,  iuii 
theylia\e  liccn  simply  kept  as  pets,  nr  lor  exhihitiou.  Sn  jai' 
as  I  am  infoi-nicd,  most  of  the  elToi'ts  to  traiisp'irt  them  to  I'anope 
have  failed,  tliev  d\  inu'  duriii'j;  the  voxaLTc.  'Jdiis  nuiv.  pii>-iiilv, 
have  lesulled  from  a  iieeh-ct  to  take  alone-  the  leindeer  nio^s, 
wliich.  as  I  have  shown,  is  indis[)i'nsal)le  to  the  health  nf  the 
Miiropeaii  reindeer,  whether  tame  or  wild.  It  is  not  inn  late  vet 
t'oi-  a  fair  trial  of  the  e\[)eriinent  of  doiiiesticat  in"'  this  deer  :  still 
it  mie'ht  ill'  lietter  to  try  ami  import  those  already  domesticated 
from  l.apliiiid,  and  if  the  ifroater  si/e  of  the('arihou  he  desired 
they  could  he  lired  to  them.  I  am  ii  little  surprised  that  the 
Hudson's  r>ay  ( 'oiiipaiiy,  which  has  evei'  shown  remarkalile  enter- 
prise and  [ter.severance  in  tlio  coiuliict  of  its  imsiiie.ss,  has  never 
imported  the  rt'iiuleer  for  transportation  purposes,  wherever  the 
|)roner  food  is  found,  as  tliev  would  (,'ertuinlv  be  nioru  economical 
than  dogs  for  that  purjtose. 


TiiK  Ki.K,  ou  WAi'iTi  iu:i:it. 


I  have  had  a  good  opportunitN  to  study  the  disposition  of  our 
I'^lk  jiiul  of  all  the  other  smaller  s[iecies  in  my  own  grounds. 
After  all  it  is  only  in  senii-iloniestication  that  wo  are  enubkd  to 


f 


sulllciriitlv  cilisciNf  tlic  iiniiiiiil  ill  varlmis  rircuiiistaiici's  ami  cnn- 
ilitiojis.  tci  (Irtcnniiit'  his  real  iiatiirc 

Tlici'c  is  iml  flic  It-ast  rcasdii  tu  ln-Hcvc  that  niir  VA\i  Iiavc  rvi  r 

shown     llrlli^rlrllt     ( lis|(nsi  |  i.  ilis    ill    thf    wild    slate.   CXCi'lit     tipWai'iU 

carh  iilhtT.  Aithnii^h  very  |)n\vi'rl'iii  animals,  tlicv  arc  tiiniij  ami 
\\ai\.  Tiicv  ill)  iH't  ('(intiiic  t liriiisclvrs  to  a  limited  ran^e.  Imi 
are  lialile  to  roam  over  extensive  disi  I'icts  of  eoiiiilrv  :  now  lii'^h 
u|)  tile  mcMintaiiis.  auaiii  in  the  deep  eafioiis  or  fertile  vallex^,  and 
ai_;ain.  far  out  on  the  plains  alonjj;  ihe  Imrders  of  ^oiiie  water- 
course. 

When  earefullv  >tiidied  in  parUs,  they  manifest  dispo-iiidii- 
not  altoj^etiier  lovely,  nor  yet  desperately  vvieUed.  The  iiiale^ 
show  no  sense  of  o,ilh>'ili'y  towards  tlui  females,  nor  do  aiiv  of 
them    manifest    a   sympathy    for  eaeh   other.      At    any    time    ihi^ 

liliek    will   dlive  the  doe   laitlllessly   f|-oin   ailV  choice   thine'  she   liiav 

lie  eatiipj;.  in  his  iirntish  sellishness,  haviiie-  mH  the  least  regard 
for  anvthine'  hut  his  own  t^ratilicatioii.  l'".ven  in  the  sea-iiii,,f 
love,  a>  we  shall  see.  he  riilcs  liis  harem  with  a  hriital  des|ioii>m. 
without  the  least  manifestation  of  alfeclion.  I'lveii  with  the 
females,  (iidv  the  maternal   instinct  shows  anv  trait  of  teiiil 


erne 


or    regard    for   the   comfort  or   welfare  of  another.      Indeed,    th 

Iv  to  ill  treat  ii  v<iuni;'  meiulier  of   the   lam 


(joe  IS  much  more  liKi 


iter    will    drive    n    awa\ 


ilv.  not  her  own.  than  a  hncU.      If   the 

ipiietiv,  the   former   will   hit    it   a   fearful   hat    if   it  comes  in   in 


a\ .  and    if  she   Ui 


locks  It  down,  sill'  will  verv  likelv  stamp  it  t( 


death.      I    have   lost    two   l'"dk.  less  than  a  vejir  old,  hv  heiiie-  t 


iii^ 


roimhlv  ham 


led.      (  )iie  had  recciveil  a  hlow  on   the  liai'k.  ;iiid   it 


never  ae'ain  rose  to  its  fec^   without  assistance 


w 


leii  It    was   re 


ported    to   me  as    ill.  I   went  and   cxaiiuiu'd    it.      SuspecliiiL;    tli 
troiilile.    I    pressed    my    linger   alont;  the  spinal  column   vvitl 
its   IliiichiiiL!,'.  till   two  thirds  hack-  from  iIk;  shoiilder.s  to  tl 


lout 


I'    lllp> 


when  it  fairly  screamed,  in  so  pierciiie  a  tone  that  it  startled  im 
and  its  whole  fraiii(>  tpii vered  fr(»m  the  pain.     It  must  have  heeii 


III 


fearful    Mow   to  have   thus  disahleil   the   poor  thine-.      It   died 
two  (lavs  in  spite  of  all    I   could   do   for   it.      The  otiier    I    foil 
hrnised  in  a  frielitful  way,  indicatin"'  that  it  had  heeii  murdered 


IHI 


in  malicious  wickei 


llless.      I 


nil  sorrv  to  write  such  unkind  tliines 


of   [lets,  for  which    I    have   kiiidlv  cared   for  so  many  years,  hut    1 
must  tell  tile  truth. 

I  think  the  females  sliow  more  real  courage  tiiaii  the  males.  I 
\V!i3  once  driving'  through  the  [)arU,  when  we  observed  an  old  doe 
whose  anxious  look  excitetl  sus[)icit)n  ;  we  liitehed  the  horses,  and 


lilpii^ 


iTI 


IIM.ir  AMI    hi)Mi:sll(  A  llii\. 


J8:; 


comnn'iiccd  a  mmivIi  fm-  a  fawn  ;  at  last  \\v  saw  it  (Uirlrd  ii|i  In 
the  lca\cs,  |»iTlia|is  two  Immli'fil  iVrt  i'ri)ni  the  liani.  wlm  fa.rd  us 
all  tli<'  while.  \\'lirii  sjir  saw  w.'  liad  disenvrrcd  it.  and  were 
enine-  tn\\ar<ls  it.  slu-  uttcr.'.j  a  siicci's>i..ii  oj'  iJnvatrninu'  ■>.|Ucals 
which  sMiiiidcd  to  us  anythinLi;  l>ui  nin--icai,  al  tlir  same  linu' 
walking  sh.wly  tnwanls  us,  with  an  air  and  a  ^Icani  of  llirrvf 
not  to  l.c  mistalirn.  W'v  did  not  rouni  the  spots  ,,ii  ih;il  f;iun 
that  day.  liuL  ret  rcati'd  in  ;is  '^nm\  or(hT  as  iios>ili|i-  with  our 
laces  to  the  toe.  My  friend,  wlh)  was  not  iimmI  to  ihr  animal. 
reniarUeil  —  while  I  was  ailnionishinL:,'  him  to  show  no  si^ns  of 
h'ar  hut  to  retire  as  if  ii  was  nuiie  \  nhmtai'v  — ••  I  wouM  L;i\e;i 
hie-  check  to  he  in  thai  hu^^y  now  !  "  llail  we  run  fniui  hei', 
we  niinht   not  have  won.  the  lace  willhMit   trouMe. 

At  another  time,  when  alone.  I  came  aci-i,ss  an  oM  i\,n-  which 
was  \ery  tame,  anil  which  I  had  v.aw  often  fed  from  ni\  hand. 
Sli((  was  lickiuL;'  her  yoinin'  fawn,  |>r  ihahK'  not  two  hour-  (.Id.  I 
s[ioke  to  her  kindly,  as  usual,  and  >lie  i-i'ceived  uh'  wiih  '_;i-eat 
cordiality,  and  when  I  petti-d  liei'  hahy,  and  even  lifteil  it  to  its 
h'ct,  she  seemed  pleased  with  my  al  tent  ions,  and  rather  jiroud 
ot  her  olTspi'iiiM'.  She  had  iioh'arthat  1  woidd  hint  her  darlini,s 
hul  I'ather  reinend)ereil  the  many  ears  of  corn  I  had  L;i\  en  her, 
inid  no  dollht  expected  souie  then,  as  u>iial.  It  evidelllU  did  not 
occur  to  her  that   I  I'ould   Imi'i  anylhiii;^-.      She  associated  noihiiii; 

of  harm  with   my  presence,  w'  ''•   in   tl liar  <'ase,  the   mother 

ihoueht  of  notlhne'  else,  wla  i  she  olisei\ed  that  we  hid  iMiind 
her  lawn.  'I'his  one  was  never  tame  like  ihe  o|  her.  and  so  had 
ui'ver  receixcd  so  many  of  mv  favors.  Hut  the  amiahle  one  was 
not  always  amiahle,  anil  not  alwavs  to  he  trusted.  I  mu,m'  came 
across  her  when  walkini;-  through  the  |iai'k  with  mv  little  daiiyh- 
tcr.  I  left,  her  h■edin^■  the  Mik.  and  walkeil  awa\-,  perhaps  to 
[lick  some  wild  Mower,  and  tinaied  round  just  as  the  hrute  >truck 
;it  tlh'  child  :  hirtunately.  >he  was  not  ipiite  in  I'each.  I  spoke  to 
her  in  no  very  mild  terms,  ami  the  hlow  was  not  repeated.  There 
was  nianil'ested  a  ilis|)ositioii  to  strike  the  child  sinijtK  hecause 
she  knew  it  was  unahlc  to  protect  itsell". 

The  animosity  to  dogs  .seems  to  he  nnich  sironeTr  in  the  h'- 
Muilcs,  and  a[)pcars  to  he  all  the  same  with  those  that  h;ive  voun^' 
aiul  those  that  have  not.  If  a  doe-  e-,.ts  into  the  park  the  does 
always  lead  the  chase,  while  the  hucks  go  hindx-rine'  along  he- 
hind,  as  if  rather  to  .see  tin!  result  than  to  join  in  the  frav. 
Whih'  the  females  sliow  the  ferocity  of  tigers,  the  hucks  do  not 
sei'in    to  care  very  much  whether  the  dog  gets  away  or  not.      It 


-Nl  ■////;  i,i:i:i:  or    i  mi.uk  a. 

is  llir  fciniilcs  I  lial  \\\A\  at  lln-  iVncc  tu  ^vt  al  ilic  il  .^  mi  tli,. 
<i|t|M)sIti'  side,  wliiic  tlif  mail's  -taml  liark  ami  iri'al  tln'  mallei' 
li  a|i]iai'i'nl   iiidinri'i'iicr.      If   a  iln^ecis  iiilo  t!ii'  pai'k  ami  lir>l 


\vi 


iiH'i'ls  a  liaiid  III'    liiirk    |''Jk.  tlit'\    will  lakr  tii<'hl  ami    Krcak  aw 


IV 


Inwards  I  hr  d 


lilt,  wln'ii    III'    lalU    III  wTili   I'Vi'ii  a  siimlr 


llii'  wliili'  palili  ii|inii  till'  niiiiji  rises  up  immedialelv  :  her  e\es 
lla--li  with  ra^e.  and,  witlinut  an  iii--taiit"s  lie-^ital  imi.  >lie  ]iitelii'> 
at  liiiii.  while  the  Imrks  will  fall  in  the  rear,  anil  |ierlia|ps  stop  nr 
fiilliiw  lip,  rather   than    inin    in    the   elia-^e.      Indeed.  I  am  nMiecd 


111  sav  that  I  he  Imk 


k  lllk'  is  imt    (inl\   e\l 


leiiiel V  seiti^li  ami  I  \  ran 


meal,  liiit.   as    is   usual    with   t\rants.    is   an    arrant    cnwai'd 


III 


ma\    lie    fei'iieii  HIS.   lull    n^t    n  iiirae'emis.      Neiihei-   in   the  wilder 

the     diilllestil'     slate    will     lie     make    an     ell'nrt     tn     |irntei't    nr  defend 

cither    the    vonne'    nr   the   female,   Imt    seems   williiie-  to  saeriiiee 
lliein  all  fur  Ids  own  saf(>tv. 


Individuals  dilTer  ver\   niiieli  in   their  di-pnsitiniis.  smne   1 


ii'iii'. 


miicli  mni'e  vii'iiHis  than  nthers.  nr  I'atlnT  smiie  liein^'  natiirall v 
verv  wieked.  while  a  lai'Lje  majnrity  slmw  im  sneh  dis|insii  iun. 
I  have  had  iimre  ihaii  niie  hundi'ed  in  my  e'l'minds  altne-e)  li,.)-^ 
and  yet  I  nexcr  had  Imt  two  that  wei'e  pnsitively  wicked.  'I'lie^e 
I'eached   as   near   the    |iniiit   nf   tntal  dejiravitv  diirinethe  nittiiiu 

scasnii     as     I     lllink     it     [mssihle     fur    !l    liriltc    tn    i\*K        \\<>\\\     these 

animals  I  [uirchased  with  fniir  dnes.  'i'hev  were  pmlialilv  rai'-ed 
l>y  hand,  whii'li,  as  we  shall  see.  tends  to  divest,  all  the  deer  iain- 
ily  of  their  natural  fear  nf  man,  which  allows  their  native  vieioiis- 
ness  to  manifest  itself,  whii'li  is  very  a[)t  to  happen,  al  least  with 
the  males,  diirine'  the  rut.  This,  no  dnuhl .  teiidci]  to  aeLjravate 
the  innate  wii'kcdness  of  these  I'llk,  Imt  is  ipiite  insiitlieieiit  to 
e\[)lain  it  all.  1  had  pri'viously  had  a  very  line  specimen,  live 
years  old.  wliich  had  not  only  been  hroiieht  up  by  hand.  1ml 
kept  ill  a  sliow  for  a.  lone-  time.  and.  altlioiieh  diirine'  tlie  rut  he 
would  make  n^^ly  faces,  utter  the  t hreatenine'  sipieal.  and  make 
threateniiiLC  e'estures.  especially   to  strant^'ers,  lie  never  iiiade  an 


assault    ii[ion    any    one,   a 


ml   not   onlv    liis    keei>er    hut   stranger: 


Were  ill  the  habit  of  ^'oiii;^  tlirout;li   the  park  at  all  seasons. 

The  fall  after  lie  was  three  years  olil,  having;  returned  home 
after  a  short  absence,  I  wtiut  into  the  park  and  met  the  Elk 
which  i>rove(l  to  be  so  wicked,     Duriiiy  mv  absence,  he  had  shed 


tli(^  velvet  from  his  antlers,  which  were  ii 


ow  well  itoiis 


slied.      At 


soon   as   ho  saw  mo   ho  walked  towards  me  in  a  contideiit  and 
rather  inipudent  wnv.'     I  i)icked  iii)  a  hickorv  club  I  found  near. 


ipu 


picKed  iij 


ami  stopped   behiiul   u   small   tree,    which    ho    directly   straddlod 


HMUT   Wit    />(i]f'sTI(  .\7t<i\. 


•_'s:, 


Willi    lii^   iintlci-s.  aihl    iri,.,l   t..   iviirli  m,..  ii,,i   srvy  viriuiisly.  l.iit 
^'■'l    '"    '"I    iinpl.iis.ii!   \v;i>.      I    stnirk    liiin   ;i   -n',,,!   l,l,.\v  uii  t  lir 

Ih'inl.    ihr    luivr   of     wllirll.    ||,,\\c\rl-.    u  ;h     |  M'i  1 1, 'i  [  );i  |    s      spmt     m,|     his 

anil. 'IS.  'I'lic  ..Illy  cri.Tt  was  In  iii,.|v;is,.  Iiis  .■rtuii>  I,,  ivarli  m.'. 
'  '•'''  ""'  "i"'''i  lil<''  til''  siluaii,,!!  aiH^  |.|h|h.s,'.|  a  .•(.mprnini-..'. 
I  tliivw  .|(.\vii  an  ..ar  .,f  ,.,,111  a  liiilr  In  ,,ii,.  si.l.-  wliidi  li.-  iv:i.lilv 
'""''^-  ■""'  •'i"''l"'i'  tlii-'>\vii  >lill  fiirili.r  a\\;iv  was  a.MM.|,|,.,|  a-,  a 
|"'ar..  nllVi'in-  Wl,,.,!  1„.  I, a, I  liiii.],,.,!  il,,.',,,  |„.  \valk.-,l,,nirily 
away,  .'111. 1  as  I  muM  imi  iviiH^inlMT  any  ni  h,.,-  iiiipnriani  iMisi- 
n.'ss  in  til,.  |,ark  jii-^l  lli.^il  .■niirlit,!,.,!  I,,',vliirii  Imm,..  1  ^av,. 
'"''''•'■;-^  tn  I, avail  llir  i;ik  tmii..|  int..  I  li..  Nm-th  Park  tli..  m.xt 
"""'"'".^'-  "!"■  |'i'n|.ii,.tv  ,,r  wlii.'h  \va>  III.,  i.iniv  appaiviii  uhn, 
'  l''anii'.|  thai  li.>  ha. I  niii  .'s  .Ty  man  ..ill  .i|'  lh.>|.ark  thai  w.'iit 
int..  it   t  hal  sain.'  cv.'iiiiiL^'. 

'"  ''"'  mnininn-  li.'  was  ai.M,l,ii,.ls  i'iiri.,iis.  an. I  w..iil.|  ni>!i 
against,  I  h.'  I'.'ii.M' with  -ival  i'mv...  at  lli.'  m^Iu  nf  a  man  ..n  lli.' 
"|'l"'^i'''  -i'l'-.  aii.l  W..11I.I  rnjh.w  him  alniiM-  ||„.  iVn,.,.,  ti-htinu-  it 
all  tlic  way.  aii.i  hy  this  m.Miis  al..n.'  was  h.'  t  ransh-nv,]  |V,,ii, 
''";  ^""'1'  t"  111"  X.irtli  I'ark.  ami  I...I  in  ihr  iimih  pan  nf  it 
'I"''"'  '""  "•'  ill''  way,  whil.'  tli.-  l.alan.v  nf  th..  h.'i.l  w.'iv  trans- 
'■''n'.'.l  In  ih..  saiii..  in,>|.,suiv,  th,.  w;,t.s  ..■.aiiviv  l...-k.'.|,  ami  th.. 
'''"'■'■  '"^■'I'l'""''!  aii.l  r.'paiiv.l  with  tlif  iitninst  ,-aiv.  If  h.'  .li.l 
n..t  ^T..w  .n..iv  vi.a.ms  as  th.-  s.^asmi  a. Ivan. •.■.1  ii  was  simplv 
'"''■■11'-^''  'li'-i'''  was  nn   r,,nm  I'nr  him  t..  .In  >n.       ||,.  was  aliva.K   at 

""'  ''^ii-'ni''  |...i f   wi.'k.Mln.'ss,  an. I  s..  h,-  cnuM  nnt  m,,  1„  y,,ii.l 

it.      lie  was  ti'iily  tciiiiili.. 

All  visii,,rs  w. •!•... ,f  cMii's..  ,.x.-lu.l.  .1  fr.,m  th..  Nnitli  Park.  an. I 
''X.'i'y  p.i-Hl.l,.  11. .li,.,.  niv.'ii  .if  th,.  ,laii^vr  ..f  inva.lin--  it.      Within 
:'  "i'"Hli   thr.'..  111. .11,  wh..   tli..ii-ht    ih..y  kii,.w   Lot  Hinl  w.t..   imt 
i'lVai.l   ..f  aiiyl.n,ly-s    KIk,    >,.al..,l    th,.   iVii,-,.,   an.l   .|iii..|lv    walk.'.l 
=''"".-  'ill  '!"■>    ni.'l  th..  Ii..|',l  ,.f  KIk.  wli,.ii  th,.  |,.a,l,.|.  start.  .1  aft.T 
tluMU    in    a    v.-ry   ,li-iiili,.,l   walk.      'I'lmy    l||,.iinh,    th,.y    lia.l    s..,.|, 
''ii'Mi-h.  an.l   .-..111111.. II,.,., I   an   ..r.l.'rly  r..tivat.      'I'll..  |.;'lk  iiu'ivas,..! 
liis   pa.-...  an.l   s.m.ii  t  i'...'.l    Iw..  n(   th,.    parly  ami    kill,., I    1 1„.  ,,t  h,.r. 
On.,  nf   tli,.m.   a  y..iiiin-.   a-'liv...   athl..|i.-  man.  left  his  Uv..  an.l  hy 
'■"""'".-     '■'■•""     "•'■'■    t"    tivr     linally   ..s.^ap,.,!,    ua\,.    tli.-    alarai', 
i-aiscd   a    party    wh..   fniiuht   tli-     KIk   with   pitclif..i'ks   till    they 
linally  .In. v..  him  ..li'.  altli,.iiM|i  at  lirsi  ii,.  .In.w  th,.  thr...-  r..sn|„b. 
a'-tiv.'   ill. .11,   thus  arm. ..1,  s..v,.ral   liiiiuhv.l   Irct:   h,.fnr,.   tli,.\   ..mil,! 
siiHi,.i,.ntly  l.n.ak   his  ni,ar,|   t..  r..iiip,.|   him  t.)  a<.kii.,wl...'l.4v  th.i 
virtimsnf  th,.irshar[>   liay-f.,rks.      ||,.  ,|i,|   n,)t,  cliarnv  up,,irt h.mi 
with  a  nisli,  in  tin;  ..nliiiary  niode  .jf  j<.iiiing].atll.'  pra.'i  ierd  l.v  all 


ft 


2st; 


77//;  /'/.•/;/.'  i>r   i  Mimh  a. 


the  (111';',  liiit  InWiTtil  liiN  licml  si»  ;is  tn  liriii;.;  his  fiici'  iicnly  pin'- 
.'illi'l  will)  llic  L;riiiiiiil.  |>l•l'■^(•lltilln■  liis  ^rcal  ;iinliT>  I'l  iIh'  I'lii'inv. 
iTinli'i'iii'4  it  (lilliciilt  fill'  till'  iiicii  til  I'l'iicli  liiin  with  tlirir  wriip- 
oiis.  Ill  nnlfi'  ti)  SIT  liri'ipi'i'  liiiii  Iif  \v;i>  iilili^cil  til  turn  liis  In-ad 
ninrc  111'  li'ss  sidi'wavs  wHifii  oin-  nl  tlir  antlers  wmilil  rcarli  tin' 
^riiiiiiil   ami    raise   the  lieail   smiiew 


hal.       At    length    tli 


e      llailKel" 


\\  I 


le  elialili'd    til   reai'h    h 


Mil    |ii\\     I 


liiwn  liai'k  III'   the  I'm 


e    \i-'S.    W  iHle 


tile   skill    In  tlllll 


Ins  caiiM'il    iinii  tu  ,L;ive  \va\   and  liiialh   In  n 


tin,  liiit  >lii\vl\  and  sullenly  and  withmit  flight.  We  iiia\  well 
sn|t|iiise  t hat  under  the  eircnnislani'is.  trxint;'  tn  drive  an  iiil'iii'l- 
nted  liiiite  I'loiii  a  d\in^  man,  the\  slrin'k  lieavv  Idnus  with  their 
sliar|i  h  irks.  I'il  liei'  mie  uf  wliieh  umild  nn  dniilit  have  killed  a 
hnrse  111'  all  ii\,  and  yet  they  Karely  siilliced  tn  kee|)  (his  VA\<  a 
sh'irt  distance  away.  And  after  the  wmindcd  man  was  placed 
in  the  earriaee  and  i,'M;irdcd  liy  all  Imt  the  driver  he  i'lilluwe.l 
tliein  I'lnselv  and    threateniii^iy   till    they  jiassed  niit    nt'   the   eate. 

and    thi'V   im  dmilit    tell     relieved    when    tlle   hiuh    lelice    was   lietweell 

iheiii.  Alter  they  lej'i  he  seemed  lieside  himself  with  rae'c,  and 
tdwanls  evcniiie'.  wlien  his  keeper,  ulm  had  dften  punished  him 
severely  with  the  fnrk.  was  walkinu'  alnni;'  the  fence,  lie  rnslied  al 
him  as  if  he  desired  an  nppnrt  unity  to  settle  all  scores  at  nnce. 
and  nn  dnulit  lie  would  ha\e  done  so  could  he  have  e'ot  at  him. 
The  keeper  passed  dowil  the  felici'.  the  deer  followllie,"  .screaiuiii'^ 
with  raee  all  the  way  to  an  ojieiiine'  left  for  the  smaller  deer, 
'riiroiieli  this  he  thrust  his  face,  when  the  man  struck  him  with 
all  his  inie;ht  with  a  heavy  hickory  cliih  with  the  purpose  of  kill- 
iue'  him  if  piissilile.  The  lilow  staecfered  liim.  hut  that  was  all. 
The  man  ipiickly  passed  throiiirh  the  openiiiL;  to  repeat  the  Mow 
before  the  liriite  could  rei'o\er.  The  punishment  was  so  severe 
that  the  l''Jk  retired  a  little  way  and  would  retreat  so  Ioiil;'  as  he 
was  pursued,  hut  so  soon  as  the  man  turned  to  loiive  the  park 
tlu'  lii'ule  followed,  though  at  a  respectful  distance. 

The  next  mornine'  I  went  with  the  keeper  and  two  other  ac- 
tive men  and  castrated  the  buck.  We  had  no  trouble  to  catch 
him.  I'or  so  soon  as  we  came  in  sielit  outside  tiie  park  he  rushed 
to  the  I'ence  and  tried  to  break  through.  The  kee[)er  had  but  to 
gi't  on  to  the  upper  rail  and  with  a  strong  ropt'  tlirow  a  noose 
over  the  cud  of  one  antler  below  the  tirst  prong  wliih'  tlii>  a 
mal  was  making  frantic  elforts  to  reach  him.  So  soon  asthi- 
was  dont!  we  Itore  willing  hands  and  tlrew  tin'  antler  tight 
against  the  palings.  lie  made  tremendous  elVorts  to  break  loose. 
and  1  expected  to  sec  the  antler  give  way,  but  it  held  him,  al- 


io- 


i    ': 

!l 

m'- 

ll. 

k 

ik^:     ' 

// 1 /;/•/■  AX/i  i>(i\ii:sr/<  iv/^.v. 


llli'll'^ll     it     S|i|-Ill!'4'     Vi'I'V     llllli'll     lllliliT    the    m'cat    Str;ii)l.    l|u|-    Uiillld 

111'  lucak  Ills  iicrk.  ;i  ri''^iilt   wliifli  I   nilliiT  i|i'>ircil.      AI'I'T  Ih'  li.id 

lici'iiliic  well  \Vi>llic'(l  I  lu(i|<  ;i  |(i||^'  clnill  ;|l|i|  ;il'ti'l';i  wllllr  ^IK- 
rcrdiil     ill    ^i'ttill'4    it     x'Clirt'd     lirnlllid     Ilis     llfcl^.    mill     I'li^Iilhd     it 

liriiily  til  a  |iM>t.  We  tln-ii  drtaclinl  ilir  iii|)i'  I'imhi  liis  ai>lliT 
and  wnil  iii-idr  and  n  iiiiiiii'ni'fd  ii|MTaliciii>  tn  <ms1  liim.  Tliis 
we  at  last  siii-crfdnl  in  dniiiL;' and  in  t\inL;all  his  t'rri  rnnilv  tu- 
H'ctliri'.  wlini  till'  ii|it'i'at  inn  was  readily  |ii'iliiniit'd.  We  linn  un- 
did tlic  I'liain.  and  then  liis  feet,  ami  It-t  liini  ii[i.  a|i|iri'riat  in^'  that 
111'  was  tiKi  iniicli  r\liaiist('il  and  siilidiicd  tuattailx  iis.  Still  In- 
ii'tirid  ill  1^1111(1  Di'di'i'.  and  n'|i  •■ituill_\  InnUi'd  arniind  sa\aLi'i'l\.  luil 
that  wa-^  all.  \\\  rvmini;'.  Ih'^i'MT.  Ih'  ^ut  wirkcd  a^aiii  and 
trii'd  ti)  InraU  tin-  Iriiri'  tu  I'l'ai'li  his  kii'p.i-.  Thi.  nrxt  i|a\  ho 
sliowi'd  less  virimis  s\  ni|it i uiis.  and  lii>  wirki'diu'ss  sccnird  tu 
aliatr  day  li\  day.  and  li\  llii'  i-nd  uj  a  week  all  had  disappiari'd 
and  111'  was  cvrr  at'trr  as  diicilc  as  a  laiiili.  This  wassimii  dis- 
riiM'i'i'd  liy  till'  othi'i'  luu'k.  wliii'h  was  a  yrar  viiiiiil;i'1'  and  ii\ci' 
whiili  111' had  tyranni/.i'd  in  a  Infdly  way.  Luiil;' hi'lurr  his  ant  In's 
dri)|t|H'(l  oil',  wliii'h  (iccnnTil  in  ahniit  I'liiir  wcrks.  thr  vihiiil;'  Id- 
li)W  was  lakinn'  his  rcNcn^i-  almndantK.  and  my  synipat  liii'>  wrii- 
vc.'y  little  excited,  when  I  saw  him  chasinL!,'  the  nld  tvrant 
lliiniieh  the  l>rn>li  at  a  rattling"  [laee.  wiieiiex  it  he  xentnied  near 
the  harem,  the  ;j,'iiverniiieiU  nl'  which  the  yniine-  Inick  a-->iimi'i| 
and  i'\i'ri'i>ed  with  the  same  des|iMtisiii  which  had  characteri/.ed 
the  rule  nt'  the  other.  This  was  in  Septemln'r,  the  heiiilit  of 
the  nittinj^  season.  In  a  very  short  time  this  yomin'  luick  devel- 
o|ied  all  the  wickedness  of  the  tirsl,  Init  as  I  liad  no  other  one 
old  enone'h  for  lireedint;'  I  was  obliecd  to  endure  him  till  a  \ear 
from  the  first  of  the  next  .laiiuary.  when  I  castrated  him  also. 
And  now  for  tlie  last  ten  years  lie  has  lieon  the  tamest  and  most 
inoi'feiisive  I'^lk  in  the  l>an<l.  I'iVeii  the  moiiardi  holds  him  in  such 
contem])t  that  he  allows  liim  to  run  with  the  does  diirini;'  the 
riittin<;'  season,  althoneji  if  he  comes  near  him  he  will  most 
likelv  ei't  an  admonition  to  keep  at  a  respectful  distaiu'c. 

I  lia\e  been  thus  particular  in  (leKcrihine-  the  conduct  of  these 
two  animals,  because  it  serves  to  convey  a  more  correct  idea  of 
their  dispositions  than  I  could  give  by  any  [jeneral  explanation. 
These,  however,  must  be  vejjjanled  as  showinu;  the  extreme  of 
wicUtidnosS.  The  one  that  succeeded  to  the  rule  when  lie  was  two 
years  old,  after  the  .second  was  castrated,  never  olVered  to  attack  a 
[HMsoii,  and  manifested  about  the  same  disposition  as  tlio  first 
which  I  had,  of  which  I  have  before  spoken.      He  felt  his  courage 


Si 


I  t 


iISS 


^1  iiiiiil 


W  h'kc'( 


ll<'<l,        IIM       l| 


•////.   hi.i.i!  nr    I  mi: nil  i. 


iil'l.    (luring    tln'    iiiltiiiLi    siMMiiK    Mild    \\;is    ji- 


I  ;i-<  li''    ii'i'il  In-  |..\\  iir<U  I 


!<•  \  'puii;^!'!'  Inii'l^'^  :    iii>r  iIhI   1  cmh- 


Milt'C    it      >;i|r    |'m|-  ;(    >l  r;i  ll'_;i-l-   In   i^ii   illl>>   l||.'     |i;ilk.    lillt     lll\     i>\\ll    llli   II 

wi'iii    iiiii.iio||    ii    ;,i    ,|||    linns   in    -.ri'niu.      (  Inr    |;il!.  I    >riii    iii\ 
tcilllis   ill   I   )  li;iii|   -tMih-  iViiIll   lllf    I'.lk    l';i|-k   illirllin   till'   rill  1  iiiu  s>M- 


>ii.       It    \\;i-i    iii;iiiil'''>l    III'  iTkI    not    liki'  it ,  lull    lir  i 


iiiiiii'  ii<>  ;it  till 


ii|M>ii  iIk'Iii.  iIimii'^Ii  In-  uo|||i|  |'i'i'i|iii'iii  |\  |il:ii'{'  liinisi'll  in  lli<  r>M<| 
:iliil  l;i<'i'  llii'iii.  ImiI  wmiiM  ;iI|i>\\  lliciii  t<>  i|iiii'll\  liil'll  mil  ,'iihl 
«lii\  !•  ir.  iiiinl  liiin.  <  )t'  nuir'-i'.  tlii'\  wcir  |irr|i;in'i|  lor  I'liirri^cii- 
cir-i.  ;iiii|  wiTi-  (inlrici|  lo  iiiiiiini>li  till'  iiiiiiilii'r  1>\  mn'  it  In'  oi- 
Ifi'i'il    lo    iilladv.      'I'lic    olIiiT   liiit'Us  —  jiiiil  tlii'ii'  wi'ii'   ;il    li';i>t  .i 

llo/i'li   ;|li  Mil    IIS   hirU''   a->   lie   was  lli'Vcl'   -ImWimI    IIic    |i';|-I     \ii'iiil|s- 

lli'>S  ;it    ;|||\    Nrasiill.   ,illi|    -o   it    Was    witll    till'    Si'i'dIuI    I'llr   illllill'.;'   ||p> 

i'i'i,L;ii  I'l  till'  iii^i  IIS  iiliii\c  iji'scrilii'il.  an<l  \i'l  as  snun  ;is  he  siii- 
(•('I'ljfd  In  till'  rule  lii>  u  IimIc  disjiiisil  ion  si'iiiinl  cliaii^i'il  at  uin.'. 
ami    In-    iiiiiiii'irnit<'l\   Ix'i-aiiH'   a^    I'ad    as    \\\r   ntlirr.      .\s  we  slmll 


hiTi  all 


IT  >ir.  this  wa.>  ilii'  lii>t  of  ni\    vns   xifimi.- 


1   I  hi  Ilk  tl 


l;il      I  111'    M'l'V     Wh 


ki'd  liiii'k>   ai'i'  lArcpl  ioiial    |iroli,ilil\ . 

k.       Wr  all 


a>    iiiiicli    >o   as  virions    lnills  aiiioii^:' oiir  roiiiiiion    slot 

kimw  lliiii   ■a-ioiiall\   a  lnill    is    iin't  with  which  will    iillark  iiii\ 


iM'i'soii   on   siLi'lii.  >iill    ilnv   air    ^I'licralK    i 


In.'ili'.        I'.il 


iah>    with 


some  liniilai  ion-,.  I  ihink  ihf  saiiif  law  n'ovmis  ihr  I'"Jk,  ihhI  ih; 
\\r  .-hall  laiiK  lind  s|priiiiii-iis  as  virions  a>  iIiom'  drsi  rilird.  1  I 
liist    and    tiiM-i    iniilc    l-"dk    I    i-xt-i-  hud  was   1 


ii'oiiL;hl    up  o\   hand 


\\ 


as  v.ill  haltc  r  ludkrii,  iiiid  licrii  ('luistiiiil  Iv   handled,   and  \ 


<'i    Ih 


was 


no|    virion-   in   disposition,   althmioli    he    would    ol'i 


rii     iiial 


deinoii-l  rat  ioiis  towards  straiiLCrrs  diiriiiL;  the  rut.  While  tli.'\ 
seem  to  Iia\e  no  indi\idiiiil  iittarliiiieiits.  and  no  alVertioii  I'or  ea.h 
other,  and  are  \erv  selfish.  tlie\  are  slill  social  in  their  iialiii''. 
and  so  arc  ^i-rj^iirioiis  in  their  liahits.  Ii  is  rare  lo  lind  a  soli- 
tary individual,  and  tli"n  I  think  it  is  the  result  of  accident  rather 
than  choice.  '|'lie\  are  casilv  alarmed,  and  when  oin'  sliow- 
sii^iis  of  fear  it    iiislaiitiv  conimiinicat<'s   itself   to   the  whole  hand,. 


Tl 


le   lii'st,   to   take   alarm    is   niosl    lii<elv  a  hui 


If  tl 


ie\    srr    1  Ip 


1/' 


keeper  coiiiiiie-  towards  tliciii.  and  a  sino'lc  one   fails  to   ri ^mi 

liiiii.  and  dashes  awa\  on  that  loii";  trot,  and  with  a  liie'h  head 
indi<atiiie  alarm,  the  cliaiu-es  arc  thai  all  will  take  friehi  and 
dasli  away  into  i  he  woods,  or  onto  the  iie\t  side-hill,  and  I  here 
stop  and  lurii  aroimd  to  see  what  friehteiied  them.  A  few  call- 
and  his  well  known  voice  is  recooni/ed,  when  they  will  come 
towards  him.  Since  the  hand  lias  not  laree  and  they  have  Ik-cii 
Miorc  contincd  to  the  scchidi'd  J'^ust  I'ark.  those  does  which  were 


ii 

iH 

'1 

ii- 

.  > 

1 ' 

!» 

1  •  • 

h 

'^^ 

»-i 

iiMirr   I  \/*  hi'Mr.si ii  i  / /u\. 


''"'■ ''^     ^"    ^"'T'^"',,.    l,:,v,.    1 „    |,„.    ,.„,,,„|    „„,    I,,,,.    1 „„. 

""■''::. ^'';-=""'  •'" ""'  """"■  "m wiii,  ti ..,.11,1,. ,„..  ,,.,1 

'•lllllllJirilV    tl|r\    u|i,v     |||;i||i|',..|r,|. 

,'"''•;■"  ^'""'".^ '^  I'N.ks.lnl   isth..s,.   fin- f,,„,   ,,,,,, 

"-'"•'"":'■'■'"'■'"■'  ^^i'"-'-     'I'l'i^i^.l V  :,„„:..„„.,„    Ilnv.. 

'■^''T""':''"' "-'^'•'"  !"•      I  l'^'^-n"vr..i;.,.r.,..,|,|„.  I,.;,.,  ,|i,. 

•""'"""   '"""•   >""l,Lrr:nv„s.,r,l„.    .1,,,.,    „.    ,,!,,    ,.,,,l„.,-,„    :,„v 

^'"''  '■•"^  '^  """■'■  l'"I.V^'.'i>iini,sin  his  h;,l,l,>  i|,,n  ;,„v  n,I„.r  ,!..,.,• 
■•"■'•I"  '"^  '•""-.■„,. r  (|„.  ||,.,1  |)„„,  ,,,•  |.;„,,.|,„  ,  ,..  ,/,  /,„^.,  ,,,. 
7;;;'    "";'■;'-'■   ;i"-ln,,„.,l    .Ml,    ul,.,..    |,:,1,;,.     I     :„„    :„.,|„:,i,n,.,|. 

•''"•'■ '"'''^ "'"••'"•  •^""••'"'"■"■^■"""'■^'iivf I  >„,v,i„.,:,i,,„„„i,. 

;:;!""■>'■•■"•/.'" "'" '•">"""",vn.,.,,i,,i'  (i.-r,,,..!,,.,,,!,,. ,„,•,.;,.,. 

Mk.,ss..,,s   Ins   |.,vro-,liv,...lnv..s   lVu,„    il„.   l,;,n,|   ;,ll    , ,|,„, 

I'Mrk-,.  ...n,|.-:,,lH.rstl,..,|,,,.s  ;,,■,,,,,,,!  Inn,  .•.,nlk,.,.,,s,|„,„  ,,„,,,,„,,, 

■':; ';  -i"-i''i"-  i'n,'in^,i,is,i„„.,i„.vn„„^  1 1.,  :,,„„i, 

:"";  •"l"'=''''"  K'-"v   tntl,is,lis..i,,|i,H..  :,n.|  ninMlv  k,.,.,.  , ,,|„., 

-V  tl,..,„s..|v..s  in  a.lisCuit   |,;„.|  „r  t  h.  ,.:n-k.  ^.....r;,!!  v  u  i,  I,"':,  ,„u- 
''■"■'*''''■''  ''"^"   '■'"''"■'I    tl"'  vi-ilan,.,.   n{  ,|„.    ina.t,.,-.'    |;„,    „„„„ 

>kn-ts.,t    ,|,..l,an,l  .,|   .|,„.s  :,„.l   .iv.s    ,1 ...;„,,    .,,„    , ,. ,,„ 

JvI.M-l.s....,ns,o_l,..an.al   s„„nv   of  ..„j.,.  „„.,„    „■   l,i.  ,„,„„.„„; 

li    In-   sl,„ws    l,„n.,.|f   t.,n    ,„.ar.  his  s.ni,,,.  uill    ,•„,!,   ;„   | ..i,,,' 

'  "■''''  ''■■•"'•il,va..l  ,.|,as,.  him,  u  it  I,  I  l„v;,N,,i„..  „,„„,u  „,.|,^^  ^^ 
■;'"■."••  •;-'  lmn.in..|  v:.nk  ,naki„^  a  CmM,.  ,.,•:,>!,  i„  ,  I,!.  l,n,'h 
;lHnML;  th..  ..has,..  f,„.  ,h..  ,,„,.,„„|  „.,.|^,  lln.  ,hi,-k...  -,hn,l,l„.,., 
";  .';'^  "'.^^'''..''-Hl.  if  ha,..|  ,„.,.ss..,l.  th..  N,„n,us„.,.  .11!  ,„„.,.'., 
>linll.sm.aiii  .,f  alann.  hut  alwavs  inatia-vs  i,,  savr  his  hi,|,,  ,„'| 
^t-ps  short  so  soon  as  tho  jHirsnil  is  ovo...  an,l  to||,,„s  "in.k 
l""lty  rloso  u|.on  tlu.  I„...|s  of  th..  ,,|,|  JMirk,  uh,,  har.llv  .■■,.,.  hi 
'..nnly_vv..ll  rn\\rrU.\  h.Ur  his  j,.alo„sy  is  a^ain  ..x.i,,.,?  l.v  ,  h.- 
';"|-'''"...n....  of  his    t..|.nH.nt.,r.  ul„.n   ano,!,,.,-  nisI,    i.  nia.!,'.  an.l 

'l";'":n,..nv..risn.,H.at...l.    WIut..  I  h..,-..  ar..  a -lo...,  ..,  , ,.  ,„.,;,,|^ 

:;>   ar^.'  as  hnns..if,  with  luvnty  or  thirty  ,|o..s    to  wai.h.  ,| |il 

'""""■   ''='-^   •■'  'l'^f<'ssii,-   tini."    .,r  it.   an,!  son„.tin...s   I „,s  <n 

'■in-ag..,l   that    his  ,i,.|iant  an.l  tl,r..al..nin-  not.s  n>av  !..■  hr.,nl  at 
:i  J^rcal  .hstan.....      This  noto  so  n..arly  r,.s..n>l.l..s  that  .,f  a  st,.  ,n, 

"  Mstk.    wh..M  ,,it..h.-.l  o„  u  hiuh  k,.y,  that  I  hav..  son„.ti s  mis- 

t.k.'M  th..  on..  f.,r  th..  ..th..r  wh..n   half  a  mil.,  auav.      This  „ot<. 
'>  lieanl  111  tlu.  night  nuu-l,  nior..  than  in  tho  dav  tim..      'J'his  i. 


Ilit 


li'.tK 


Hiiiiii'tiint  s    so   en 


I  III:  i>i:i:i:  or  .ii//j./r,i. 


nliniiniis   iis   tu  ilistiiili  till-   rot  nl'  tli. 


;c.|»|- 


faiii'ih',  wlmsc  liuiisr  is  litllc  mure  tli;iii  ii  <|ii:ii'li'i'  of   m    iiiiIo   Irum 
ill"'  l'",lk   I'ai'U.      This  iiiilr   o|'   rai^c   is  simift  inirs  r"all\   a|i|iaHiii'j. 


f  aw  a\ .  -'> 


iiinU  a-,  il    It   \vi  i. 


»'    SIMS' 


III    I  lir^c    ri\|. 


ami.  u  Im'Ii    iIh'   animal    is   halt'  a    mi 

rii'lil   iiii'itr  lln'  wimlnw.      In  tlu'  hriirhl  ut  th 

sci'Ui  I"  I 'I'  k'l'l   II I  •  inarly  the  w  hole  ni^^lit,  iliifiiiL;'  w  hirh  t  li<'  ri\- 

clcrs  <fi\i'  the  master  im    i>ract'  of   his  life.      \\'li\  i\<>   im-i    two  up 

nioi'i-    fui'iii    all   alliance   ami   allai'k    and  wliiji  tin-   master?      liul 

their  |ihi|(isi!|i|i\   iloes  iidt   reach  to  thai  e\leiit,  ami    it    is  wdl   nr- 


tlel'cij     lliat      I 


t    slioiiM    not.  f(ir   sliipiilil   (Pile   attack  him  willi  \ii' 


Mi' 


while  he   is  eni;aL,fe(l  with    aiiulher    hi'  woiiM    he    >nre|\   killeil   ,ii 
the  lirst  charge,  ami  it  such  a  sxsti'in  were  followed  iip  the  Ini.  L> 


W  Ml 


lid   SMI  HI    he  reduced    to   t  Wo  :    Sm  We  see   it    Is  hetter  as   il    I- 


A- 


cejpi  diiriiiM'  the   riittiiiM'  season,  in    my  e'roiiiids   al    lea-l,  the  I'.lk 


call  lianlh    lie  cuiisn 


lered 


I    iioctiii'iial   animal,  tliMimli    in  I  he  w  ilil 


slate,  ami  wIumi   siirrMinKied    hv    ilanei'rMiis  emiiii 


I    h 


le    W  It 


lii>  fMMd  at   ni^ht  and    iiiiniiiati'   in   sMine   secret    [ilaci-   during 


III' 


(I  i\, 


I 


iie\ei'see   the    luicUs  cliasiiie'    the  does    at    sii.cd    dnriiiL;'   tin 


nitt  ill''  season,  as  is  the  cMnstant  ha  hi  I  with  I  he  eMiiim  'inlier.  f,  .r. 
after  all.  lliev  seem  less  iiii|)Mrtiiiiale,  and  s'l  the  d'Ms  are  i|.,i 
dri\eii  |m  shun  the  society  of  the  mail's  liefMic  iheir  |ii'i|ier  liiii'' 
arrives,  which  is  not  till  smiiic  time  after  the  iiiicks  hecuine  \ei\ 
anient.  If  the  female  \Ak  desires  to  oeL  jiway  from  the  cuiit  I'l 
of  the  master  siie  slips  mIV  ijiiietly  while  Ills  attention  is  eiiLrav;''] 
in  aii'it  her  direction,  when  she  L,'<'iierallv  rt'sorts  to  the  hand  "I 
NoiiiiMcr  hucks,  who  seem  to  pay  scarcely  more  atti'iilion  I'l  Ihi 
than  to  each  other. 

This  cMiitiniial  excitement  and  acti\ity  reiliices  the  llesli  of  tli'- 
ohl    I'lick    so    that    lit!  always  commences  the  winter  | n-r  than 


an\    o 


f   the    others,   altlioii<r|i   at    the   lirst    of   Septet 


noer    lie    wi- 


fiilly  iiji    to    the    iivi'i'aeo   in   <'MiiditiMii,  as   round  and  sleek  as  uir 
coiild    wish.      Diiriiie-    the   riit,   ami   while   siiprenie.   he    is   r 
seen  to  feed,  Imt  seems  to  live  ill  a  roiiiiil  of  excitement  and 


ir'l\ 


ra''c 


II 


e  1(  ises  lies 


il. 


1  pretty  rapidiv,  looks  hollow  and   e'aiint,  the   lin 


1    e-: 


his  eye  only  testifyiiie'  to  his  contimied  vieor,  or  rather  eiiei'^v . 
fMi'  he  ma/mtains  his  sway  for  a  cunsiderahle  time  Kv  his  un- 
daunted   mien,  after  his  actual   streiiijth   no  luiiecr  entitles  liiii; 


to  the  niasterv- 


III  ti 


us  coiiditioM   lie    IS   soinet  lines  attacke 


r.  ihi 


anotluT  buck  neiirly  e(|iial  to  him  at  the  hest,  and  is  driven  f 
the    harem  with   eoiituniely,  and  sullenly  takes  his  pLu'e  on  lii' 
outside  ainonjf  the  voun<f  bucks,  when  the  new  sovereien  luids  ii 


t; 


//  I/;//-  .1  \  /'   hnMi.sTh    I  //"V, 


•J'.'l 


ill-  t'lulll 
Hiiilliiivr. 

it    Wi  T.- 

tlli'    ivv- 
I      1  W'l     "]■ 

r  ,'      I'.Mi 

it  li  vIl;"!' 
Kill.Ml    .,1 

111'    lnii'i\-« 

I  1-.     1a- 

,  ill.'  r.ik 
I  iiii'  \\ ii'i 

vmII    ~.M-k 
iiriiri   tip 

iiriii;j,'  'If 

I  (Icrr.  ImT. 
■S    111'''     U"l 

iiiicr  iiiii'' 
•iiiii''  \i'i'\ 
lie  cdllt  l"! 
IS  i'n^:i!j,iil 
.'  Iiaiid  "I 
idii    III  li''i' 

•sh  <.l'  111- 
iiiirt'i'  lliiii! 

.)•     Ill'     Wi- 

■,'k  ;i>  '111'' 
is   I'lU'il} 

itiitl  r:i;ii'. 

tlir   lit I' 

Id'  I'lii'ri;^  • 

l.V    Ills     1111- 

iitillcs  liiiii 
Itarki'il  1  \ 
Irivfii  tV'i'i 
ace  (111    til'' 
inn  jiinls  ;' 


iiM'i'  liiiii  iiini  liis  own  laic  cniiiiiaiiiuii^  with  wlioiii.  Iml  tin'  'l;iy 
Iii'Imi'i',  lie  |i:ii|  nia/(.||  suinr  sri'ludi'd  I'Miiid'  111'  till'  park  in  pi'iii'i' 
:iiiil  I'l'ii'iiilsliip.  Ilis  cuiil  iiiiii'il  rri^ii.  Iniwivri'.  i-^  iml  al\\:i\s 
iissiii'cij,  lor  niicc.  al  lt';i>l.  I  nli-crvcil  thai  t  In-  i|i'|iii>i'il  iiiniiaii  li, 
at'tiT  ri'i'i'iiit  iiin'  fill'  ;i  wt'i'k  m'  Ini  <la\s.  Ii.iil  allmki'il  ;iinl  i|i'|ii  i-m  i| 
till'  iisur|ii'i',  wlhi  ;iL;aiii  ri'liiril  tn  |iii\ali'  lili'  kvitli  llir  Ik'-I  ^lai'i- 
|iiis>ili|c.  Till'  i|.irs  si'i'iii  t"  liMik  iijiiiii  llii'-i'  -.t  i'iil;l;I'"^  with  '^I'l'il 
iinlilTi'i'i'iii'i-.  \\ni:it  iiialli'i'  In  |Im-iii  wlnlliir  a  I tniii'linii  <<i'  a 
r»iiiia|iarlc  nilis.  as  il  i-,  iinl  IThil;'  Imt  l\raiiii_\  always, at  ''M^I 
iliii  111'^  tins  i'\i-it  iiii^  M'asiin  '.' 

Aliiilll  till'  riilllllH'lli'i'llli'lll  III'  llli'  nit.  till'  III.Hi'  l'-',k>  Ila\i'  I'li'- 
i|lll'llt  liatljcs  In  srltlr  lllc  i  1 1  U'-t  ii  il  1  Iml  nlllv  ni  >"\  i  Ti 'IL;!  1 1  \  Imt  ul" 
si||irliiil'il  \    ;    llnf   all'    lIli'Si'    M'llli  il    li\     a    •-ill!;|f    \irliir\     lift  W  nil    till' 

iliiliv  iiliials.  Wliilf  il  is  lai'i'  lliat  iiiii'  i^  a>  '  ill\  ilijill'i'd  li\  tii'-i' 
(■iiiili'>ls.  llii'x  ate  si'iiH't  iiin'S  I'atal.  I  have  !•■>(  tW"  adult  lilk>  iti 
iliis\\a\.  Ill  till'  fall  III'  1  ^T.'i,  filic  '"  :i>  tniiiid  liad''  -ni'i'd.  and 
a|>|ii'ari'd  to  liaxc  ln'm  .irad  si'\t'.,  ,  da\s.  an  1  in  NiiMiiilni'. 
r  T'i.  till'  inmiari'li  was  t'uiind  di'ad.  cnIi'i'  iliiiL;;  many  \\iiiind>. 
i.iki'  t  111'  iitlii'i'  dcrr.  111!  I-',lk  al\\a_\  s  jnii'  Wal  i  Ic  with  a  iii^li.  w  licii 
till-  sliiirk  is  irally  Ici'iiiii'.  and  tlii'  clash  ul'  aiilli'is  may  hr  liia;d 
till' a  ureal  liisiaiirr:  iIh'N  llini  |iu>li  and  u  ni  ly  radi  ntliir  tm'a 
liiiii'.  till  iiiH'  tiiids  hinisi'll'  III  a  dl>ail'- aiila^i-  In  Mimi-  \\a\,  'aiu'Ii 
III'  will  i|nii'kly  jiim|)  In  mu'  sidr  and  cniirM'  ariuind  a  littk'  wav 
and  a^ain  Ian'  his  antanMiii^^i.  whi-n  aiintlii'i'  rush  and  I'nliisiiiii 
takes  jilai'i' :  and  this  iiia\  he  ri'iieatcd  si\  eial  linns  liet'iiii'  nin' 
linally  aekimw  ledees  del'eat.  In  inineul'  the  hallles  whieli  have 
lieeii  witnessed  ill  III V  Li'ionnds.  has  either  >u>laiiii'il  injiirv.  so 
that  I  eaminl  explain  the  ineideiits  nl'  tlmse  wliiili  lia\e  In-iii  ae- 
iiiiii[)anied  with  fatal  i'esull>.  luit  prnlialily  sdine  nlislaile  has  in- 
tervened wliii'h  prevented  the  e-Jcape  III"  l:he  vaiiipiished.  whieli 
has  always  lieeii  elVeeted  when  the  eiilitests  ha  Ve  liee|l  i)lisir\  id. 
1  have  never  witnessed  one  III"  these  ineeliiies  iiivsell'.  Imt  se\ei'al 
have  iM'i'iirred  in  view  of  my  men.  who  had  rereived  pari  ieiilar 
iiistriii'tioiis  how  to  ohsei've.  and  from  them  I  have  olitaiiied  what 
I  lielieve  to  be  full  and  relialde  information. 

'I  lie  Wapiti  is  iniieli  hetter  adapted  [n  domestieat  ion  than  any 
"f  the  oilier  deer  with  whieh  I  have  e\periiiiented.  In  the  lirst 
iilace.  they  ai'e  much  more  healthy.  Indeed.  I  never  had  a  sick 
I.Ik  in  my  eroiinds  to  my  kiiowlede-e.  They  are  liheial  feeders. 
Mil  douht.  but  then  they  are  imt  particular  about  their  diet. 
Mildness  and  timidity  are  not  so  inyriiined  with  them  as  wi,h 
the  others.      The  men  who  feed  llieiu  in  winter  go  among  them, 


Il» 


I 


.)<,.) 


I  hi:  i>i:i:i:  or  ameuka. 


;mil  .111'  >liiiiiiii'(l  scMTci'lv  iiKU'f,  liv  citlicr  hM  m'  yniiiiL;',  tlmii  iIh'\ 
Willi, ,1  he  1>\  (iiir  ciiiiimiiii  cattle,  tliiit.  liavc  no  iikh'i'  (•diistaiit  as- 
sdciatinii  willi  iiian  tliaii  tliry  have.  'I'lii-y  will  init  siiliiiiit  to  he 
<lri\cii  ti.iiii  diU'  park  tti  aiiotlicr  llinnit;li  the  gate,  i'or  instaiice. 
IT  iiiiii  a  yard,  luit  so  soon  as  they  jiei'ceive  the  ohjeet,  tiieir  sii>- 
|ileii>iis  serin  to  lie  aroused  and  they  will  lireak  hark  ai:*'  retreat 
to  a  distant  part  of  the  park.  'Hiis  no  diaiht  resiills  tVoni  want 
of  lii'cakint^.  Had  we  [H'aetired  driving  and  herding  them  fidin 
the  lieMinning.  I  have  no  doiilit  thev  eoiild  have  liecn  as  rcadilv 
handled  as  our  sheep  or  ealth'.  I'liey  are  very  easily  lu'oken. 
wiii'ii  they  ([iiietly  submit.  A  young  Elk  may  he  eaiiglit  up  and 
put  in  the  stahle.  and  so  soon  as  lie  appreciates  that  he  caniini 
get  away,  that  his  ell'orts  to  escape  avail  him  nothing,  and  tlini 
he  is  kindly  treated  and  has  nothing  to  fe;iv,  he  sulmiits  to  In- 
hiiiiilled  and  hariiesseil  like  a  colt,  though  in  this  experiineiil  I 
have  found  iiulividuals  to  dii'h'r  min'h  in  disposition.  !  lia\. 
found  111!  dilliiultv  in  completelv  suliduiiig  the  fully  adult  I'dk. 
and  this  must  lie  done  hefore  it  is  safe  to  put  him  in  a  cage  in 
send  away.  I  once  hail  to  ship  a  pair  to  friends  in  ( 'alifornia,  and 
gilt  a  iiiimlier  in  the  yard  and  captured  and  caged  the  hiick  (  lir 
was  a  line  specimen,  weighing  eleven  hundred  and  lifty  jmimiN 
with  the  eaiic,  which  mav  have  weiiilied   three  hundred   noundsi. 


W 


e  cone 


hided,  as  it  was  "•ettini'' late,  to  cati-li  the  doe  in  an  ea 


M.'l' 


and  ipiicker  way:  so  we  renioveil  a  board  from  the  side  of  the  yard 
and  placed  the  cage  ill  front  of  it ;  she  saw  the  opening  and  daslnd 
in  and  was  sei'iired  in  a  moment.  I  saw  .she  made  a  good  deal  ^l 
fuss  about  it.  but  thought  she  would  b(!  quiet  by  morning,  and  -'i 
she  was.  for  I  found  she  had  broken  her  neck  during  the  niglit, 
when  we  had  to  catch  and  subdue  another,  and  had  no  fiirtln  i 
diHiciilty.  A  short  exjilanatiou  of  how  this  is  done,  taking  a 
large  buck,  for  I'xample.  may  be  interesting.  For  the  purpnsc  I 
have  a  Spanish  hissci,  the  noose  of  which  is  sjiread  upon  tlir 
(jround  in  the  vard  or  on  the  fet'din!-'  grounds,  when  we  maiia'j,!' 
to  get  him  to  ste[)  into  it  with  a  hind  foot ;  then  three  stout  nun 
on  the  outside  spring  it  and  draw  him  t(  wards  the  fence,  bciii;.; 
.sure  at  all  times  to  keep  the  U'g  dniwn  out.  'IMiat  is  all  they  iiv 
io  do  without  drawing  him  home  too  fast.  His  elTorts  to  escapi' 
are  at  first  almost  appalling.  Directly  he  tlirows  liimself  and 
perhaps  will  m'l  ipiite  over  and  endeavor  to  s[)ring  up,  and  if  ton 
near  'he  fence  he  nnist  be  iiUowed  to  do  this,  at  letist  so  far  as  to 
get  furtlier  away,  wiien  another  .strong  pull  will  bring  liim  down. 
and  then  when  he  goes  to  rise  again  a  good  pull  will  prevcui 


! 


lliiiii  tlicy 
iistiint  ;is- 
iiiiit  111  !)(■ 

lllStilllCC. 

tlirir  sus- 
'.'1  rrlrcai 
roiii  want 

llClll     iVdlll 

as  rradilv 
V  lu'fikfii. 
lit  II])  aiiil 
he  cauuii! 
and  thai 
nits  t'>  !"■ 
irriincnl  1 
,      I     hav. 

:l('tlllt     Klk. 

1  a  I'au'r  111 
"ornia,  ami 
'.  linek  (  ]['• 
tv   ])iinnil- 
juiumls). 
1  an  cash  I' 
if  till'  yaiil 
md  dasliril 
)(id  deal  nl 
ng.  and  -n 
tlic   nielli, 
ni)   I'urtlui' 
.   tak'uiL;'  a 
l>ni'|tiisf  I 
npim    till' 
\\v  niana;^'i' 
stout  nil  11 
cnec,  beiuu 
dl  llu'V    ill' 
s  to  »'sra[ii' 
iinsclf    mill 
,  and  if  tmi 
so  fill'  ;is  til 
liini  down, 
ill  previh! 


IIM'.ir   AM)    /i(,Mi:s7/i    I  77^  .V 


L'lt:! 


IntiK  anil  so  he  is  allowed  to  stnm-1,.  till  lie  is  fairlv  cxliaiistrd. 
A  man  tlicn  cues  in  and  tlimws  the  noose  nf  a  Inno-  V,,],,.  ,,ver  an 
under.  The  <.'at,!  is  now  opened  ijiiiekly  and  In-  is  dra^^vd  (,iit 
and  the  o'ate  elosed  on  the  ivniainin-'  Idk.  Sd  sium  as  this  is 
done  the  man  at  the  n.pe  sniihs  it  arniind  a  j.nst  oi'  a  live,  while 
those;, I  the  lasso  pull  away  till  he  is  i'airly  stretched  out  and  is 
p<'|-lV<'tly  helpless,  when  all  is  made  fast.  In  t  his  ennditiuii  t  wo 
incn  will  stand  ni)ou  the  antler  whieh  lies  upon  the  -round,  when 
a  eord  is  attached  to   the  lunse  hiud    foMi.  which  i>  di'awM    up  and 

tied  to  the  opposite  fore  font.      'I'l tlur  hind  foot  is  now  drawn 

u|)  l>y  the  lasso  and  securely  tied  to  the  other  lore  foot.  A  stout 
halter  is  now  juit  upon  the  head;  lirst  one  and  then  th,.  other 
antler  is  sawed  olT  just  al.ove  the  l.ina's.  lie  is  then  rolled  almut 
"'^"''''"'"■'■'■'1  •>'!  induced  to  make  another  st  rii-M|e,  hut  iievei- 
struck  or  hurt  nioi-e  than  is  necessarily  involved  in  thi>  unpleas- 
ant operation.  When  he  has  completely  submitted  to  his  fate, 
tlu'  open  end  of  the  ca-v  is  I.rou-ht  u[.,  the  fall  of  the  halter 
passed  throiieh  ii,  the  head  is  raiseil  and  put  into  the  ca-v  as  fai' 
as  it  will  g-o,  when  the  feel  aiv  loosened,  and  as  he  rises  the  men 
•"  "!'•'  'i^ili''!'  I'lill  Iiim  in,  and   l.y  the  time  he  is  faii-ly  on  his  feel 

h.'  is  completely  witjlill  his  pi'ison.  'Hie  open  end  is  now  closeil. 
the  halter  tied  to  the  cagv.  and  the  job  is  done.  After  this  iivat- 
lueiit  1  liave  never  known  one  to  mak('  a  struggle,  though  th,. 
••agv  be  tipped  iind  carried  about  as  it  must  nt-cessarih'be  in 
'"•iiig  put  into  a  wagon  (u-  car.  In  shm't,  they  are  fairlv  sub- 
dued, acknowledge  their  weakness,  and  resign  themselves  to  what- 
ever niiiy  come,  rieiierally  in  a,  few  minutes  after  tlu^y  are  in 
ihi'  cage  tlieywillgo  to  eating  hay  :ind  corn  as  if  nothing  had 
hap[)ened. 

Last  fall  I  diivcted  a  female  Klk  to  be  caughl  and  caged.  The 
iiK'n  caught  her  by  the  hiud  I--,  as  .hscrdK.!.  and  wTeu  they 
Mipposed  she  was  well  worried,  one  went  into  the  vard  to  throw 
a  noose  over  her  head,  when,  in  a  great  struggle,  the  lariat  which 
la'hl  the  hind  foot  broke.  She  made  no  attempt  toniiiawav. 
but  went  for  the  num  in  away  that  left  no  mistake  as  to  hi'.r 
purpose.  He  showt'd  unwonted  agility  in  do.iging  behind  the 
lives,  and   h'aping  to  the  upp.u-  rail  of  the  fence,  and  so  .'scaped. 

The  most  prominent  instinct  in  the  young  fawn,  is  that  of  de- 

'■cjition.      I   have  several  times  i u-  across  fawns  evidently  but 

a  lew  hours  old.  left  by  t!ie  mother  in  supjiosed  seciiritv.  Tliev 
;il1ect  death  to  perfection,  only  they  forget  to  shut  tlieir  eves. 
'Hiey  lay  without  a  motion,  and  if  you  pick  them  ii[).  they  aiv  as 


;i," 


!  :.;»;'! 


m 


iHlMi 

'    'I'll  TmIm^It  Ti      1 


i  I 


11 

HH 

j^g 

!    1 

H 

^^^^Hi' 

\F 

^^^H 

1^ 

1  hmh 

1 

^1 
1 

■     :     ■      ■ 

:  .1" 


V 


204 


77/;;  Di:i:i,'  df  ameiuca. 


liiiil»  iis  u  wt'f  r;i^\  llic  liciul  iind  limbs  li:iiiL;inii,'  down,  witlmnt 
tlic  It'jist  iiiiisculur  iictioii,  the  t»ri<ilit  eve  fiiirlv  sitarklinu'  nil  the 
time.  Tlic  ilist  I  met  I'cally  (Icccivcd  me,  tur  I  tlioiin-Iit  it  Innl 
met  with  some  accident  by  which  it  was  completely  paralvzed. 
and  icturned  the  next  day  exjx'ctine'  to  iiiid  it  dead.  It  was 
eone,  and  soon  after  I  found  it  followiiii.;'  its  dam  as  s})rie'htlv  as 
possible,  Last  spi'ing  I  found  one,  picked  it  up,  and  carried  it 
some  distance  and  laid  it  down,  and  watcheil  for  souk;  time  from 
a  distance,  Itut  not  tlie  least  sign  of  life  would  it  manifest,  save 
only  in  the  bright  eye. 

The  l\lk"s  fawn  follows  its  dam  much  sooner  tlian  most  of  the 
other  deer.  At  most  it  is  left  in  seclusion  but  u  day  or  two, 
when  the  mother  takes  it  in  inunediate  charg(%  and  they  minele 
with  the  hc'rd.  In  this  regard  tlu;  habit  of  Wapiti  dilVei's  fimn 
that  (;f  th(!  smaller  deer,  who  keep  their  young  secluded  foi- 
several  weeks. 

The  result  of  my  experiments  shows  that  the  confinenieul  of 
this  deer  in  parks  of  even  considerable  extent,  impairs  its  repro- 
ductive powers.  'I'his  result,  I  think,  is  attributai»li'  to  linh 
sexes.  ( )n  the  [)art  of  the  femah;  the  iiK-lination  to  breed  seeiiis 
nmch  diminished,  and  this  is  especially  so  with  the  young  oui's. 
In  the  wilil  state  they  breed  Jit  two  years  old,  while  in  my 
grounds  I  do  not  think  »>ne  has  ever  bred  till  after  she  was  four 
years  old,  and  scarcidy  mon;  than  half  of  the  older  females  may 
be  expected  <o  produce  young.  'I'his,  however,  may  be  attrili- 
uti'd  to  the  male.  With  him  the  inclination  to  bn-cd  seems  to  lie 
unimpaired,  at  least  it  is  strong  enough,  but  the  limited  rangi' 
givt's  tlu!  monaich  such  an  op|»ortuuity  to  indulge  his  ])ro[)ensity 
to  appnipriate  all  the  does  to  himself,  and  there  is  su<-h  a  constant 
elTort  reipiii'ed  to  keep  tlu'm  together,  when  the  nund)er  is  con- 
siderable, besides  the  Continual  worry  (iccasioned  bv  a  dozen  or  lit- 
teeii  other  large  but'ks,  sonu'  of  which,  at  least,  ii  *:rude  u])ou  his 
]iiivacy,  and  seem  to  take  delight  in  teasing  him,  and  provoking 
him  to  paroxysms  of  ungovernable  rage,  that  his  vital  powers 
are  soon  impaired,  and  his  ca[)acity  for  re{)rodnction,  if  not  de- 
stroyed, is  greatly  rt'dui-ed.  This  was  especially  manifest  with 
the  '•  Sultan,'*  who  reigned  supreme  tlu!  longest  in  my  ground-. 
and  now  may  be  seen  as  a  mounted  specimen  in  the  Koyal  Museum 
at  Christiana,  Norway.  At  first  his  progeny  were  reasonid)Iy 
numerous,  but  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  life  they  grailu- 
ally  diminished  from  a  dozen  down  to  a  single  fawn  in  isTo,  with 
about    twenty-li^e  females,  more    than    half    of    which   had  pre- 


»'TFT 


If.ir.lT  A\D   litiMKSTIiWTIoX. 


•211") 


vidiisly  proilitci'd  fawns.  Ir  was  now  cvidciil  that  his  day  of  ii>i'- 
fidiirss  was  [)asst'd,  and  he  was  traiislalcd  to  a  m-yx  rcspcctalili- 
positimi  iiiuh'i'  I'l'dt'cssdi'  l^siiiai'k,  as  staled  alinvc  lie  was  siir- 
cc't'di'd  liy  a  buck  not  inori!  than  a  year  vcmnncr,  whu  \n>\.  and 
then  I'cifaiiKid,  liis  sway  <liiring  the  srasdn.  'i'lie  rcsuh  was  that 
]  liad  twelve  fawns  tlie  next  seasfjn,  inchidiiig  one  pair  of  twins, 
wliieli  are  rare  from  tht;  1-ilk  in  doniestieatidn.  Siieh  is  the 
character  of  tlie  evidence  which  induces  tlie  conclnsidii  at  which 
1  have  arrived  as  to  tlie  diminished  I'epi'oductive  powerN  of  the 
Elk  in  senii-doMiestication.  The  disiiu'lination  of  the  female, 
especially  the  yomig,  may  he  i)artty  owing-  to  the  limited  selec- 
tum  dl  Idod.  or  want  df  [iro})er  aliment  :  hut  as  she  keeps  in  per- 
fect health,  and  in  line  condition,  it  can  hardly  lie  attriimteil  to 
this  entirely.  After  all,  I  think  the  partial  restraint  td  which 
they  are  subjected,  which  is  so  unnatural  to  them,  theii-  ancestors 
for  untold  e-enerations  liavine;  had  uidimited  ranu'e  to  eo  when 
and  whert!  they  pleased,  and  to  select  such  associates  as  thev 
{)leased,  is  the  greatest  cause  of  the  disinclination  df  the  females 
to  re|iroduce,  and  no  <loubt  has  its  inlluence  upon  the'  fei'lilitv 
of  the  male.  In  the  wild  states  the  female  is  bclievi'd  to  breed  at 
two.  or  at  most  thi'ee,  years  old,  the  young'  females  producing  one 
fawn  at  a  birth,  and  the  old  ones  generally  twins,  and  tliri'c  are 
sonu'tiuu's  produced  at  a  ))ii'lh.  The  fart  that  in  mv  i-rounds  the 
females,  never,  to  my  knowledge,  have  bred  before  four  xcars  old, 
and  never,  1  think,  more  than  two  thirds  of  these  have  bred  in 
any  one  year,  and  that  twins  ari;  of  very  rare  occurrence,  certaiidv 
shows  a  sad  tlegeneraey.  The  last  summer  I  saw  three  gi'eat  fel- 
lows sucking  a  large  doe  at  out^  time,  and  slu^  bore  their  rough 
treatment  with  maternal  resignation  ;  l)ut  I  suspect  ihat  one  of 
them,  at  least,  was  a  poacjier  on  the  others"  preserves,  llemendn'r 
that  all  the  deer  tribe  have  four  active  mamma'.      No  doubt  loun' 

domestication  of  Wapiti  would  proiluce  such  a  t'liaiige  in  th ii- 

stitution  of  the  race  that  it  would  so  conform  itself  to  ihechangcd 
condition  that  its  rej)roductive  powers  would  be  [U'acticallv  re- 
stored. 

I  have  never  experimented  with  this  deer  as  a  beast  of  di-aught. 
whit'li,  after  all,  as  a  question  of  practical  utility,  is  one  of  great 
importance.  I  hav(^  a  pair  of  castrated  fawns  now  in  the  stable, 
which  promise  good  results.  I  have  seen  them  a  few  tinu's  in 
harness,  but  always  too  young  to  work.  I  on.  e  bought  a  pair  of 
yt'arliug  does  in  liarness,  but  th(>v  were  only  partially  lirokeii.  and 
were  overloaded  with  a  light  butjirv  and  man  in  it,  and  so  would 


if 


fU 


ml 


il|: 


M^ 


m 


M 

1 1  in 


m 


•J'.m; 


77//-;  />/;/•;/."  or  ameuk  a. 


have  1m 'I'll  two  licit'ci's  or  colts  of  t lie  siimc  aj^o.  I  never  lianiesseil 
tlifiii  al'terwariN.  They  are  iindouhteillv  as  st^oll^•  as  a  liorse  of 
tlif  saiiii-  si/r.  ami  afe  iiiik-Ii  more  natural  trottci's  than  the  horse, 
and  with  traiinn^.  I  think,  would  fully  e([ual  him  in  speed  and 
eiKhiraiice,  and  wonld,  when  fidly  adult,  proltahly  surpass  him  in 
hotli.  'I'hc  l"JI<  has  not  the  weight  i'oi'  lieavv  draught,  hut  seems 
wcli  adaptecl  for  light.  (|uic-k'  work,  I  confess  I  ha\(' loo  long  n«'g- 
lei'te(l  t his  practical  ipiestion. 

illl'.    MCI,]-:   DKKIl. 

The  disposition  of  the  .Xfule  Deci"  pi'eseiits  a  study  of  more  in- 
terest than  that  of  any  (jf  the  others.  In  S(Mne  respects  thcv 
ai'e  worse  and  in  others  better  than  either  of  the  otiier  species. 
The  adult  bucks  when  brought  up  liv  haml  are  wiclceil  diiriiiL; 
the  rutting  season,  and  seem  to  take  ;i  positive  delight  in  thr''al- 
eiiing  if  not  in  attacking  their  best  friend,  so  that  it  is  never  sate 
to  veutui'e  \vv\  near  to  them  without  ii  good  club  during  tic 
rut.  'I'hc  old  docs,  too,  are  treacliei'ous  at  all  seasons,  and  aie 
liable  to  at  tack  children  wlieiievci'  the  tind  them  un[)i'otected  : 
at  the  same  time  tliev  arc  the  greatest  cowards  alive.  I  had  an 
old  doe,  almost  as  large  as  a  small  elk,  that  wouM  even  attack 
womi'U  if  she  met  them  alone  in  the  |)ark.  while  she  would  be 
vci'y  complacent  to  a  man  whom  she  thought  a])le  to  deteiid  him- 
self :  still  she  was  so  great  a  coward  that  the  smallest  \'irginia 
deer  would  drive  her  whei'ever  it  j)leased.  1  hav(^  been  vastly 
amused  in  observing  the  litth^  Acapulco  doe  chasing  an  adult 
Mule  doe  around  the  grounds.  The  little  thing  does  not  ajipcar 
to  be  actuated  by  malice,  but  does  it  rather  for  ainnsemcnt.  The 
Mule  Deer  Would  be  followiiiLi'  me  throuo'li  the  i)ark,  and  when- 
ever  it  would  happen  to  get  a  little  wav  from  me  the  little  one 
would  dash  in  between  us  and   run   it  off,  while   the  ^Fule   Deer 


iro- 


aii'i 


would  make  a  circuit  and  as  soon  as  [)ossible  run  to  nie  for  | 
tection.  when  the  little  tease  would  stop  a  litth^  way  oil' 
look  as  if  it  would  enjoy  a  iiearty  laugh.  This  was  repeated 
many  times  during  a  single  walk.  The  larger  one  is  fully  tlii'ec 
times  the  size  of  her  tormentor,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  olbr 
tlie  least  resistance  to  these  attacks.  I  have  often  seen  her  cha-c 
a  Mule  buck,  whieh  was  two  years  old,  in  tlio  same  way. 

'Jdie  Mide  Di'cr  is  the  oidy  one  1  have  over  si'en  manifest  a 
clear  and  decided  disjvisition  to  l>lay.  This  they  do  something: 
after  the  manner  of  lambs,  l)y  running  c(uirses  and  gandioliu'^ 
iibout  auil  running  up  and  down  the  bhilVs  manifestly  for  amuse- 


IIMMT   AM)    IxiMI.SllcMloX. 


int'iit  niilv.      I  liav 


r  iiiicc  iKitiiTil  soiiii'tliiiiL;'  lil<t'  this  in  ;i  rnimiinn 


(leer,  l)iit  :il  llic  licst  it  was  tin'  I'aiiitcst  >ni't  df  a  play,  if  iiidcid 
lliat  was  its  iiicaiiiiiL;'.  And  this  pfstiM'inLi'  nt  thr  Mule  |)ccr 
was  till'  nniy  aniiiscnicnt  I  Iiavr  seen  the  (rnniniil  i\  c  sjn'cio  in- 
(hiluc  in.  Hut  tlic  Muh'  Dfcr  noi  only  amuses  itsi-lf  in  tlic  wav 
drsciiliiil  hut  loves  to  luive  nie  join  liiin  in  a  little  sham  lii^lit. 
and  it"  1  liandhi  liini  a  little  muj^hlv.  oi'  try  to  throw  him  dnwn 
when  he  rears  up  and  places  his  feet  on  my  shoulders,  he  will  i-c- 
eover  and  jump  sideways  and  l>aekwaril>  twistinn'  hini-e|f  inl<> 
i^Totesipie  attitudes,  tlmueh  lie  does  this  in  an  awkwaid  \\a\.  I 
lia\e  not  olisei'ved  this  disposition  to  jilay  after  the  animal  is  two 
or  three  yeais  old.  and  the  male  seems  more  inelineil  Id  ii  tlian 
the  h'liiali  .  !  elsewhere  mention  that  he  sometimes  appears  to  he- 
come  very  appr<'eiat ive  of  his  own  importaiiee.  when  he  will  >lrut 
around,  his  tail  elevated  to  a  vertical  j)osition,  as  is  (ih>erved 
with  the  male  i;oat. 

Alloe'cfher  there  is  litth;  to  admire  in  the  di>piisitiiui  of  the 
Mull-  Deerlieyond  liis  tastt,"  for  ai  ii^enieiit  as  ahove  descrihed. 
The  vici<piisiiess  of  the  adult    malt;  duriiiL;'  the  ruttinn'  season  e\- 


ds  that   of  aiiv  of  the  others,   in 


iii\'  LtrMunds.   at    least,  which 


is  far  from  comiuendine'  him  as  ii  familiar  pet.  ihis  ma\  arise 
from  the  fact  that  they  have  not  the  natural  tear  of  man  nf  the 
Virginia  deer,  for.  as  we  sliall  see,  when  the  youiic'  are  raised  li\ 
their  dams  in  the  park  tliev  hecnme  niiicl!  iiioi'e  lame  than  the 
others,  indeed  nearly  as  much  so  as  if   raised  hy  hand. 

The  Mule  Deer  manifests  l>v  lar  the  most  salacious  disposition 
of  any  of  the  deer  which  I  have  had  an  opjiortunity  of  clo>el\- 
studvinti'. 


Mv  etVorts  to  domesticate  the   Mule  l)eer  and   the  C'oluml 


•la 


Deer  lia\i'  lieen  practical  failures.  l"'or  the  last  eieht  years  I 
Iia\t'  with  ercat  care  and  at  considei-ahle  expense,  oxperimei.ted 
with  both  these  species,  and  luvve  hroiin'ht  many  individuals  from 
U'reat  distances,  and  have  studied  their  wants  and  cared  for  them 
with  unwearied  pains.  Imt  now  all  are  dead.  'J'lie  last  died  hut  a 
few  weeks  since.  My  failures,  however,  hy  no  means  assure  us 
that  they  inav  not  sustain  the  luirdeii  of  (h)nie.stication  in  coun- 
tries wlieiH!  tlie\  liv(^  and  prosper  in  a  wild  stut(>.  lioth  are  na- 
ti\es  of  the  far  West.  The  Mule  Deei'  I  hrouglit  from  I'tah 
and  Nevada,  distances  from  lifteeii  hundred  to  two  thousand 
miles,  aiiil  the  ('oliimhia  Deer  from  \\'ashingtoii  'I'erritory  and 
Oregon,  say  throe  thousand  luilos  awuv.     No  wild   Mule   Deer 


298 


Tllh:   hEEIi    or  A  Mi: UK  A. 


\v;is  cscr  licanl  nt'  witliiu  live  ImiKlrrd  miles  of  licrc,  mid  ii<>  wild 
('(tliiiul)i;i  Dfcr  Wits  ever  scrii  ritlicr  in  or  cast  ol'  the  |{(>c|<v 
^Idiiiitaiiis.  We  may  wi-ll  siipimsc  that  tlic  i'liaii^>'  of  climate 
and  prulialtly  of  aliment  was  too  ^M'cat  foi"  tlieiii.  All  have  died 
of  one  disease, —  diari'liea.  I  hope  some  one  in  a  coneenial  lo- 
cality will  make  ii  serions  cIToi't  to  domesticate  hotli  these  spreies. 
( )f  both  s|)ecies  the  (ii'st  I  had  dropped  in  my  eroimds  w nc 
twins.  Those  from  the  Mnle  doe  lived  nearly  a  year  and  a  half, 
which  iL,':ive  me  a  in'ood  opporlnnilv  to  ohsei've  the  hahits  of  tlic 
yonnn'.  I'hey  ni',.\v  to  n  t';ur  size;  and  on  the  male  ^rew  veiv 
lai'e'e  antlers  for  liis  ane,  hoth  of  which  were  hifnrc'ated.  Xeithei' 
of  these  fawns  showed  the  least  inclination  to  lirced  the  snmnier 
tliev  were  a  year  old.  'l"he  condnct  of  the  mother  as  conuecied 
with  these  fawns,  of  conrse  interested  me.  She  hid  them  in 
separate  places,  and  only  soueht  them  at  intervals  to  ^ive  tlniii 
noiirishment.  and  wonld  nevei-  5^0  near  ihiMii,  if  she  suspected  she 
was  watched,  iniitatine'  exactly  in  this  ree-ard  the  \'iru;inia,  deer. 
AN'hen  oiu!  was  fonnd  and  placi'd  in  a  yard  with  a  fence  four  feet 
liigh,  she  would  sometimes  inm[)  the  fence  ani  visit  it,  lint  re- 
fused to  allow  it  to  suck  rill  tlu!  other  was  found  and  [ilaced  in 
tlic  same  yard,  when  she  nursed  them  hoth  indilVei'ent ly.  I 
could  not  imagine  the  cause  of  lier  conduct  to  the  lirst  till  I 
found  she  had  another,  for  which  she  was  evidently  saving  all 
the  milk.  I  kept  them  in  the  vard  but  a  co.i[)le  of  weeks,  where 
tliey  were  visited  fi'eipiently  in  onh'r  to  tame  theni,  hut  ue  made 
litthi  progress  in  that  direction  ;  and  believing  they  wonhl  do 
better  at  large  I  turned  tliem  out,  when  slie  immediately  secreted 
them,  and  it  was  six:  weeks  more  before  she  allowed  them  to 
follow  her,  never  being  seen  to  visit  them  except  very  eaily  in 
the  morning,  or  late  in  the  evening.  1  wonld  sometimes  come 
across  one  in  its  seclusion,  when  after  the  manner  of  the  \'irglnia 
fawn  it  would  crouch  as  low  down  as  possible,  with  its  chin 
iij)ou  the  ground  and  gri'at  ears  laid  back  u])on  its  neck,  and  if  it 
believed  itself  uiulis(M)vered  would  remain  i)erfeetly  still,  following 
me  with  its  bright  I'ves  till  very  near  it,  but  as  soon  as  it  ap- 
preeiatcid  that  it  was  discovi'i'ed  would  bound  away  with  tlie 
jumps  before  described,  towards  some  ravine  or  thicket  till  out  of 
sight,  never  stopping  once  to  look  back,  as  is  freipiently  the  case 
Avitli  the  fawns  of  the  Virginia  deer.  In  the  fall,  how(!ver,  tliev 
become  niiicli  tamer  than  the  Virginia  fawns  raised  in  the  same 
grounds  and  under  the  same  circunistaiiee,  except  the  two  weeks" 
confinement  before  mentioned.     By  Novembei'  tliev  would  cau- 


!  1.  i  i'         i 


IIM-.IT   AMI    /)i>.\fj:s-n(ATIoX. 


■2W 


no  wilil 
I-    liiicky 

c'linKiti' 
live  1 1  it'll 
;'('ni;il  ln- 

■   slircH'S. 

ikK  wcri' 
1(1  ;i  liiill'. 
s  dl'  llic 
rcw  very 
Neither 
.simiiiier 

niniecle(l 

tliein  ill 
;ive  tliein 
ected  she 

Ilia,  (leer. 
four  iVi't 
t,  l)Ut    re- 
|)laeeil  in 
vntly.      1 
irst  till   1 
avin;4  all 
ks,  where 
\Vi'  made 
woiihl    tin 
V  j<eevete(l 
I   tlieili    to 
»,■   early  in 
nios  eonie 
e  ^'i^^illia 
h   its  chill 
;,  and  if  it 
,  following 
as   it   a|i- 
with    the 
till  Old  ''i 
y  tlie  case 
ever,  they 
I  tin'   same 
two  weeks" 
*voidd  cau- 


tiously Venture  to  take  eorii   from   my  liainl,  a   familiaril  v  nevei- 
indiil^vd  ill  l,y  a  \'ir,uinia  deer  raised  hy  its  mother.      ICver  after 

tliey  were   al St   as   tame   as   the  N'iruinia   deer  raised    l.\   hand, 

I'ver  ready  to  e ,.  to  niy  call  ami  take  food  from  niv  hand  when 

ollei'ed,  and  follow  nn;  all  over  the  n'roiinds.  ltein'4  sure  of  i^^rttiin'- 
Koinethinu'  to  eiieoiira,ue  them.  — still  tliev  woiihl  iievei' allow  iin^ 
to  handle  them,  as  their  dam  or  sire  did  who  were  r;iis(  d  l.v 
liaiiil.  evidently  thinking'  it  a  <ireat  eoiideseensiou  if  i||,.v  al- 
lowed me  to  rill)  their  fa.'cs  a  little.  How  iniieh  1  am  imichi.'d 
for  this  faniiliariLy  to  the  short  eoniiiieineiit  when  thev  wriv  verv 
yonng.  ii  is  impossible  to  say.  hut  I  think  not  very  much,  h)r  they 
soenied  as  wild  immediately  after  they  w<'i-e  let  out  as  Viru'inia 
iawiis  of  ihe  same  at;e,  and  so  eontinin'd  till  in  the  fall,  when  they 
followeil  ihfir  mother  ii|>  and  heoaii  to  ect  irvil.  'Hi.'  N'ir^inia 
iawns  that  follow  up  in  the  same  way  soon  learn  what  shdli'd 
corn  is,  and  in  the  course  of  the  winter  bei'oine  so  enilioldciicd  as 
^'»  pi<'l<  it  ii|'  within  ten  feet  of  tiie  keeper,  who  feeds  them 
every  day.  All  the  deer,  as  w(dl  as  the  Hock  of  wild  tnrkevs. 
the  sanddiill  cranc's.  and  tlu^  wild  o-ccse,  and  Soiiihdown  shrep  in 
my  grounds,  soon  learn  what  the  rattliii;^'  of  the  .•orn-sheller 
means,  and  it  is  one  of  the  })leasantest  sigliis  [  have  amone-  mv 
pets,  to  see  all  start  at  this  sound  and  make  a  rush  for  the  U'vd- 
ing  grounds  where  all  eat  together  pretty  harnionioiisl v,  ilic' 
wildest  of  each  always  showing  a  little  suspicion  and  kei-ping 
well  on  the  outer  borders. 

'I'lIK   1{I,ACK-TATLED   DEER. 

Tin-  male  of  the  Columbia  Ulack-tailed  Deer  is  only  less  wicked 
than  1  have  reason  to  Indieve  the  fully  adult  mule  deer,  when 
]ui  has  been  raised  by  hautl.  J  low  he  would  behave  if  raised  by 
his  (lam  in  the  [)ark  I  cannot  say.  I  have  never  observed  any 
vicious  manifestations  by  the  adult  dues,  as  is  the  ease  with  the 
mule  does. 

The  first  of  ('.  (''iIiiin/'/ifnHf<  which  I  avin-  had  I  procured  on 
the  Cowlitz  River  in  Washington  Territory,  in  ls7<».  Th,.  jnale 
was  then  one  year  old  and  the  female  two  years  old.  They  stood 
the  journey  of  threi;  thousand  miles  by  sea  and  land  well,  and 
arrived  in  fine  condition.  15;)th  had  been  brough  .  nj)  bv  hand, 
but  the  doe  had  iiever  been  subjected  to  tlie  halter,  and  for  a 
time  gave  me  some  troubh'  in  transferring  her  from  one  convey- 
ance to  another,  but  by  the  time  she  got  through  she  was  well 
halter-broken. 


Ml 


!l 


•><»(!  77//;   iii:i:/;  or  ami.ihi  .\. 

Tlii'V  ;i|i|ii';iri'il  to  tlirivc  well  wiicii  turned  into  llic  parks  in 
•Inly.  iMul  sliiiwt'd  no  svni|»ti>nis  (if  salivation  IVoni  tlir  wliitr 
cloMT,  wliii'li  was  so  sfxi'i't'  u|)on  tin'    nnili'  ileiT  tln'    \car  lu'l'oir. 


In  till'  tail  llh'V 


wtTf!  turned    infd  tin'   or 
1, 


eliard  ami  vuu'Var 
th 


U'  Ol'   t  Wo    older    tlliin     t  he\     Wel'c 


d  willi 

II 


en- 


M  pair  ol    luule  (leer,  ii   yea 

(licy  remained   till   eai-iy  winter,  wlieii  tliey  were  all    retuiaied   to 

the  parks.      In  the  late  winter  the  ('olundiia  doe  died,  liavine-  in 

her  t  w  II  fawns  si 

V 

tl 


lilicientU    deVelopeil   to  show   t  he\'   Wel'e    froUl   tl 


olunihi.'i  huck. 


n-  t  he  ne\t    t  Wo    \  ear: 


I   onlv  IkkI  the  liUek  of 


US  species.      lie  Continued  as  tanie   as  any  di'cr  in   my  grounds. 
but  always  iuanifeste(|  u  morose  if  not  a  \i''ious  dis|)osition. 

At  lirst.  the  doe,  lieini,'  a  \car  the  oldest.  t\ramii/e(l  ovei'  him 
in  a  vci-y  undutiful  wav,  hut  so  soon  as  his  spike  anth-rs,  iiearK 
seven  inches  lonu",  were  matured,  the  masterv  was  cliane'ed  and  he 
retui'ned  he!'  attentions  in  kind.  While  in  the  vineyard  Wy  them- 
selves neither  of  the  four  deei' seemed  inclined  to  associat(!  wit  h 
either  of  the  othei's.  liul   I  alwavs  found   them   solitary,  even  dur- 

//■   while 


injx  1h<'  ruttiu''"  season.  althou"ii  Itotli  does  liecamo  i  iir'nii 
there  liv  the  imcks  of  their  own  species.  I  iie\fr  saw  either  of 
these  liucks  make  the  least  attempt  to  chase  the  does,  which  is  so 
prominent  a  hahit  with  the  N'irn'inia  deei'. 

I  )nrinn'  the  next  summer  and  after,  so  \n\\\f  as  he  lived,  the  huck 
rane'ed  tiie  parks  at  will,  but  ^encrallv  soliiarv.  So  soon  as  hi> 
second  ant  lers  matured  he  showed  such  sinus  of  viciousness  that 
I  sawe(I  them  otV,  whicli  re(luced  his  t hreateninn' demonslration>. 
but  still  his  conduct  seemed  to  sav  that  he  wiinte(l  to  liui't  some- 
body. This  was  when  he  was  two  yeai's  old  past,  an  ap'  at  which 
I  have  never  observ('(l  a  \'ireinia  buck  to  show  the  least  wicke(l- 
ness.      lie  walked  about  the  erouiids,  even  while  his  antlers  were 


e-roN 


wine',  witli  a  slow  and  measured  step,  with  Ins  ears  laid  liack 
upon  his  neck,  when  there  was  notliiiiL;'  in  sight  to  excite  his  ani- 
mosity, lie  would  come  to  my  call  to  take  corn  from  my  hand, 
but  he  approached  not  with  gladness  but  slowlv  and  with  thai 
overlastine-  leer,  as  if  he  would  prefer  to  strike  me  rather  than 
I   think,  however,  that  sometimes  at   least   this 


tak(!  the  corn. 


oxpression  did  him  injustice,  for  he  would  fre(|uently  lay  his 
head  upon  my  breast  in  an  atVeetionate  way  as  if  to  invite  ca- 
resses, which  he  seemed  to  enjov.  After  his  antlers  were  sawed 
oil'  he  would  follow  a  pedestrian  in  the  road,  for  half  a  mile  aloiiL; 
tlie  fence,  as  if  he  woidd  be  glad  I  )  get  at  him.  A  month  or  six 
weeks  after  his  antlers  were  taken  otV,  he  somehow  escapeil  from 
the  park  and  went  up   the  road  half  a  mile,  when    he  met  a  man 


iiAr.i r  AM)  i)(>\ii:sri<.\Titi\. 


.'.ol 


'""'  ='  '"'>■  "'"li  \^l I  '"■  'li>|Mit.-.l  111.,  riuht  ,,|'  \v;i\  111  ..ii,',..     Tl,,. 

'"•"'    '"'"l^''    "P   •'    ''"I"'''    I'-anl   MV.T   his    li,.a,l,  l.ilt  Weill    iM^rass 

twice   ill   III,,  cilllliet    ail.l    revived    some   l.niises   iVollI    llis  |u|V   lee 

Imt  tile  {i-\u'^'  saved    liiiii  |'n,ii 


I'e   leet, 

lis  es- 


•serKMis  injury.  So  soon  ; 
'•ape  and  iliis  f.-at  were  repi.rte.l,  tin;  la'ei)er  went  jur  liim  and  at 
tempted  t.)  put  a  strap  aruuiid  Ids  iieek  an.l  lead  liiiii  Ii,.ine.  u||..,i 
lie  Unneked  liiiii  dowii.  l.iil  was  satislied  with  that,  and  ipiieily 
siil.initted  to  I.e  led  l.aek  to  ih.;  park.  Indeed  I  lliink  he  showed 
as  iniieh  wickedness  as  .lid  the  mid.,  deer  at  his  a-e  :  and  duriiie' 
the  entire  winter  h."  looked  and  acted  as  if  tmuMed  uith  l.ad 
<li-vsti..n.  and  coiiscpient  ly  in  an  ill  Iiiiiuor  with  evervi.Mlv  and 
cverythin,--.  Ilowevr,  Ih-  eat  full  rations  and  -ivu  '  lal.  '  The 
ni'xt  year  we  were  a^ain  ol.li-cl  to  remove  his  antlers,  hiit  to- 
wards winter  he  hen'aii  to  show  symptoms  of  disease  :  ihoii^h  he 
cat  his  allowance  well,  in  tli.-  lalt.-r  part  of  winter  h,.  failed  rap- 
idly iuid  died  in  the  spriiie-. 

r  never  knew  him  to  take  ;iny  notice  of  a  \'irei„ia  deer,  e\- 
<ypt  lo  drive   it  away  from   some   food   he  coveted!  I.iit    he  some- 

''"'*'^  ' 'l''S'-''nded  to  play,  in   a  very    lazy    way.  with  tli.'  vouii-- 

ii'ule  l.uck  that  sported  his  lirst  ant  lers,  l.y"  riil.luiin' i  h,.;,.  |„,',ds  t.Z 
Kt'tlHT,  as  if  in  mimic  battle.  Ife  evidently  thought  th,.  niule 
<leer  more  worthy  of  liis  attention  than  the  Virninia  deer. 

This  was  the  only  manifestation  of  a  dis[)i).siti()ii  to  plav  which 
I  liave  ever  ol.served  in  th.'  Columhiii  Deer.  The  ciilumhia 
J)eer  are  nut  the  arrant  cowards  which  the  mule  i\rrv  pn.ve.l 
to  he. 

I  never  niis("d  a  Coliimhia  fawn.  None  survived  more  than  a 
U'W  days,  though,  as  is  elsewhere  exi)laine.l,  I  think  this  was  di,,- 
to  accidental  eaus.'s.  Under  more  favorable  eircumstan.'es,  tlu; 
fawns  might  live  for  a  year  or  two,  but  I  do  not  believe  it  practi- 
cable to  bring  them  .brectly  from  their  native  liaiints  an.l  propa- 
gate successfully  from  them  here.      However,  we  ca t  tell.      I 

have  in.iuire.l  for  many  years  wliy  the  Columbia  d.'cr  never  comes 
east  of  the  Sierras  in  California,  or  even  into  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Kocky  Mountains  fnrther  north.  When  I  consider  tlie 
variety  of  climate  which  he  endures  on  the  I'aeiiie  coast,  and  that 
there  is  no  kind  of  fo.xl  there  which  lie  could  not  lind  .ds.'where, 
I  am  surprised  that  their  range  is  circumscribed  by  an  imaginary 
line,  beyond  which  they  cannot  pass  more  than  if  the  boimdary 
were  a  Chinese  wall. 


tit 


no:> 


77//;  i>i:i:i;  <>r  .\mi:i:I(  .\. 


Tin;   (  i>MM(.N    |ii:i-.i;. 


sr- 


\\\  iiiitiiif  till'  \'ir^iiii;i  I)<'fi-  is  limit'  tiiiiiil  tliiiii  cillicr  ol'  tin' 
iiliiiM',  W'lii'ii  i;ii-cil  l>v  liiiml  ilic  mall-  tdi'^i-ts  llial  man  is  its 
iialiiral  fiiciii\ ,  ami  so  ceases  lo  tear  hiiii,  ami  tlieii  lie  is  very  apt 
(Inline'  the  nit  to  hecDiue  wicked  ami  (laiie'enms.  'I'liis  ilis|iu- 
sitiiiii.  Iiii\\e\er,  is  nut  nianit'ested  till  lie  is  three  er  lunr  Near- 
old  :  iior  is  it  universal,  for  1  have  had  some  that  iie\er  he- 
caiiie  \ii'i.iiis  even  diii'iiiL;'  the  nit.  though  this  is  e\ce|il  iMnal. 
IJilt  M'lV  lew  call  he  salclv  ke|»t  as  [)ets  alter  tlu'V  hecoiiie  adult, 
unless  Miie  lia>  iMoper  facilitii's  I'or  coniiuini;  iheiii.  I'suidly 
sawing  otV  the  antlers  will  so  moderate  their  vicioiisness  as  to 
render  them  coiuparati vel y  harmless,  luit  not  always.  (leiier- 
allv  it  iiiav  l>e  said  that  the  \  ireiiiia  does  never  hccoine  \icious. 
IhniiLili  I  ha\e  had  one  or  two  that  would  strike  a  child  when 
I'eeiliiie-  tlii'in,  it"  one  tliouifht  she  did  not  eft  her  share,  oi'  it  was 
not  e'iveii  her  a>  last  as  siiiteil  her. 

When  raised  in  the  park  hy  its  dam,  the  \'ir_eiuia  \)ri'i-  never 
loses  its  tear  of  man  so  as  to  show  the  least  disposition  to  attack 
liiiii,  or  to  come  near  enouLjh  to  tak(!  food  friuii  his  hand.  Still 
there  is  a  ereat  dillereiici;  aiiioiie'  them  in  this  ree'anl,  some 
veiituriiiLj  within  a  few  feet  t(t  pick  ii[)  corn  from  the  s^rouml, 
while  othi'is  will  always  kee|>  at  a  wary  distance.  They  soun 
learn  to  come  to  the  call  of  one  who  feeds  them,  and  it  is  a  prei  t  \ 
sie-lit  to  see  tueiitv  or  thirty,  wliieli  were  (piietly  lyin;^  <lown 
niminatiiie",  at  the  lirst  sound  of  the  keeper's  voice  all  jniiip  t'i 
their  feet  like  a  llash.  dash  away  without  a  monieiit'.s  pause,  ilaes 
lifted  liieli,  and  course  ainoiiL!,'  the  trees  and  across  the  ravines. 
as  if    eaill  life  depended  oil  l)ein<(  first. 

'I'lie  great  characteristic  of  the  Virginia  Deer  is  its  natural 
wildness,  which  it  never  overoonies  so  as  to  los(i  its  dreail  of  man. 
unless  taken  when  a  few  days  old  and  fed  by-  liis  liand  and  kept 
in  constant  and  intimate  association  with  him;  for  if  separateil 
from  him  hut  for  a  single  season,  associating  with  the  wilder 
det'r  he  forgets  the  kindness  lie  has  received,  and  resumes,  though 
to  a  less  extent  than  the  others,  his  wild  timidity,  if  taken  very 
young,  like  all  tlu' other  deer  of  the  same  age,  it  seems  t(»  know  no 
dillereiice  between  its  captt)r  and  its  dam.  Pick  one  up  from  its 
leafy  bed,  and  carry  it  a  few  minutes,  petting  it  tenderly,  and 
then  set  it  down,  and  it  will  follow  you  with  the  same  confidence 
it  would  its  own  mother;  and  then  if  this  intercourse  and  kind- 
ness be  continueil,  it  bestows  its  confidence  upon  the  hand  that 


iiMirr  .\.\h  iin\ii:>  / /(  A  r/ox. 


Ill     llh" 

II  is  its 
cry  ■■\\<i 

.   dispii- 
r    y;irs 

\r|'     lir- 

l>liuii;il. 
'  luliilt, 
rsiii.lly 
ss  ;is  tn 
( ii'iicr- 

\  ii'iiius, 

III  wlli'll 
tv  il   was 

cr  iifVi'T 
In  attack 
(1.  Still 
I'll.  si);nc 
M'niuiul, 

ln'V    S(>i>!l 

a  prcltN 

n<^  (IdWii 

jiiini)  t'l 

use,  tlaii's 

■  laviiiL's. 

s   natural 
1  111'  man. 
ml   kt'l't 
■parali'il 
ic   wililfi' 
s,  tlinnt^li 
ikcii  vcfv 
kunw  nil 
)  from   it^ 
l(  rly,  and 
•Diitidcnit' 
iind  kind- 
hand  that 


I'ri'ds  it    vvillinut    stint    and   witlmul    irst  laiiit .      Il'  taken   atler  a 

few  llliilltllS  u|d.  its  wildin'SS  seelllS  i ijeTad iiM  1 'le.  I  iiljie  eallL,'llt  a 
fawn  in  l)ere|iilier  ill  tile  deep  >niiW.  wllieli  had  heeDilie  ^M  eiiia- 
ciiited  that  it  eiiiild  nut  esra|ie.  and  plaeeil  it  in  a  ei)iiif'>rt;dili' 
stall  in  tile  hain.  So  sdhii  as  it  heeaiiie  uai'iii.  and  ieiii\ered 
siiiiiethlnc"  iif   its   vitality.it    made   frantie  elVnits   \i>  e-^eape.      It, 

l|ii\\e\er,  S'piill  Ciillllnelieed  tn  eat,  if  lio  mie  \va->  plesellt,  wllell  it 
reriiMTcd    its  >tl'e|ie|ll   aild   Spirit.        It    \\;is    kept     ill   tile  >allle  liini- 

foiiiilile  i|uaitt'rs  d  urine-  the  w  inter,  and  ;;iit  in  line  lundilinii.  in  it, 
si'eiiied  alisiiliitidy  iiiitainalile,  thoiieh  daily  elVnrts  were  ni.'de  hy 
the  keeper  to  aeipiire  its  enlilidenee,  \\'liene\er  he  Wnllld  l;i  i  into 
the  stall  and  try  ti>  pet  it.  it  would  make  >trone'  ellMrls  tn  e^iMpe 
liy  iunipiiie' against  the  sides,  and  when  it  found  thai  iuipnssiliie, 
it  wmild  turn  and  lii^lit  him.  dealiiiLi'  lierce  liluwswitli  its  little 
feet  ;  and  when  it  was  turned  out  in  April,  it  seemed  as  wild  as  at 
the  lirst.  thoiieli  it  had  received  nothine'  hut  kindness  frmu  him 
diirine'  its  fmir  months  of  conrineinent.  It  hastened  awav  to  the 
iloi'k,  and  was  tho  sleokcst  deer  of  theiii  all,  and  l>y  this  means 
it  was  recoi^nized  for  ;i  time,  hut  imiu!  of  them  was  wilder  than 
he  was  sii  Imie'  as  he  cniild  he  ideiililied. 

.More  elVorts  liavo  been  made  to  dninestieate  this  deer  than  any 
of  oiir  other  species,  and  generally  tinder  more  favorahle  ciiemn- 
staiiees  tlian  my  grounds  alTord.  Sdiiu'  years  >iiiee  I  \isited  tho 
|ilautation  of  ( ienoral  Hardine-,  near  Nasln  ille.  'reiiiiessee,  in  learn 
the  lonlt  of  his  experiments.  I  found  his  parks  much  lareer 
than  mine  and  the  conditions  much  more  favorahle  I'or  success. 
Here  was  a  large,  gently  rolling  lawn  carpeted  with  a  heavy  t'oat 
of  hhie  grass,  and  scattered  tliroiieii  it  a  great  miinher  of  maLT- 
i.ilicent  old  oaks,  whose  hroad  s]U'eadiiig  hraiielies  alTorded  a  de- 
lightful shade  everywhere.  Ileyoiid.  and  sejiarated  fiuin  it  hv  a 
low  fence  which  tlu!  doer  could  easily  scale,  was  an  inclnsiire  of 
high  rolling  ground  densely  covered  with  a  tliicki't  of  evei'green 
cane  and  several  other  kinds  of  shrubhery,  of  whicii  ii(>arly  all 
ruminants  are  very  I'ond.  Tlu'  grounds  wi'r<>  well  watered. 
Here  we  fiiul  every  condition  reiiuisite  for  the  well  heiue-  of 
the  deer,  witii  little  restraint  tind  conditions  nearly  ii[iproac]i- 
ing  the  wild  state.  The  deer  we  met  with  in  driving  throuuli 
the  grounds  were  wihler  than  most  of  mine,  and  yet  they  did 
not  seem  alarmed  wdioii  we  approached  them  bnt  trotted  awiiy  so 
as  to  keep  some  distance  oIL  I  learned  they  wtsre  reasonably 
fertile,  tinntgh  not  as  much  so  as  in  the  wild  state.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  tlio  late  war  there  were  about  eiirhtv  deer  in  these 


li 


III' 


504 


Till:  i)i:i:i;  or    i  Miinnw. 


141M11111U.  lull    till'    iiLii'i'li  111'   ^I'l'iit    iirmirs  is   iihI    l';i\iir;ilil 


1'     in     Illr 


|)rii>iii'nl  \  III  'li'iT  III  ^iicli  ;i  pliii 


;i  ml  siMiii  nil  w  ci'i'  lit  liiT  ilii\ 


I'll 


:i  w 


i\  Ml'  killi'il.  Till'  ( ii'iH-nil  w  il'^  .siirpii-i'il  iiinl  ^latilii'il  tu  nii- 
sci'vc  tlial  ntli'i'  till  war  was  (ivcr  ami  [(caiT  ami  i|iii('l  iiiiri-  imtri- 
I'l'i'^iicil  aWiiiit  I  III -i I'  old  liitiiic.  the  (It 'IT  111 'n'a  11  vnliiiil  arily  tn  I'l'liirn. 
su  thai  ill  a  li'W  \rai's  tin-  ^luiimls  wen-  a'^aiii  well  slurUcil.  | 
lliniiL,'lil  it  a  larl  (il  iiiiii'li  iiiti'i'csl  that  t  lie  (Im'  n-t  iiiiiiil  \ii|iiii- 
tarily  al'li'f  an  al'x'iicc  of   tlir r  I'mih'  xcars. 

I  lia\i'  lirard  nl'  sonic  ilcri  parks  in  tin-  iiplaml  |>'irtii>iis  mI' 
\  irL;iiiia  wlnTr  ilrrr  wen-  siicri's>l'iilly  cut  lappi'd  as  well  a- 
I'carcil.  Ti)  a('ri)ni|ilisli  tlic  lornicr  the  well  Uiiuun  haltit  diirinij; 
the  nit.  Ill'  the  due  lleciiie-  i'lom  ihr  |iiirsnit  III'  tlic  Iniek  \\a- 
iitili/cd.  The  iiu'ldsiii-c  almie-  a  steep  hilUidc  wa>  n'>  piepaied 
that  the  deer  eould  easily  jiiin|)  iiiln  the  park  Imt  e.iiild  11  >l 
jmiip  Diit.  An  iiid  doe,  which  had  liecn  l>rtii|cht  up  l>y  hand  and 
always  acciisluincd  to  the  place  and  well  acipiaiiited  with  tlii> 
runway,  was  turned  iimse  in  the  siiriuiiiidinc-  j'drest  and  luaiiicd 
alMiiil  at  will,  till  she  met  with  a  cailant  Inick  wlidi  the  race 
w  mild  ciiiiinieiice  ;  (he  ardeiil  loxcr  w  laild  he  ipiickly  led  to  the 
riinwav  and  into  the  pai'k  from  which  there  was  no  cscajic. 

When  I  lirst  he^'an  to  oaihei-  my  stm-k  ol'  N'irginia  Deer  I  >ur- 
ceedcd  ill  olilainii'L;  iilioiit  sixtiH-n  iiHliviihuils  in  the  cnnise  n|' 
three  vears.  mostly  females,  all  Imt  uiie  liurn  in  a  wild  stale. 
For  tW'i  or  three  years  they  were  innderatelv  priililic.  rarcl\ 
lircedinc'  till  they  were  three  years  old,  and  still  imne  rarely  ha\- 
iiii;"  twins.  A  lew  dieil  from  ace,  Imt  tlm  fawns  seemed  reason- 
altly  \  ic'oroiis,  and  mv  stock  increased  to  aliout  sixty,  not  witli- 
standine;  ccnsideralile  losses  from  a  swelliiie'  under  the  jaw. 
riic  fawns,  however,  came  later  and  later  each  siiccccdiiiLC  \iar; 
the  Imcks  showed  less  inclination  to  pursue  the  does,  and  a  Ics,- 
proportion  of  the  does  had  fawns,  showing  altogether  a  great  de- 
crease in  the  vie'or  of  the  herd  ireiierallv  :  hut  this  was  more  i'>- 
peciallv  manifest  in  the  fawns,  ii  very  larg(>  proportion  of  which 
died  Itefore  cold  Weather  si't  in.  I  sometimes  found  two  or  three 
dead  fawns  in  a  morning's  walk  through  the  ground.  A  perii<al 
of  my  not(.'-l)o()k  shows  that  at  that  tiuK;  I  absolutely  hegaii  to 
despair  of  nernetuatine;  the  species  in  domestication  :  one  season. 


rpet 


particularly,  J  did  not  winter  more  than  three  out  of  more  than 
twenty  fawns.  Tiiis,  howevi'r,  was  the  ciiliiiinating  point  of  my 
misfortune.  The  most  feeble  ones  had  been  evidently  eliminated 
from  the  lot,  while  tlu(  numbers  had  been  reduced  more  than  one 
half  from  tlie  highest  point,  though  I  had  taken  but  few  of  the 


II  \i:ir  .1  \  /'  ii)i\/i:s/ 1>   \  y/cv. 


no;, 


WiK'ks  l"i)r  my  nwii  tiililr.      I  IkhI  nUsciMd   \\\n  ,,v  tlir li>c-<  tluit 

Iffin-rJilly  liiid  two  t'nwiis  at  u  l>lilli  wlil'li  ;i|>|HMri'il  vi'^nrmi^   :iii(| 
IiimIiIiv.  wliilr  llic  dllici'        ■-;  ||i:it  siii\i\ri|  1  ifin n ir  or  ;il\v.i\>  Imd 

1 II  Imitcii.      I  lliiiik  I  iiiMV  sardv  cNpicss  tlic  ip|iiniMii  tli;it  I'r.iiii 

;i  few  i'\ci'|ili(p|ial  iiidis  idiials  that  cuiild  hear  dnini'>t  icaliipii  and 
wliM  wi'i'c  caii.dilr  dj'  iiiiiiai'tiiin-  similar  \  it,fur  to  tln-ir  dfsi'i'iid- 
aiits,  I  have  olitaiiu'd  a  stuck  uf  \'ii'L;'iiiir.  I  )ri'r.  wliirli  tlini|M|i  Hdt 
as  |ii'('lilic  liy  any  means  as  tlic  wild  di''a',  an'  still  nindrialidy  x) 
and  lia\i'  siiHiciciit  vi^cir  to  insure  tlie  siieees.^  nl'  my  e\]iiMiiiieiit, 
wliiie  tlie  descendants  i >t'  ninety  |ie|-  I'ejit.  MJ'  tli<i>e  taken  tVdm 
llie  wild  state  will  dee'enerate  ill  dunie>lieat inn.  sn  that  in  a  I'ew 
i;enei'at  ions  they  will  ht'coine  extinct.  This  want  ol'  xi^oi'does 
not  show  itsell'  so  niiich  in  tin-  liist  stock  as  in  the  second  and 
third  Ljetierat  ion.  while  Imt  verv  I'ew  will  reach  the  I'dni'th  '_;'i'ii- 
ef;.''(>ii.  I  am  now  passini;'  the  lit'lli  winter  with  what  I  may 
cii  vie()roiis  lawns,  none  ol"  which  have  died  fmin  an  appar- 
ent want  ol'  vie-or,  as  was  ihe  case  licjore.  so  that  my  stock  has 
actually  increased,  while  I  ha\c  supplied  niv  taMe  almndantly 
with  venison  I'roin  the  bucks.  A  majority  of  the  does  are  >till  liar- 
I'cn,  liiit  this  I  deem  I'ortiinate,  tor  they  are  not  eiviii;^  me  en- 
I'eeliled  descendants  to  peipetuate  for  a  lime  a  stock  which  caniint 
hear  domestication.  However,  a  part  ot'  the  harrenness  of  one 
year  may  prohalily  he  attrihiited  to  my  allempt  to  I'or.'c  across 
lictween  the  N'irj^iiiia  does  and  the  Mack-tailed  liuck.  to  el'l'ect 
which  I  kept  (piite  a  nuinlier  of  the  does  in  one  of  t  he  |>arks  w  ith 
that  liuck  alone,  hut  none  of  them  had  fawns,  and  my  e\peiimeiii 
was  a  failure.  Indeed,  the  huck  ])aiil  no  more  attention  to  tin- 
does,  so  far  as  we  could  ohsei've.  than  did  the  Southdown  ram 
ill  the  same  inclosure.  I'^acli  would  drive  ;i  <|oe  from  coveted 
food  witii  e([ual  rudeness. 

'I'he  want  of  vij^oi-  and  reproductive  pf)wers  in  the  deer  are  prol)- 
:ihly  due,  to  sonu;  extunt,  at  least,  to  the  want  of  arl>oreous  food, 
iif  which  th«!  N'irginia  Deer  Iiavt;  to  a  largo  extent  heen  deprived. 
However,  a  want  of  proper  food  is  not  the  sole  cause  of  the  dete- 
rioration produced  by  doine.stication.  The  confinement  which 
prevents  them  from  roaming  abroad,  the  want  of  exercise,  and 
the  absence  of  that  constant  vigilance,  prompted  by  the  instin-  t 
ef  self  preservation  to  avoid  imemies,  no  doubt,  have  a  large  in- 
tliieiice  to  produce  tlie  result  I  have  observed.  Hut  we  may  not 
he  able  to  wdiolly  explain  why  it  is  that  a  considerabh;  [»ropor- 
lion  of  the  Common  Deer  taken  from  the  wild  state  and  subjected 
t'l  the  influence  of  domestication,  so  deteriorate    as   to  become 

20 


! 

..!^  fin 


Hllf'M 


80G 


THE  I)i:ki;  of  amkuica. 


oitlicr  wlmlly  of  partiiilly  Itiirrcn,  and  their  pfOLjcMy  in  a,  few 
l^rncratiniis  iKfCoiiic  so  ('iil"('fl)lc(l  as  to  dii'  out  altou'ctliiT.  Hm 
Wf  have  seen  tliat  a  lew  do  :i]p])an'iitly  I'ctain  niiicli  of  tlidr 
native  vin'op,  and  i-eprodnctive  iioweis.  wliidi  tliey  transmit  in  a 
lai-of  di'^i-ct'  to  their  descendants,  "{iipsy,'"  a  I'avoritr  ^hn- 
now  tell  years  old,  taken  in  the  wild  state  when  a  fawn.  did. 
for  sevend  years  at  least,  prodnoo  heidthy  viyoriais  twins,  al- 
tlioiiuh  siie  rarely  got  arboreous  food,  exce]it  what  was  lirokm 
from  the  tri'es  liy  storms,  or  fell  in  the  rourse  of  nature, —  for  in 
the  N'orili  and  South  I'arUs  the  deer  have  killed  off  all  iln- 
shrulibery,  which  was  there  originally,  and  whiles  the  di'teriorat  inn 
in  viLTor  and  re[iroduetive  powers  was  not  observable,  was  ver\ 
al)iindant.  1  do  not  desjiair  of  finally  producintj;' a  race  of  dcfi- 
that  will  be  both  healthy  and  prolitie  in  domestication,  and  ihat. 
too,  when  conliiied  entirely  to  herbaceous  food.  To  accom[)li-li 
this,  I  liav(>  no  doubt  much  weakness  must  b(^  eliminated  from 
the  stock,  but  nature  is  doing-  that,  and  if  but  some,  survive  the 
test  then  is  the  experiuKMit  a  success,  (\tnld  we  go  far  enough 
back  in  history  to  learn  of  tli(>  particulars  of  the  domestieation  of 
many  of  our  domestic  animals,  which  now  breed  and  thrive  wcil 
in  our  hands,  we  should  probably  lind  some  such  t'xperience  as  I 
have  relateil.  However,  if  this  be;  generally  true  of  the  iiiiad- 
rup<'<ls,  it  is  scarcely  so  of  all  the  feathered  tribes.  Mv  experi- 
ments with  tile  wild  turkey  show  that  the  wild  birds  reared  in 
domestication  are  remarkably  vigorous  and  healthy,  much  mure 
so  thiin  the  common  domestic  tui'key,  while  they  are  {M|uallv  [hh- 
lilic,  though  in  many  instances  both  the  male  and  female  are  a 
year  later  in  bi'eeding  than  the  domestie  bird.  l'rob;d)ly,  as  a 
general  rule,  the  re[iroductive  powers  of  birds  an;  le.ss  inij)aire(l 
by  domestication  than  are  those  of  (juadru[M'ds. 

'I'he  young  bucks  seem  to  (|uite  forget  their  dams  after  ilic\ 
are  one  year  olii.  The  habits  of  the  wild  deer  are  not  very 
much  modilii'd  by  partial  domestieation,  although  after  the  rut- 
tinu'  season  is  over  tliev  seem  to  be  more  i>'re<"arious  in  a  wild 
state  than  in  the  parks;  yet  solitary  tleer  are  frecpiently  nut 
with  in  the  prairies  and  in  tlu^  forests. 

There  is  no  reeognized  monarch  among  th(^  bucks,  though 
where  tliev  meet  frequently  a  superiority  is  soon  settle<l  which. 
for  the  time,  is  respected  ;  but  if  se[)arated  for  some  mouths  a 
new  contest  is  re(piired  to  determine  which  is  tlie  /ni/ir  deer. 

'I'lie  passage  between  the  Xortli  and  Ivist  I'ark  was  closeil  dur- 
ing the  last   summer,  and   there   was   a  large    buck    in    each   "f 


J  ■*■( 


yF "' 


iiAiur  AM)  i>()Mi:s'ri(\Ti(,\\ 


:!01 


111   a    fi'w 

IT.         1)IU 

of    llicir 
•imit   ill  ii 

iritc     llni- 

iwii.  ^\\^. 
wins,  al- 
ls ln'iiki'ii 
,  —  for  ill 
Y  all  ill- 
cricralinii 
was   vi-ry 

•(•    (li     (IriT 

ami  thai. 

(H'Ollipli.-ll 

ati'il    fi'iiiii 
lU'vivi'  till' 
'ar  i-nini^li 
tieation  nt' 
ilirivo  wrll 
rionrc  as  I 
the  ([iiail- 
My  cxpi  ri- 
;  rcari'il   in 
iiuit'li  inmr 
(|ually  |HM- 
iiiah'   arc  a 
l)iil)ly,  as  a 
ss  inipaii'fii 

,  aftiT  tli'\\ 
■("    Udt    very 
tcr  tilt'  iiit- 
s  in  a  wil'l 
^ucutly  111*' 

■ks.  tliouuli 
ttletl  wliicli. 
,(.  nioutlis  a 

trr  (Icrr. 

s  oUisctl  <liii'- 
in   I'ai'li   "' 


about  oqual  a-(,-  and  siz...  I,,  Srpt.M.ilH.r,  aftrr  tli.ir  antl.Ts  I,a,l 
iHTonie  hanl,  tlioy  occasi„nally  saw  .Mrl,  „i|„.i'  ..n  uppusitc  siilrs 
"f  tin-  Iv.UT,  wii.Mi  they  w..ul,|  make  faces  at  ca-'li  n(  l„.r.  ujrl, 
Yimous  tliivatt!;;no-,k.ni„nstratio,i.,slinwinn'tliat  holh  wciv  ivadv 
for  tlu.  IVay.  I  .liroiti'd  tliu  pussa-c  t..  l,o  o,,..nr,l  :  an.!  wli-n  ili',. 
"Hc  in  til..  Kast  Park  rame  int..  tlu-  Xorth  I'ark  li.-  s.,on  n...t  I, is 
a'itaM-,.mst,  wh.-n  a  tcrnlic  l.attl.^  .■nsuo.k  Tli.-  hattl..  was  i,,in,Ml 
by  a  i-usli  t,,j-vtli.T  lik.-  lanis.  tli.'ir  fa.-es  how.-.l  .l.nvn  iici'nJv  t.. 
a  level  with  the  nn.un.k  whm  th.'  .'lash  .,f  l„,n,s  ..,,,,1,1  hav.-  i'„...|i 
lK-ai-(l  at  a  great  distan.M' ;  l.ut  th.-y  ,li.l  „.,(  again  tail  l,a.-k  to 
repeat  tli.>  sli.,,!-,  as  in  usual  with  rams,  but  th.'  halll..  vvas  . ■,,!,- 
tmuotl  by  pushing,  guar.liiig,  aii.l  alt.unptiiig  I.,  lavak  a.'h  ..iIi.t's 
guard  aii.l  g..a(lii,g  whenever  a  elianee  eoul.l  In-  g,,t,  wl,i,'h  was 
very  rare.  It  was  a  trial  .,f  strength  aii.l  ..n.b.raniv,  assist..!  I,y 
skill  in  fencing  an.l  a.  tivity.      Th,' c.nt.'st  last.'.!  f.,r  iw.,  !„, 


lur.i 


without  the  animals  lieing  on.-.i  s.-parated,  during  whi,.|i  ihey 
fnuglit  over  perhaps  half  an  aer.'  of  ground.  Alnu.st  fr,,m  tlie 
beginiiiiig.  both  fouglit  with  their  m..utlis  opeP,.  f.)r  th.^v  .!,,  n.-L 
protru.!,-  tlie  tongue  pr.uuinently,  like  tlie  ox,  wli-m  Invathin-r 
througli  the  m..utli.  S,.  ewnly  matehed  w.'iv  thev  that  l.,.th 
w.'iv  nearly  .'xhau-^ted,  when  .,n..  at  last  su.ld.Mily  turn.',!  tail  to 
am!  lied;  Iii.s  adversary  pursued  him  but  a  litt!.'  '.-av.  I  .■,„dd 
not  detect  a  scratch  upon  either  suflicient  to  serap.>  .,|V  tlu-  hair, 
and  the  ..nly  imnishnieiit  sullVred  was  fatigue  an.l  a  eons.a.a.s- 
ness  of  dofeat  l.y  the  van.piishe.l.  I  may  remark  that  th.-  viet,.r 
was  the  intruder  from  the  East  Park,  where  he  ha.l  liv..!  with 
perhaps  a  dozen  .•.)mpaiiious,  almost  as  wild  as  in  a  state  .,f  na- 
ture, for  it  is  mostly  appr.tpriat.'d  to  tlie  elk,  wh.-iv  visit, ,rs  an- 
not  allowed.  There  ihey  can  be  as  se.'lud..d  as  th.'v  please.  It 
contains  sixty-liv(;  acres,  is  bnike-  with  several  bri)a.l  ravin.'S, 
an.l  IS  oveivd  with  a  young  forest  with  many  .lens,,  thick. 'ts  ,,f 
slirul.s,  and  is  a  real  j.aradise  for  the  Virginia  I),.er  wli,.se  tinii.i- 
ity  [.roinpts  him  to  .seek  seclusi..n. 

The  i>ursuit  of  the  doe  by  th-'  buck  coinm..n.>es  h.-lore  I,,.,- 
seas.ui  has  arrive.!,  an.l  hence  f,.r  tw..  or  tliiv..  weeks  she  ivniaiiLS 
as  sechuh.d  as  p.issil.le.  He  fol!,,ws  li..r  tra..k  with  his  iiuse  to 
tlio  ground,  and  when  started  fn. ui  h..r  h.-d  th..  ra.-e  is  v.'ry 
■^liu'it..d  ;  but  she  manages  to  elude  the  pursuit  by  mingling  with 
the  other  deer  and  again  slipping  uway.  .\o  attempt  is  ma.le  by 
a  buck  to  her.l  the  does,  as  is  the  custom  of  the  elk.  an.l  l.ii't 
lew  of  these  deer  are  found  ass....iating  t.,getlier  during  the  riifc- 
tnig  seas<.n  :  but  after  it  is  passed  they  assemble  in  larg.'r  henls 
tkan  at  anv  other  season. 


mi 


^i:i 


308 


THE  i)i:i:n  or  amiiuka. 


The  f;nvns  art.'  woiincd  by  tlu;  tinio  tlicy  im;  four  moiitlis  uM, 
but  they  follow  tlic  dam, —  tlu;  males  for  ono  year,  and  llic  ic- 
malos  for  two  years.  After  tlu;  fawns  are  weaned,  tlie  does  iu'- 
pi'ovc  very  rapidly  in  llesli.  Indeed  it  is  astonisliing  to  see  iinw 
ra2)idly  a  i)uclc  or  a  doe  will  improve  so  soon  as  the  acorns  begin 
to  fall.  Ten  days  arc  su.Iicient  to  ehange  a  poor  deer  to  a  fai 
one,  at  the  time  wlien  the  summer  eoat  is  diseanled  and  the 
glossy  winter  ilress  appears. 

THE    ACAPULCO    DKKi;.^ 

While  I  cannot  charge  the  Aeapulco  Deer  will)  having  a  wlckiil 
disposition,  it  certainly  has  more  courage  and  condiativeness  (liaii 
any  of  our  other  deer,  iuid  corresponds  in  these  res[»ects  with  the 
Ceylon  deer.  This  is  apparent  from  what  has  l)een  already  in- 
cidentally mentiontul  in  several  places  in  this  work.  T'  'v  An  not 
hesitatt;  to  attack  deer  of  the  other  species  three  time  eii'  size 
and  strength,  and  beat  them  by  mere  force  of  courage  and  will. 
I  shall  not  now  repi-at  examples  to  illustrate  this. 

They  seem  to  be  hardy  in  domestication,  but  whether  tlicv 
would  continue  so  and  would  be  prolilic  througli  succeeding  gen- 
erations, are  questions  yet  to  \w  proved.  So  far  both  tlu'y  and 
the  Ceylon  deer  have  proved  hardy  and  prolilic,  but  so  it  was 
with  the  \'irginia  deer  at  first,  and  it  was  not  till  the  third  m' 
fourth  gtmeration,  that  tin;  great  want  of  vigor  and  r<'[)rodMcti\i' 

1  Wliilo  this  work  is  i;(iin;,'  tliniui:!!  tin'  ]irpss,  I  liiid  in  tlie  Museuiii  of  ('(/iii]. illa- 
tive Zciil();;v  ot'  Ilai'Viini  Colk'^e  ii  iiiomiti'il  sprciiiieii  of  this  Aca|iiih'o  Di'cr  iiiarkn! 
"  Ci  rriiK  M' riciiniis"  iu\i\  ratvvrln'j:  to  "  Ilasslfr  Kx|itMlitioii,"  ami  giviii;.'  Arajiiili'd 
as  its  IdciUion.  'V /v//s  .l/i  .,/(■««((.<  of  tlic  naturalists  is  imicli  lar^rtii-  than  this  (kii, 
anil  has  all  tin'  indicia  of  C.  \'iniiiii(iiiiis,  only  it  is  snialhr  than  the  same  spceii's  tar 
thcr  north.  I  have  found  the  hest  representatives  of  '.'.  Mi.rirdiins  in  the  nanleiis  at 
the  London  Z(ioliiL;i<'al  Society.  Without  aL;ain  ;:oyi.^  into  tlu^  dciail  of  the  indicia 
oliscrM'd,  I  may  say  that  the  metatarsal  <:land  is  ])rc>cnt  on  ' '.  .lA  i/cku'^.v,  iiinl  is  in  ail 
rc>]ic'cts  case  marked  ])recisely  as  on  the  conin.on  deer;  while  this  i:lanil  is  cntii(l\ 
wanting;  on  <'.  .\riijiiilc(  nsls,  ami  so  it  is  on  the  mounted  s]>ecimcn  referred  to.  It  i- 
not  rema'.'kalile  that  one  who  has  not  made  a  sjieeial  study  ol'  the  deer,  should  con 
found  the  two,  and  so  1,'ive  the  snuiller  iind  more  southern  species  the  name  ol  the 
other,  actually  helievinf^  them  to  he  identical.  JIad  not  the  name  Ci  rrmt  M<xlrini"f 
lieen  lonj;'  a]i]u-opriated  to  a  variety  of  the  Virginia  deer,  I  shouhl  have  .selected  it  I'  r 
the  name  of  this  small  sjjecies,  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  I  h:ive  for  the  tir.-t  lime  ae- 
eiiratcly  deserilied,  hut  to  have  jjjiven  it  that  most  appropriate  name  would  have  ever 
confoundeil  it  with  the  variety  of  the  common  deer  to  whiidi  the  name  has  lieen  -'> 
loll}.' attached.  Hence  I  was  compelled  to  give  it  another  name  in  onler  to  pnser\e 
the  projier  distinction.  If  travelers,  ami  even  naturalists,  have  hitherto  supposed 
these  two  si)ecies  of  small  Mexican  deer  to  he  identical,!  trust  hereafter  they  will 
have  no  trouhle  in  distinguishing  and  identifying  a  .spei'imcn  of  cither  whenever  in  i 
with. 


Ih 


M 


IfA/UT  AXl)  DO.MF.STICATIoX. 


809 


l)()\v.'rs  wore  so  fatally  iiianifcst.      'I'lie  .sccoiul  gciu'ratioii  of  tlio 
Cevloi)  <lc.'raro  good  hrecders,  hut  I  think  are  not  as  hardy  as  the 
hrst.     At  least  I  liav(>  lost  two  the  past  suninicr,  one  in  vcaniii"-, 
and  the  otli.-r  when    1  was  absent,  and   from  an  nnknown  cause. 
The    fact    that    they   never  saw  snow   till    they   came    into    my 
grounds,  when  they  were  fully  adult,  and  have"  borne  three  win"- 
ters,  the  two  first  very  severe,  without  injury,  except  the   loss  of 
small  poi'tioiis  of  the  ears,  would  indicates   tiiat  they  have  har.ly 
constitutions,  naturally;  but  that  two  of  the  secondgoneration  (if 
the  C.'ylon  deer  hav(!  had  the  swelling  under  the  head  indicates 
:i  tendency  to  weakness;  but  the  fact  again,  that  both  recovered 
without  treatment,  while  the  disease,  if  left  to  take  its  course, 
lias  always  proved  fatal  to  the  common  deer,  encourages  the  be- 
litif  that  they  possess  a  large  amount  of  vitality.     Certain  it  is 
that  they  have  been  much  more  healthy  in  domestication  than 
either  the  mule  deer  or  the  Cohnnbia  deer,  although  nnu'h  further 
removcKl  from  their  native  habitat,  and  from  the  torrid  zone  to  a 
rigorous  climate,  where  they  liave  endured  a,  temperature  at  times 
forty  or  fifty  degrees  below  tlie  freezing  pf)int  of  water,  while  the 
houK!  of  the  latter  is  at  least  as  cold  as  it  is  here.      It  is  safe  to 
say  then,  that  they  aro  ca[)able  of  enduring  greater  cluinges  in 
tlie  conditions  of  life  than  the  larger  species,  which  are  sure  to 
die  in  a  few  years,  upon   being  brought  from  the  Pacific  coast, 
or  even   the   Rocky  Mountains,  to   the   cast   of   the   Mi.ssi.ssi))pi 
Jiiver. 


IIYI5KIDJTY   OF   THE   CEU\'JI).E. 

As  lias  liccn  alrciuly  several  tiiiu's  iiitiiiiiitctl,  nature  seems  to 
have  establislied  a  law  ol'  sexual  avei'sion  not  only  ariono-  tlie 
genera,  luit  even  anioiiL;  the  species  of  animals  ami  [)lants,  wlii.-h 
is  more  or  less  intense  as  tlu^  dividing-  line  which  se[)arates  the 
species  is  more  or  less  [)ronounced.  'Ihis  ii\ersion  is  mor(>  poicnt 
with  the  ftMuahi  than  the  male,  and  is  mori^  commanding  in  the 
wild  state  than  when  they  are  brought  together  in  conrmemeiii. 
and  [lartial  or  complete  domestication.  'J'his  aversion  is  suilicient 
to  ]>revent  the  commingling  of  l)lood  of  speci<'S  vi'i'v  nearlv 
allied  when  unrestrained  in  tlu;  wild  state,  though  inhaljitiiiL;- 
abundantly  the  same  wild  range,  and  perhaps  this  law  of  si'xual 
aversion  may  furnish  as  saft^  a  rule  as  any  to  distinguish  specii> 
from  varieties.  A'arieties  are  never  constant  and  distinguishable 
in  the  same  district  of  country,  for  the  simple  reason  that  tin  it 
is  no  sexual  restraint,  wdiich  absolutely  prevents  the  maintenance 
of  hereilitary  distinctions  which  distinguish  varieties,  and  so  woujcl 
it  hap[)en  among  species,  were  there  no  natural  restraint  to  keep 
them  asunder.  When  such  restraint  exists  which  amounts  to 
practical  prohibition,  nature  itself  declares  a  |)ui'pose  to  luaintain 
ji  s})eciiic  distinction. 

If  we  recoguiz(!  the  law  of  evolution,  then  the  lines  of  separa- 
ration  of  divergent  families  from  an  original  stock,  have  become 
so  widi'ly  separated  as  to  inter[)ose  this  luw  of  sexual  avei'sion 
betwei'U  them,  ami  we  shall  be  sure  to  liml  ])ermanent  physical 
characteristics  dep<Mv'  -nt  not  upon  factitious  circmnstances.  bin 
solely  on  hereditary  inlluences,  \vhi<'h,  uniting  witli  the  law  >  I 
sexual  aversion,  satisfactorily  declares  distinct  species,  where,  a 
long  time  Itefore,  when  the  lines  of  divergence  w(>re  less  sep- 
arated, they  were  but  varieties,  with  sciycely  impaired  sexual 
inclin-ations  for  i-ach  other. 

We  may  adndt  that  sexual  intercourse  sometimes  occurs  be- 
tween individuals  of  ditVtMvnt  species  in  tlu;  wild  state,  \mM  a^ 
we  see  unnatural  impulses  manifested  sometimes  in  both  niaj 
and  brute,  but  they  are  so  exeecidingly  rare  as  to  be  entitled  to 
no  iniluence  in  the  general  discussion,  and  we  may  if  you  chouse 
agree  with   those  who  eoiiteml  that  when  such   intercourse  dee- 


',>■*  ■ 


iiYi'.uiDiry  (IF  Till:  (iinvin.i:. 


311 


seems  to 
ri()ii<4  till' 
lis,  ^\•l^u•ll 
unites  till- 
)re  ]»ntciit 
lip,'  in  till' 
irineiiiciit. 
;  sulUcleiil 
ry  iii'iirly 
inliiiMtiiiL;- 

of    Si'MlIll 
sll    SJi('rii'> 

iiguislialilc 
that  tliciv 
ii'mteiiaiifi' 
1(1  so  wouM 
lit   to  ki'i'|i 

IHOllllts     In 

0  iiia'mtaiii 

of  sejiara- 
Lve  becoini' 
al  iiversiou 
lit  pliysiral 
taiu'cs.  liut 
tlie  law  "t 
's,  where,  a 
re  less  si'ji- 
ired    sexual 

,  ooeiirs  hi'- 
ate,  just  as 

1  both   iiiaa 
.  I'lititliHl  1.. 

VoU  ehocis.' 
VOUl'Se    (In.  > 


tiiko  place  it  is  more  apt  to  he  fertile,  than  when  the  imlividiials 
are  in  eoniinement  or  semi-domestiention.  Indeed  we  sjioulil  an- 
ticipate such  a,  residt,  for  as  I  show  elsewhere.  iiearl\-  all  wild 
animals  are  less  fertile  in  eoniinement  thiin  in  the  wild  state,  and 
this  arises  not  so  iniieh  beoause  of  less  inelination  to  sexual  inter- 
course, but  because  such  intercourse  when  it  does  oc(;ur  is  less 
fruitful. 

I)Ut  it  is  not  my  [)urpose  to  o-o  far  back  of  the  present  and 
H'r()p(!  my  way  in  intricate  ])aths  which  at  best  must  be  iait  im- 
perfectly lighted  up.  and  discuss  subjects  not  embraced  in  mv 
present  in(iuiry.  and  which  1  am  less  (pialified  to  examine  than 
others  who  can  brinn-  to  their  ehuMdation  a  much  broader  imiuii'v 
and  much  more  abundant  facts  than  are  at  mv  command.  .Mv 
audiition  rather  is  to  briu"'  new  fads  arising-  within  the  limited 
sphere  of  my  observations,  which  will  serve  as  a  sinele  brick  to 
be  ]ilace(l  by  other  and  mor(^  eom|)etent  hands  in  the  e-i'cat  struc- 
ture of  ultimate  truth,  the  construction  of  which  is  already  com- 
menced in  tlie  world  of  science.  Ife  who  shall  furnish  the  most 
accurately  observed  facts,  will  provide  the  most  acceptable  mate- 
rial lor  the  hands  of  tlie  architect,  and  an  exhaustive  in(|uir\  as  to 
facts  even  within  ji  very  narrow  si)here  will  have  onl\  done  that 
which  must  be  done  in  reference  to  all  other  siilijects  before  the 
skillful  ,u-eneralizer  will  be  provided  with  the  iiecessaiv  material 
for  his  (i-reat  work. 

A  very  common  error  lias  prevailed,  even  to  some  extent  in 
scientific  (quarters,  that  hybrids,  or  the  issu(!  of  parents  of  dilVerent 
species,  are  iKM'essarily  unfertile  ;  in  other  words,  if  a  supposed 
hybrid  is  ca[)ableof  ])ropa,t^atioii  it  is  conclusive  evidenci!  that  tin? 
parents  were  of  tli(^  same  species. 

The  fact  that  hybrids  are  less  likely  to  be  productive  or  ai'e 
less  fertile  than  the  proe-eny  of  parents  of  the  same  species  is 
undoubtedly  triKS  and  a  fertile  oifsprinn-  _<;oes  a  veiw  lon^'  wav  to 
prove  that  tin;  parents  wen;  of  the  same  species;  but  there  are 
many  well  antheiiticated  cas(>s  of  fertile  hxbrids. 

The  most  couuiion  and  familiar  hybrid  is  the  cross  between  the 
ass  and  the  mare,  which  as  .a  general  rule  is  incapable  of  propau'a- 
tion,  either  among  themselves  or  with  either  parent,  and  this  no 
doui)t  has  had  a  large  inlluence  in  creating  the  general  belief  re- 
h'l'red  to:  still  there  are  many  cases  where  the  mule  has  bred 
from  the  horse;  and  Dr.  Morton  says  that  this  is  verv  common 
in  Spain.  In  his  essay  on  hybridity.  ])ublis]ied  in  the  -  American 
Journal   of  Arts  and  Sciences,"'  1S47.  pan,.  21:^,  Dr.  .Morton   has 


It; 


31 1> 


77/a;  j)i:i:ii  or  amiiuka. 


collected  toi/etlu'r  iiiiiiiy  I'aels  on  this  subject,  teiidilin'  to  h  ■  o\v 
tlic  I'ei'tility  of  iiiaiiy  liyltrids  jtrodiieed  from  very  distinct  species. 
iind  soni(^  from  <listinct  t;enerii.  AltlioMtxli  many  of  the  eases 
cited  are  of  doidjtful  authority  and  may  have  ln'cn  pi'essed  into 
the  service  to  support  a  favoritt;  theory,  tMioui^h  is  left  to  enn- 
vince  us  that  hybrids  from  some  distinct  species  are  uniforndv 
fertile  and  in  others  they  arc  exceptionally  fertile.  At  any  rate 
M'c  may  consider  it  too  well  settled  to  admit  of  suceessful  c(ju- 
troversy  that  fertility  of  olTspring  is  not  conclusive  eviileiiee  that 
tlic  parents  were  of  the  same  species,  although  in  tlu'  investiga- 
tion of  that  (piestion  it  shoidd  hy  no  means  be  overlooked. 

Indeed  it  is  not  im[)robable  that  some  of  our  well  established 
species,  of  tpiadrupeds,  birds,  fishes,  iind  plants,  may  have  had 
their  oriu;'in  in  hybrid  ancestors,  althout^h,  as  a  geiu-ral  rule,  we 
may  expect  that  they  would  gradually  revei't  to  one;  or  the  other 
of  the  original  parents. 

A  hundred  years  ago  ('(»unt  de  BulToii  examined  this  subiect 
with  great  industry,  and  colK'cted  many  facts  tending  to  throw 
light  upon  it ;  and  I  can  do  no  better  than  to  (juote  his  conclusimis 
as  recorded  in  Smellio's  translation,  London  edition  of  LSl'J,  vol. 
iv..  p.  I'D.  lie  says:  "  However  this  matter  stands,  it  is  certain 
from  what  is  above  remjirketl,  that  mules  in  gcm-ral  which  have 
uniforndv  been  accused  of  sterility  are  neither  ivally  or  univer- 


sally barren  ; 
in  the  nndi;  w 


nd  that  this  sterility  is  particujarly  apparent  only 


hich 


1  ])rocee( 


Is  fi 


tl 


rom  tlie  ass  and  iu)rst 


I  h 


for  tl 


le  mule 


produced  by  the  he-goat  and  the  ewe  is  etpially  fertih?  as  its  |)ar- 
cnts  ;  and  most  of  the  mules  produced  by  dilterent  species  of 
birds  are  not  barren.  It  is  therefore  in  the  j)arucul;ir  nature  of 
the  horse  and  ass  that  we  must  sciivcli  for  the  cause  of  the  ster- 
ility of  the  nudes  which  proceed  from  their  union  ;  and  instcail 
of  suppt)sing  barrenness  to  be  a  general  autl  necessary  defect 
common  to  all  mules  it  should  be  limited  to  the  mule  produced 
by  th(!  ass  and  horse  ;  and  even  this  limitation  ought  to  be  re- 
stricted, as  tlu'se    same  mules    in  certain  circumstances  become 


fertile,  particularly  ^vlien  brought  a  degree  nearer  their  ori 


iLiiial 


spe 


cies. 


I  have  for  many  years  sought  to  produce  hybrids  from  the  va- 
rious species  of  deer  in  my  grounds,  but  have  succeeded   in  but 


four 


cases. 


The    lirst    of  these   was    a    cross    between    a    male 


Columbia  deer  and  a  female  mule  deer,  the  second  was  between 


IS 


tlie  Ceylon  buck  and  the  doe  from  Acapulco.     The  tlurd  w 
between  a  Virginia  buck  and  a  Ceylon  doe,  and  the  fourth  \va^ 


1  1 1 


Ik'il 


'   I 


to  ^    MW 

t    S])fcicS, 

till'    ensrs 
'ssrd  into 

t      t<»   CI  111- 

init'oniily 
;iiiy  rale 
ist'iil  CliU- 
ciu'c  tliat 
uvcstina- 

liiMislicd 

luivc    liad 

rule,  \vi' 

tlir  (itlicr 

is  suliji'i'l 
ti)  tliniw 
incliisiniis 
181-J,  vol. 
is  ctTtaiii 
liicli  liavc 
DV  uiiivcr- 
ircut  Diily 
•  tin-  mull' 
IS  its  |)ai'- 
snt'cirs  (it 
natui'i'  nf 
■  till'  stcr- 
\d  instcail 
irv   clffect 

pi'DlluCO'l 

to  be  rv- 
es  becoiuc 
ir  oi-iiiinal 

:)in  the  vii- 
U'd  in  but 
u    ii    nudf 

S    bo two CM 

third  was 
t'ourtli  was 


iiYiunhiTY  or  Tin:  ii:h'\/i>./:.  ■.',]:] 

bctw.M'ii  tlic  Vir-iiiia  buck  and  the  Aca|)iili'(t  d'.c  In  tlic  first 
case  the  iiiah"  was  three  years  old.  in  full  Iieahh  and  vi^or,  and 
the  female  was  two  years  old,  in  tint'  comlition.  Diirint;-  that  sea- 
son there  was  no  buck  of  her  on-n  species  about  tin-  place  old 
cnoni^'h  for  service.  She  did  not  re<-eive  the  Colmnbia  i)u.k.  with 
which  she  iiad  been  loii^- acipiainted,  till  six  weeks  after  the  usual 
soason.  IJefore  the  fawn  was  dropped  she  had  liecoiue  sickly 
and  both  the  mother  and  ..iVsjirin^'  died  within  t'oiir  inonlhs  after. 
I  had  previously  kept  the  same  in;de  with  an  older  female 
mule  i\oi-y  conlined  ton'ether  in  a,  small  indosure  for  some 
montlis  during- the  proper  season,  but  she  refused  all  iiis  advances 
jH'rsistontly,  nor  did  hr,  manifest  much  ardor  in  the  pursuit.  'J'lie 
year  before  I  jiad  kept  this  same  female  mule  deer  with  a  mahi 
of  the  same  species,  and  a  female  ( "ulumbia  deer  with  t  liis  s;iiii,> 
male  of  that  species  in  the  vineyard,  and  each  doe  pnnluceda 
jiair  of  fawns  true  to  their  species,  although  the  male  (,f  r.  „iii- 
i'l-nt'is  was  older  and  stronger  than  that  of  ('.  ( '■'/iHH/'i'iniix.  ;\ui\ 
always  manifested  a  hostile  disposition  towards  him.  so  that  it 
was  clearly  the  choice  of  the  b'lnalc  which  determined  the  jiater- 
iiity. 

In  the  second  ease,  both  male  and  female  were  in  line  comli- 
tion ;  had  been  brought  from  California  in  the  same  cage,  and  for 
ii  time  at  least  after  their  arrival  associated  much  together;  and 
I  liad  no  male  deer  of  tlu-  same  species  with  the  female,  and  still 
they  passed  by  tin?  ordinary  season  without  coupling,  and  the 
union  only  took  [)lace  six  months  later,  and  the  ulTspring  when, 
produced  was  still-born,  or  at  least  was  dead  when  found. 

The  next  fall  th(>  (\'ylon  buck  met  with  an  accident  and  died 
before  the  rut.  In  his  al)senc((  the  Ceyhm  does  associated,  prob- 
ably reluctantly,  with  a  Virginia  buck,  from  which  the  oldest 
produced  two  hybrids,  and  the  youngest  one.  These  were  liorn 
after  the  usnal  season,  but  have  always  been  healthv  and  vigor- 
ous, and  jiartake  largely  of  the  (lualities  of  tlie  sire.  They  are 
nearly  as  large  as  the  Virginia  fawns  of  the  same  age,  and  the 
tutt  of  hair  over  tli(>  metatarsal  gland  is  so  conspicuous  that 
it  may  be  seen  nearly  as  far  as  on  the  Virginia  deer,  while  on 
their  mothers  it  can  only  be  seen  on  very  close  inspection.  All 
tin;  Ceylon  does  have  freely  bred  to  the  Virginia  buck  ever  since. 
The  Acapuleo  doe  which  hud  reluctantly  bred  to  the  Cevlon 
buck  six  months  after  the  usmd  time,  after  his  death  refused  the 
advances  of  tin'  Virginia  buck  for  the  first  season,  but  linally 
•submitted,  und  produced  two  iiue  hybrids,  which,  by  November, 


P,14 


THE   liEER    or  AMI.iniA. 


p< .' . 


4 


ilW 


wove  ii'.'iirly  iis  larifr  as  tlii'  iimtlici'.  ( )i\  tlicst^  tlii'  tiil'l  nf  liaii- 
over  llic  iiKitatarsal  <fhiiiil  is  plainly  seen,  while,  as  I  have  slati'd, 
the  liyliiiils  I'loin  tlie  (.'t^ylon  ImcU,  on  wliidi  this  niand  is  cx- 
cccdilij^lv  small,  showed  no  vestie'e  of  llie  Lliaml,  the  jiliseuce  of 
which  they  iidierited  from  the  mother.  The  hyln'ids  from  the 
Vifeinia  laiclc.  on  whirh  the  eland  is  consjiienoiis,  iidierited  it 
fi'om  the  sire. 

The  n-atliness  with  whirh  the  Ceylon  docs  lu'ed  to  the  \'ir- 
giiiia  hiicks  would  ])oint  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  specill- 
cally  nioi'c  nearly  allied  than  are  the  (-eyion  and  tln'  AcapuJco 
deer,  although  in  the  former  cas(?  one  is  more  than  twice  as  lar^e 
as  the  other  ;  besides,  they  dilTer  veiy  much  in  form,  coloi-,  and 
habit,  for  tht;  \'ii'e;inia  deer  are  very  e;n'e;arious,  while  theCcyldH 
deer  are  (|uite  solitary  in  their  habits,  never  associating-  toncthcr, 
except  the  doe  with  her  fawns,  in  the  othei"  case,  where  1  found 
so  nuieh  reluctance  to  intei'-breedine;.  there  is  vi-ry  little  dilTer- 
once  ill  size,  and  scarcely  an  appi'cciable  dill'eience  in  form,  and 
in  color  thev  are  verv  much  alike;  and,  as  I  have  in  aiiothei- 
place  stated,  no  ono  would  suspect  a  dilTcrence  of  species,  were  it 
not  for  the  presence  of  the  gland  in  the  one  and  its  absence  in 
the  other,  to  which  must  be  added  tli(>  sexual  aversion  already 
iioteil.  XoiK!  of  these  hybrids  have  as  yet  bred,  though  I  shall 
lie  disappointe(l  if  tliev  do  no*^  prove  reasonably  fertile.     In  every 

in  procuring  hybi'ids  the  females 


instance  wliere 


I  1 


lave  succeed'";  i 


iiave  not  had  access  to  males  or  their  own  species.  \\  herever 
there  has  been  such  o{)[Hirtunlty,  the}'  have  always  bred  true  to 
the  species.  Xow  that  I  have  procured  an  Acapulco  buck,  it 
be  interesting  to  know  whether  the  female  of  that  species 
forsake  her  unnatural  associations  with  the  \'irginia   buck. 


wil 


wil 


During  the  summer,  these  Aeapulco  deer  seemed  to  take  no 
notice  of  each  otiier,  but  in  September  I  generally  found  them 
in  the  vicinitv  of  each  other:   but  the  doe,  which  was  fiillv  ( 


)ne 


er- 


third  larger  than  the  young  buck,  showed  lierself  a  vicious  t 
inagant,  and  chased  him  about  fearfullv,  especially  if  she  saw  me 
feeding  him.  liy  November  he  began  to  resent  this,  and  would 
turn  upon  her  and  exchange  a  few  passes,  and  bv  tin;  lirst  of 
December  he  succeeded  in  coiKjuering  her,  and  now  seems  to  lead 
a  more  peaceable  domestic  life.  I  never  saw  him  ap|)ear  to  pay 
the  least  attention  to  any  other  doe  in  the  ])ark,  though  I  was 


verv  anxious  to  st>e  him  with  the  Cevlon  d( 


Still    I   have  i 


nv 


III! 


ap[)i>'liensions  that  botii  the  ('eylon  and  Aca])ulco  iloe.s  will  ag; 
breed  to  the  common  bucks,  fcjr  mv  observations  have  convinced 


ffv/ih'/hrrv  i>r  Tin:  cr.iivin.K. 


r.l.-) 


iiic  tiiiit  whi'ii  a  fcinalc  lias  oiicc  bred  in  a  iiialr  nf  an<)tIi(M'  species 
.she  lifcoini's  (lrl»aiicli('(l  and  so  (liMiiorali/.cd  that  she  is  inclined 
li>  receive  aiiytliiiit,'  that  i^onn^s  alnni;-,  no  matter  how  repulsive 
he  may  Iiavt!  heeii  at  first.  I  fad  not  this  Ai-apnlco  doe  jirst 
allowed  hersi'lf  to  lui  sediieod  hy  the  C'eylon  buck,  which  so  much 
rcsfMnhled  her  in  size,  form,  and  coloi-,  and  with  whom  she  was 
so  well  aciiuaintcd,  I  vei'y  much  douht  whether  she  would  ever 
liav(^  received  the  attentions  of  the  N'ir^inia  ImcU,  nearly  three 
times  her  size,  and  dilVerinL;'  from  her  in  so  many  im]>oi'iant  par- 
ticnlars.  I5nt  onci-  having'  suhmitted  to  the  Cevlon  ImcU,  sin; 
cociuettcd  a  while  with  the  lar^vr  species,  and  finally  suiimitted. 
Still  I  hnpe  she  has  virtue  ennuuli  left  to  return  to  jier  own 
sp(>cies,  now  that  she  has  an  oppdi-tunitv. 

AN'hile  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  sexes  of  the  same  s])ecies 
will,  as  a  c-eneral  rule,  associate  too-ethei-  when  they  can,  and 
nninifest  no  inclination  to  intei'bret>(l  with  a.  neai'ly  allied  species, 
yet  we  sometimes  9,va\  nnnatnral  attachments  between  opposite 
sexes  of  dilTerent  genera  even,  in  domestication  at  least,  which 
seem  to  overcome  tlu'  natui'al  rei)nL;-nan('e  which  ordinarily  pre- 
vails. 

A  remarkable  instance  of  this  once  occurred  in  mv  erounds. 
\\'hen  I  had  but  one  male  elk,  with  several  females,  a  strong  at- 
taclnnent  grew  up  between  the  buck  and  a  two-year  old  Din-ham 
heifer,  so  tiiat  he  abandoned  the  society  of  the  female  elk,  as  the 
heiter  did  tliat  of  the  cows  in  the  same  inclosure  with  which  she 
liad  been  reared,  and  they  devoted  themselves  exclusividv  to  each 
other.  When  they  laid  down  in  tin;  shade  to  ruminate,  they 
were  always  found  close  together,  and  wlien  oik;  got  np  to  feed, 
the  other  would  immediately  follow.  They  ke[)t  away  bv  them- 
selves, idways  avoiding  the,  society  of  all  the  other  animals. 
\\  henever  the  heifer  was  in  season,  which  ocenrred  (pute  I'egn- 
larly  eveiw  month,  sIk;  accepted  the  embraces  of  the  elk,  without 
showing  an  inclination  to  seek  the  other  cattle  ;  nor  did  this  seem 
to  b(!  the  result  of  any  constraint.  'J'his  intercourse  continued 
throughout  the  summer,  during  the  <'ntire  growth  of  tin;  antlers 
of  the  elk,  but  unfortunately  he  was  killed  before  t\w  rut  com- 
menced with  the  fennde  elk.  It  is  hardly  iu>cessary  to  state  that 
no  im[)regnation  over  occurred  from  her  intercoursiMvith  the  ellc, 
and  so  far  as  this  instance;  may  go  to  establish  it,  we  may  con- 
cludi>  that  the  constitutional  dilVerences  of  the  elk  and  the  cow 
are  so  great  that  they  cannot  successfidly  interbreed. 

Probably  no    intelligent  naturalist  of   the   present  day  would 


n  iim 


:){i\ 


Tin:  i>i:i:i;  i>f  amiiiuca. 


•  f'lvn  till-  Ifiist  ri'tMlriici-  to  llii^  storii's  (tf   the  iiii('"n'i\ts  (if  ii  livlirni 


ruiii 


I' 
Altl 


Dill 


:iiiil 


tl 


K'  niiiri'.   which 


til..    V 


ri'iicli  caUcd   iiiimir 


1()iil;1i  tlii'v  iii'f  h'ss  unliUii  t'adi  nthi'f  thiiii  thi'  wolf  and  \\\o 
sh('c|),  still  ihi'  liiiiiiiilary  hctwccii  tiiciii  is  lar  too  hroaii  to  rciiih'r 
iiitt'i'l)ri'c(hii;4'  in  the  rt'iiiott'st  dcnrt't'  iiroliaMc.  Still  less  dis>iiii- 
ilar  af  !hi'  Cci'vida'  and  the  l»os,  for  thrir  dij^cstivc  and  ni'iicra- 
t ivi' oi'i^ans  an- oil  the  same  general  plan,  hut  in  other  res]iccls 
they  ai'e  so  very  dissiniihir  in  their  organization  and  ei'ononiN, 
that  we  should  re(|iiire  tlie  most  eonelusiv(^  ]>roof  hefoic  we  cMiild 
lielieve  thai  their  union  could  ever  prove  I'ertile.  'I'lie  most  con- 
spicuous, or  at  least  ohvious  distinction  is,  that  one  has  a  hollow, 
permanent  horn,  while  that  of  the  (jtlier  is  solid  and  temiiorary. 


A  much  ell 


oser    alliaiu'e.  o 


r  at  least  similitiKhs  is  found  hetw 


eell 


the  n'oat.  the  sheep,  anil  the  antelope,  and  yet  all  naturalists  have 
agreed  in  placing  thein  in  separate!  genera;  but  for  all  this.  1 
know  not  how  to  reject  the  »;videni'e  that  the  sheep  and  the  goat 
liave  sometimes  ])ropagated  togetluu',  and  that  their  hybrid  ot'l'- 
spring  have  proved  permanently  lertih 


ir 


ow  much  more  nai 


ily,  then,  may  we  admit  the  interbrooding  of  elosely  allied  species 
—  as  all  the  deer  oertiiinly  are, — and  that  their  hybrids  should 
sometimes  be  t'a})able  of  reproduction,  althougli  the  repugnance  is 
so  great  that  when  unconstrained  they  do  not  ap^troacli  .  <ich 
other.  'J'he  wapiti  deer  is  so  much  larger  than  any  of  {\w.  other 
.si)ecies  in  my  grounds,  that  I  have  nevtu"  conceived  the  possibility 


of 


iivi)ri(iizin<r  tneni 


til 


and  indeed 


th 


w   moose  is  the  onlv  member 


of  the   family  on  this  continent,  with  which  we  might  expect  no 
;reat  ilitliculty  in   an  attempt  to  breed  tliein  together,  although 


tl 


le  size  o 


f    tl 


le  wood 


and  caribou  is  not  so  inferior  as  to  rentier 


the  attempt  absolutely  unpromising. 

The  red  deer  of  Europe  (('.  rhijiJuix)^  resembles  most  our  elk 
01'  wai)iti  d(>er.  and    I   state  inv  re 


isoiis  in  ano 


tlier  pi; 


tor  con- 


sidering them  if  not  al)solutely  identical  in  species,  at  least  very 
nearly  allied,  and  that  probably  they  have  descended  from  the 
same  ancestors.  I  have  been  so  much  interested  with  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  hybridizing  the  wapiti  and  the  red  deer,  —  if 
that  be  the  true  term.  —  from  "  Land  and  Water,"  that  I  cannot 
do  better  than  to  copy  it :  — 


The  Prince  I'K 


dio  1 


las    targe  possessions  in  Sii(>siii,  has  sut 


Si]( 


li 


ceoded.  utter  repeated  trials,  in   obtaining  a  cross  between   the  Wapiti 
(^Cerrii.t  ('uninfeiisis),  and  tlie  connnon  red  deer. 

"  III  isi'i-i  the  Prince  bought  fourteen  Wa[)itisfroni  Coinit  Arco.  a  l>:i- 
varian  iteiitleiuan,  wlio  had  reared  these  from  four  broiiixlit  from  C'aiiaila 


f: 


I 


tt 


I 


iiYiiinhrry  or  rin:  <■/■:/,' ii/i.i:. 


••ir 


MX   y.'MiN   iiivvi.Mi^ly.      Tlicy   lia.l    tliiivcii    jiml    l.ivd    urll    in    |||r    1,I,.,.,1^ 

'll"llllt,liM    rliiiialr  ,,(■    till'    Ih  TclltCSUil'lt'll. 

"  <  >lll   nf  III,,   (niirlrcli,  scwi,    Wdv  |iiii,|,  far  i:(.|ir  W  illl  ruW.     •|'|„,   I,,.,,,,,.,. 

wim  )ia<l  cliaruv  ..f  llirm  ,.„lrml  at  l\u-  liin,.  nf  ||„.  |„iiv|,aM.  i,,,,,  ,1,,. 
MTVicr  .,f  il,..  I'rin.v.  It  t,,nk  tl.iv..  .lay.  to  tra.,s|„,r,,  ,1„.  „,iii„als  l.y 
'■••III  I"  I'lr....  ul,..,v  tli.y  w,.iv  |,invi.l,..|  ni,  tl„Mr  n'rival  with  a.v,„imm- 
•laliuii  similar  in  ..v.-i-y  i(..|,cc|  i,,  that  wliich  tlicy  ha-i  cnjuv,.!  in  |;,. ,■,.!,. 
tes-ia.h^ii.  At  the  .mhI  of  a  wcrk  two  .II.mI.  aiij'  a  ('.■w  (ia\\  later  Ms,.n 
"""•'■-  =»ll-i'  an  illnrss  of  soin-  honiN.  'I"hrr,.  ,norr  w.r,.' atia.'k,.,!.  hnt 
>.iv.m|  i.y  ih,.  nx-  of  proper  rrtnr.lies.  'J'h,.  ,|i.,.a.t.  was  a  distr,M|M.r 
I'r.MHiht  on  |,y  fi,,..hn,i,r  on  tin  sonr-for.-t  ,nra>..  an.l  i.  ••all,,!  in  C.-rinaii 
'Anthraskrankh.-if.-  of  wlii.'h  thrrc  aiv  (lill'crcnt  phra,.,.  .Mii/j,,.,.,,,,!. 
Liiniicnhrand,  Karhunclf.  Ivu'lic 

•■Tho  Mirvivors  wcro  ivniovr.j  to  hinhrr  ami  h.althifr  -nnuMl.  An- 
oth..r  fell  a  virtim  I.)  the  .li>t..inp.-r.  anW  fonr  now  r.niain..',l.  whirl,  ,uul- 
''l'li'''l  rapiJly.  Kv.ay  hind  .Iroppr.j  h,r  calf  n-nlarly.  'I'l,,.  .h.r 
were  imalliM'i.d  \,y  ,.,,M;  for  in  a  tmiprraturc  of  lift, en  ,l.';!rrc,'s  i,,  twi^n- 
ty-thrc-  ,l,.Mr.M..  l„.l,,w  /.wn  ( Kcaunnir).  tlna  lav  ont  in  an  rxp,,.,.-! 
wiii.ly  sp,.t.  Still  tin-  (lisfnip.T  nMn'wed  il>  atl"a,k,  ..yrrv  war.  aiMJ 
soMirtinii's  Willi  .h'udly  ivsnit.  s,)  tlial  the  sioi^k  linctiiatcd  in  iin'mhcrs  I.,.- 
twocn  two  ami  fonrtccn. 

••I'lir  l,r,.,.,iinirof  th,.  pnr,.  Wapiti  app-arin-  to  1„.  a  faihnv,  it  was 
diriilod  to  try  a  cross  with  th,>  native  r..l  ,|c,t.  althonuh  /o,.l,,-i>t>  Ind 
prononnc.l  tills  to  hv.  an  iin|H,s>il.iliiy.  m-  at  lca>t  Iiad  pivdict,,l' that  ihc 
olf-piiiitr  Would  1)0  sK^rilc. 

'•Fifteen  hinds  of  the  c,)iiinion  red  il,-,.r  i-rcd  wen,  laki'ii  aii.l  ,.n- 
dosed  in  the  nei-lihorho,.!!  of  th,j  Wapiti>  :  and  in  the  rnttiiii;  season  a 
tiiree-year  old  Wapiti  stan-  was  a(hiiitt,'d  t,)  tluMii.  A  lw,..vear  ,d.l 
Wapiti  stag  -ot  livo  calves.  Half-i,ree,l  hinds,  wiieii  thive  years  ,d.|, 
Iiore  calves,  and  thus  tin;  f.'ciiiidity  of  tlw  liyl.ri,ls  was  afiiif  >irr,.m/,/i  in 
spite  ,.f  the  zooloo-ists.  As  the  supply  ,,f  two-y,.ar  ohl  Wapiti  -ta-s 
faile,|  they  were  replaced  Iiy  yearlings,  which,  however,  invariahlv  di.'d. 
The  two-year  old  stags  of  half  breed  w,uv  eindosed  and  s,-parat.i|  fr,.m 
the  hinds.  A  two-year  old  Wapiti  stag  admitted  t(j  the  half  l.iv,|  hinds 
was  replaced  hy  one  of  mixed  breed.  The  pr,.,hice  of  the  hinds  pn.veij 
that  the  cross  ,.f  the  Wapiti  stag  with  half  I.iv.mI,  was  a  sure,.-,.. 

*•  Karly  in  ISCs  all  tlie  pure  Wapitis  except  on,'  hail  died.  aii,l  there 
remaine,!  twnty-eight  hea.l  of  half  Iu'cmIs.  of  which  three  or  fmir  had 
been  twice  and  some  oiiee,  crossed  with  pinv  Wapiti.  The  breeding 
\.itli  the  half  i)lo,ide,l  stock  is  to  be  eoiitiiined.  and  tiiey  are  to  be  let 
uito  the  open  forest  when  the  present  space  becomes  too  small. 

"The  half  breed  deer  is  of  colossal  size,  little  inf.-rior  to  a  Wapiti  in 
Imlk  and  antlers.  Its  roar  is  less  souoroiis  than  that  of  the  red  d(;er.  A 
four-year  old  Iialf  breed,  twice  crossed,  carries  large  antlers  with  f,.nr- 
teen  points.  In  general  appearance  it  resembles  the  red  deer  but  is 
laimT."' 


nis 


77//;  i>i:i:n  or  ami.iuca. 


if 


Ij't  iiH'  a^;iiu  rc|ii'at  lliat  1  aiii  slrnii^ly  iiicliiinl  tnilif  c)|hii- 
inii.  liuwrviT,  llial  tliis  is  iKil  a  real  case  ol'  livltridil  \ ,  Inil  thai 
tlif  I'iiiiM|icaii  stau,' ami  iiiir  \va|iiti  should  \n\  raiikt'd  as  s|)('cili(all\ 
tilt!  suiuc,  liaviii;^'  dcscfiidfil  (irij^'mally  frcin  the  saiiK'  pi'iin^cnitMrs, 
tlioiiyh  I'lii-  a,  loii^  tiiiH!  tlicy  hiivc  liccii  s('[)aratiMl  liy  iiiipassahlc 
pliysiral  harriers,  iuid  sn  have  dcscciidccl  in  S('|>aratf  liiics.  duriiiLj 
which  |i('rmaiH'iit,  i-haiin'i's  liavi!  taUt-ii  placi'  in  i-afii,  many  ni'  tlum 
divcrnin^s  di' n|)|insit(',  while  in  other  and  more  permaiieiil  cliai- 
ai'terislies.  no  cliaiiLji!  lui.s  taUen  place.  liiit  this  ipiestioii  I  mn- 
sider  elsewhere.  I  rei^ret.  that  similar  experiments  haver  not  to 
my  knowledge  hi-en  Irii'd  with  our  luoost;  and  the  I'luropean  eJU, 
ami  oui'  caiilioii  and  the  liaplaml  I'eiinleor.  I  doulil  not  that 
they  would  lireed  i'reely  ton-ether,  with  a,  I'ertih^  progeny. 


Ill 


ALIMKNT. 


[Tin 


So  iiiiii'li  \\.i-  licfii  said  ill  Milirr  plaics,  nf  lin-  I'imkI  ii|iii||  ulildi 

tllC   Nal'iiills    S|ii'cics    dl'    nlir  (Irir   >l||i>i,N|.    that    we    lli'id     ilc\(.ti'    lillt 
littlr  Sjiacf  tip  this  liiallch  of  oiir  silliiri't   linw. 

All  the  { 'i  r\  iiLi' ari'  ^liictiy  vi-^i-tariaiis  ;  ;_;i'iii'iall\ .  llir\  cnii- 
siiiiic  iiiipic  arliHi'fdiis  I'lKid  than  iiinst  nthcr  iiiiiiiiiaiits.  luii  iioiii' 
(li'|Miiil  ii|iiiii  it  exclusively.  The  Mnosr  almie  hahiliialK  eats 
tile     leaves     alld    twin's  (if    the    ei  iiiil'i'is.       Ill     IJn'     wiiitiT.     |iailiei|- 

larly,   they    siilisist    larj^cly    iipuii    these,   and,   iml I,    tln'v    laki! 

them  at  all  seasdiis  when  mi't  with.  Mr.  .Mnnill  >a\s.  that  this 
is  s(i  iiiueli  the  case  that  their  diii|i|iiiins  emit  a  vei\  |MMiL;'eiit 
odiil',  delised  i'lOlll  their  ever^leeii  I'lind,  whieli,  liki'  inil>l<.  is  \erv 
ilj^reealile  td  Sdliie  jiedple,  while  to  dlheis  it  is  \crv  dni'ii>ive. 
They  cdnsiiiiie,  lai'gely,  also,  the  leaves,  twills,  and  haik  >>{  the 
decidiidiis  trees,  to  dhtain  which  tliev  ImmkI  down  lai'"'e  sapliiies: 
iind  in  their  wintin*  yards  they  denude  tlie  laiLi'e  trees  oj'  their 
bark  as  hlL;li  upas  they  can  reach.  'I'd  dd  this  ihi'V  place  the 
exti'cinity  of  the  upper  jaw,  whicli  is  fiirnished  with  a  soi't  of 
pad,  iieainst  the  tree,  ami  scrape  upniirdri  with  their  powcrfid 
incisors,  teai'iny  ol'f  the  (hick,  nuigli  hark  with  astonishiiiL;'  furcf 
and  facility,  lint  they  partake  of  Jierhaceous  food  as  w(  II, 
thoni;li  they  cannot  conveniently  L;ra/.e  like  otliei'  riiminants,  luit 
they  can  crop  the  ends  of  Idiii;-  erass,  which  is  dfieu  f(,Mnd  in  the 
marshy  grounds  whicli  they  frequent  in  the  summer  time.  At 
this  season,  also,  they  de[)eiid  laro-ely  on  a<piatic  venctation,  found 
in  lakes  and  rivers.  'J'he  hnv^  grasses  and  lily  pads,  which  grow 
along  the  borders  of  the  lakes,  are  favorite  aitich's  of  food  for 
the  ^Moose,  which  they  readily  reach  by  wading  into  the  water; 
and  after  the  a[)[)etite  is  satisiieil  they  submerge  thenisebes  all 
but  a  part  of  the  head  in  the  dee|)er  water  to  esca[ie  the  files  and 
mosijuitoes. 

The  Wapiti  Deer  selects  his  food  from  the  trees  and  shrubs, 
the  grasses  and  the  weeds,  though  he  is  not  so  fond  of  the  latter 
as  some  of  the  others.  Like  several  of  the  other  s[)ecies  he  prt;- 
fers  the  bitter  ami  the  astringent,  like  the  hickory  and  the  oak, 
to  the  hazel  and  the  maple.  I  let  may  be  often  seen  standintj: 
erect  on  his  iiind  b'ct,  stretching  his  neck  to  the  utmost  to  get  a 
bunch   of    leaves    nearly   beyond    his    reach.      In  the  winter,  he 


!■■■:;       ! 


!       ! 


.iii'isi 

i^ns 

Hhr 

\'y'- 


I  til 

It} 


ipli 


820 


77//;  DFi:i.'  OF  AM  lime  A. 


frt'  (iiciitly  pulls  (Idwii  till'  twills  bciiriiiLi;  ilic  dry  oak"  lc;ivi's,  and 
cats  t'u'iii  with  appiU'cut  relish,  tlioiin'li  he  is  rarely  seen  to  piek 
n[)  th  )sc  which  have  fallen  alter  maturity.  If  de]u-ived  uf  ar- 
Ixireujs  {i)i)^\  he  will  keep  healthy  and  fat  on  t^rass  alnne.  In 
winter  he  will  scrape  away  dee])  snow  with  his  feet  to  ohiain  the 
gra>s  hciu'ath  it,  :ind  l>y  kouk'  unexplained  nieiins  seems  always 
to  select  the  hest  places. 

I  irviX   my  herd  of  I^lk   in   winter  almost   exclusively  on   corn 
(inai/.e)  stalks,  and  they  will  keep  fat  u|)on  them  if  only  fhev  n'et 
enouLih,  tliipug'h  they  he  compelled  to  oat  all  tlio  stalks  not  lar<^er 
than  one's  linL;er.    They  an;  promiscuous  consumers,  thoui^h  e-rcat 
fcedei's,  re(piirine'  as  much  to  kce[)  them  as  the  same  lunnlter  of 
our  lilack  cattle  ;  hut  they  will  eat  i;ri'cdily  damaged  hay,  which 
the   cattle  or  horses   would   reject.      After  we  commence  feeding 
them    in  winter    thev  stop    foraging   for   themselves,  until    their 
rations  ai'c  stiijtped,  and  they   are   forced  to   it   hy  two  or   three; 
days'  fasting.      They  make   no  attemjtt  in  the  winter  to  ^-trip  tln> 
hark  from  even   the  wild  apple  or  tin;  })oplar,  although  thev  do 
this  sometimes,  though  larely,  in  sumnu'r.      In  ii  very  few  years 
they   killed   out  all    the  shruhhery   in  their  park,  and  keep  tin; 
trees  thoroughly  trimmed  as  far  as  they  can   reach.      1   am    not 
aware  that  they  ever  eat  the  leaves  or  twigs  of  evergreens,  nor 
have  I  ever  known  them  to  i-at  tlu'  parasitic   lichens  which   fre- 
(jueiitly  grow  upon  the  trees,  or  the  mosses  found  on   decaving 
lojfs.      Thev  an;  vci'V  fond  of  all  sorts  of  grain,  and  it  is  astdiiish- 
ing  In  see  wlitit  an   enormous  ear  of  maize   they  will   take   ami 
crunch  up  at  once.      I'jven  the  cob,  after  tlie  corn   has  all   heeii 
removed,  I  have  never  known  them   to  reject.     They  soon   learn 
to  come  to  the  ctill  of  one  who  feeds  tliem,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  season.  Iml  in  the  summer,  when  the  gniss  is  sweet   iind   ten- 
der, they  are  mon;  indilYerent,  iuid  may  refuse  to  answer. 

I'xitli  species  of  Caribou  livi;  largidy  upon  !i  variety  of  lichetis 
found  in  their  res[)ective  ninges.  and  indeed  these  seem  iudis- 
pensable  io  their  \t'ell-beiiig.  At  least  it  is  so  with  tlu?  iMiropean 
reindeer,  for  when'ver  they  tire  ke[)t  in  gardens  or  menageries 
the  mosses  from  their  natives  ninges  have  to  be  im[)orteil  for 
them.  »rhis.  Iu)wever,  is  not  their  only  food.  They,  too,  feed 
upon  the  trees  iind  shrubbery,  iind  upon  the  grasses,  wherever 
they  Iind  them.  The  experienced  hunter  follows  them  through 
the  bush  with  gretit  fiieility  by  noticing  where  they  have  cropped 
the  tw  igs  or  stripj)ed  the  niosa  from  the  trees  in  passing,  iind  by 
careful   inspection  will  judge  something  of    their  number,   tuid 


' 


Li-,.. 


A/JMi:x/\ 


■)-2l 


l>v    (lie 
''I'licv 

I'lVrlv 


I.-m    nnvntlytlpyluv.   p;tssr.].      This  ornppl,,.   i.   ,lo„, 

'"""••'    ""'"'"t  ^f'ri'in.U'  to   f ll,„t   ;,s  it  walks  ulo,,,. 

tnk,.  tl,.   vanouskin.Isnf   .,.ass..s    f„uml    in    tli.-ir  „.„;;.   ..v,..v. 

<l'"nj,h  I  hek  ti.e  evulenoe  to  sl.on-  that  th.v  n.v  as  f,...!  i, 
'"I".''<'"  v...<^,.tafon  as  is  thn  n.oos...  AH.^r  all,  th.ir  u,vat  ,v- 
.so.nv..  ,s  th..  a.iM.lecM-  n.oss,  uinch,  in  n.any  places,  hurd.ns  th. 
Mn.un.  to  o-..eat  depths.  sometinH.s..v,.n  two  or  th.ve  IV.,,  when, 
seaivrly  any  oth.T  veu'etati.Mi  .'an  snrvive 

/\[    t'""    Woodlan.l    Carihou,    Captain    llanlv    savs  :     .-Ph. 
un.,.u    tee.ls    prineipally    ,.n    the    rf,,/,,,;,    ,,,,/;;,;,.,   ,,it|, 

''';y--ens  .UHi   all   pennanent  eh.ann.s  in  thMi.  f,.v;ts  are 

'"••^iy  -a.-pete.l.  an.l  wlii..).  appears  to  .row  n.ore  h.xuriantlv  in 

he   sul.aret,c   re^,nns  than   in   n.ore   ten.perate    latitudes.      Mr. 

U^lrlll       7^r''''"''''    '-•-'l-.-.l'-s.Tihes   the   heantv  an.l 
inxuiiinn'e   ol    t  us   niciss    n    tli,.    I  .,,..      *• 

nidss   Ml    (lie    Laurentian   eoantrv,    'wlh    ad- 

;''■-'-''  ''"-vhieluMH.  says,  ^tlHMraveler  i.  inspin;i;  as  w'lr!s 
'"'■   "^7''"'";'»"la.h,ptation   to  the  elimate,  and   its  valu.  as  a 

7;;""';'    —     '':  the   mainstay  of  the    Indian,  and  se,,uentlv 

""•"■""■    '•^'••■".   these  reni.ns.- the  Carihou.^     Ther'ven.lv 

--'''-'■<l<>seo..ryhyaFreneh..h..nnst,wh,,hassu. h.l  in 

-;xlrae,n;,aleohol,nlar^e,p,antitieslVon,  liehens.  and  espeeiallv 
''•''"'  !'";  ••''"'<'"<■'•  .noss  (identical  in  Knr.,pe  with  that  nf  Kuu-i- 
:•;•).  i>^  int,.resting,  and  readily  suggests  the  value  of  this'prin,- 
■tivev..gvtat.on,,nsupportingani,ual  life  in  that  i.oreal  eli'naie 

:r;"'TT"  "";"^'' '■     '''■^'•''■^'''-'^"-^-hiehapp.a.st.l,; 

■tytaph.  h>..l,  tin- ('ard.a,  partakes  ..!■  tlH. /,v;..  7,.  .Jv.MAVA^^^^ 
/'"^™-0,  una  ..h.r  parasitic  liclu-ns  growing  ..n  the  hark  of 
Hvs  and  .s  exem]:n,>y  f..nd  of  the  /-....  which  grows  on  the 
•oughs  (espec.al  y  a.tecting  the  tops)  of  the  black  spruce,  in 
I^..^  IH^ndent  naaks.  i-  the  forests  on  .he  ( -und.erlaud  liilk  in 
^ovaN..tK^  .aave  observed  the  snow  quite  trodden  down  durin.. 
"-  n,ght  .y  ^ue  Caribou,  which  i,ad  resorted  to  <eed  on  the  ^  old 
n-ns   beards    'n  the  tops  of  the  spruces,  fe"    ,;      the  hnnberers 

;.'  tlH' day  P.VVUH.S.      In  the  san,e  locality,  I  hav..  observed  such 

...uu..,t^  sc-atclnngs  n,  the  iirst  light,  snows  of  the  season  at  the 

H.    o        e  trees  m  beech  groves,  that  1   an.  convinced  that  the 

""mal,    dee  the  bear,  ,s  partial  to  the  rich  food  atYorded  bv  the 

^."ss.      I  an.  not  aware  that  the  favorite  ite.n  of  the  diet  of  the 

Nnnveg.an  re.ndeer  (/A... .„../..  ,/A.va^/.v)  is  foun.l  in  Anuriea, 

-Hi    the   Uoodland  Card.ou    has    no  cha.co  of  exhibiting   the 

'  Mr.  Hind  (loscnl)es  tlie  roiiKiccr  ..loss  lu  covii-i.K'  tin-  Nn.l-n,,    r     i 


a 

IU( 


(     m 


322 


'/'///•;  j>i:i:n  of  Ameuk'a. 


stnin^*'  l)iit  well  !uitlii-'iiti(';it('(l  tiistc  of  tlic  I'oi'nicr  iiiuiiuil  by 
ih'voiiiiiig  till-  Iciiimiiijj; ;'  ollicrwisi!  the  liabit.s  of  tlu;  two  vari- 
ctics  arc  pci'fcctlv  similar  as  i'c'<^av(ls  food." 

Spcakiiii;'  of   tlui  ISarrcn-^roiiiid  ('ai';l)oii,  Sir  .lolm  Ivicliarilsoii 


savs 


'riic  lichens  on   wliicli   \\\v.  ('arilmii  feed   whil 


>>ii   till' 


)arrc'n  ^rnimus  arc 


the  ( 


'iirnit'iildri'i  tr/'s/is,  (livrr</<nx.  and  "cA/-, 


iKcil, 


th 


('    Citniria   iiinilis,    fUi-ullatit.   and    /sh(inl!c((,   and    \1 


<  '(iiiiiNi/fc  I'll ni/ij I'l'iini. 

In  the  sdutlit'i'n  part  of  tiicir  range,  to  which  thev  retire  in  the 
winter    season.    thes(^    deer    find    forests     hurderinn'    the    hairiMi 


ar 


groumls,   and    no  donlit   liere   they  partake    more  or  less 
lioreous  food. 

Of  the;  fonr  other  s[)ecies  of  deer  it  may  he  said  in  general  that 
thoy  all  alTect  the  same  kinds  of  food.  'J'iie  leaves  and  twigs 
of  trees  and  shrnbs,  all  the  iiner  kinds  of  grasses,  at  least  a  great 
variety  of  weeds,  especially  tlu;  bitter  sorts,  tin;  seeds  of  gi'asses, 
Aw  frniis   of  trees,  as  the  wild  ap})h'S,  and  j)lnins,  and   cherries, 


acorns,  am 


I  all 


sort 


s  o 


f  1 


)L'rries  a 


nd  r 


ose  apj)les,  a 


nd  all  sorts  of 


grain  anil  seeds  to  which  thev  have  access,  an;  frcelv  taken  hv 
thorn.  The  Virginia  Deer  alono  seems  capabh;  of  masticating 
the  hickory  init,  and  it  is  with  difHculty  that  the  Mule  Deer  and 
tho  ^Vcapulco  Deer  can  masticate  the  well  drii'd  grains  of  the 
maize,  but  they  soon  learn  to  swallow  th.em  whoh,',  and  after 
they  have  been  well  softened  in  the  stomach  they  are  ruminated 
with  great  aj)pari'nt  satisfaction. 


I 


n  mv  grounds, 


tl 


lev  wil 


on 


Iv  cat  the  blades  and  heads  of  th 


coarser  hay,  like  timothy  and  ch^^'er,  and  I  iind  it  l)est  to  provide 
I  supitlv  of  line  rowen  hay  for  their  use,  or  better  vet,  a 


a  good 


fodder  consisting  mostly  of  weeds,  no  matter  how  largi;  and 
coarse,  well  cured.  Thi.:  they  will  pick  over  with  great  satisfac- 
tion. A  good  coat  of  blue  grass  under  the  snow  is  the  best  j^ro- 
vision  for  a  winter  supply  for  them.  This  they  reach  with  great 
facility  by  scraping  away  the  snow:  bir  with  all  this,  no  matter 
how  abundant,  they  do  not  consi  l(;r  themselves  well  used  without 
a  ration  of  corn  every  day  in  the  ^\  Miter.  I  have  never  seen  any 
of  the  tleer  ruminating,  except  wlien  lying  down.  i\ll  are  fond 
of  salt,  and  they  should  liiive  that  condiment  alwiiys  accessible, 
and  even  then  the  want  of  an  abundance  of  arboreous  food  seems 
to  impair  their  health  and  vigor. 

1  I  fi-e(!iuiiily  meet  with  the  stiitoinent,  oven  in  ivspcctalile  works  on  natural  his- 
tory, that  tin'  La]ihin(l  reindeer  are  in  tlie  hiil)it  of  dcvonrin;;  ;he  leniniinj.',  Init  I  iln 
not  reniunit)er  to  liave  met  the  statement  hy  any  one  that  he  lias  iietually  seen  ii 
(lone,  so  that  I  do  not  really  know  how  anthentic  the  statement  is. 


iiimal  l)y 
;\vi)  vari- 


cliardsoii 

I      nil    till' 

ml  I'l'liri- 
aiiil    \\\v 

ire  ill  till' 
('  liarrcii 
';ss  1)1'   ivr- 

iicral  that 
mil  t\vi;4s 
st  a  great 
)f  o'rasscs, 

I  clicrrirs, 

II  sorts  111' 
taken   liy 

lastiratini;' 

Deer  ami 

ns  of    till' 

and   ai'tir 

vuniinateil 

'ads  of  the 
to  providi' 
tter  yi't.  a 
larg'(!   and 
it  satisfar'- 
e  best  pro- 
wl th  great 
,  no  matter 
led  without 
L'V  seen  any 
11  are  fond 
accessible, 
food  seems 


III  iiiitunil  lii-- 
miiifr,  I'lit  I  '!>' 
ctually  seen  a 


C()X(iEXEi>S. 

On;  study  of  the  American  D.vr  would   be  < 


juifi'   ineomplrte, 
lifan   s|i('rics 


were   we  to  onnt  a  con.parison  of  them   with   Kuro,,..,,.  s,,..,.h.s 

und  seewhetherwe   there   lind   their  amdogi..s.      I    iLv.-  pm-sued 

tnsuupnry  with  so,ne   industry,  and  find  nothing  ti.ere.  bear 

Mudia  sinnhtnde   to   our  mule   deer,  our  black-taih-.l   d.-er    our 

^nJ,una.er    or  our  Acapul.o  deer,  as  to    suggest         \J: 

ng  n,  at  leas     m  mod-rn  times,  even  in  a  geological  s.ns,..      I„ 

the  lorm  of  the  antlers  there  is  nothing  whieh  m„ ,..,,  ane 

••.•iHtKmsh.p,  although  all  are  composed  of  the  same  nn.tirial    an 

-e  gnnvn  n.  the  .une  way,  and  all  are  more  or  h.ss   brjl'h!!;; 
chamcterisfcs  winch  .listing.dsh  the  Cerviche  from  all  other  rami- 
nants.  ' 

_    In  other  parts  of  the  world  we  find  many  species  of  doer  with 

unportant    pecidiarities,   widch  are  entireh-   wanting  in    a 
«l-c.es.      We    have   others,    however,    whicli   are   s.rnearlv    lil 
Lurope=ui  siH-eies  that  we  feel  constrained  to  deelare  that  thc-re  is 
no  speeihc  dillerence  between  them. 

THE    MfXtsiO    ANO    TIIK    KMv. 
The  first  of  these  wideh  demand  our  attention  are  tho    \meri- 
J-an  Moose  and  the  European   Klk.      These  are  not  alike  abso- 
lutely, nor  are  the  individuals  con.posing  the  distinct  varieties  in 
..ich  conn  ry;  but  the  distinctions,  whatever  thev  are.  must  be 
<1^|ternnned   by   the   average  of  large    numbers  in' each   eouutrv 
when,  we  may    an  y  conclude,  they  aris.  fn.m  the  dilferen,  ,..„- 
'I't.ons   .n  winch    they  have   lived,  during   the    manv  ages   the v 
iKive  Inn^n  separated  by  impassable  physical  barriers:      Fpn.sc.nt 
an  dlustrat.on  of  the  Scandinavian  Elk,  and  the  reader  cal,  r       - 
dy  compare  with  him  the  Moose  at  page  08. 

T1U3  Anu.ri..an  Moose  is  larger  in  si^  and  darker  in  <-olor  than 
the  European  Elk.  These  .listinctions  have  been  recognised  e  " 
.nee  the  American  variety  was  first  discovered  by  those  familiar 
-th  the  other  variety.  This  is  only  ascertain^  ^bv  observin./a 
arge  number,  for  individuals  may  be  found  whicl,'if  considered 
by  themselves,  would  contradict   the  conclusion.     There  is    no 


m 


ii 


O.l 


24 


'JHi:   DKim    OF  AM  Kill  ('A. 


(l(inl>t,  mon;  vtiriiitioii  in  color  as  well  as  in  si/.c  olisfM'vcd  anionfr 
(Mir  Moose  than  among  tlu;  Kast<'i'n  ICIk.  Soino  attain  to  enor- 
mous size,  largei-  than  anv  individuals  found  in  the  north  nf 
luirope.  and  some  are  black  to  a  den-pee  never  met  with  aiuonL;- 
the  others,  while  other  smaller  and  lighter  specimens  are  niei 
with  lu-re  not  essentially  diiVerine-  from  the  average  of  those 
foniul  in  I'^iirope. 


i  '  «i 


W'" 


Scandinavian    El<. 

There  is,  too,  an  observable  dilYerenee  in  tiie  antlers,  although 
in  both  the  general  characteristics  are  the  same.  The  antlers  ;ire 
not  much  smaller  on  the  Elk  than  on  the  Moose,  in  proportion  ti' 
the  size  of  the  animal,  bat  they  are  less  palmated,  that  is,  a  less 
proportion  of  the  volume  of  the  antler  is  spread  out  in  the 
l)alm,  and  a  greater  proportion  devoted  to  the  cylindrical  parts. 
IJcsides  the  palms  being  less,  relatively,  the  tines,  set  upon  their 
borders,  are  larger  and  longer  than  on  our  variety.  While  this 
is  true  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  by  no  means  universally  so.    I  lia\e 


"A  ^7;.^7;/^s•. 


y^ 


seen  siK'ciincns  .,[•  tli..   M,k,s..  iiutlcrs,  wliciv  ti 
piilins  WL'i-i'  ([iiitc  as  stmit  mid 


11'  tin 


•  ■S     ll|lnll     t 


iM-aii  ^,l^i(•ty.  and  tlic  cxainincr  \v(  uld 

tlit-ni   an  eastern  orij^in,  tl o],  tlie  lar: 

lit'sitate,   wiiile    I 
woidd  he  little  ex 


as  loni;-  as  on  anv  I'l 


iiin     tlie 


.iii-n- 


>e   inclined   to  assign    tn 
;'e  si/e   niiu'lit  make  him 


llle 


witl 


no 


peciniens    m 


tl 


le    east 


\vl 


lere     It 


ii;;^vi'ation  to  sav  that  tl 


!<■  whole  antler  w 


;T<'at    palm,  as  in  the  Ilulifax  speeim.Mi  shown  in  tl 


(<">fr,  p.  l!):!).     1  think  all 
liii-o(.   lunnhers  of   i)otl 


IS  one 
le  illustration 


antlers  of  the  M 


I'areful  ohservers  who  have  examined 
1    varieties,   will    a,ui-ee   with    me   tiiat    the 


(ii)S(!  are 


Have  lesseoiispieuous  tines  than  tl 
I  1 


i«  ii   ,uenei-al   rule,  more   paliiiated,  and 


lose  ( 


.ft! 


>\\('l 


lave  .selected  those  for  illustration,  which  I  1 


lish  !•: 


w 


nil- 


ii  fair  idea  of  tl 


M'lieved  would 


iioiK!  of  those  extreme 


le  average  form  of  the    Kll 


U'n  e 


antlers,  I    met  with 


oases  sometimes  met  with   here,  and  iion. 


sliowing  larger  relative  palms  and   less  tines  tl 
illustrated  (see  dute,  ])p.  lit.'),  l!i;i).      \ 


lan  some  of  tl 


lese 


illustrations  of  the  A 


mav  sav  tli 


e  same  o 


the   Ilalif 


merican  varietv.  tl 


louoh  the 


IX  museum  should,  undouhtediv,  b 


specimen   troin 


deriiig  on  tlie  extreme 


eonsidered   as 


I II  ir- 


'11 


le  ililVeren 


tl 


iinals,  and  in  the  form   of  tl 


iL'u,  consists  in  the  si/e  and 


U!  antler,   tli 


eolor  of  the  an- 


sa me 


oiigh    ill   the   lattt 


general  diaracteristies  prevail   in   hoth 


■V    tin 


ferenees  occur  in  a  majority  of  cases, 
versa),  nor  are  entire  similitudes  in  tl 
or  even  uncommon. 


W 


liile 


tl 


lese   ( 


tl 


lif- 


ley  are  hv  no  means   iini- 


lese  regards  extrenielv  rai 


Souk 


comparative   anatomists    or   osteolo..Ists   I 


they  could  discover  a  dill 
others  could   not  see.      W 
10  species  of  this  o-enu 


lave 


•i-i'iice  in  the  forms  of  the  cr 


tl 


ile  the  form  of   t 


le  skul 


supposed 
iiiia,  which 
in  each  of 


IS  investigation,  a  slight,  and  at  most  a  doiihtful,  .liiV 


ill  tli 

cannot  he  allowed  a  cont 

been  unable  to  find  the  supposed  dill 

prepared  to  admit  its  actual  exist 


s  is  very  constant,  and  s< 


)  oi   ii'rea 


t  val 


lie 


ercilce 


rolling  influence.      For  mvs<'|f   I    I 


lave 


erence,  a 


ml 


am  \>\  no  mean 


claimed  is,  that 
however,  I  repeat 


c'lice.      Tlw  most  that  has  I 
one  is  a  little   broader   than    the   other,  wl 
is  not  an  accepted  fact.      W 


cell 

lich. 


1-cally  appreciable,  it  would  bo 
open  to  the  inspection  of  all. 

Ill  all  other  respects  these  animal 


ere 


the  din 


eri'iice 


I 


can  detect  no  other  dill'ei 


universally  recognized,  f(.r  it   is 


s  are  preciselv  alike,  at  least 


la-etended  to  do  so. 


ences,  and  I  know  of  ikj 


one  who  has 


I   will  refer  to    a  few  of    tl 
peculiar  to  this  animal. 


lu  similitudes,  some  of  whicl 


;-'h  are 


:52t; 


77//;  hi:i:u  of  amkhh  .\. 


Tlicy  occupy  tlic  iioi'tlicrii  porliDiis  of  hotli  conjiiicnts.  lu-iiifr 
only  cxcci'ili'd  ill  tlicji-  iiortlicrii  r.'iiiL;i'  liy  tlic  rcimlccr.  'I'licv 
iiiiist  liv(  ill  ;i  wooilcd  coiiiitrv.  'I'Ih'v  alTcct  the  s.iinc  kinds  ol' 
fond,  and  arc  tiic  only  deer  wliicli  \vc  lind  iialiii  iially  lirow.^int; 
iipiiii  conil'crs.  'I'iic  whole  t'onii  of  tlic  animal  )iieseiits  niaii\ 
[iccniiar  cliaractcrist ics,  entirely  wantiiie'  in  all  other  animals: 
jinione'  whicii  I  caiiiiot  overlook,  that  |ieciiliar  tuft  of  lilack  hair 
on  the  inside  of  tlie  liock.  which  is  exactlv  alike  on  evei\  imli- 
vidual  of  iiotli  varieties,  so  far  as  it  has  lieeii  ])ossilile  to  exumiiie. 
while  never  a  elmid  or  tuft  of  hair  is  found  mi  the  outside  of  the 
liiiid  h.'L;",  althoiinh  this  is  cNcejitioiial  in  the  L;enns. 

I'crhaps  the  most  reiiiarkal)le  feature  of  all  is.  hoth  iiro  iiioiio<_f- 
iiinons  in  their  jiahits.  with  strani;'e  peculiarities,  which  are  ])ai- 
ticml;  \-  (leserihed  on  p.  l^TS,  rl  srij..  where  I  also  show  that 
with  the  exception  of  one  other  species  of  deer  (  ('.  niiirr"/ iis  ), 
fo'ind  in  Ijirope.  ;ind  :'.oine  of  the  nionkev  trilie.  so  far  as  I  recol- 
lec!.  ha"  !  ver  seen  this  liahit  ascrilied  to  any  other  (|uadrii]>c(l. 
At  any  rate  u  is  exceediiiLijIy  rare,  and  so  has  the  inori'  value  in 
the  cataloeiie  of  similitu(h's  when  comparing  these  animals.  How 
strikiiiely  in  every  detail  this  ])eculiiir  lialiit  is  practiced  l)y  the 
KIk  in  lMivo[)e  as  it  is  by  the  Moose  in  America,  is  there  shown. 
( )iie  could  write  a  hook  almost,  without  exhaustine'  the  similit  ndcs 


het 


ween  these  animals,  maiiv  of  whicli  are  iieeuliar  to  them,  wliil 


n  !*i; 


their  few  and  slieht  dilferciices  are  specitied  in  a  few  words,  ever' 
one  of  whicli  mav  Ix'  found  in  individuals  on  either  eonliiie'it. 


Tilt;  ("AiMiiof  AND   Till".  1! i:i xi»i:i:i;. 

That  the  Iveindeer  and  our  Woodland  Caribou  art;  speciiically 
identical.  I  think  ei|ually  clear.  'I'he  divert^'ciiet;  whicli  has 
resulted  from  loiiej  separation  under  somewhat  dilTi'rent  condi- 
tions of  life  is  even  h'ss,  if  possible,  than  that  which  lias  occu 


rrcii 


with  the  two  varieties  of  A/i'cs.      Their  dilTereiiees  are  easily  eiiii- 
nierated. 

The  fii'st  to  be  notiiM'd  with  them  is  in  the  anth-rs.  'Idle  ecn- 
eral  conHiiuration  is  the  same  in  liotli.  With  a  lone'  and  slendei- 
lieani.  first  retreatine'  and  spreadiiii,'.  and  then  curvine-  forwaril 
iind  inward,  they  present  fundaniontal  jieculiarities  observed  in 
none  othi'i's  of  the  j;'enus,  except  that  which  is  (doselv  alli<>il  to 
them,  to  say  the  least,  namely,  the  H:irren-e-roniid  Caribou.  i>otli 
have  brow-tines  exceedin«ilv  variiint    on   individuals,  and  even  in 


diiVereiit   iintlers  on  the   si 


line  animal,  wi 


th  tl 


le   universal  eiiarai 


ts.   licillLT 

kinds  III' 
l)ri)\\  .-'\\)<s 
Its    1 1 1 ;  I  n  \ 

;miiii;ils  : 
lack  liair 
\i'V\  imli- 

cxiiiMiin'. 

(Ic    1)1'     lllr 

1  arc  iKir- 
iliow  that 
tiirt'"/ lis  ) . 
as  I  I'ccdl- 
iia(lnii"il. 
i>  value  111 
als.  II'iw 
rd  l)y  tlic 
re  sliowii. 
iiniilituilc^ 
u'ln,  wliili' 
)r(ls.  every 
tiiient. 


r;|ieeilieally 
wliicli  lias 
"eiit  cniidi- 
is  occiirreil 
easily  eiiii- 

'IdlC    evii- 

nid  slender 
ig  forward 
)l).servcd  ill 
\\  allied  In 
ibou.  lietll 
nid  even  in 
rsal  oliarae- 


''i.\i./:\i:/;s. 


.■127 


fensf,,..  I,nwev..r.  that   lliey  sprin-   fnuii    tln>    l.cain  in    fmnt    just 
:'l»"\e  the  l.urr  in  a  desr-cndinn-  direction  iicarlv  in  llie  lacial  line 
'•"•'  '•'•  '•"til  nf  which  nsually  extend  nearly  the  l-n-ll,  nf  tj,,.  f;„.,. 
iiii'l    i^   palmated  at    the  end.  |.rcsciitin.,r  niinier.nis  sna-s  ciirviiin. 
inward.      Alx.v...  the  antler  is  mure  or  less   palniatc.l.  "^'I'h,.  ant" 


h'rs  nil   liotli  varieties  are  o 


alii.nt   tiic   same   mai,'niliidc  ]n'o| 


)(ir- 


timied  fi,  the  size  (if  the  animal. 

As  with  the  mnnse  and  the  elk,  the  diirerelicc  in  these  craisists 
I"'""''!'''">'  '"  ""'  ''^t'-nt  '.f  th..  palmatatinn.  This  feature  is 
•'vcn  iiaav  marked  in  Tur.m.his  than  in  J/,,,..  They  arc  als,, 
h'ss  l.ran.'hcd  in  the  l-airupean  variety  than  in  the  American. 
These  ditlVivnces  will  he  Letter  niHlerstuud  I,v  an  examinatinn 
'••  >li''  illnslratiuns  than  they  cmild  he  l.v  verhal  descri|.t  i,,ns. 
These   cupied    frnm  Captain   llar.ly's   -Forest    l.ifc   in   Aca-lie."  i 

I"'''"""'     "•'"•ly    <1 ^t'v I'    palinatatiun    i,,    the    American 

variety,  and  for  that  very  reason  are  valuahlc  as  showiiin-  to  what 
•'Xleni  this  f<.atiiiv  sometiiiK's  uivnrs  in  this  countrv.  —  an  c\lent 
which  I  have  nowhere  found  parall.ded  in  the  Kiiropean  variety. 
•''""•'■  i"  lil''-  ill  <-<.llectinns,  or  illustrations.  [  have  nict  witli'a" 
few  fancy  sketches  ereatly  exaenvratin-  the  extent  and  immlH.r 
ot  l.ran<dH.s  .m  th.'  Kuropean  variety,  which  were  evid,.iit  Iv  d.- 
sieiied  to  impivss  Ihos,.  who  saw  them  ralli.T  than  inslria.'t  the 
stnd..nt  of  natural    history.      These  should  not   mislead  us.      'I'|„. 

illustrations  ,,f  the   antlers  of  the    \V Hand   Carihon    (-//./,-.  pp. 

20(1,  2(L')  are  carefully  drawn  eopi.'s  of  sp.viniens  in  luv  own 
'■"1^'<''|"U,  andares.decte.l  t..  eiv,.  th..  fair  onlinarv  form 'of  th.. 
('urd>.Hi"s  antlers,  that  is,  the  av..ra-e  form.  (  ).,(.  .If  thes...  from 
the  Carihon.  simws  as  litth'  paliiialati..n  as  that  fr.rm  the  Pairo- 
poan  ]{einde(.ran<l  may  he  consi.lcred  the  oth.>r  extn-ni.'  in  this 
ivgard,  and  should  he  s.-t  opposit."  tims,.  from  Ilardv.  wliil..  tli.. 
mean  h..twe..n  them  niav  he  eonsi.l,.r...l  th.-  truth.  '  It  will  1... 
ohserve.l,  that  the  n..arly  ]>alinl..ss  antl..rs  ,,f  the  Carihou  aiv  v..rv 
iHn..h  st.-ut.T  than  tli.ise  fn.m  th..  Kur..p..an  l{..in.l.M.r. 

If  w..  tak..  m.ainted  spe..im..ns,  t.)  h..  met  with  in  puhlic  ..olle,- 
tmns,  tlh.y  w..ul.|  generally  !..■  f.a.n.l  nior..  palmat...l.  lor  th..  s  ,n- 
]>1'-  ivason  that  we  ar."  apt  to  seh...t  tli.'  I...sr.  that  is.  the  larc^st. 
the  most  l.raud.ing,  .)r  most  palinat...!  sp,.,.iinens  f..r  monnt"ine- • 
and  m.leed  th(^  hunter  is  more  apt  t..  save  th..s,.  than  inh.rior'or 
«'i;dinary  specim..ns,  for  the  reason  that  thev  will  hring  him  a 
higlu.r  price.  These  are  matt.-rs  ,.v..r  t..  1.,:  horn.,  in  min.l  hv 
hm.  who  w.M.ld  stu.ly  or  illustrat..  nature  as  it  actually  exists. 

'  .1//'' ,  p.  J. It;. 


i'l 


ill'*  I 


ii 


:!'! 


028 


•/■///■;  />/;/;/.'  or  am  nun  a. 


One  set  (tF  tlic  illllsli';i(i(Piis  (if  ii  lit  Id's  on  the  I'JI  ro]  icii  ii  l{i'Iiii  Iimt. 
;ir('  iVdiii  ;i  liviiin'  pair  In  llir  /uriliiMicul  (ianlciis  at  Hrrlin,  imd 
tlic  iitlicis  ari'  laitliliil  coiiics  i>l"  the  aiillcrs  of  a  malr  iiiid  Ifiiialc 
wild  KcindctT,  wliicli  I  luiMiLi'lit  Irinii  Arctic  NOrwav,  |irni'iin  i|  ni 
TrDiiisiM-  (SCI-  ii,th\  |i.  ijo:;.  and  j'^st,  :V1\\.  .V.\U).  \  Ikinc  not  illiis- 
tralc('  my  cxlicinc  ca-;cs  of  |ialnialatioii  of  tlic  i'-nro|ican  variclv, 
for  the  .sini[»l(!  reason  tliat  I  have  noL  met  with  them,  ihon^li  I 
have  examined  imuiy  collections  in  iMirope  ;  still  I  ha,ve  no  dunlit 
tliey  exist,  though  far  short  of  those  co|>ied  from  ( 'aptain  I  Iard\  "s 
valiialile  work.  Those  |ireseiited  I  lielieve  fairlv  illnstrale  the 
averae'e  antler  of  the  l']iiro|)ean  \ariety,  and  liy  comiiarison  tlii- 
reader  will  readily  appreciale  the  dilVereiice  in  '•triictnre  whiili 
my  investie'atioiis  teach  nit-  exists. 

'riierc  WW.  two  other  peculiarities  common  to  these  varieties 
and  not  observed  on  the  antlers  of  the  otlier  deer,  'i'lie  Hr'-t  is 
the  excecdiiie-ly  small  Imrr,  which  fieipieiitly  in  some  portions  of 
the  circiimfcrciice  is  ipiite  waiitiiie-,  and  in  no  [lart  is  ever  promi- 
nent ;  and  the  other  is  that  the  lieam  is  never  round,  hnt  its  sur- 
face [ireseiits  roiin  'ed  alleles  and  partially  Hat  spaces  lietwecn 
them,  approiicliiiie-  nearer  to  a   Iriauguhir  form   tliuii  any  other 


lie;iire 


In  size  tlie  I'>iiropeaii  IJeindeer,  whetlier  wild  or  tame,  is  appre- 
ciably smaller  than  oiir  Woodland  Carihon,  tlioneh  much  laieer 
than  the  Ijarreii-gronnd  Cariliou.  'I'liere  is  as  ereat  a  dil'feiiiire 
in  size  lietween  the  American  and  the  Kiiropean  varieties  of  the 
Keindcer  as  there  is  lietween  the  moose  and  the  elk,  the  diftei- 
I'lici'  in  liotli  iMses  beiiie-  in  favor  of  the  American  varieties.  Thus 
\\t.\  see  that  in  the  American  varieties  we  have  the  most  [lalmalcd 
antlers  and  the  lare-est  size. 

'JMie  Woodland  Cariliou  in  exceptional  cases  attain  to  a  very 
lai'e'e  size;  and  from  the  best  examination  1  have  been  able  to 
e'ive  tilt;  subieet,  I  think  it  safe  to  sav  that  tliev  averaee  one 
t[uarter  to  one  tliinl  lare-er  than  the  wiltl  Reintleer  in  iMirope. 
Captain  Ilartly  snpposctl  that  they  attain  tlieir  best  dc^veltipmeiit 
antl  perfection  tui  the  Atlantic  side  t»f  the  eontinejit ;  but  further 
investigations  I  think  teiitl  stn)nj>;ly  to  slif)W"  that  they  are  ([iiitc 
as  lare'e  on  the  western  sitle  of  the  continent. 

Ill  Xoi  theastern  Asia  tht;  Reiiuleer  are  representetl,  as  we  have 
elsewhere  seen,  as  attaining  an  extraortlinary  size  in  domestica- 
tion ;  ami  as  the  experiments  in  Wt^stern  Knrtipe  do  ntit  show  that 
nian"s  ilirect  care  ami  dtuninion  over  them  have  tentleel  to  in- 
crease their  develtipment,  we  m;'.y  fairly  presume  tliat  the  same 


, 


<  <>\(;i:,\i:i!s. 


:;-J!t 


iiii|ir(i\i'm('iit  III  >!/,('  iiiiiy  Im-  iiici  iniiuiin'  ilu-  wild  s|»('ciiiii'iis  in 
tlial  t';ii' casicni  i-cniiilrv.  Tli''  (lillcn-iicc  in  si/c,  (licrcrurc,  iic- 
twi'cu  llic  (Mstfiii  ami  the  ucstcni  vaiictirs  is  nut  iiiii\  iMsal.  Imt 
is  only  "l)scTSi'(l  wlirii  (Hirs  is  coiniiarcd  willi  llinsc  dl'  tlic  Nuitli 
III'   Miirii|'('. 

In  I'lirni,  also,  there  is  an  a|i|)recialile  (lilTerciice  lieiween  the 
Anicricaii  ami  Kiin>|teaii  \ai'ieties  of  this  iU'i'w  This  will  he 
readily  appreeialed  I'y  eniiiiiarin;^-  the  ilhi^t rations  here  |)resi'iited 


iloniesliea- 


v/v  ..^-Chi: 


Wild    European    Reindeer,    Male. 

of  ii  pair  of  wild  Reindeer  in  the  Z(»IiU)<j;ici\l  Gardens  ut  Berlin, 
which  were  drawn  hy  a  skillt'nl  artist  tlicri!  under  the  .supervision 
ol'  I'rof.  William  Peters,  expressly  for  this  work,  and  the  illustra- 
tions of  the  Woodland  Caribou  (see  pp.  So,  hS).  'I'he  former 
has  more  the  form  of  a  prizt;  bulloek  than  of  a  detjr.  Ours  is  a 
little  move  graceful  in  form,  but  still  hu-ks  those  symmetrical  pro- 
I»ortions,  which  would  suggest  those  agile   movements  of  which 


50 


Tin:  h]:i:i!  or  am  nine  a. 


< 


Ti 


1 

1  'i-- 

if 

1     ■)    '■' 

/! 

!'■ 

ii  1 

Hi 

n  1 

raw       1 

u  ■■    ;  ■        ; 

tlicy  iiri'  ocrtiiiiily  t'lipiiMi'.  W'l'  must  fcinciiilu'r.  Iiowcvcr,  tliiit 
tlic  itiiiinals  ai'c  I'cprrsriiti-il  when  stamliiiu,'  pcrt't-ctly  ill  ciim-  r.iiiii- 
natin^'.  W'licii  cxcitiMl  tliry  prt'scii)  an  aiiiinatcil  a|tp('ai'ancr,  jiiul 
WdiiM  lianlK  1)1'  taken  lur  tlic  sanif  animals.  The  cxtraMidiiin- 
lily  I'mad  I'lput  is  ciiinninn  to  Imili,  tliun^'li  nion'  ronsiiii'iKHi^  on 
the  I'linopcan  tlian  tin-  Ann'rican  variety.  Ailiiuctlici'  ihrsc  aiil- 
Mials  aic  so  strikingly  alike,  cncu  in  llicir  cxccjitiniial  I'nriiis.  as  [•> 
at  unci' sn^iicst  a  i'<-latii>nsliip.  I  iiave  had  no  nioi'r  inlncslinL; 
slii(l_\  (IminL;-  my  invi'stie-ations  than  conipariiii;'  these  animals. 


Wild    European    RBino 


oer,    remale 


In   eiilor, 


also, 


tliere  is  a  niarked   di(T('i'iMie(>  bet 


th 


woen    tile  wih 


d( cr  of  Norway  and  onr  Caribou,  hut  unlike,  th(>  hirg'er  speeii's. 
in  whifh  the  Swedish  elk  is  lighter  than  tlio  moose,  we  lind  tin- 
>.'()rwe^'ian  Ueindeer  in  the  wild  state  arc  very  appn'eial)ly  darker 
than  ours  and  nuieli  more  unit'orm  in  shade  on  tin;  dill'erent  indi- 
viduals, and  es[)eeially  with  h'ss  whiter  about  the  neck.  A  studv 
of  tlie  <loniestieated  Reindeer  in  Lapland  of  course  ean  teaeh  iis 
nothine'  on  this  point,  for  as  with  other  donu'stieated  animal- 
their  color  has  become  unstabh>  to  a  very  consideral)le  extent,  al- 
though even  with  tliem  a  largt^  projiortion  retain  the  dark  V»ro\\i: 
chocolate  shaile  which  is  quite  uniform  on  tlu(  wild  deer,  in  th;it 
ren'ion.  es|iecially  in  early  wiPiter  coat. 

In  all  else  I  have  been  unable  to  detect  any  ditVerence  in  thesi' 


f'i\',/:.yi:/!s. 


■I'vcr.  tliaf 
•a>t  r.iiiii- 
nincr,  aiiil 
Irai'i'iliiia- 
iicu(iii>  (III 
I  Im'sc  aiil- 
iniis.  as  Im 
iilcrcsliiii; 
iiiiiials. 


001 


'^^■•;  ;^;'''""-   "I    n.„Ml.vr:   a.„l    nuLss  uv   a.vv.rv   a,„l,„i„„.  „. 
'''-••M;lys,.....,..s    ,,  s,.,.,ns   I.   ,n,.   ,|,a,   uv   ..ann,,,    l,,.    j„s,i,i...|    i„ 

:('■'•""'-♦'!'!' /'"■^'■^'i^>"    -"'' M-a.iv.lv   Mni,n,i.nan,    ,|i.- 

'"".■'"■"^;:^'""''    "'•"    ■•'"-   M'-i nnnn    ainu,,.    in,|i.  i,|,„.,|s    „|' 

<l.sm,.,„.nsw..,vf,H,n.l   lo  1...  s,  n-,  ly  r,.n :a,.|,  i„.livi,|„al 

<.t   tH.n.s|,..,.,v..  van.ta.s,  n,.   ,,,1^1,1   n,.||    ,,:,„.■  l,..,',,,..   , |„.|. 

'ni:tlKa,,lH..l,tW..,.n.wusowi,,.,..,a,.,i,i,;Ms..a,,s..s.      If    ,„,    •' 
^tann..  w..   iuMl   fouM.l   (l.at    1 1...  an.  I.ms  „„  .a.!,  iu.l, vi,lua"h,r  tl,- 

Hal  uf   ill,. 


anl„.uw,.,vf„n,Hvl..xa,.tlyalik,.,  a.Hlun,.arl,   i.nlivi 

'"s.is,,..,.t  a  iiiii.liiin.-nlal  rails.,  fur, lirvariatiun. 

I"   all      u,.   ,.,.  ,i,„i|i,,„,,.^   ^„,,.   ,„.||V,.|,s„   laras   ]    |,;,v,.   I.,.,,,. 
',    "   '"  '''^'•"^■-'•'   i"   I'al.iL.s,   s,n„.,nv.  an,|    inarkin^s.      M,,|^   „r 
"'•■s.a,,.  ,H.,.|iliai-totIiiss,M...H.s.a.„l  v.rv  .vinail.al.l... 
_     \liat  .nun.  caul,, ,r,H.,.,|  I.  say  in  vimli.,,!  i„u  ..l'   ,l„.s,.   y,,;;],,. 

"■a  an.  ot   the  same  sjiccics  / 


W. 


I  the  will! 
w  spci-ii's. 
^T  liiul  t  111- 
bly  (larkci- 
oiviit  iiidi- 

A  stii(l\ 

II  tcat'li  IIS 
(1  aiiii)i;il- 
extent,  al- 
ark  In-owii 
'er,  in  that 

["e  in  thesi' 


THK    W.MMTI    AM)    Tli|.;    |;i;,,    ,,|.;,.:|, 
_.Km-eon,e   to   the   thini   an,l    last    s,,eii..s   in  whivh   strum- 

an.l.^.es  are  louml  iH.tueei,  th..s|..ein,ens  |-,Mm,l  un  11,,.  ,wue,,,r 
HH-Ms.  Ilu.searetheAmerieanKlk(r.  O.W-W.).ai,.|  ,he 
U..1  I)eer,_or  Ntagot  Kun.pe  (  ( '.  ,.l„j.J,„.,,     That  there  are  m,,.,.. 

aiscn.paneiesan.l  leweraualo...i,sh,.tu-..e„  these  than  betw..e.,  the 
.specie,   just   considered,    is   very    plain    to    the   careful    observer 
"specally  it  he  only  exun.ines  the  sp..cinu.ns  of  ih.  present  d  ,v 
Jr    IS    necessary,    however,    if    we    would    fidlv    und.rstaud    tli^ir 
Daturul   history,  to  study   then,    in    the    li^ht' of  the  past  as  well 

as    ol    the  pr(.sent,    for  the  important   in.p.irv    '       s    to  ■,    „ 

>"-'•'  "ngm,  even  in  r.-uiotc.  a.iti.p.itv.  If  in*  l-  ;  ,  ,ve  can  t,..,ee 
tno  separate  hues  constantly  diverui„...  i,„„..|,  j^  „,,,.  ,„,  ,,„^ 
iltlc.  we  .nay  .•atio.,alIy  co..clude  that,  ..ouul  w..  t.'aee  tlieu,  l.aek 
'="■  ynough  while  they  are  consta.>tly  appi-oachi...  ea.-h  oth...., 
we  should  at  last  find  tl.e.n  u..itiuo.  at  sou.e  p<.iut  whenee  ,1,,.; 
•  'oininenced  their  depart u.-e. 

If  origh.ally  fro.u  the  san.e  stock,  long  a-es  ...ust  have  elapsed 
sn.ce  their  fi.ral  separation  by  the  interposition  of  a  nhv'i.al 
l-arner  winch  could  not  be  overstepped,  du.-ing  which  thev  have 
grown  on  indepcdently  with  no  possibilitv  of  i.iterinin.dh,..    to 


''.!    ' 


i'  I 


i!i^ 


i  ; 


■!  1l!i 


;v-:!! 


77//;  ni:i:i:  <>r    \\ii:in<\\. 


lil'ill'J,'     tllrlll     lilK'k     to    o'l'cjilrr     si  llli  lit  l|i  !<•    Ill    lllf    ColiilllOll     piirrllt, 

diiriiin'  w  liirli  tlii'ir  (lil'l'crnil  nuiditiMiis  of  lil'i-  must  liavr  i>i;ili- 
lislicd  |'liysir;il  |ii'ciili,iiitlrs  ill  cmcIi.  wliicli  wuiiltl  liiially  Imtmiih' 
licri'ilitary,  iiml  tlicsc  |ir(iiliaiitii's  iniist  liavc  ln'Cdiiic  iiiiilli|ilii(| 
ami  iiiai^iiilicil  in  caili  willi  t  lie  (•nnliiiiiaiici'  (if   tiiiif   ami   ^I'lirra- 

tiiiii,  ami   s(i   the  (li\ ci'^iiiLj  liiu's  wuiijd    liccoim nl'  '    mnic 

and  mure  si'|iaratt'd.  It  is  a  iliviiii'  law  stam|>('d  <mi  all  mai- 
ler, tliat  muliiiiu'  is  statiipiiarv  :  I'liaiini'.  |ii'rj)ctiial  and  iinr.;i>iiiM 
cliiliii;'!'  mii>t  ever  occur,  clsi-  the  Work  of  tin-  Sii|iiciiic  Architect 
would  Im'  at  last  finished,  and  when  linished.  his  sii|iei'\  isiic^' 
c!iir(i  would  he  no  lonu'er  rei|uired.  Such  a  time,  we  think,  can 
never  come,  eM'ii  as  to  the  m".milcst  particle  of  matter,  else  it 
wiaild  at  last  arrive  as  to  all  things.  If  tim  law  of  elian^fe  is 
ever  active;  if  destruction  and  recoiistruftioii  are  always  al 
work,  oliserviitinii  ti'lls  us  that  everv  reconstruction  dil'fer>  in 
some  respect,  however  minute,  from  all  that,  had  tieen  hefori'  : 
the  loiio-  ae'M'reyation  of  minute  cliane'es  must  in  time  liecome  ver\ 
Ljreat.  how  ercnt  no  one  mav  venture  to  dejine.  I'he  e\n  ac- 
tion of  sine'le  drops  of  uatiM'  would  at  leii(^-tli  dry  tiie  I  of  tln' 
ocean:    the   removal   of    simple   erains  of    sand   wmil  jijace  a 

desert  in  the  course  of  time.  If  change  is  ever  com  in,,  ais,  who 
sliall  li\  limits  to  trunsformutions  which  may  at  len^■tll  occiii', 
Tliest!  are  considerations  wliicli  mav  he  well  reim.'inliered  when 
we  approaeli  tluf  present  iiKpiirv. 

We  all  know  that  there  are  certain  features  in  tlie  animal 
economy  whicii  are  coinpai'ativel v  transitorv,  ami  so  are  easil\ 
obliterated  or  i'liangeil,  wliih^  others  are  more  persistent,  and 
maintain  their  integrity  to  a  greater  or  li'ss  (h'gree  under  almost 
all  circumstances  or  conditions.  The  nearer  alike  tliese  ])ecul- 
iiirities  are  found  to  he  on  all  the  indivi(hials  of  a  species,  we 
may  reasonably  eoiiclutle  the  more  persistent  they  are  and  the 
less  chiingo  tliey  have  uiulergom^  during  the  course  of  time. 

IIow  long  the  physical  condition  of  the  earth  has  rendered  it 
ini[)ossible  for  these  two  varieties  to  intermingle,  and  .so  keep  up 
an  absolute  identity,  of  course  it  is  impossibli!  to  eonjecture:  but. 
at  tli((  shortest,  it  must  have  been  a  very  long  tim(\  At  least 
the  genenitions  nui.st  be  counted  by  very  many  thousands. 

During  that  time  we  first  notice  that  a  great  cliangt;  has  taken 
place  in  the  si/e :  the  western  has  beeonu!  much  lartrt^r  than  the 
east(,'rn. 


That 


>ne  may  have  increased  in  size  on  tluj  western 


continent,  while  the  other  has  grown  smaller  on  the  eastern,  at- 
tributable to   physical  causes,  as  alinuiiit,  climate,  or  the  like. 


i 


r<>\',/:\i:i!s. 


nm 


|i;n'iiit, 
(■  f^iali- 

iiltiiili''il 

'    iiiiiri' 

nil  lll.ll- 
ll|r(';i>l  l|i^ 
\lvl|it«M't 

|u'rvisiii:j' 
liiiik.  •'iiii 
■  1-,  ''Isc  it 
■liiiii;j;i'  i-< 
l\va\s  a  I 
ilil'lVrs  i>i 
1   licti ii'''  : 

•(llllr    VlTV 

ic  cxli'ai-- 
■1  (,r  til.' 
Iilai'i-  a 
,.  ais,  wli'i 
ptli  occur, 
red   wlicii 

ic  animal 
ai'c  ca>il>' 
.tent,  anil 
cr  alniKst 
'sc  |)i'ciil- 
iccics.  \vi' 
■  and  the 
me. 

ndel'ed    it 
)    keep  tip 

tnri':  l>nt. 

At,  least 
ds. 
Iliiis  taken 

than  the 

WL'steni 

Isteni,  ut- 

the  like, 


maV    l>e  ,sl||)|insed.   althuULill    we    maV    lie    nnalije     t'l    recdi^lii/e   ljle.se 

causes  with  certainty. 

The  most  veiiiai'kalile  dilTereiice,  liesiih-s  tlie  si/.e,  is  in  the 
lone;er  tail  ni'  the  Stan',  'he  partial  nlplilefalioii  o|'  the  white  sec- 
tion t>n  the  iiinip  oii  many  of  tin'  individuals,  and  i>\\  utheisthe 
jiresi'iice  o|'  a  line  of  spnis  ailing  the  llank^  <>ii  either  -ide  ,>(  the 
ilorsal  line,  similar  to  t  In  i>e  w  hi  eh   I  lia\  e  nieiii  i.'iied  as  soineiinies 


M,N<sV/:^A',/¥iM,f 


ReJ    Deer  or   Slug   o(    Eurapo. 

ol)s«n'vod  on  the  oominoii  deer,  tliongli  more  distinct  and  more 
persistent.  1  observed  these  spots  oidy  on  ii  very  lew  of  the  Red 
Deer. 

Ill  size  the  antlers  vary  much  on  ditTereiit  individuals  of  both 
species,  but  1  judge  they  would  average  about  the  same  in  pro- 
portion to  the  size  of  the  animals.     There  are  some  characteris- 


ii" 


V' 


ii 


i!   ,!■ 


li 


'J If!-:   DEEIl    OF  AMEIIICA. 


tics  of  tlie  Miitlcrs  of  tlii"  Ui'il  Dimt  in  wliicli  !i  dilYerciico  niav  lie 
observed  from  tIios(!  of  our  Kile,  l)ut  the  more  the  Hiil)ject  is 
studied  tlie  more  these  ditVerences  dis;n)pe:ir. 

(  )n  ]iiiL!;e  ;>•■'):')  1  present  the?  li^'ure  of  ;i  lied  Deer  in  tlie  /oi'iKpn- 
ieal  (Jardeiis  in  I'erlin,  drawn  from  life,  hy  the  same  ailisl  who 
di'ew  the  reindeer.  IJy  coniparing  it  with  tlie  Wapiti  (iin/r,  p. 
7*') ).  their  liUeness  will  be  seen;  and  by  eomparinu,'  its  antlers  and 
the  antlers  of  the  lied  Deer  (/)fy//r.  [)»).  214.  ^I^IJ),  with  the  eominnn 
anil  crown  antlei'sof  oar  I''dk  (iinti\  p.  lll(t),it  will  be  readily  sern 
how  peculiar  and  yet  Ikjw  alike  they  are.  While  tin;  nviieral 
iigures  of  tliese  antlers  are  qniti^  unlike  those  of  any  other  mem- 
ber of  the  family,  they  are  strictly  alike  in  ilesii^n,  thoiii;h  in 
(K'tail  there  an;  some  diil'i'rences,  which  are  fre((ui'nt  though  not 
universal.  'J'lie  first  to  be  noticed  is  that  the  bez-tine  is  mu'  h 
shorter  than  the  brow  or  the  royal  tine  on  the  Iletl  Deei'.  whiji' 
on  our  Elk  it  is  usually  about  the  same  length  as  the  bi'ow-tiiic. 
and  the  royal  is  usually  shorter  tiian  either;  still  this  is  iidt 
universally  the  case,  and  formerly  these  peculiarities  were  less 
observable  in  both  than  now.  This  is  manifest  from  an  examina- 
tion of  a  great  mimber  of  ft)ssil  antlers  found  in  both  countries. 
Ami  this  is  true  of  another  characteristic  as  w(;ll.      It  is  now  ex- 


ceediiii'lv  rare  to  find  the  snag  on  th 


e  u 


pper 


side  of  the  bi 


ii\V- 


antler  of  the  J\ed  Deer.      Of  all  that  1  examined   in  Kurojie.  I 
found  it  well  developed  only  on  one  pair  of  antlers  of  the  present 


(lav,  ai 


id  they  were  from  Bohemia,  and  would  hav»?  been  taken 
at  once  by  any  naturalist  to  have  come  from  Anierica,  and  yet 
e  have  seen  that  this  snag  is  d(!veloped  in  about  five  per  cenr. 
in  this  country. 


w 


'11 


le  crown  antler,  w 


tk 


,hich  is  shown  in  the  illustrations,  is  v 


erv 


common  m  J^uroue 


J-; 


4' 


but 


is  verv  rare  in  this  country 


ind   until 


quite  lately  I  had  no  evidence  of  its  existence  here;  but  I  am  now 
enabled  to  illustrate  a  jiair  of  antlers  from  an  American  Elk  fn  iii 
the  Kocky  Mountains,  both  of  which  are  crown  antlers,  as  well 
devi'loped  as  is  often  met  with  in  Europe  (^tintc,  ]).  21<I). 

Tlie  fossil  antlers  found  in  Europe  show  a  much  larger  propor 


tion  with  the  sna<r  on  the  brow-antler,  and  a 


,ess   prop(>rtion  ol 


crown  antlers  than  are  grown   there  at  the  jn-esent  day,  whiK 
these  antlers  are   much   larger  and   about  the   size   of  our  !• 


II.- 


antlers. 

If  we  should  take  all  the  fossil  antlers  of  this  animal  which  1 
have  examined  in  Euroi)e  and  America,  and  arrange  them  to- 
gether proiii'scuously,  I  at   least  should  have   diihculty  in  cor- 


((>Mii:M:i,'s. 


l]:io 


may  1>i' 
ibji'ct   is 

■tist  wlio 
(<////«.  p. 
tlci's  anil 
CDinnuiii 
,clil_v  sf.'ii 
>  gt'UiTal 
lor  im'iii- 
liuii_^li   in 

DUgh    II' it 

is  iiiii'li 
M'V.  wliili' 
)r(i\\-tini'. 

Iiis   is  nut 

Wt'VC    ll'SS 

oxiuuina- 
countrifs. 
,H  now  cx- 

tlH"    lu'nW- 
|EllVi)lH'.   I 

1(>  present 

"en   taken 

I,  ;in«l  yi't 

piT  cent. 

is,  is  vovy 
and  until 
1  am  now 

Klk  fn  ni 
•s,  as  well 

)• 

IT  pvopor 
)(>rtit>n  ol 
|lay,  wlillr 
our  L'lv 

|l  which  1 
them  to- 

tv  in  CDV- 


rc^ctly  classil'ying   tliom,  while    1    wniild   make    I'ew   mistakes   in 
classil'yiiig  those  of  tht;  present  day. 

The  linest  collection  of  both  together  which  I  Inive  ever  seen 
was  in  IJerlin,  where  they  were  kept  for  sale,  and  where  I  had 
an  excellent  opportunity  of  studying  tiieni.  to  which  I  have  al- 
ready referred  in  th{>  chapter  on  ani lers.  'rimse  from  Northern 
lMirop(^  were  (>asi[y  distingnisluid  from  those  from  America,  hui 
those  from  Silesia,  IJohemia.  and  Hungary  were  iimcii  laiger,  and 
in  all  things  much  more  lik((  those  from  the  Aniei-icaii  Mlk,  and 
in  many  of  the  s[)ecimeiis  1  was  at  a  loss  to  declare  on  which 
continent  tln-y  grew. 

•luilgiug  from  the  antlers  alone,  upon  all  the  evider.ee  1  have 
l)i'en  ahle  to  accunuilate,  I  could  hanlly  hesitate  to  say  I  hat  the 
Stag  of  Kurope  is  a  dege. derate  descemlant  of  tiie  same  j)arents  to 
which  our  Klk  owe  their  origin,  ami  that  this  (h>geiieracy  is  nnist 
marked  in  those  of  the  most  nortiiern  conuti'ics.  I  have  else- 
when;  rennirked  that  our  own  VAk  grow  larger  in  the  sonthern 
ranges,  than  in  the  northern,  while  the  reverse  is  tin-  case  with 
most  if  not  all  of  '.lie  other  sjiecies  of  the  family. 

Another  exceptional  feature  as  connected  with  the  antler,  may 
not  be  without  signiticance.  In  no  case  does  the  Wapiti  or 
American  V,\k  shed  its  antlers  in  the  winter,  but  always  carries 
them  till  spring  opens,  if  the  animal  be  in  health.  All  the  other 
members  of  the  family  drop  their  antlers  at  irregular  intervals, 
from  November  till  sjiring,  except  the  femali-  caribou,  as  is  more 
fully  explained  in  tlie  article  on  the  antlers.  In  this  very  re- 
markabli!  habit  the  lied  Deer  corresponds  with  our  I'dk.  ( )n  this 
point  Professor  William  I'eters  of  lim'lin  writes  me:  '•  Concern- 
ing the  shedding  of  the  horns  of  our  ('crt'Kx  i/<ip/ii(s.  I  can  give 
vou  for  (Jerma'.iv  the  following  data:  generallv.  thev  drop  tiie 
horns  in  Marci;  ;  very  strong  stags  sometimes  already  in  l^'eb- 
ruarv,  and  voiniger  ones  carrv  them  often  till  tiie  month  of  ^blv."" 
This  is  a  ct)n(irmation  of  tlm  information  which  I  have  received 
in  answer  to  all  the  imiuirii'S  I  had  made  in  Kurope  of  those 
whose  opportunities  enabled  tlnun  to  observ(^  the  occurrence  and 
whose  observations  would  lie  considered  valuable.  ( )f  the  Ri'd 
Deer,  Cuvier  says:  "  Tiie  antlers  are  shed  in  spring,  the  old  ones 
losing  them  first.""  llow  exactly  this  corresponds  with  the 
habit  of  our  VAk  may  be  seen  bv  turning  to  wliat  is  said  of  them 
in  the  article  on  the  antlers.  Tlie  absence  of  the  tarsal  gland  in 
both,  which  is  entirely  exceptional  in  this  C(aintry,  and  the  extict 
similitude  of  the  metatarsal  gland  in  all  its  minute  characteristics, 


f  If . 


!!     r 


if 

I 
'  .ill 


38G 


r/Z/i    /)/?/•:«    OF  AMERICA. 


wlien  wo  oonsidcr  its  cxtriiordiniivv  constancy  in  all  the  species, 
speaks  very  nuicli  in  favor  of  tlicir  conunon  origin.  In  holli. 
this  gland  is  loeatcnl  in  the  same  place,  in  both  it  is  entirely 
covered  with  white  liairs,  wjiich  arc;  snrronndcd  hv  a  tiift 
of  darker  hairs  :  this  again  is  siirronnded  l)y  a  border  of  tawnv 
color,  which  unites  below  the  tufc,  the  tawny  shade  continu- 
ing down  the  posterior  edge  of  the  leg  to  the  foot,  and  in  both 
the  tuft  is  of  tiie  same  relative  size.  While  these  arc;  so  exactly 
alike  on  all  the  individuals  of  botli  tliese  varieties,  on  none  of  the 
other  members  of  the  gemis,  in  this  conntr'  -t  least,  is  this  gland 
overgrown  with  hair,  a  very  remarkable  >  ncidence  if  they  ww 
not  relatives. 

There  is  a  difference  in  the  color  of  these  animals  which  seems 
to  have  become  permanent  and  characteristic.  'J'he  general  cojur 
of  the  body  of  the  Wapiti  is  a  yellowish  gray  on  the  back  and 
sides,  with  a  darker  shade  on  the  belly,  neck,  and  legs.  'J'ln'  Stan- 
shows  a  reddish  gray,  instead  of  the  y(dlowish  gray,  also  with  {i 
darker  shade  below  as  on  the  American  variety,  but  the  dilTei-- 
ence  in  color  is  no  greater  than  on  the  two  other  specii's  wlmse 
analogies  we  have  already  considered.  TIk^  white  border  ai'ouiid 
the  (>y(-',  a  nnirk  oliserved  on  most  though  not  all  of  the  deei'  fam- 
ily, thonu'li  varying  greatly  in  extent  on  dil'ferent  individuals,  is 
still  genei'ally  present  on  the  Stag,  is  more  faded  on  ^\'apiti.  and 
on  some  individuals  seems  wanting. 

After  all,  the  greatest  distinction  I  have  been  able  to  discovei' 
is  in  the  tail,  that  on  tlu^  Red  Deer  being  aj)[)recial)ly  longer  in 
proportion  to  tlie  size  of  the  animal  than  on  our  Elk,  it  having 
more  of  a  rufous  shade  of  color  and  t(;rminating  less  abruptly,  or 
being  more  pointed.  <^n  our  ]"^lk  the  tail  is  so  short  that  it  does 
not  cover  the  genital  organ  of  the  female,  while  this  is  completely 
hidden  on  the  Red  Deer.  Of  all  the  dilTerences  which  1  have 
been  able  to  discover  between  these  two  animals,  this  to  nu^  has 
seemed  the  most  important  and  has  made  me  hesitate  longest  in 
making  \\\)  my  mind  as  to  the  identity  of  the  species. 

The  dilYerence  in  size  of  the  animals,  though  very  great,  sav 
more  than  one  half,  has  very  little  signilicance  in  determining 
the  question.  Very  great  differences  exist  among  individuals  on 
both  sides.  I  have  seen  some  Red  Deer  as  large  as  some  of  my 
smallest  Elk,  although  this  is  no  doubt  of  rare  occurrence. 

But  we  have  still  greater  ditl'erences  in  size  among  some  of  our 
undoubted  species.  The  average  of  the  Virginia  deer  is  twice  as 
large   in  the  north  as  when  found   in  its  most  southern  range, 


(■n\(,i:.\i:ns. 


II   botll. 
'utirt'ly 

a   tuft 

tiiwuy 

'(nitinu- 

in  liotli 

exact  ly 
u!  of  tlie 
lis  o;l:iml 
tliey  a>v 

eh  scciiis 
■ral  (i>1mv 
)ai'k  aiiil 
VUr  St;iii- 
so  with  u 
lie  (lilTiT- 
ii'S  wliKSf 
iM-  ai'iiMinl 
dcci'  faiii- 
viiluals.  i> 
apiti.  aii'l 

O  (lisi'dVlT 

loiiLi'i'i'  in 
it  liavin^ 
niptly.  or 
lat  it  (loos 
impU'tt'ly 
h  1  liavt' 
()  im^  liiis 
longest  ill 

•  rcat,  sav 
Itenniniiig 

,i(luals  oil 
Inio  of  my 
lioe. 

)mo  of  our 

Ss  twice  as 
lorn  raiwi-', 


M 


while  ill  all  other  respects  tiiey  exactly  con'i'spiniil,  ami  no  ra- 
tional (loul)t  shonld  exist  of  tlieii  speciiic  identity.  Thr  mule 
deer  ill  tile  Kneky  .Mminlains  is  fmir  times  as  hirp-  as  in  i.nwer 
(.'alit'oniia,  woicli  dilVereiice  is  also  su[iplemented  liy  ihr  fact  tlial 
the  chaiig"  ill  the  antler  is  quite  as  L;reat.  for  on  all  of  the  small 
vari(>tv  the  antler  has  ceased  to  he  liifiireatcd.  hut  presents  a 
s|iike  like  that  uf  the  yearling'  deer  of  the  north;  or  if  eviT  hi- 
fiircated  that  feature  is  as  rare  as  on  the  liist  antlers  of  the  het- 
ter  developed  \arictvof  the  north,  and  yet  1  do  iiot  hc>itate  to 
rank  them  in  the  same  s[)ecies  trom  their  exa<'t  >iiiiilitiide  in  all 
other  respects,  according  to  the  reli;i)|e  informat  ion  J  ha\c  re- 
ceived of  them.  With  th(^  same  [H'opriety  might  we  (|en\  iliat 
tile  Fiiegiaii  and  the  I'atagoniaii  are  of   the  same  s[ii'<'ies. 

In  consi(|('ring  this  ([Uestion  of  speciiic  ideiilit\'  we  should  ii\' 
no  means  forget  that  these  animals  freely  interhreed  whenever 
they  have  op[)ortimiiy,  and  their  progeny  [)i'oves  as  fertile  as 
either  of  tiie  parents,  as  has  been  shown  in  the  arlicK;  on  IIv- 
liriditx .  NN'hile  this  should  not  be  considered  as  conclusive  evi- 
dence of  s[)ecili('  identity,  it  is  important  cuinnlalive  e\ideiice  in 
that  direction.  If  in  the  wild  state  in  the  forest  it  were  found 
that  tlu^  sexes  showed  the  same  inclination  for  each  other  which 
tliev  show  for  the  opposite  sex:  of  tiieir  own  varieties,  this  would 
add  vastiv  to  the  weight  of  the  evidence  and  would  make  out  a 
verv  strong  prhihi  f<iri<'  ease  at  least  ;  lor,  as  is  shown  in  another 
place,  the  sexes  of  separate  species  have  a  natural  sexual  aversion 
for  each  other  which  is  more  marked  in  tlie  female,  and  although 
this  no  doulit  may  be  sometimes  overcome  in  the  wild  state  and 
without  eonstr;dnt,  and  so  hybrids  produced  voluntaril\-,  probablv 
if  the  truth  could  be  known  we  shonld  iind  tliat  the  female  re- 
ceived the  embraces  of  the  inahi  only  when  she  could  not  find  a 
mule  of  her  own  s[)ecies.  After  years  of  e\[)eriinentiiig  witli  as 
great  facilities  as  are  likely  to  b(>  often  enjoyed,  I  at  least  have 
been  unable  to  obtain  a  liyl»rid  under  other  conditions,  and  even 
when  no  proper  nial(>  liai.  been  on  any  [tart  of  the  grounds  suc- 
cess has  very  rarely  attended  \\\\  elTorts,  as  is  more  fully  shown 
in  another  [)lace. 

After  the  best  investigation  and  consideration  I  have  been 
al)le  to  glv(!  tlu!  subject — ami  my  op[)ortunities  iiave  not  been 
stinted,  —  I  am  inclined  to  fall  back  into  the  ranks  of  those  nat- 
uralists who  lirst  compared  the  two  animals,  who  failed  to  Iind 
sullicient  dilYerenees  to  justify  i\w  erection  of  a  lunv  species  to 
acconunodate    the    new  varietv   found  on  this    continent,  and   I 


fi« 


338 


THE   DEKIl    OF  AMERICA. 


should  liiivc  Ix'cii  well  justified  in  dropping  llic  spcciiic  naiiic  of 
Ccrviix  Ciind'h'Huix  :iiul  returning  to  tli;it  of    Cirrus  i/dj./ai.s. 


•J  i; 


ift'^'ifi 


irif* 


TllK    ACAl'ULL'O   DKKli    AND    TIIK   ClAI.oN    in;i;i;. 

Till'  similarity  in  si/e,  form,  color,  and  lialiits  of  mir  liitic  A<a- 
])uli'o  J)i'c!-  and  the  Ceylon  l)(H'r  in  my  grounds,  is  so  great,  that 
no  naturalist  wuiild  l)e  inclined  to  declare  them  specilically  dilTer- 
ent,  but  f  ,•  the  absence  of  the  metatarsal  gland  in  the  one.  while 
it  is  vei  >,  distinctly  present  in  the  other  (se(^  illustration,  ((///• . 
J).  lioS).  Kven  the  antlers  have  a  striking  similarity,  although  I 
have  but  one  set  grown  on  the  adult  Acajuilco  Deer,  and  twoxls 
grown  on  the  Ceylon  buck  in  my  grounds,  and  those  grown  in 
lS7-i  ililYer  in  an  important  particular  from  those  gro\' n  on  tip' 
same  animal  in  l^To,  in  that  the  latter  showed  a  very  Ion- 
anterior  |U'ong  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  beam,  while  on 
tlu'  former  it  is  but  a  snag,  although  still  longer  than  the  snag 
on  the  At'a[)iilco  deer.  In  hut]\  there  is  a  decided  tendency  {<< 
flatten  towards  the?  end  of  the  beam,  but  the  foreign  deer  has  the 
longest  and  slinnnest  beam.  Still  it  wouhl  be  necessary  to  com- 
pare  a  nuieli  larger  iiumljer  than  I  have  been  able  to  do.  befcre 
we  can  pronounce  definitely  as  to  positive  distinctions,  if  there 
really  be  any. 

At  last  we  are  bnjught  face  to  face  with  the  (luesfion  whethei- 
the  entire;  absence  of  the  metatarsal  gland  on  une,  and  its  distinct 
presence  on  the  other,  is  sulHcient  to  establish  a  specific  dilVer- 
ence.  For  myself  I  am  prepared  to  recognize  such  dilTereiice. 
I  am  undoubtedly  strengthened  in  this  conclusion  from  tlu'  fact 
that  they  come  from  places  separated  by  ten  thousand  miles  of 
ocean,  and  one  from  an  isolated  island  in  the  ocean,  present iiig 
insuperable  obstacles  to  a  common  origin  within  an  immeiisi;  dis- 
tance of  time,  to  say  the  least. 

Lest  there  might  be  some  mistake  as  to  the  halVitat  of  this 
Ceylon  Deer,  which  after  a  earefid  stutly  showed  so  great  a  sini 
ilaritv  to  the  deer  from  Mexico,  1  wrote  to  (loveriioi'  Latham. 
who  present(Hl  me  with  the  buck,  inipiiring  if  it  were  not  po>- 
sibh'  that  there  was  a  mistake  as  to  its  origin  :  to  which  he 
answered  tlitit  there  could  be  no  mistake,  for  he  took  it  from  ;i 
sailing  vessel  which  had  just  arrived  at  San  Francisco  from  Cev- 
lon,  which  had  not  touched  at  any  intermediate  [)ort.  The  ctliei' 
arrived  at  San  Francisco  while  I  was  there,  on  a  Fucillc  mail 
steamer,  from  Panama,  wdiich  touched  at  Acapulco,  where  the 


H 


<'OX(Jl-XKl;s. 


(■  iKinic  of 
I'lnis. 


liltli-  Ac;i  ■ 

iillv  dllTiT- 
oiic.  wliiK' 
tidii.  '(Ill-  ■ 

illllliill;j.il    1 

1(1    tWll  M't< 

_>  m'liwii  ill 

i^n  (111   till' 

vcrv    I'liiu 

I.  while  (111 
11  tile  slKi'r 
ciulciicv  In 
L'cr  lias  ill'- 
iry  to  ciiiii- 
I  do.  Ik^'Ii'Ic 

IS,    it'    tll'T'- 

1)11  wlictlicr 
its  disiiii'i 
ciiic  dilVci- 
dirt'crciK'''. 
1111  the  tail 
lid  miles  111 
,  pivseuliiig 
lUiieuso  dis- 

lital  of  iliis 
j,'i'c!at  a  siiii- 
or  Latham, 
■n;  not  im--- 
)  which  li'' 
)k  it  from  ;i 
a  fi'om  C'i>- 
The  other 
I'aeiiic  muil 
,  where  till.' 


DO, I 


<l<'-"r  was  taken  on  hoard.    ()„  (he  .uiestl,,,,     f  .i      i    ,  • 

=  "'i"'^'l^.   I    have   deemed   U  'I""  ■^<""i  <>'  f Ih'  haliitat  of  , hese 

1    ii<i\(     (leeiiieil     (     inni ifhini    f,.    i 

.■'■'"■■"'^':'->- 7 ""!'■*-«- ilk- .iiir,.,,.;:    '• 

■'>l.\    «'iise.  I. lit  Iron,  (|„.  I'.^.t  fi 

'■'   .H'l'eat  mini 


\\onld 

"or  Would  it  ill 

'"'  ""  ''>^iiiiiina!ioii  ,,f  ;,    ,,,.,..^,. 


'•'''■^•^'"-''vidnalsofniostorthesMeele  """";'    ^'•"'^< 

'^•''•'••■''''--■'l-.stosav,      ,T         ;:        V''''"''''''''' 

=^lil<-n..:dl(f,l,es.,ni  '-M"'-'...  on  all,  ami   is  ,,,„(.!.. 

-the.  ..f  the!  ;^^^^:^.^^^^^^^ 

^i-i^'^.'=n.an,.iiir'.:.;:t.:s::;'";:^7-'-'''V^ 

'•tlaehed   less   ininorta.iee    ,  .•  ^"'•.    "   "^'"■>-  "^H  nralisis  h;n 

li:m«  studied  i(   less.  '  '  '•^■' ■H''^^'  tl"- 


nndJhnind  this  .lami  present  or  ahsei 

''■•'I     dirfei-enee     hetu-een     ll 


'i"^''''*'    to   point  oMr.,„v""l'7";''/T""""  '"'"'' '""'^^"  I"-" 

Ultllon..h..ol.,;.:^::i"."\;:''r^""^'"'     •''»—'     l-tueen     them 


mtlioii-l,  eoniiiio.  f,,,,,,,,,^^.;,!,,,  ■•■';.   ■"■^^^'■'■l.    Hiein 

^-^••'"— "-. i<K-i.:r    ::;'rir-''";''''' 

tl'e  raees  nu.st   have   been   seinrited  '  f,  ,.  ''■""   ""^' 

''"'^■'^"-v  the  least  y      He  ;        '  '    '    ""    ';'"";--    P'-od   o,' 

^'»"  -ill  answer  that  V  ""■''''''' '''''''^^'''^ 'ines- 

-.ise.wa..Mt<.tho'J::;:r:i:::;-;r'-'-'^^^ 

eonneeti(mwiththissul,i(..,    n,   'r        .   ''''7''"r'*'-"-^      '" 
"'•'^^'1'^ -'•-".stanees  I  f(  i.n.     h  s  ^'^^^ ''"•';^^  "'"  ""-'    l-' 

-us-fnllvtenile      ,,;      I   /^  ^''■'•'7  T'"'''''^  ''''■■'  •'--'- 
--•-tilM.o|.n    o         d        •     "   '"■':'";'    ^"''"=    '"'—••    ""- 

i'^^^V"-^.  nhieli.of   eonrse    an  /  '^   ""    '''"'"'•  "^'    ""-' 

'-.owinithu,     :;  :T'';'V''-"''''^       ' ''"'-' 

-••vnuvlvha;tw.s    an  ;;'"''   '"''^^  ^'-•'■> 

tl.ontieate(l  in      :J:   '^^^^^^^^^  ^.  '-'•   '-anl   of  .„,.   ...11   au- 

Aito,(.tiiei.ui;::,t^    ;;^;:-'';,  •'-'.•'- 

'>l>^erved  in  tlu^sedee..  »■       i  '"'''  ''  '''  '^■^""'  ='^'-'-^'""" 

-i«  of  dimt^iS,  ';^ ; ';  '■^""">-  '•'-■--i  i-twee,.  individ. 

4>^ues,  wlHch  augments  tne  evidence  of  specilie 


! :  m 


■Jin 


340 


'/I lie  i>i:i:i:  of  amiii'jca. 


din'crciiec  vi'i'y  iiuicli.  In  this  we  lia\t!  tlic  ti'stiiiKHiy  dI  tlic  a..- 
iiiiiils  tlu'iiisi'lvcs,  wliifli  is  scai-ccly  less  satisractdi'v  tliaii  iiiaiiilVst 
physical  (lirrci'ciicos  ;  nay,  I  ;iiii  iii»l  |)i't'|iar('(l  to  say  tha(  this 
sexual  aversion,  whieli  is  so  clearly  nianil'esl,  is  not  nioic;  conclu- 
sive than  very  consiihu'iihlo  viu'iations  of  pliysical  struilure. 
Should  we  hring"  toLicther  two  purties  of  deer,  of  several  individ- 
uals, hrought  from  distant  localities,  diiVereiil  physically  in  what 
we  might  consider  important  features,  and  iind  them  associat- 
ing iind  interlireeding  without  the  least  restraint  or  reluctance. 
we  should  regurd  it  iis  conclusive  of  s[)t'i;ilic  identity,  notwith- 
sttmding  the  physical  dill'erenees.  A  white  crow  is  recogni/.ed  by 
his  black  brethren  as  a  good  crow,  notwithstanding  his  den'ener- 
\iU\  color,  and  the  albino  deer  is  rt'irardcd  bv  the  othei's  as 
good  a  deer  as  the  best  of  them.  TIk,'  doe  in  my  collection  was 
shot  when  standing  by  the  side  of  a  buck  of  the  ordinary  color. 
The  social  standing  and  sexual  inclination  manifested  nnist  be 
allowed  to  overconu!  serious  diiru'ulties  in  establishing  relatioii- 
shij),  and  so  on  the  otlu'r  hand  where  aversion  exists  instead  of 
inclination,  it  assures  us  of  a  radical  diU'erenci'  though  \ve  may 
bo  unable  to  detect  it  c"  nna'e  inspection.  In  this  case  the  sex- 
ual aversion  adds  nmch  to  the  signilicauee  of  tlu'  absence  of  the 
glan  1  on  tla;  hind  K>g,  and  leads  us  to  expi'ct  that  llie  compara- 
tive anatomist  will  surely  Iind  other  dill'erenees  which  we  cannot 
now  dett'Ct.  It  is  an  additional  evidence  of  the  imi)ortance  of 
this  ghuul  in  classifying  the  deer. 


i'lfiij )  in 


il    tlic  a..- 

1  inanltVst 

tlial.   this 

l(i   COlK'hl- 

strucluri'. 
il  iiidiviil- 
V  ill  what 
.   assiH'lal- 
ohu'tancc. 
,  not with- 
)<4Mii/.r(l  liy 
,  (h'i;t'iii'r- 
othiTs  a> 
.H'tioii  was 
uiry  I'olor. 
(1    must  lie 
g-  ri'laticiii- 
iiisti'ad  tit 
'^\  we  may 
SI'  tht!  st'X- 
:UC'0  111'    the 
u  compai'u- 
wt'  camii't 
iiortaiU'L'  III 


])1SKASKS    OF  TIIK    I)KKi>. 

j''-  -only  wl„.n  Urn  .h.,.,-aiv   in  ..nnli,K.„m,„  ,h;„  ,,..,,„  simlv 


'I'"'"'" «i""»-  »Iii.-l,  »,„„. ^s  ,..n-v  „IV  ,.,,.. 


vat, 


<'"tln'iiti.'a(...i    accounts  of  su<-h    , 


':iv."  nod,.,, I  hav,..  however,  hwn  m 
U  tli( 


''■I'lii'i''^-      Such    a,voiiiils   as  I 


iilinci  (,.  th..  N'iri-inia  I),.,.r. 


^icn(Muo,.s.'.„.,h.M.aHl„.uar..  i„th,-wil,lstat,.sui:i,.,,  „..|   ■ 
-I-sI.I,.m.lc.mwi,,an,ly,.,iMsm.,    in,p,.,.ha     ,^^,^.^^^ 
-l^nn.-niays,..a,.,,n...sh..,all,hcmhu,,.av..'.,.. ,J.i      , 

f'^''i"  "'  ••'"Innnu  ^ivat  vi..issitmh.s.      I  I,av  >  for  nnnvv  1      . 

'7;;'-.i^^.s.an,,   an.    n,,,awa..   ,hat:;,/:a     :     /^^^^^^^ 

-ly    h.-yK^'t  enough   ^>  eat Jts,.anvlvn.a,t..,.swln^^^^,;^ 
"^'""'"■^'I'l'yandino-,,,,,!  eon,litiou.       '  '    ' 

J^..I.-..h..Mulel),.,...   hav,.    m.tpn.ve.lh..al,hv.      The  ,1,.^ 
u  ,.o,.„n..l,    I    iun.,..l    i„„.   t,,.,   ,,„,,    wh,.n.a\ si,.,.,.  .1 

'-^'''■"-     -'""'"•"t  a  month    I   oKs,.m.,l  th,.m   ,1 


"       ^    ■l.;""I..T,.ll„.y, ,1  ,,„  lin.l  ll„.  Wnv,.,..  ,  „ 


<I"W,'riiig  phiiitsan.l  shrulis.      Th,- 


'■""linLi'.  ami   exam- 

)UI(.,I 

I," 

;i  .ni't.at 

and 


''■nial,',  \\hi,.Ii  was  th,'   ,,|,l,.st 


■'ndnotsoha.llyair,.ct...lasth,',„h..,..,.,...„v..n.,l   ni  a  h.w  w..,.]- ■ 
'"'t  the  l.imk  was  (,„,  far  .,■,„„,  •   l,;^  v,„.|,  r      ii      ,  ' 

he   die.l        TIh.     I  '    '"'*""'  '"'-illy  ,h.,ip,H..l  ,.„(  ami 

"""•       '  1'^'  d,i,'   was  never  a.,-a  n  =.<«;,..,., i    :.. 


— 11, ir  lor 


lial 


anil'  ni'oiiiids  f 
'J'h 


'I'  again  aiHii'tcl    j,,   t| 
I'latter  iuiy  otiier  ,h.,.r,— th,,u,di  si 


or  s,.v(.n 


years  th,.reafi 


lo  saiii,.  way 
K'  i':mi   in  th. 


'■i'al   vears;   w 


"•'  ,'  ^  "i.^  I  M,.reaiier. 

'H'xt  Mul,.  hack  I  j.roeun.,1  s,.,.,,,,.,! 


;  \viieii  at  last,  ill  tl 


<Ih'  East  J'ark  with  hoof 


le    m. 


'Piife   hi.ahliy  f 
"I'll  "f    May.   I  fn||,„'|    J 


that  I 


K'  could  oiilv  -w 


s  grown  to  fiillv  lour  in,. I 


-nve,(al.ontanim.h   from  ea..h  toe,  which 'caU 
"KTo  comlortably,  ami  tnnicl  I 


lie  seemed  to  eat  and 


111'  s,.\-- 

lini    in 

"■■^  in  l,.nglli.  so 

I 

e,l   him   (,)  walk 

'""   i"toth,.  „rcliar.|.      Alilmngh 

10  grew  W(;rse, 


'"<  with  great  diin,.ully  an.l  on  his  I 


'■'iniiiiate  pretty  well,  still  1 


r,42 


77//;   miKU    OF  AMEIUCA. 


ami  (lii'd  witliiu  ;i  iiiMiitli.  His  liviT  was  greatly  ciilar^cd  ami 
<;'org'c<l  with  liilc.  Ill  liutli  the  J"'.as(  I'ark  ami  in  ilic  (H'l'Iiarii 
this  (leer  liail  t'niiml  a  pii'iity  nf  arlidrcoiis  food. 

When  llic  Mule  i'awiis  were  ahoiit  a  ycai'  old,  they  both  sliowi'd 
the  saiiio  syiiiptoiiis,  —  elongation  of  the  hoofs.  I  ininicdialclv 
took  tlicin  up  and  put  tln'in  on  dry  fr(>d,  juul  gavi^  them  small 
doses  of  podiipJii/l/iiii!,  and  tonios,  as  ginseng,  quassia,  f|uiniiie, 
and  the  like,  giving  them  ilaily  a  small  supply  of  the  foliage  and 
twigs  of  the  wild  cherry.  Their  hoofs  immediately  stojjped  the 
ahiioiinal  growth,  and  in  ten  days  they  eommeiieeil  ruminating 
again,  ami  in  a  month  they  wi're  turned  out  (juite  well.  These 
are  all  the  cases  of  this  distemper  I  liave  ever  had.  In  the  fall 
l)()th  these  fawns  were  attacked  with  a  diarrliea  when  tliev  were 
again  put  in  hospital  and  treated  as  before,  with  promising  re- 
sults. The  disease  was  cheeked,  and  returned  several  times,  but 
before  winter  tlu^  female  died.  The  buck  struggled  with  it  for 
two  months,  till  linally  ho  seemed  (jiiite  reeovere<l  and  did  iinely 
till  s[iring.  The  disease  then  returned  and  lie  succumbed  wiuMi 
two  years  old.  In  short  this  is  the  history  of  all  the  iNIule  Deer 
I  have  had  exc(^pt  the  two  first,  and  the  one  which  died  liaving 
the  elongated  hoof.  This  disease  has  proved  fatal  to  all  the 
]\Iule  Deer  after  remaining  healthy  for  one  or  two  or  three  years, 
and  most  of  the  Cohunbia  deer  have  died  of  the  same  disciise. 
1  have  had  a  pretty  extensive  practice  with  these  deer,  and  have 
often  bi'en  able  to  afford  ndief,  but  this  disease  was  sure  to  re- 
turn, i)erha})s,  on  some  slight  jirovocation.  The  last  I  had  was 
when  the  acorns  were  ri[)e,  which  I  gathered  and  fed  to  her. 
For  a  day  this  seenu'd  but  to  aggravate  the  distemper,  but  being 
persisted  in  she  got  nuu'h  better,  but  my  hopes  wi'U!  again  dis- 
a{)[)ointed,  and  she  died  in  November.  Only  these  two  species 
have  been  afllicted  with  diarrhea. 

I  have  lost  many  N'irginia  Deer  with  a  swelling  under  the 
lower  jaw.  It  commences  two  or  three  inclies  ba<'k  of  the  chin. 
and  linally  swells  out  so  as  to  involve  tlu^  whole  head  below  the 
eyes;  sometimes  it  gathers  in  a  sac  of  half  an  ounce  of  pus-like 
matter,  one  of  which  I  opened,  but  the  deer  died.  I  never  knt>w 
one  to  break  itself.  When  the,  tame  deer  are  attackcul  with  this 
distemper,  and  it  is  observed  in  time,  I  have  never  failed  to  cure 
it.  If  -when  it  jirst  api)ears  it  is  examined,  a  small  hard  kernel 
is  found  just  under  the  skin.  If  this  is  then  cut  out  the  deer  gets 
well  at  once.  Later,  the  lump  seems  to  bo  dissipated,  but  if  the 
swelling  has  not  extended  above  the  lower  jaw,  though  it  nuiy  be 


/'/>/;. I. s7;.v  OF  THE  /,r:/:/i. 


oh) 


irgcd    and 

ic  urdiaril 

til  slinwi'd 

iiic(lia|flv 
u'li;  small 
L,  f|uiniiic. 
i)lian'i'  i""l 
oppcd  the 
imrmatinn' 
II.  These 
fll  tlie  I'all 
they  were 
iiiising'  re- 
times, but 
vitli  it  for 
did  liiiely 
ihed  w]i('n 
^lule  Deer 
ed  having 
to  all  the 
iree  years, 
le  disease. 
,  and  have 
ure  to  I'e- 
I  had  was 
I'd  to  her. 
hut  heini;' 
again  dis- 
iVO  species 

under   the 

L  the  chin. 

below  the 

jf  pus-like 

nver  knew 

I  with  this 

ed  to  cure 

ivd  kernel 

i  deer  gets 

but  if  the 

it  may  be 


'"'""  ""•  ""  ':"'-  "'"'  the  prot,d.erauce  an  ineh  thick,  and  reallv 
'as  an  alarming  appearance,  u  deep  central  incision  an  ineh,:,. 
"">'■*'  i'"ig'  has  always  proved  elfectual.  lint  as  ,.nlv  the  .aine 
d'-or,ivh.eican  be  caught,  can  bo  treated,  all  the  wihl  \-ir...inia 
).'er  w  iich  have  l,.en  attacked,  so  far  as  I  know,  have  died.'"^  In 
tlie  early  part  of  my  experiments,  this  disease  was  much'n.ore 
['••'■^■"•'■"f  "'an  >u  later  years,  and  so  I  conclu.lc  that  those  more 
remon.ly  deseended  from  the  wild  stock  are  the  least  liable  to  it 
It  only  attacks  the  a.lults,  or  those  more  than  two  years  old 

Iwo  ot  the  Ceylon  a.lult  does  have  been  attacked  with  it,  both 
ot  winch  were  .In.pped  in  my  ground.  They  were  too  ^vild  ,o 
.0  taken  and  treated,  but  to  my  surprise  both  recoveivd.  which 
has  1  think  never  happened  with  the  Virginia  J)eer.  1  have  no 
account  that  this  .lisease  has  ever  been  observed  among  the  wild 
deer  ot  the  lorests  :  cc-rtainly,  I  hay,,  never  s,.,.n  one  a(liict(..l  with 

I  have   ney..r  obs,.ryed   any  sympb.n.s  of  it  either  among  the 
Llk,  the  Mule  deer,  the  Columbia  deer,  or  the  Acaiudeo  d..er. 


m:)' 


!  ! 


!'>    If, 


iL 

ii 

11 

1 

IE 

,  j 

1 

'  4 

li: 

TIIK    CHASE.  • 

No  saint  ill  lilt'  ciili'iKlar  lias  hail  more  dcvntt'd  or  uku'c  jiaiiis- 
takiiiii' ilisci[)|fs  tliaii  Saint  IliiluTt.  In  sa\aui'  lite  lln'  |iur--uit 
(>!'  wilil  licasts  Ml'  till'  ra]itiii"('  of  lisli  has  alwavs  Ihtii  a  ncri'ssil  \ . 
ami  in  all  a^i'S.  ami  in  all  rivilizcil  cniiiit  rirs,  many  i)i'isiiiis  Ikim' 
I'nuiiil  tlii'ir  iiinst  ('\i|nisiti' ('iiioynicnls  in  tlic  same  pursuit.  A- 
a  n'l'iicral  rule,  tlirsi'  |pi'rsoiis  art;  luvrrs  of  iiaturt'  iiiiniarrcil  Kv 
till'  Ii;iiiil  lit'  man.  Tlii'V  lovt",  to  hear  (lif  riishiii'j,'  uf  mi^liiv 
wati'i's.  ami  tliry  lovi-  tlir  sot't  radciirc  ol'  tlii'  niiirnuiriiiL;'  hi'iok, 
Tliry  love  thcilcrji  sliadi'  ot'  tilt'  jirimcval  fori'st,  ami  tlu'v  ImM' 
till'  liroad  t'\|iaiisr  of  tlir  wild  ]>raiiMt',  willi  its  i;rt'i'n.  i^'rassv  fai- 
prt.  t^'fiiiim'tl  all  ovfi'  with  hi'illiaiit  wild  llowiTs  whose  I'lanram-r 
tlii'y  iiihah;  with  a  lU'W  dflight.  'i'liey  lovf  ihf  rofky  rafioii  and 
tilt'  inoiiiitain  crag,  whin'i'  tlif  thvoi's  of  iiatiiri'  have  ii|ilii'avrd  liif 
farth's  di'i'p  <'i'ust  and  thrown  all  into  a  wiltl  fonfnsion.  as  if  in 
anger  an  Almighty  hand  had  then'  dashfil  thf  dfliris  uf  aiiolhfr 
world.  Tlify  lo\t'  to  sli'f[)  ht-iifath  tln'  oltl  piiir  trt't',  and  tisti'ii  to 
tlif  sighing  of  till'  wind  as  it  softly  I'rt'fjis  through  its  long  and 
slfutlrr  loavt'S.  or  iijion  the  soft  grass  by  tht'  sidf  of  tin*  sweet 
spring  of  watt'r  under  the  broad  s[)r('ading  oak.  the  rustling  of 
whose  leaves  sootlu^s  to  ipiiet  repose.  'J'hev  love  to  listen  to  the 
raging  storm,  and  see  its  wiltl  work  all  around  them:  and  sothev 
love  the  soothing  inllueiiee  of  the  quiet  ealui,  when  nature  seems 
in  profound  repose,  and  all  is  still  as  the  infant's  sleep.  At 
the  break  of  day  iiiion  the  inouiitaiu  side  they  love  to  eoiint  the 
stars,  and  witness  the  waking  of  animated  nature,  when  the 
binls  lly  forth  to  sing,  and  the  beasts  leave  their  lairs  to  seek 
their  food  while  yet  the  tlew  softens  the  herbage  whieli  the\  love 
the  best.  They  |o\e  to  eateh  the  sun's  first  rays  as  tliev  dait 
from  beneath  the  distant  litn'izoii,  fiM'ling  new  life  and  viuiir  a> 
they  shine  u])on  them,  and  with  swelliii':;  heart  they  wateh  him 
rise,  as  if  from  a  l)ed  of  rest,  ami  cast  his  sinilt!  iijion  the  new- 
born day.  ( )li,  it  is  a  glorious  joy  to  be  where  tlu;  defacing  haml 
of  man  has  never  marretl  the  harmonious  beauty  which  pervades 
Nature's  handiworks.  There  we  look  with  reverence  and  awe 
upon  what  (iod  has  done,  and  what  (Jod  alone  could  do,  and  re- 
joice, even  in  our  insignilicance,  that  we  are  penuitted  there  to 


Tin:  (  nasi:. 


iU.*) 


|mrsuit 
'(■(■ssi!  y. 

lis     llllM' 

lit.      A-> 
rrrd    \<\ 

llll'J,lll_V 

;■  liriiiil<. 

ussy  ciir- 
rnnraiH'!' 

lUlill    llllll 

;iv('4  till' 

.  ;is  if   in 

imntlici 

listni  In 

loiin-  anil 

llO    SW'rct 

IstlitlL:  nl 
•11    lo    till' 

I  SI.  tli'^y 

lire  si'fiiis 
■pp.      Ai 

nllllt     till' 
Ivllfll     llli' 

to   si'i-k 

\\r\  li  i\  1' 
hry  dart 
\i^i)r  Us 
itfli  liiiii 
llllf  iicw- 
ill^•  liaiiti 
[ii'i'vaili'-^ 
and  aw' 
,  and   !■•'- 

tllLTC    t" 


coiitcnipIiiU!  siicli  siililiiiic  display.  l''ar  away  I'miii  cvci -restless 
city  lil'c,  and  its  sniLriiiu'  <'ru\vd  and  its  tainird  air,  \\c  Iunc  tn 
brt'iitlic  till'  air  nt'  iVccdMin  swrrt  and  nnrniilaiiiinatid.  wlicrc 
cvcrv  lu'catli  revives  llie  spirits,  stininlates  the  circiilal  imi.  awak- 
ens the  (hirniant  eiieie'ies,  and  inspires  new  lite  within  lis.  If 
tins  he  savaj^e  life,  then  :iiii  J  a  savage  still.  If  these  lie  traits 
i>f  cliaraeter  inherited  froin  renrnte  haiharie  atici'sidis.  !  rejuice 
that  civili/atiiiii  lias  hiiled  to  st  raiigK-  w  hat  in  llieiii  was.  purest 
iind  UKist    eleNatinn'. 

Iliit  the  spirlsniaii  of  the  present  day  is  adinilled  In  a  higher 
jileasiire  than  those  (if  aiu.'ient.  times  (Minld  e\er  know.  i''or  this 
he  is  iiidid)ted  to  diir  civili/atioii,  whieh  while  it  cdidd  no|  eradi- 
cate in  him  a  love  of  nature,  lias  eiialileil  him  to  niidei>tand  na- 
ture.—  to  liecdiiie  a  naturalist  ;  to  know  ahoiil  thai  naliire  whieh 
surrounds  him.  and  whieh  he  loves  so  well  :  lo  appreciate  the 
eliaracteristies  and  the  peeiiliarlties  df  llmse  dhjeeis  wlid^e  elia-^e 
and  capture  lills  him  with  siieh  a  thrill  of  pleasure.  When  he 
has  shot  a  l»ird,  ea|ilured  a  ([uadrupiMl,  or  taken  a  lish,  he  lake-- 
it  up  and  examines  it  as  he  would  a  hodk  full  df  kiidv,  ledec.  and 
is  ciiabh'd  td  see  its  peculiarities,  and  discover  its  man\  pdlnts  df 
licauty  and  harnidiiy,  which  tlidse  who  siuipK'  kill  local,  or  per- 
haps from  a  love  of  Idood  and  slaii^hler,  can  never  see.  or  seeing- 
cijuld  not  appieciate,  and  so  eiijox. 

The  coll^■ar  seeks  his  prey  to  satisf\  his  ,>  me'er,  the  sport>ma!i 
that  he  may  study  nat  lire  ill  herxarioiis  phases  and  under~laiid 
her  harmonies  ;  the  heller  he  is  (pialilied  to  do  tlu'se,  the  higher 
will  he  his  sense  of  pleasure  at  his  capt  iires.  1  am  n'latilird  to 
()l)serve  auioiin'  iiiodi'i'ii  sportsmen  a  more  elevated  tone,  a  hieher 
culture',  l>y  which  t'icy  the  better  nndersland  the  natural  history 
of  the  various  objects  which  tliev  pnrsiu'.  (  )f  all  men  they  have; 
the  e'i-,.;it(>sl  oppdrtunities  to  observe  the  cliarac|eri>lics  of  the 
animals  which  they  meet  with  in  tin-  chase,  and  the  belter  they 
learn  how  to  observe,  the  moi-e  will  they  observe  and  cdiii|iare. 
and  note  (h)wn,  and  throueh  them  may  we  soon  hope  to  |L;'ather  a 
fund  of  scicntilic  ol)scrvatioiis,  which  will  leave  far  behind  all 
that  has  been  written  or  known  of  many  of  dur  most  familiar 
animals,  l-^vcn  now  he  takes  with  him  to  liis  camp  in  the  furest 
works  on  natural  history,  treating  of  those  animals  which  he  pro- 
poses to  pursue,  and  critically  comi)ares  his  captures  with  the 
observations  of  tlu?  authors,  and  corrects  or  coniirms  their  state- 
ments. To  the  pot  hunter,  who  kills  the  game  to  s(dl  as  a  butcher 
does  a  sliee[),  [iiirsues  it  not  because  lie  is  a  lover  of  nature,  and 


il 


:^>-l<)  77//;  /*/;/;/,'  or  amhuk  .\. 

tiik<'s  IK)  inure  |(Ic;isiir<'  in  it  tlian  lie  wmild  in  wcnlinn'  ii  lo'il  ..f 
oniniis,  (it'  cMiii'sc  II  stiuiy  III'  llif  iiniiiKils  lir  kills  wuiiM  {ill'drd  liim 

IK)   |)|r;isiir('.   l)llt    to   till'  cult  iviltril    llliinl   r;i]);il)|r   nt'    II  IK  li  ■!  >t  ;i  IK  I  i  11^' 

iiikI  iipprrrijitiiin'  till'  WDi'Us  nl'  till'  Disiiii'  IkiihI,  iIk'  |ilf;isiiris  nt' 
till'  ])iiisiiil  ;iri'  iiiiiiK';isiiriil)ly  tlilianccd  l)y  ;i  capariiy  tn  iiikIit- 
sI;iikI  IIh-  Dlijrrt   t;iki'li. 


i  m 


'■!,! 


fl'l  rii    i 


No  Dtlii'T  L^'i'iiiis  nt'  i|ii;i<lni|>(Mls  is  distrihiitrd  nvrr  ^d  Imi^i'  ;i 
[iDrliDii  III'  the  ciii'tli's  sui'l'iicc  lis  till'  ( "crvidn',  ik)  iitln'i-  li;i-  so 
liirj^i'ly  I'oiitriliiitcd  In  tlii'  siistcnuiirc  of  iiiiciv  ili/i'd  hkiii.  hikI  iIk' 
lli'sli  of  lilt  otlii'i'  is  so  i^i'iii'i'iilly  iidiiiiri'd  ;is  I'uod.  l''roiii  iIk'  IikI 
tliiil  it  liiis  coiitrilMiti'd  niori'  tliiui  iiiiy  otliiT  (lUMdriipi'd  to  tin- 
support  of  snva^i'  lift',  it  lias  hrcu  moro  tlu'  olijcrt  of  piiisiiii 
than  any  oIIkt  by  uiR'ivili/.cd  rai-fs. 

In  till'  Itordrr  scttlcnit'iits  of  our  own  country,  tln'  dci'i'  lias 
been  :in  important  source  of  food  supply  to  our  frontier  si'ttln-. 
av1k>  niielit  justly  be  called  a  rac(M)f  hunters;  very  few  indeed 
liave  made  it  a  constant  business,  hut  nearly  all  have  made  it  an 
occasional  and  incidental  pursuit. 

From  the  earliest  times  to  tlie  present,  flie  deer  has  iii'ciipleil 
the  first.  I'ank  as  a  game  animal,  alYording  exercise  and  exiite- 
nient  to  the  sportsman.  In  Afrii'a  alone  the  deer  are  not  abun- 
dant, but  the  antelope,  the  bulTalo,  and  the  el(>])Iiant,  are  there  the 
principal  objects  of  pursuit  by  the  savagx;  and  the  civilized. 

In  a  very  limited  area  in  our  own  country,  the  bisnii  is,  or 
was,  more  important  than  the  deer,  but  the  district  is  so  small 
where  tin;  bison  is  ov  was  found  in  pli'uty,  that  it  loses  all  com- 
jiarison  with  the  <h'er,  which  are  abundant,  in  mountain  and  val- 
ley, in  forest  and  prairie,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  I'aiilic.  and 
from  Cape  Horn  to  the  frozen  islands  in  tin;  Arctii-  Sea. 

In  savage  life,  without  the  means  furnished  by  livili/ation. 
the  capture  of   the  deer  and  other  game  was  ac'    iiipl>  to  i 

considerable  extent  by  bows  and  arrows,  bi  '  \y  by  me;ois  ni 
traps  or  inclosures  of  various  kinds,  and  )iiiptings  ol      ant 

developed  contrivances  which  insured  a  1  measure  of  success. 

These  are  all  based  npon  the  capabilities  of  tl  animals,  de- 
veloped by  their  habits,  which  were  a  life  study  of  the  Iiidiai' 
hnnter,  and  were  comprehended  by  him  in  a  remarkable  dcgicc. 

The  principal  of  these,  or  at  least  the  most  im])ortant,  are  the 
defect  of  vision  and  the  acuteness  of  the  senses  of  siiiell  and  ot 
hearing.  These  are  characteristics  which  are  connnon  to  all  deer. 
and  must  never  be  forgotten  by  the  savage  hunter  or  the  civilized 


ft 


f  ;i  l)f(l  if 

llTiM'il    III  III 

'l'>l:imliliH' 
til  uiiilcr- 


rilE   (11 A  si:. 


I^I-rtsMKinAll   luv..  v......^,n.,.,I   (1...  nnit.  s-ns,.  i.f  s 1|  an 

!"'"''"'^\;;"''   ^"•'"■^    l-v-artnl,., lH.,|..r..,,iv,..l.i,„|.. 

^""•■:*""' '  ''I'^iHy  ri„„,,n.lM,„li,invvl,v  il   w:,s 

'''•'liii''«''l  ■"'  t"  iirl   ill  ..nl.T  to  iiisin-,.  .siicmss. 


Ili;it    llii'v   w 


I'l'C 


;()  Ini'Li'i'  il 
cr  li;i-^  sii 
I.  iiiiil  I  III' 
II  till'  l';ii'l 

I'll     tn     till' 

III'   |tinsiiii 

di'i'i'    Inn 
•r  si'ttliTs. 

I'W     illllci'll 

iiiuli'  it  all 

^  ucciiiiii'il 

III!   cxi'iti'- 

imt  aliun- 

■  tlliTC  the 

/('.I. 

isnii    is,  or 

is  SII  small 

's  all  cniii- 

11  ami  val- 

'ai'ilic.  aiiil 

I. 

i  vilizatiiin, 

I  .    to    I 

\  iiii'aiis  ot 
;'s  ot     -■■ant 

<)|    Su>'*-H'SS. 

liiiials.  (If- 
Llic  Indian 
blc  (It'grci'. 
lit,  are  tin' 
H'U  and  111' 
to  all  deer, 
he  civilized 


'11 II'',    Mdosi':. 

,^y"   '''■'^"   '•'■■■'^""    '"  '"■l'"^"   'I""    111-   Indian    ua<   nnf    ,,ar(!e- 
'•■■•"■Iv  si.e.'.'ssln!    in    ,1,„   ,,.,„„,„„,•  ,||..   Mi,i,si.ni,||,|ii.l,„u   and 

!""  /^'■'■"^v.       ||„.   .,'„a,    si/,,  sin.),.',!,,  and  endiiran.','  i  ,|-   |„. 

"":''    '■'■'"''■'■'■''   i'    'li"i-nll    lo  I.nnuliinidiiun  Willi, ha,  ui': , 

unless   al    v.'i'v   elus,-    ran^.',   .„d    Ids  al,lli,v    to   d,-,..,    ,|.,.   K.ast' 

•""•'"''  •■;•"'    '""""'■'■   "-   !'■-<    l^'i'it   in   ■l.:air.  ni,il,.,',.,|a.'li,s.. 

"''I"'";'"''    ^"'.^     ''i"i""l'-      '■'    .summer    time    |„.    was    .„    f,,.. 

''""""•;  "■•'I'""'"''  i"'l'""nt.'r.  At,l,atsi'asonI,..airi'i',s,iiai.|iv 
.l^TiMinds,  will',',,  lak.'s  and  lake|..,s  al.i.i.nd.  and  iu„.  ,|„....  |,;. 
I'lungi's    I.,    ,.,s,'a,u.    tlie    tunnents   nf    ,|„.   ,|i„s    „|il    ,1,,.. ,. 

;l-d'ly  iimiHTMiig'  IdinseinnnelM.r  the  tinu',  .,.,i,'rallv  ui,|,  onlV 

us  nose  a  hove  wah'r       In  this  positi,,,,   In-  .'ould   he  su,v..s.|„||;. 

■"'"f"''    '''^-   "';•    '-''^'"■^    u,    th.'i,.  .an„.'s.    at    s„|li,.i.,,|,  [ ,-    ..,„;, 

•JUit'-tjM's  In   niake  ll.eiramnvseir.v,ivi,„.'tliev. d    .'v'en   dis- 

';'''•'  '"'"  ^vKl.  l.lou-s  l.efia-,.  ],..  ,,.i,ld  esi'api.;  This  wa.  i,|„'n 
cliU'n-ernusspi.H  or  l.nsiness,  whichever  vm,  pl.'as.'  tu  ,.all  it  Inr 
.isuiul..  liliiw  iVom  the  antlers  or  tia.  foot  of  a  nioos,-  wa.  .nili- 
eKM.t  to  demolish  or  sink  u  canoe,  when  th,.  hun„'r  would  he 
ortnnate  .1    I,,,  .sraped  with  his  life.     This  mode  of  p,„'sui,  w,. 

however,  generally  successful,  and  , h   meat   was  ohtaiiu'd  "in 

that  way  by  the  natives. 

The  Moose,  and  so  of  the  other  deer,  have  (h.'i,  favori,.'  palhs 
or  highways  ,n  the  forests  where  they  al.ound,  and  in  .hes.  Ihcv 
were  Ire.p.ently  captured.  For  this  purpose  a  lasso  was  ....t  from 
the  green  hide  ol  the  Moose,  by  following  nuind  it.  .'iittim.'  widiu- 
at  the  thinner  portions,  till  the  desired  length  was  attained.    The 

'='>r  was  tlii.M  closely  shaved  olV,  the  thong  twisted   ,0  ,he  p, ,• 

•c'gree,  and  then  stretehed  to  the  ut st,  and    in  this  plsi,  on 

•^••'od_.  Alter  tins  ,t  was  made  pliable  to  a  .'ertain  .le.!ree,  bv 
working  or  use,  retaining,  how.^ver,  sutlicient  rigiditv^V.r  tlu. 
lHUTos<'.  I  Ins  was  suspended  across  a  eonveuient  limb,  with  a 
running  noose  at  one  end,  which  was  suspe.wled  diivellv  over  the 
path,  ubundantly  large  for  the  head  and  antlers  of  the  lar-est 
Moose  to  pass  through,  but  sufficiently  high  from  the  .iround  to 
obstruct    the  passage   of    tlie  feet.     To  the  other  .n^  a  heavy 


h 


'   I 


m 


hi 


I    JK' 


!liX 


348 


'/'///■;  i)}:nR  of  AMi:n;r\\. 


wciglil,  I'.simlly  a  Inn-  of  wood,  wiis  iiitaclicd.  Tliis  was  lidd 
siispciidcd  lii^li  above  llic  ground  liy  a  ( rip.  iH'opci'lN'  arraiiLiCil. 
wliicli  ^vas  (o  spring-  l»y  the  least  strain  from  t!i  •  loop  of  the 
tliniiu-.  riiriMiM-|i  (Ids  ihe  M()os((  would  unsuspeclinglv  |)ass,  til! 
Ills  lu'east,  oi-  lore  lees  should  toueli  tlie  lower  line  of  the  nouse. 
when  the  trip  would  spring,  the  weight  would  drop,  and  the  line 
wiiuld  lie  drawn  tightK  ai'onnd  the  m-i  i<  of  the  aninial.  'Ihe 
attaehuient  to  ihe  lind)  not  heing  rigid,  the  animal  ciuld  go  some 
distance  hy  drawing  the  log  u|i  to  the  lind),  hut  hv  the  time  this 
was  dune,  the  animal  would  !)(>  nearly  choked  down,  the  di-aLi'  "f 
the  weight  always  maintaining  the  se\ere  tension.  A  few- 
minutes  rearing  and.  sirriggling  must  always  end  in  the  death  if 
the  animal.  In  this  mode  the  Indians  captured  manv  mouse, 
elk.  and  'Iher  ainmals,  hefon^  they  obtained  lir<'-arins;  and  even 
since,  it  has  been  sometimes  resort(\l  io  with  success. 

Whymper  describes  the.  niodc!  ])racticed  bv  the  Indians  in 
Alaska,  of  pursuing  the  .Moose  in  the  summer  tiim.  lie  sa\s: 
'M  )iu'  was  killed  in  the  water  bv  the  knife  nf  the  Indian.  The 
nalixcs  do  iinf  always  ,vasle  jiowdei-  and  shut  over  ihein,  but  get 
near  the  nieose,  nianeUNcring  round  in  their  bii'chd)ark  caiiees 
till  the  ;inimal  is  fatigued,  and  then  stealthily  approach  and  stab 
it  in  1  he  hearf  oi'  luins.""  ' 

All  agree  that  they  take  to  the  water  readily,  and  arc  goed 
swimmers,  though  thev  swim  higher  than  ihe  common  A^'rv.  In 
the  summer  t  hey  are  usua,lly  hunted  abouf  the  lakes  and  risers 
which  they  fi-eipient.  and  })robab1y  more  are.  killed  in  the  water 
and  on  (hi-  ishiudsthan  on  th(>  main  land.  'rheautlii>r  above 
(pi'iled,  in  a  ne|e.  says:  ••  In  some  cases,  the  Indians  in  mindiers 
surround  an  island  known  to  have  moose  ov  rt'iudeei-  on  it,  when 
a    regular  Uiillih   ensues."" 

The  gi-eatesl  slaughtei-  of  the  .Moose  bv  the  uat  i  ves -^  and  so  it 
has  been  by  the  white  men  since  —  took  place  in  the  winter,  w  hen 
the  coinilry  was  covereil  o\cr  with  deep  snow.  Willi  the  ai<l  ef 
siiow-shdcs.  the  Indians  could  piirsuo  them  at  a  rapid  ])ace,  while 
the  Moose  had  to  struggle  through  the  snow,  into  which  he 
would  sink  his  whol(>  depth  at  every  step.  Xo  endurance  i''>uld 
seitaiii  him  a  hmg  tinu^  with  such  labor,  and  his  prodigious 
strength  nmst  at   last  succumb,  while  the  Jndian  was  rapidly  i>ur- 


^inui,   him  on   the  snrl'a 


ce   o 


f   tl 


le   liuht  snow  on   his   bi 


(.•ait   snow- 


shoes.      Later   in    the  season,  when    the  surface  of  tin;  snow  was 
softened  or  melted  by  the  sun  during  the  day.  and  became  fro/.cii 

1   Jiards  ill  Al<(sha  ami  on  Ihe  h'liLon,  \).  'J4t'). 


1^ 


'/'///;  ciiAsi:. 


■\\\) 


'■'•'••l  ''n-:n^  ,ln.  ni^i,,.  a  ,.n,s|  woul.l  1,.  r,,n,,..,UnlIl,.i..nM,,  I,,..,,. 
=v'''|.M<,r:Mln.,  |,„t   inrapMl.l.  of  suslnini,,..  tl,..  M,,,,.,,       ^v|,;,, 

=•    AIous..    .,,s   ,-„„n.l   w,ul..,-  sn..|,   rou.li,  ions;  1„.  .  .s  .nil,.  .,    ,|„. 

;'::7;,'''''':':''^''''''%  '--'si,,,,.,  .lismn..,.  i„. ,,,  ,■„,„..,,,, 

^^.l^   tI,ro.,,l,  ,h..  ,,v;,..l,..nH.s  s.ou,  i,,,,,  ,vhi,.|,    1„.  un„M   .si„k   ■„ 
™yst..,,,l„,t   .prising  IVnn,    il    I  h.  sharp  ..,|,vs  nf   i  i,,.  ^.v  nus, 

'"'  ovciiakcii  an, I  dispalclicd. 

Tl,isrn,..|  ino,!..  nf|,„rs„ino.  il„.,|„,,rl,as   ,,.,,  1,,.,.,,..,. 
tl..'  nnr(l„.n,   ,vn.i,,„s,  vvl„.,v  alu,,,.   ,|,„  ,M,„„„  ,,,,  „,„, 
VH  to  tl„.  al.,ri,n.in,.s.  u  lio  hum..,!  lurilir   n-rc.sn-ic.  ,,f 

;;,""'   -'■"':':^'    '•'■^"•"•'•"   --"-'I'-^l-.  wl,,.,,,...,.,!,..  ...nW.- 
'-sp.nu,,,..,    ,,.„;„    nnml.M-s  of  ,1,.,  v„..i„i,   .,,■,.,■  u,.,v  ,l,„s 

'"'7"'    :""'    ^l-'^i'>'-'l.    --    onlv    l,v    ,1a.    al,„n.,in,..    1,„ 
our  iroiita-r  sell], MS  ;is  well.      F, 


I.I     to 
II'''     llli'l     Willi,    II, , I- 

ill',  and 


i\' 


^'"     •'"■  N  ^■,^■.^,a  d.v  a.v  .n„s,  ahnndanl.  d,.,,  su.us  ,■,.<..■,.,' 
^^■'"""-^"•"""•"'•-siliav,.  lM...n.rn.,vo.v,invn',. 

''1  ''"";?""'"''""  """'"'■'• '■"•'■"""•"   •'•■l|'l"-   ,lian   anv    ,.,ln.r 
;7';;'l;'''-    '>-•'--  .nil,,  sniall,  sharp  f,,,,,..Un,.|,,a,l.,l,,.,,,,,d. 

:,:;  '""''"'"''■■""^^•"i'--iiniaisw,Mddi„.  siipp„|.,,„,  „,„,„••, 

Mil  tare  h  ,;•  ,s,,,.p,,ii,  has  lu^n  h'ss  prrs,.,.,,!,.,! 
uIIkt  nicnilirrs  ,i|' 


"I  'lii--  \\a\   ihan  lli(. 


,    '•""'    ""■     ^''l'^"    -"'     <1  — '-il..n.    ,|||,i„.    „a.    w |..    .vla.n 

|l-Tsnnusan.|n,,n..nlin,l..  f,„vs,s  whi,.|Mh,.v  inlial.i,.  ,.„1|,.,m 
(•'.U'Hli.'r  in  sinail    hands  and    Inrm    wha 


•'I'.'illy   thr    Iciiialfs    an 


Ml'    iiin>i    p,.|.|',.,.t 
iiid   liiintia-s.      In 


.'Il     ill'!'    <"dlcd     ilili-ils,    ,.,.!,- 

"    vui,,,..   hv   ll,i.nisi.|v,.s.      s,„;„.  ,,(■    ,,;„^,. 
="■'■  """■'■  ''"i"!'!.'!.'   than   olhiTs.  ,.,n,|    it    is    ,,nlv  l' 
wlii.'h  iiavr  h,.,.,,   usuallv  dis.Til.'.l   l.y  authors 

!!"■"■   "I'V'"".''   ":■■""''   ""■   ^""^v  down  lo  a  hard  II •  ,  hnandiout 

^''•^vard'avn>,■  ,,  snrronniK'd  l,va  v.'rlii.a!  wall  ,,.'  ,h,,  ,, nil.;:,,,..,, 

:r-.     "';■    '''^ ^    -'"'•<'■"'    '•"•••l-s.'vardsari.   d,'ns,.,hi,.l..,s, 

..tlonini,   ,h..   .iva,..s,    al.nndaun'   of    .|,rnM„.rv.    vii'Min^    tlnar 
-nnti'    |oo.i,    .vhi.   ,    is    arhon s.      This    Ih,.,'   „h„|.1v    d,.,rov 

nu     h.'ir   v:ud    l.v..onsnniin^,h..,wi^sands,|.ippin,.,,n',li;. 
;""';•'-;■•'    '!■;■    la.'..   Ir.'.'s  whli-l,    ,IVv  .anno,    1„.|„|   down    ,o 

-.Ul.i'lops,,!i.'ydi'nud.'or(lH'l,arksolaras,h,,v,.an  r,.a,.h 
t'"'.^-  •'"  ""'  -lish  this  ..oars,',dry  hark  of  , ho'  Ian.,,  iroos 
flH'.Vronsuin.'  if  all  ,,,  .safisfv  thrir  hunnvr.  Wlai 
within  Ihi.  yard,—  which 
toiulcd  to  rrarh  tlir  shrill)! 
way  to  aiiodit'r  loi-alion  wlion''  a  frcs! 


■siiiiictiiiu's    bcconi 


•n  all  ,|io 
I's   (•onsid,.r;ili|\ 


•<'i'y.  —  IS  (•onsunicd.  ,|i,.\   l.ivak 


('\- 
lu'ir 


I 


orm  il  new  van!. 


I  .supply  may  \h-  loinid,  and 


w-v 


w 


fin 


m 


^s    ' 


'.  m\ : 


350  T/II-:   DEER    OF  AMIUIICA. 

It  Is  nirc.  liMwcvcr,  tliat  lliese  Viivds  hiivc  :ill  llic  surfnec  cum- 
pactly  troildcii  dnwii.  I'lu'V  makc!  i):itlis  IVdih  the  nidial  jidiiits 
to  reach  the  tici's  or  .shrul)l»ei'y  in  the  iieii;id)(>iiiiMid,  so  that  tlu' 
area  of  tlicir  liahitatioii  is  nun'li  cKteiidccI  1)\  •^t  rccts  (ir  pnilis, 
■well  ]iackcd  diiwi),  between  whieli  the  deej)  sik.w  I'eiiiaiiis  midis- 
liirlif(K  ami  lrtM|Ueiitly  this  system  ot"  ]»atlis  eiuistiliiti's  the  \ard. 
witii  liiit  a  very  limited  central  area,  quite  trodden  duwn.  When 
th(^  snow  is  dee])  and  covered  witli  a  liai'd  crust,  the  deer  are 
sought  in  these  vards,  hut  not  oxchisivelv. 

The  reindeei'  are  mui.'h  less  accustonu'd  to  yard  in  wiutei'  than 
the  ^Nlonse.  and  it  is  a  liahit  rarely  nhserved  in  au\  uther  df  tin.' 
deer  faniilv,  sn  I'ar  as  1  iiave  int'ormatiou. 

Since  the  ai)[)earanc(^  of  civilized  man  ^vitll  tirearms.  mid  the 
introduction  ol'  those  weapiuis  amony  the  sa\aL;'<'s.  a,  eliaUL;!'  has 
necessarily  heen  made  in  the  chase  of  the  ih'vw  as  well  as  other 
U'anie.  or  at  least  the  old  modes  are  less  relied  upon,  and  tln'  new 
weajion  has  heeonie  the  |>rincii»al  (le[)endence.  The  mode  o|' 
hunliiiy  this  deer  now  is,  in  general,  the  same  with  the  civilized 
and  the  savage  huntei',  especially  on  the  frontiers  and  with  the 
lariier  species,  which  are  only  found  in  the  wildeiness  lievond  the 
borders  of   the  white  si'ttlements. 

More  endurance  anil  sagacity  are  re(]uired  in  the  cha<e  of  the 
^Nloose  Deer  than  any  of  tlu;  others,  for  they  are  more  suspiciou> 
and  cautious,  and  seem  to  possess  the  senses  of  smell  ami  hear- 
ing in  a  higher  degree  tlian  the  smaller  species.  Indeed,  it  seems 
to  be  a  general  rule  that  the  older  and  the  larger  specimens  (if 
a  given  species  are  more  dillicidt  to  cajtture  than  the  smaller, 
as  well  as  that  the  largi-r  species  are  more  cautious  than  the 
smaller. 

A  life-long  exp(M'ienc(i  and  study  of  the  habits  of  the  animal 
and  of  wood  craft,  s(^em  to  iiave  endowed  the  Indian  with 
greater  skill  than  the  white  man,  especially  in  the  pursuit  of  the 
jNIoose  and  the  Caribou  :  hence  the  white  hunter  ^'enerallv  secures 
the  services  of  an  Indian  when  he  go'>s  in  pursuit  of  this  noble 
game. 

The  [)roper  season  for  hunting  the  Moose  is  at  the  eounneuee- 
ment  of  the  rut,  say  in  Si^ptember,  when  his  antleis  have  per- 
fected their  growth,  the  velvet  has  biicn  rubbed  off.  and  they 
have  btjcome  linely  polished  against  the  trees.  Then  it  is,  that 
he  is  in  tin;  best  condition  and  the  venison  is  the  choicest  ;  then 
it  is,  that  his  desires  have  stimulated  his  courage  and  deprived 
him  of  a  portion  of  that  caution  which  makes  his  capture  st)  dil- 


f  '  '^ 


THE   CHASE. 


351 


ace    cnlii- 

ial  |ii)iiiis 
tlmt  the 
or  jKillis, 
ins  uiidis- 
tlic  yard. 

1.  WllCli 

(letT   aiv 

iircr  tliaii 
rv   (if   the 

.  ami  till' 
laiiL^v  lias 
I  as  (illicr 
I  till'  new 

llUnlc    nf 

■  cixili/cil 
with  tlh' 
■Vdiid  till' 

so  of  tllc 
suspicion^ 
md  licai'- 

1,  it.  sccnis 

ciiuclis  of 
'  sinalK'T. 
than  the 

U'  aniniai 
liaii  witii 
nit  (if  tile 
ly  sccui'cs 
this  iiolilf 

iiiiinciK'c- 
liavc  pcr- 
aiid  tlicy 
it  is,  thai 
est  ;  tlicii 
ilei)riv('d 
lire  .s(,)  dil- 


fi-lt.         .....  ,t  ,s    tl.at  he  nmy  he    met  with.  , .ashlv.-oaud,,... 

throuo  .  ,h.  t,.,,,t  ,„„,tin^.  for  a  mate,  at  the  sa,n,.  ti.nc  sccki,,':: 

condnus  with   h,s  own  speeie.s  and  ,sex.     After  he  ],as  f I  ,C 

n.ate  he  desuys.  and  they  have  retired  to  the  s.vhuh.,!  nla.v  s,- 

-l.'d  lor  th..,r  ho.ne  where  they  are  to  pass  th.  hon-v  n.oon- 

JI.av(.   already  stated  that  Ihey  are  n.ono^an.ie  -  th,;  ^ive   up 

this  roving  halat    and  remain   .piietly  ^l   iion.e.  till    the' sea.u)  is 

1-ssed.  unless    disturhed    hythe    hunter    or    ,1 ude  is    divorced 

und  expelled    I.y  son.e  powerful  rival.      When   his  d cstic  rela- 

t.(>ns  are  thus  hrohen  np  he  a(,ain  Starrs  on  his  travels  n,ore  n,ad. 

;''■";"'   """'    '"''•'•"   ""'"    '-f<"v,  and  although   he  n.av  he  an  Iv 

';':;:'    •;:   •";-;';   -•<'   l-voke,  the    h.ek   of   his   ..uston.arv  (•ant;:,n 
"^\'r■^  '  '""  ■''  """■«  ^■•i«.y  P'vy  to  th(.  eautions  hunter^ 

,.    \''' '"''";^:^  '"'"^'"S:  the  Moose  at  this  season  are, "hietlvre- 

'-;'  'M-n.^nul  n.b,.th  of  ti.ese  the  skill  of  the  Indian  is  ,p,ite 
•"lls]H;nsa  de.  he  lirst  is  the  still  hunt,  in  which  the  tra.k  of 
he.unnKd,s    ..ll,.w...l  over  the  nK.st.liH^ 

ih-n  eand  wdh  the  e.,,a,-st  eantion,  till  the  ^.une  is  seen  he- 
fore  he  suspects  the  presence  of  his  pnrsner,  and  is  then  ap- 
Vyon.U-:\  with  still  o,,,,ter  labor  and  care,  till  within  rille  ran. '> 
or  .s  d,s(.overed  u.  Ids  sechuhxl  lair,  and  is  crept  np,u.  hv  tla^ 
-u  ;ous  hunter,  tdl  he  can  he  reach(.l  by  tl J  hJleu  uds.le 
^h  .  s  to  crown  the  hopes  of  the  hunter  and  reward  hin.  for 
.  ls_pa,ns.  ll.->ther,s  the..//,  in  which  the  Indian  inntales 
dlT,!  ''■'■^^'""'"^'"^'•'-'^•"•'••"-i-"  all  its  variations. 
•""I  '>.^   I  ns   nn-ans  .ndnces  the  dehuled  animal  t.,  approach  the 

;;•""•'■■•'''■''    ''•'"'-•'    'ill    '"'-.nes  within   shooting,  distance       The 

---  -nust  be  pursue.l  in   the  (lay-t 

-1  <laH.ness  a.  .vnerally  deemed  necessary  to  insnnrsucceis  in 
tie  other.  |„ny  experience  and  a  close  habit  of  observation 
^o.H.  can  .puddy  one  to  detect  the  f<K.t-prin(s  of  the  animal  pur- 
M  d  over  th..  barn.n  -cks  or  the  yielding  a.ul  elastic  nloss, 
"    ue  the  nnpracfced  eye  can  detect  no  sign  that  the  aninud  has 

u.i    iM.en    there;  and  an  intinnite  knowledge  of  the  habits  (,f 

l.e  anunal  ,s  necessary  to  determine  the  ccmrse  he  has  taken 
-'-»  1-  track  IS  finally  lost,  and  to  detennine  the  places 
vv^-e  h(.  w.ad  be   most  likely  to  stop  to  feed  and  rest,     r    1^ 

CO  c.w,u.rnmw.,,dd  be  n,,>st  likely  to  take  up  his  alJle  dar- 
ing the  conjugal  relation.  The  call  can  only  be  snccessfnilv  re- 
oi^cd  to  by  those  who  after  infinite  practic.;  are  enabled  at'wdl 
to  Hn.ta.e  to  perfection  all  the  notes  nttered  '  v  the  Moose  of  l..;!! 
sexes,  a.id  all  ages,  and  under  all  circumstances,  from  the  feeble 


Till:  i>i:i:n  of  ameiuca. 


'.i'\ 


call  ol"  tlic  \  (iiin'4' call',  t  In- aiix.iiius  call  of  the  si)licii(iiis  nidllicr. 
the  aiiiiii'iiiis  noli'  of  the  rciiiah,'  .seeking'  a  male.  n\-  tin-  iiiasciiliiii' 
rcspniisi'  (if  lliciiialc,  to  tlio  licrc(?  and  ddiaiif  cliallciin'f  of  tlir 
liiill  wlii'ii  a  rival  is  .suspected  to  he  near,  l^adi  of  these,  oil  oc- 
casion, must  lie  |ierfeetly  expressed,  or  llie  coiinlei'felt  will  he  de- 
tected and  llie  siis|iicious  ^'aiiie  will  insraiitlv  disa|i|iear. 

I  can  liest  illustrate  the  lirst  nio(l<' of  hunt  inn' the  Moose  liv  an 
extract  from  that  ardent  and  experienced  sporlsniaii  and  admir- 
able writer,  Caplain  CainpUell  Ifardv,  in  "Forest  Life  in  Acii- 
die.'"  p.  '.'t.  I  have  no  fear  that  inv  extract  will  lie  too  lone,  f,,]' 
it  is  instructive  as  well  as  interestiiie"  :  — 

"  I'rt.'sent  ly  the  canoe  was  sie'iialed.  and  u'oiiie'  ilown  to  the 
water's  ede-e  I  eiiiharked,  and  in  a  few  iniimtes  st<i<id  liefore  ,|oe"s 
castle,  ll  was  a  substantial  farin-lu)ns(>,  uvideutlv  Imilt  liv  sonic 
settler  who  had  a  notion  of  makiiio-  his  fori  line  li\  the  aid  of  a 
small  stream,  which  llowed  into  the  lake  close  \<\\  and  over  which 
stood  a  saw-mill.  .\ii  old  liarn  was  attached,  and  from  its  rafters 
hiiiij^'  inoosc-liidcs  of  all  aL;('s  and  in  all  stae('s  of  decomposition: 
horns,  lee's.  and  hoofs:  porcupines  dcjirived  of  t  heir  (piills.  which 
are  used  for  ornamental  work  by  the  women:  and  in  fact  a  \ci\ 
similar  collection,  only  on  a  grander  scale,  to  that  which  is  often 
dis[)lavcd  on  the  mitsiih'  of  a  e-aniekeepi'r"s  barn  in   I'Jiniand. 

"A  rush  <if  lean,  hnng'ry  looking  curs  was  made  ihroiigh  tln' 
door  as  Joe  o|H'ned  it  to  W(dcome  me.  'Walk  in('apteii  —  aii. 
yon  l)rnte  of  dog,  A'lni/lmnnk .'  Mrs.  Cojie  from  hoiue  visilinn 
some  friends  in  Windsor.  l'erlui[)S  yon  take  sonn-  diiiiier  along 
with  me  and  dim  before  we  start  up  lake.' 

■•  •  All  right.  Joe  :  rU  smoke  a  l>i[>c  till  ymi  and  .fiiii  are  read\ .' 
I  replied,  not  much  relishing  the  appearance  of  the  parboilcl 
moose-meat,  which  Jim  was  fishing  out  of  the  pot.  •  No  clianc<' 
of  calling  to-night,  I'm  afraiil,  Joe  ;  wc;  shall  have  a  wet  night." 

'*  '  I  never  see  such  weather  for  time  of  year,  Capteii  ;  everv- 
thing  in  woods  so  w<  t  —  ciin't  Inirdly  make  lire:  but  grand  time 
for  creeping,  tih,  grand  I  (ncrytiiing  you  see,  so  soft,  don"t  make 
no  noise.      What  sort  of  moccasin  you  got  ?  ' 

"•  *  A  good  pair  of  moose-shanks,  yon  sold  nn?  last  winter,  Joe: 
they  lire  the  best  soi't  for  keeping  out  the  wet,  and  they  are  so 
thick  and  warm.' 

" 'I'JK!  moose-shank  moccasin  is  cut  from  the  iiind  leg  of  the 
Moose;  it  is  in  shape  like  an  angk'-boot,  and  is  sewn  up  tiglitl\ 
at  tlie  toe,  iind  with  this  exce[)tioii  being  without  seam,  is  nearly 
water  tight.     The  interior  of  Cope's  castle  was  not  V(n'y  sweet. 


I 


TIIIC   cifAsh: 


858 


s  iiKitlicr, 
iiiiisciiliiii' 
il;c  (if   till' 

'SI',    (111    (IC- 

vill  \m  (Ic- 

(isf  liv  an 
11(1  adiiiir- 
'  ill  Aca- 
)  Imi!'.  tor 

ill     In     tile 

'tore  .Iocs 

t  liy  SDiuc 
'  aiil  (it'  a 
i\('i'  which 
its  ral'ici's 
ii]i(isili(iii  : 
lis,  which 
act  a  \vv\ 
•h  is  (ii'tcii 
;lan(l. 
rdiiu'li  the 
iti'u  —  all. 
ic  visitiiin 
lUT  along 

i'(>  read}  ." 

parhdilc.l 

SO  I'liaiicc 

night.' 
11  ;  fvery- 
rand  time 
in"t  make 

liter,  Joe : 
ley  are  so 

eg  Oi   the 

ij)  tiglitl\ 

is  nearly 

rv  sweet. 


%   '   '"   '^  ^":    "idcrly  manner  — this 


II'    al)se|icc    (,r    (III. 
■'"■'''■  ;  pofalocs  were 

"■''  ''>  li;ive  aiiv  (■('!•. 


"'>•    ,'"""".'-'   ""-se  were  st,vun.'v(',.v'u 

'-P<-    .n  various  eon.ers,  and  n.^hinc  2^ 

,t    the    ornamental,    for    „„,      .f    ,    "\'     ''  '"'^^•"-''-  -",..  id, 

'^'"•"•''"•"Vided.he    wal       '      t  la  '-'"""'     ^""'^  '     "" 

.saints  a, lartvrs  -uml.e,' „|   gaudy  ,,i,,nivs  . 


•'"•'  had,  iKMvcver.  son,,.  i,|,,;i 

nd 
"1' 
1  he  repast  lieinc'  dvei-    ft,,.  \     v 

— ■■^' I.,  i.^'.v  HI ,.,;:;,:::' '•;,7"V""""- >^ 

™'i.|' ".s  s|„v.,i  „,.,, „iis„r  I,,:,,,    '  ""'"'■'■I" ' >^'^ 

11-  "^  .-^'""<  Which  Was  strew..,]  ..t   <i      [     . 

■   """'-"■■''-■» .■-;,■„,,„„,„,■„,,„„,, .,,„ ,^^.^ 

l"'''ii.'p.^    half   a    mile 
•iih 


.''■"JpO'-.-i-d.  |.r„p„rtionatelv,  V(.rv  nam.w 

•"    -ts   general    hn.adth.      I{„||i„;,.    ,,     J    .7 '"■''"'''   '""     '    '" 
"-"vyhran(lliemh.(.k..,,,.,u:^J''     \":''''''      '■''^'■'•'■''- 
'''-'lM-->-i.l-ll,..,n,  a   (In.  ,        ''■'■''         '■'/    "'"^'■"" 
iHishes  skirti the    wati'r   u            '  '■""""•■      ""'    '"^'pl" 

^''■''-i.i,.w;;.   ;i   .  r  '^ 

--'--•''si.h^.iftiH  ;;■;;''''■•' --'-'-"'<s,m,he 

''-.'■ar,.ra(...ssa,ion         h     :;;      :r''^r''"''^V''>'''''^  ' 

tiH^dii-tops,  i,' ...iv  ^>  J  ;.':;'■'''•' '^  ^''-'' •'' -''-''ill,,  a,.,.,.., 

^='inlvus,,,iH.,,,,,..     ■'^''''   7''''''>--'P-S(.,|.     Ande..,- 

-.^..•tahlys.at..(I,mal.lank(.t,(a.    :    I        :       ;,^';'''''":''' 
bottom  of  (|„.  eanoe,  -  i .i...,„,,..  ,  •        '•'^^"  '"'"-''^ 


llcll      to 

M'iiM' 


■-'■':r^-''-'''''^''-K":i';':i:!»r,.::''- ■ '--"- 


"II  either  side. 


itill 


g  on   the  gunuah 


Pi   1 


!»: 


;ii 


•I 


r,r)4 


rili:   JiEEIl    OF  AMi:i!lcA. 


(li'iiiKlinotlier,  —  wii   iiiiist   givt;    Iht  somclliiiig",  or  wi*    liavc  no 
lu.-k.' 

"  'I'o  the  i-oclis  111  ([ucstiou  iirc^  attaclicd  a  superstitions  attribute 
of  li.'iviiig'  lii(!  ]^)o\vt'r  of  iiilliicuciiig  tln^  good  or  had  fnrtiiiii-  of  tliu 
liimtcr.  Tlii'v  arc  sujuioscd  to  Ix;  tliu  I'licliantrd  form  of  .oinc 
gfiiiiis  of  tlio  forest  ;  and  few  Indians,  on  a,  liiinting  mission  ii[i 
t!i(!  lal<i',  care  to  pass  tlicin  without  first  propitiating  the  spirit  of 
tli(^  rocks,  jpy  depositing  a  small  olTcring  of  a  [ticcc  of  nioiicv,  to- 
bticco,  Oi"  hiscuit. 

"'That  will  do,  Capten  ;  anything  a'niost  will  do;  '  said  Joe, 
as  one  cut  off  a  small  pieco  of  tobacco,  and  another  threw  a 
small  piece  of  biscuit  or  potato  to  the  rock.  '  Now  you  would  n't 
blieve.  (  apteii,  that  wlieii  you  ctmie  back  you  iiiid  that  all  gone. 
I  give  you  my  wurd  that's  true  ;  we  always  find  what  we  li';ive 
gone.'  Whereupon  Joe  commenced  a  series  (jf  illustrative  }ariis, 
showing  the  dangers  of  omitting  to  visit  tlu;  '  (Jrandinother,* 
and  how  Indians  who  had  pass(id  her  had  shot  themselves  in  the 
woods,  or  Iiad  broken  their  legs  between  rocks,  or  had  violcni 
pains  attack  them  shortly  after  ])assing  the  rocks,  and  on  return- 
ing and  making  the  presents  had  imn   'diately  recovered. 

"  '  It  looks  as  if  it  were  going  to  be  calm  to-night,  Joe."  said 
I,  as  we  neared  the  head  of  the  lake.  '  Which  side  are  we  id 
camp  on  ?  Those  long,  mossy  swamps  which  run  back  into  the 
woods  on  the  western  side  look  likely  resorts  for  Moose.' 

"'No  place  handy  for  camp  on  that  side,"  said  Joe ;  'grand 
place  i'or  Moose  though.  Gu(.'ss  if  no  luck  to-morrow  morniu" 
we  cross  there  ;  I  got  notion  of  trying  this  side  iirst."  And  so 
having  beached  the  canoe,  turned  her  over,  and  thrown  her  into 
the  bushes  secure  from  observation,  we  made  up  our  bundles, 
apportioning  the  loads,  and  followed  Joe  into  the  forest,  now 
darkened  by  the  rapidly  closing  shades  of  evening.  In  a  very 
short  time  the  dripjiing  branches  discharging  their  heavy  showers 
n[)on  us  as  we  brushed  against  them,  and  the  saturated  moss  and 
rank  ftuMi  made  us  most  uncomfortably  wet ;  and  as  the  dillicul- 
ties  of  traveling  increased  as  the  daylight  receded,  and  the  tight, 
wet  moccasin  is  not  much  guard  to  the  feet  coming  in  jiainful 
contact  with  unseen  stump  or  njck,  we  were  not  sorry  when  the 
\v.ary  tramp  up  the  long,  wooiled  slope  was  ended,  and  a  faint 
light  through  the  trees  in  the  front  showed  that  we  had  arrivetl 
at  the  edge  of  the  barrens.  '  It 's  no  use  trying  to  make  call 
to-night,  that  sartin,'  said  Joe  ;  '  couldn't  see  Moose  if  he  come. 
Oh,  tlear  me,  I  sorry  for  this  weather.     Come,  Jem,  we  try  make 


have   no 

attriliiitc 
iiw.  dl'  tin- 

lissioii   ii]! 

I!  Spil'it   of 

loiicy,  to- 
said   Joe, 
threw   ;i 
Wolllil  u"t 
all   e'oiii'. 
we    li'iive 
ivf  Aariis, 
xlinotlicr," 
es   in   till' 

ul     violclit 

)n  rctnrn- 
I. 

Joe.  sail  I 
iive  we  1(1 
:  into  the 

? ;  '  ynind 
V  niornin' 
And  so 
1  her  into 
f  l)nndk'S, 
)rest.  now 
In  a  very 
■y  sliowi  rs 

moss  anil 
lie  dillieid- 

tlie  tight. 

in  painful 

when  the 
(I  !i  faint 
ul  arrived 

make  call 
;  he  come. 

try  make 


77/ A'   cilAsi:. 


«).),) 


;^:"i- '■'"!".« .nyr,.o:,;;;:\  ."J  ^::l!■:;;■;'■'';"^-- 
""■•^%""''»i>«'»-i»"i. v,i ,■,,,,„„.,„,  Ti.   ,'';"■'""; 

"' "    "»    "■  »■■'•  ""■■  „.,v  wit ,»,,      \-„„.  :    '  I    »;""l'<-  •■ii- 

'--r ''•":-' '  »..iii>:;;i::;„';:t :;;;::::,::;' .;r; : 

"1    ii   l«!\v  m  imtes  w..   h.M-,.  ..  •        ,.  "^""' "'^  ^t"'Ks.  and 

i-^^.,,,,,.e„,i::jr:;  :;-;;:  ;;-;';;;i-vi,,  ,,,.,,,,, 

»l"to  of  tl,„  a,lv,.,-».  ..|, „t    ■  ,    ,:„  '"■'■''  "I ".  i" 

-'-.--u, in,K-,',;i:,,,^.j   :i!;,:i;f^'-H,;'" 

«;i'l.".-t.s;  .1,0  c,u,va,s  U   ,„„.„ll,.,l  an,,  s  .  .M  ,      n  "'"■'''" 

H.v,.l,.a,,K,an<h,,,.ea,,,pl,a,s.ta,-t,,li„t„..,,j      ,  'V,         -W,",,.- 

">"-   Hi"    li,-o   aa.l  ,lis„„,„,l   i,,   I,,,,.,      I       I  !,    •  "'"  "■•■"   ■^l'"l<"'l 

!-i.ii.,. ,.  r„rt,.o,.  i.,ok  i;  «::;:";;„ .;  ;:;vt-!'  f  ■"■•"'■ 

.»  s,i„atli„g  „vo,-  H,o   I!,,,  witi,  ,.  woll  (ii    ",     °    '       ''"  ''"^  »"" 

i.i»»i.^».,.. a,.,...,  .,,,,, ;:;:,;:;t;!,:r;!:' '"- 

■^ -".u\;;:;;^;:'::;;;::'::r-'''7  4n.ne„ ,.„ 

Uul   „ah„.o    for   travolin?,    tl„.    ...-o,,:,  I    L  i'  ■       ''■    ""'^ 

»t.'owo,l  with  aoa.1  t,-oe,  oTti.e  lore  ,;,   ,      °    ""        """'"''■^y 


fiii 


iili  i 

m 


«n 


ill' 


nm 


nil-:  ]>i:i:n  or  .\Mi:inr.\, 


brok'cii  limhs  and  rmiMli  ni-mitc  roi-Us  often  cause  a  severe  hruise 
of  fall  to  tlie  Innitei-.  1 1  was,  as  Joe  said,  !i  '  erand  plaee  "  I'.ir 
eallini;'  the  Moose,  as  in  some  sjiols  the  eouiili'v  coiild  lie  scanned 
for  miles  ai'onnd,  wliilst  the  nmnei'oiis  small  hushes  and  rock 
l>o\vhlers  would  aHord  a  n-ady  com-ealmeiit  from  the  (|uick  si^ht, 
of  this  animal.  However,  lime  would  show.  If  calling  could 
not  lie  attem|iti'd  ne\t  morniiig,  it  would  most  likelv  he  suitahie, 
for  crecpine';  so,  hopine'  for  a  calm  nioiaiine'  and  a,  clear  skv,  oi', 
at  all  events  for  a  cessation  of  the  rain,  wi^  stretched  ourselves  for 
repose;  and  the  |)atteiin<^  drops  and  t he  crackliue"  an<l  snappiii!^' 
of  the  loes  on  the  lii'e,  and  tlie  hooting'  of  the  owls  in  the  distant 
forest,  hecame  less  and  less  heeded  or  heard,  till  sU'i'i>  translated 
us  to  the  land  of  dreams. 

"  To  oui'  diseust,  it  still  rained  wlien  we  awoke  next  morning; 
the  wind  was  in  the  same  direction,  and  the  same  eluomv  skv 
promised  no  hettei-  things  foi-  us  that  day.  The  old  Indian,  how- 
ever, drew  on  his  r.io,'asins,  and  started  oi'f  lo  llu^  harreii  hv 
himself,  to  take  a  sni'vey  of  the  country  whilst  the  hreakfast  was 
pri'parine',  and  I  gloomily  threw  myself  hack  on  tlie  hlanket  for 
another  snooze.  After  an  hour  or  so"s  ahsence,  .fo(!  returned  and 
sat  (h)\vn  to  liis  lu'eakfast  (we  liad  finished  oni'"s  and  wcu'c  smok- 
ing), looking  very  wet  and  excited.  '  Two  .Moose  pass  round 
close  to  camp  last  night,"  said  lie.  '  I  find  their  tracks  on  har- 
ren.  They  gone  down  the  little  valh'v  towards  the  lake,  and  I 
.see  their  tracks  again  in  the  woods  (piite  fresh,  ^'on  get  rcaily, 
(.'ai)ten  :  I  have  notion  we  see  Moose  to-ilay.  I  see  sou'.e  mure 
trat'ks  on  th(!  barren  going  .southward  ;  however,  we  try  the 
track's  near  camp  first,  —  may  he  we  find  them,  if  not  startecl  hy 
the  smell  of  the  fire.' 

"'  We  were  soon  at  it:  aixl  left  our  camp  witli  hopeful  hearts, 
and  in  Indian  file,  ste])ping  lightly  in  each  other's  tracks  over  the 
elastic^  moss.  I'^verything  was  in  first-rate  order  for  cr(!e[)ing  on 
thii  iMoos(;  ;  the  fallen  leaves  did  not  rustle  on  the  ground,  and 
e\cn  dead  sticks  heiit  witlH)Ut  sna[)i)ing,  and  we  [)rogn'ssed  ia|i- 
iilly  and  noiselessly  as  cats  towards  the  lake.  Presently  we  came 
on  the  tracks,  here  and  there  deeply  im]iresseil  on  a,  han;  spot  of 
soil,  hut  on  the  moss  hardly  discernible,  except  to  the  Indian's 
keen  vision.  They  were  going  down  the  valley  ;  a  little  bi'ook 
eoursi'd  through  it  towards  the  lake,  and  from  the  mossy  hanks 
s])rung'  graceful  bushes  of  moose-wood  and  maple,  on  the  young 
shoots  of  which  the  Moose  had  been  feeding  as  they  passed.  The 
tracks  showed   that   they  were  a  young  bull  and  a  cow,  those  of 


\m. 


Tin:  iii.isi:. 


tl.0  l.it,.,-  h..;„.^  ,„„,|,  i,.,.„„,.  ,„„,  „„„,„    ,■„,,„,     |,,.,.^     , 
:     •' I-'..- -vMi,.,,.  s„. ,„,,„,,„ ,„,„,,: 

::::..  t-tTr:;,;:;r;:;-;,:,;';;^;::,::,;'V;;v:;;::: 

t:l"T    ;'T '""--'■i"-i""^'...i"i"i .1,,.,,. 

:.:::::',"■•  .-"'•'"■•.-  -  i"-'i  -■ i  J,:, , 


II        llllll.'ltlMll 
1.       I 

Mllii'd     the 

II'  they  sl;,|-|C(|  ; 

•'111    \v;is   iii;ikii|M'   th,. 


-,'•""•"'""""•"""■'• '^i-'""-    'In, nstallllH.fi,,,,.  IV. 
t->-,.n,,....    n,..     Uns,...n,i,,...^  ,u„ 

;•;;-•"■'...    loi-  ,1„.    ..an...ns  al-ovc.      I.,  was    ..:,..:     ,/; 
tlirnusow..  u-,.Mtuir(oaM,.UH..-,,arh,.ni,..   1,,,.,,. 


..     I..     ,x..y..itl..,,..sy.^ 
■intKon   tin.   w..  ,  s,n.,<„h    rorks.   or  slin,y  s,u.ra<vs  ,  f  ,Wav...l 

tives;tonnv,...l,,nl.in.ov,.,.,,.ass..sofp,.,.;,,al.   tn.nks   an.l 
cn.,ou.-way,.,,...,.,,.,     .,,.,,,, ,,,^^ 

m^  .11,  s.  „„  ,H.wly-n.an.Iat...I  suamps,  we  s,H.nt  a  l,>„,..  ,,„„•„! 

-Hh.u,    s,.,.,,,.    M.,os,..  tlHu..h   ...spiHlsw......   ,,vv.;,,.!,;     ^ 


flaggiMu-   l,y   (•,>iistaiitly  t',ilI,)\'vii,M.  |V,.sl 


nun 
I  tracks.      'J'h,,   .^[,)(,s,.  w,.,.,. 


.tmat,,m..   ,l,,,p,,,,,,,,,,,,,ttV.HutIu,I.,,lia,.  ^  ,,,„,„^. 

;;:rr  ;'''''';■'''•'''''• '^''--^^'•--..ipa.-t„rti. 

■u.  \.,,„.,,is,...,l„...,.,Hl..,I   liills..fth.M>pp„sih.  sl„,n.„r 

tl,c   Ukn   I,,,.,,,,,,..  ,|a,.kly  thn-ngh  the,  ...ist,  an,l  l,..,-.  an,l  l|„.,v  ., 
l-t.oa.>t,ts.laHcwat..s.     The  count,v  was  v...  ..p,.,,  ;  V.,,,,' 

nu'..t,  covered  ...save  hen.  ana  there  a ehunponiwarnup^ 

p..stui  e    trunks,   hlaek,.,,...!    l.y   fn-e,   lying   across   the 
rocks  otten  gave  n.e  a  start,  as,  seen  at  a  .iislanee,  thr, 
•lark,  ni.sty  air,  th<.y   resen.l.le.l    the    forms  oi'   o,u-   I,,,, 
gan,e-particularlyso,when   snnnounte.l    bv  twiste.l    Zoi^'^i^- 

l.ea..a,nteu-tall    whicIwM>poaredtocn.u;th..n.witl^ 

.^top,  (  apten  .    not  a  nmve  ; '  snddenly  whispc-r..,!  ohl   Joe 
^^I.o    was  crossn.g   the    barren  a  few  yards   to   niy   left;    '  don> 


l»lea,'h-,l 
High   the 
our   long-siiii'di 


5  rf! 


s  H 


858 


77/A'  i>i:i:i;  or  ami:i;ic.\. 


liKivcdiic  liiti'  III' lialt'  Iiisscd  Mini  Iialf  said  lliroiioli  liis  tcclli. 
'l)(n\iil  .sink  (IdWii  —  slow,  like  iiic  I  '  iiiid  \vc  all  s^radiial!'- 
sulisidiMl  ill  the  wet  biislios. 

''  I  liiid  not  si'cii  liim  :  I  knmv  it  was  a  Moose,  11ioiil;Ii  [  dai'cd 
iiol  asl'  .luc  :  luit  (|uirtly  awaited  I'lirtlicr  diriM'tioiis.  I'irsciit  l\ . 
on  .Joe's  in\itatioii.  I  slowly  dra;^'<4'cd  my  liod\  tlii'on^ji  tin' 
hushes  to  liiiii.  'Now  yoii  see  him,  Capteii  :  there  —  tliiTel 
My  sakes.  what  a  laill  I  What  a  pily  we  not  a  little  nearer  — 
such  opi'ii  country  I " 

'• 'I'heii'  he  st<iod  —  a  <;'iu,'antie  fellow  —  blaek  as  iiinlit,  iiioviiin' 
his  head  which  was  surmounted  hy  massivi'  whiledookiiiti'  horns, 
slowly  i'roin  side  to  side,  as  he  scanned  the  country  around.  Ijc 
evidently  had  not  seen  us,  and  was  not  alarmed,  so  we  all 
hreathed  freely.  'J'liis  success  on  our  ])art  was  pai'tlv  attrihula- 
l)le  to  the  siiddeuness  and  caution  with  which  we  sto|i])ed  and 
ilr(i|i|H'd,  when  the  quick  eye  of  the  Indian  detected  him.  and 
partly  to  the  haziness  of  the  atmosphere.  His  distance  was 
alioiii  live  hundred  yards,  and  he  was  standing  directly  facinti;  us, 
till'  wind  hlowing  from  him  to  iis.  After  a,  little  deliheration, 
Joe  applied  the  call  to  his  lips  and  gave  out  a  most  masterly  imi- 
tation of  the  lowing  of  tlit;  cow-moose  to  allure  him  towards  us. 
He  hear<l  it  and  moved  his  head  ra])idly  as  he  scanned  the  hori- 
zon for  a  glimpse  of  the  stranger.  Jle  did  not  answer,  however; 
and  .ioe  said,  as  aftei'wards  proved  correct,  that  he  nuist  have  a 
cow  w  itii  him,  somewhere  close  at  hand.  Presently,  to  oui'  ureat 
satisfaction,  he  ipiietly  lay  down  in  the  bushes.  '  Now  we  have 
him,"  thought  I;  'hut  how  to  a])j)roach  him?'  'i'lie  Moose  lay 
facing  us,  hut  jtartly  concealed  in  hushes,  and  ii  long  swaiiipv 
gully,  idled  up  with  alders,  crossed  the  conntr\-  ol)li([iielv  hetweeii 
us  .and  the  game.  We  hav(!  lots  of  time,  for  the  ^loose  genei'ally 
rests  lor  a  couple  of  hours  at  a  time.  Slowly  we  worm  along 
towards  the  edge  of  tlu;  alder  swam[) ;  the  hushes  are  provok- 
ingly  short,  hut  the  mist,  and  the  ilull  gray  of  our  homesium 
dresses  favor  us.  (Jently  lowering  ourselves  down  into  the 
swam[),  we  crec))  noiselessly  through  the  dense  bushes,  their  thick 
foliau'e  elosini"'  over  our  heads.  Now  is  an  anxious  moment  —  tla; 
slightest  snap  of  a  bough,  the  knocking  of  a  gun-barrel  against  a 


tl 


stem,  and 
''  '  :\Iust 


le  o-ame  is  o 


iXo   Mac 


\\ 


near  eiiou' 


-•h  tl 


ir. 

hispered  Joe  close  in  my  ear,  '  can't  get 
I  the  ditlicult  task  is  again 


lis   side  —  too  open. 


an( 


mdeitaken  and  performed  without  disturbing  the  Moose,     ^\'llat 

see  his  great  ears  llap- 


i  reliet  on  regannng  our  oiil  ground, 


Id 


d,  to 


U! 


u 


THE  (//AS/:. 


859 


pni- l.iu-ku-anls  un.l  fnnvunls  al.ov..  tl...  I>„sl,..s.  Aiiutl,,.,-  I,,lf 
''"•'"•  l..'.ss,.s  in  ,.n.,.,,i,,o.  lil,..  ,,„|,„,  n„,„„^.,,  „,,.  ^^^,,  ,^^^^,^^ 
wliiHi  uv  ,.a„  sranvly  hu,,..  will  ..„„....,•,]  „s  ,„u..l,  |,.„„,.r  Ft 
«<'«-'in,s  an  :,p.,  MU.l  ..ft,.,,.  „„.[  nnxiouslv.  I  |u„k  „  ,|H.,,,n„r  ,„v' 
sn.-N-l.im.|  nfl..  I  a.u  :,Im,hI,  an.hd  |..,,,ll,  jinl^i,..  .',„.  I,u,i- 
;''••••!  "•;•'  tu-Mty  yanis  to  ]>.•  ,|,..  .list;,,,...,  !  Va.,  s,;„.l  i,  „„ 
l-.'UV.-,  l.„t:  ,vs..!vn   f,>  ,l..,.i,|„   n.at t.-rs  l.y  a  .si,„t,  a.,.|  li,v  tl„.„„.|, 

«lMn.v.a,,.l,,la,.i,,n.,lH...all,,,|,isli,,s,  ,,tl..,s(l,,.,.|,;,||..,,...,.ril,;. 
lM.II-mu..s...      S|,.^vly    ai„l    „,aj..st ically    tl...    ^.va,     a„i,„:i    ,.is,.s, 

'"'•'"•'Iv  i:H'„,n-  ,n,.,a„.l  ,i,.,/.,.s  „,H,n   „„.   f,,,  ,  , ,„,       ^  „,. 

l-nj^- staj,'^..,- follows  fl,..   n.p,„.i,.„.l   Ih-  wl„.,.|s   ana,n,|   i„.l,i,Hl  a 

.     "  '  ••'■i'v.' :  yo„  l,it  l,i,„.  y„„  i,i|  ,„,,,  „,„,„^|,;  ,|„„„^  _,,,,,^  |^.^^,,_ 

;"r""'    '"•■"■^•="    " w-i„oos..    uhid,    l,a,l„„L„,.w„„.„sl „ 

VM,^  ..|..s,.  I„.si.l.  th.  bull.  'C,„„.  alo„^;a„,l  w,.  all  ,,h„„-., 
'"•"'ll-n.U-  ...t.,  (1...  sua.„i,.  D'va.lfal  ..,.„„,.  at.a..k,.,l  ,„v  I..; 
"".  al,„„st  prc.v.M,t...I  ,„..  f,-,„n  ^.tti,,..  thnai^l,.  -  th-  ,v;„h^'i 
snJ.l.M,  v,ol..,.,  „..ti,.„,  afh.,-  tl...  n.st,.ai,....l  „.ov..„.,.,„.  i,,  ,1,.. 
<•'"'•  ^v'  ."..ss,  a„.l  l,„..k|..l,..,Ty  I.„sl„.s.  A  IVw  p;„.„s  ,„.  tl,.. 
"tl-r  s„!,.,_a,.d  thooTcat  iu.ll  s,..].l..„|y  ,.,...  i„  tV,„,,  of  „s,  ,.,„.; 
.sn.|,..l..n,„h>t.i..ko.,v..,.t.  A»..th..,-sl,„t  an.l  1,,.  si„ks  li,V|..., 
■•t  -;•<-•  I  -  li,.st  I.all  ha.l  ..„t..,....|  tl,..v..,-v  ....,,„.,.  ofhis 
bivast,  ai,<l  ..i,t  til.,  low..,,  poitio,,  ..f  tl,..  Ii..ai1. 


"  l.at..   that 


nl^•i,t:o,„•ran<H.  g-|i,]..,|  tj,,-..,,...],  tl,..  daik  wat..,.s  of 


tho  luk..  fowanis  tl>..  s..f:tk.,ne„t:     The  ,„as;iv..  h..a.i  an..  a.,tl,.>s 

W('l-(!    \V,th    ,IS.  .'".HI.-, 

■■  •  Ah   n,.u,,.]n,..tl,.>r,-  sai.l  Jo...  as  wo  pass.,!  the  iM.]isti„..t  o„t- 
Im.'s  ol    the  sp„.,t:  .-oeks,  ^  yo,.  v..,.y  g-..o.l  t.,  „.s  this  ti,,,,..  a„vhou-  • 
vry  „,i...h  w..  tha„ky..„,  (i,.a„.ln,otl,<.,.  " 

,.  V/'^"''''^;  ''••''■  ''''"^'■'-••'''^''='tw.'hav..,,ol    ti,,,..  tos,.., 
Ml..th..,-th..o|h.nn^s..ly,.stc.nlaya,v  ^o,,..   o,-„ot;l.„l    „,i„.l 
yon^o   up    tl,..   lake  agai.,    t,,-,,,..,.,-,...-   to    l„.ing   ....fc    tl„.    .....a,; 

-'<1"1'-      f'..-gvt   y,u..-(;,.a,,.l,,,otl,..,.,f,,..J    ....alTv  think   sh..    ha 

been  in.)st  kii,.!  to  us.""  ' 

All  tl,..  es..,.tial  ..l.M,,...,ls  fo,.MiU-l,,,nting  the  M.>ose  a...M,,au- 
ib.stcil  111  tins  single  iiiUTative. 

A  thorough  knowLnlg..  of  the  habits  .,f  the  anin.al  n,us,  t..a..h 
the  hunter  where  to  h.ok  f.u-  ],i,n  at  .■...■fain  seasons  of  ,1„.   ...a,' 
:;r  "I   l>a,-tu.ula._  times  of  the  .lay.  in   fai.-  or  in  stor.nv  w,.ath.M' 
il.o  supe.aor  v,s,on  ..f  n,an  over  that  of  the  M....se,  is  n.oiv  than 
con.pensated  to  the  latter  by  the  a.lvantage  of  his  position,  l.ei,,.. 


:!(;0 


77//;  /'/;/;/;  af  .\mi:i;ic.\. 


t 


,*! 


I'ii 


?1  I 
V  ■ 


111 


^I'lit'iMlIy  slill  Iiiiiisrir,  while  till'  liiiiiti'f  is  in  iiHilidii.  wliiili  lii'lp-, 
out,  Ills  (li'l'iTtivr  si^lit.;iii(l  I'liiiMcs  liiiii  In  iilnilily  till'  iiiM\  inn; 
olijrrl.  IWil  ii'W  ;iiiiiii;ils  liavr  ;i  nmir  ('(H'rcrl  vi>inii  linn  iii;in. 
It  cimlilcs  liiiii  Id  iilc'iitily  oltjccts  at  a  j^rcat  (listaiirr,  witliiuii  i|ii> 
aid  lit'  iiii.liiiii,  liul  lor  siicci'ssl'iil  Mnusc  Inmtiiii'—  aiitl  tlir  siihh' 
rciiiark  is  ni'Mcrjilly  tnn^  nf  nllirr  name  as  wril  —  llir  sisioii 
iiiii>l  lit!  riillivatcil  l>y  I'ljin'  |)racliiT  ami  I'arri'iil  study.  'I'liis  tlu' 
Indian  has  siircrrdi'd  in  dninn'  In  a  n'lcalcr  rNlnil  ihan  ihc  ciil- 
tivali'il  man.  'I'Ih-  rrasim  nl'  this  is  nliviiMis.  'I'ln'  iniiid  nj'  ihi' 
Indian  is  iiccii|»lcil  witli  lew  and  siiii|ili'  tliminhts,  and  In  llir-,c 
he  ran  di'Vidi'  all  tlir  rnci'u'ii'S  of  whati'ver  iliti'lli'd  he  has. 
and  hence  we  niie'ht  ('.\|u'i't  <;'i'('at,  iirnjieieney  in  the  lew  |iiiisiiits 
to  which  he  i|e\dtes  a  I  i  I'e-t  inie.  1)111  I'ew  white  men  make  a  lll'e- 
lone'  lMi>iness  ol'  hiintine'.  and  even  these  few  have  learned  to  think- 
III"  nioi'i'  siiltji'ct.s  than  the  Indian,  and  those  snlijects  will  inlrnde 
themselves,  more  or  h-ss,  upon  the  cultivated  mind,  wlieii  not 
under  the  sti'oii«^  I'XciteMicnt  ai'isinn'  I'roiii  the  immediate  |>ieseiice 
of  eaiiie.  and  so  lie  does  not  cultivate,  those  senses,  the  hie'hesr 
order  of  wliicli  art;  indispensalile  to  meet  the  shai'|)ened  insliiicts 
of  the  lare'er  eanie  whose  constant  aiipi'elieiision  makes  them  ever 
on  the  alert.  The  improved  vision  of  the  Indian  hunter,  —  and 
that  is  the  o('cu|iation  of  nearly  all  Indians,  from  childhocd  to 
old  ae'e,  —  and  that  class  of  ohscr\ations  which  eiiaMes  him  to 
draw  eorriict  conclusions  from  slieht  evidence  which  would  escape 
the  notice,  or  not  arrest  the  attention,  of  the  ordinary  whiter 
num,  lias  lieeii  noticed  l>y  all  who  have  hunted  nuicli  with  the 
ahoiieines,  uiul  lias  lieen  recoi'ded  by  all  who  havi'  written  of 
their  t'Xperieiice.  The  instance  just  narrated,  when  the  Indian 
recoeni/ed  the  moose,  when  he  was  not  nioving-.  the  instant  la 
came  within  the  line  of  vision,  and  heforo  the  moose  ohsei'ved 
the  liunter,  althoueh  in  motion,  is  not  sine'ular,  or  even  e\cc[)- 
tional. 

But  tile  huntei's  knew  they  had  keener  senses  to  deal  with  than 
the  dull  eye  of  their  eanu'.  His  ipiick  ear  would  detect  the  least 
noise,  and  his  acute  senst;  of  snu-ll  would  detect  the  least  taint  in 
the  air,  which  would  tell  him  of  the  presence  of  his  enemies,  when 
the  g'time  would  he  lost.  How  these;  endiarrassnieiits  were  over- 
coniis  is  well  explained,  and  tlu'y  an;  always  to  \w,  met  with  in 
still-lumting  the  deer,  and  so  indeed  in  many  other  modes  of  his 
pursuit. 

While  the  still  hunt  may  be  followed  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
and  is  available  for  all  the  species  of  the  deer,  the  eidl  hunting  is 


■/■///;  <  II A  si:. 


;](;i 


;'"•';''•''•    ';•    "-     1"-S..,(     Ui     ,|„.     Muns,.,,MnI     is    >uI,s(;M,Iu1K     ,.„„- 
""■ '"•' '■•■nssr,.,.,,M.„lll,.H,-l,    (I,,.,,, II    i.  ;,v,vl„M,.'.,s    uv 

I'-'V"  s'''ii,  as;ui.v;ii„ry  t..  u|lnTimM|,.,s  ..f  l,„„tii,^r,  ..!„|   ,,,    ,,,|,„, 
s<'iis(iiis.  '"" 

'"-"""•:"'  """''■•''•  I^='V..,.ysiI,.„t.„l,n;,l.nn,|  ,|...  „..„f  ,|„. 
;;"'■"  '■-  "'""■^'  ••'.ti,vlvn,„r,u...l  to  ,1m.  lwu|,.„-..st  .,„.,.i..s  ,1,.. 
^'""r"  "'"'  ,"'••  ^^"I'i'i-  TIh.  .M„ns..  „,„>(  „!■  „||.  rsL.Z  |,is 
l-n-iuMs-.r  l,.s..nsii,ilili..sl,s   nt  l.-Hi,^  .,.u,„U  ..^,„v>,i^ ,.  „,•   ,|ir. 

,;'"'"  ''^"r"',"V""'"'"^''''''"'"-^^'''"'""'"i"'""i^^'''"H..I  vh. 

!'""""  '^""'•'""  ^"■'•"",I.Mu,.,|l,vllH.|M„„..r;,su,.||       Tn'in, 
;'""    •.'"••^•■';^'^"'""Hi.s   ,,„    in-ln„n,.,„,  „„.„!..  ,,!•   I.;,,!.,,,.;,  |.,,||,„v 

'""■"•  '-'-•!;-  MM  ai.l,wl,il...,.l,..,ss„v luvlM.vinullii ,|,.. 

"'y^'',"-  ls:snn..;.oss..ss,hi>l;.,.„l,v„r    i„nl:„i,:;,    i„ 

"    •'"."•!'    iH'.M.r   ,!.,,■,■..,.  ,lK,n   ..Huts,  an.l   su,,,,-' .v,.,,    ,.,• v,., 

ilC(|llll'f     |(. 

l^nriui^  (Ih.  n,t(in^s..„s,.n,  ns  l,as  I,,.,,,  s:,i,|,  ,  j,,.  n,;,|,.  M,,.,s„ 
-|-l:,lly  nn|H.||,..|  i.y  I  h.  an!,.,-  „f  his  passinns,  los.s  a  ,,aH  .f 
^'"'  """",','>■  '""'  <■•""!""  I'.v  ^vlnrl,  |„.  is  .nvrnn..!  al  o.l,,.,. 
M"as,,„s.       ||,..y    l„...„na.    not    only    anl.nt,    1,,,.    ...ura^.ous   a.al 

;:'""''""^"'-      '   "'il   '"  =  "'"lwill,alV,„ahMlH.v..n.s|,   ,li,. i 

loivsls  ami  swan,,,s  in  a  half  fp.n.i,.!  ,.,,n,lii  ion.  ....klrn.  ,1,,. 
cc.snv,Iol.,,H.I.an,la|.|,an.nllya..|,in-lora  li:;h(.  X„w  i,  i'^ihal 
tlH._hnnl,.rs....k.stolak,.  a.ivanta.uoof  his  (.MMuM-anuM,,.  l,v  in,- 
|t"lin,-sn..h..allsof   his  kin,l  as  a,v  n.os,    hk-lv  .oalhnv   hhn    |o 

'":'"'"•    '"    ' '''^"-       '"    ""•   '•■•ill    li.int    ,ho    hnnl..,-   ha.   ,•,„„,■,.- 

Mtivly  Imh.  lo  r,.ar  tVon,  ,h.  si-h,  .,f  ,ho  .Moo.,-,  In, I  iVon,  t'h.. 
S.-..S..S  ol  sna.ll  an.l  h.-arin^  h..  has  ..v-rythin^  to  appn.h.n.l. 
"'••  >'"',..  ..hoson  ,s  ..ithcr  niuht  or  ,,,rlv  ni.,rnin-  II,.  n,,.s, 
"."  ,  '"'  ' '""I'  ■'  ••^"Hi..i..nl  .listanc..  IVon,  thr  nrnun.!  s..l,.,-i..,l  f,,,. 
:'"■    """•  '"  l"'"^''"^  i'-^  ,^i^  i'l.U-  ""ti.v  to  tin.  ^^nuw  of   his  ,„v.,.nr,. 

in  t Ih-  n..,^'hl.o,hoo,l.      Th..,v  n,nsl   1...  n,>  win.l   to  ..a.rx   ll h.r 

of_tlH.hMnt..rinany.lin...tiou,,.ls,.  th..  sa^a.-ions  an.l  ■sns,,i..ions 
;'>""'='l  ;v'll  ••'•  .^inv  (o  ,ak,>  a.ivantanv  of  i,.  „,  .,,,.,„,..,,  ,|„. 
Inintcr  Ironi  the  l,.(.\vai'.l.  and  so  .l..t....t,  tl 


the  hunt 


1.^  spoil. .,1.      A  I'liil  I 


tcr   to  sec   th.'   name   \\| 
ciifitCN'  when  in  ran-'e. 


'I'   trail. I  at   ..nc...  \\h..n 
'"">"  i-^  r...piir,.,l  t.)  cnai.h.  the  hnn- 


K'li   It  apiiroaclu's,  an.l   to  sho.)t  witl 


1  ao 


<'ii  a  still  iiit^Wit  in  S..ptcn)l.oi-  or  (),.t.,l 


ai"t..r  the  antlers  of  the   Moose  have    I 


•er,  with  a  l:-oo(1  i 


loiill. 


'wvj;  riil.lie.l  against  the  tree-stems,  tl 


"'e.iiiif    nieely    polishe.l    |,y 


n  resort  of  the  M.iose,  sele(?t 


le  experienced   hunt.'r   re- 


pairs t..  the  well-know 

position  in  a  country  as  op.-n  as  may  he  found,  an.l  ron..,,als  1 


WMX  an  el.. vat. 


mil 


t 

,  1 1 

1 

r 

1 

1}: 

tl  )^- 


■t 


l!  .' 


ii 


m;! 


I 


111 


362 


'JJir:   DKKIt    OF  AMERICA. 


self  licliiiid  s{rino  |)rosti';»t(>  Ircn^  or  <i;fo;it  roek  in  ;i  dark  sliiulow, 
wlicrc  lit!  rciiiaiiis  I'or  a  time  in  pi'i'l'cch  (juict,  listeiiiiij^'  for  the 
\V(>U-I<ii(i\vii  call  (it  <1io  eow  or  the  oiiU  Moose  s(H'kiiig  for  a  mate. 
It'  licai'il,  a  littiii<r  aii.swrr  is  iinitalci!.  and  tlir  gaiiu'  is  allured 
Avithin  I'alal  ranu'e  of  the  deadly  riile.  Xo  matter  how  jierfeet 
the  inntation,  a  doid)t  seems  to  vest  in  the  mind,  especially  of  an 
old  hull,  and  his  approacli  is  slow  and  cautious,  freiiuently  pass- 
ing (|uiti'  around  the  ])lace  where  the  hunter  is  concealed,  snulV- 
ing  the  air  to  catch  the  scent  of  an  enemv,  if  he  has  been  de- 
ceived, nr  of  a  mate,  if  his  hoc>es  are  to  lie  realized,  and  if  the 
least  hi'eath  nf  air  is  stirring  to  t'arry  thi-  scent,  lie  is  sun-  lo 
catcli  it,  and  heats  a  retreat  so  (piii'tlv  that  not  ;•  twig  snaps  he- 
ni'ath  his  f(>et,  whih;  before  the  clacking  noise  of  his  great 
antlers  thrashing  among  the  di'v  Tnuhs,  could  he  heard  at^  a  gi'cat 
distance,  ^^'hell  suspicion  is  thus  cdulirmi'd,  the  retreat  of  the 
INIoose  is  so  (piiet,  the  lun.ri;-  will  strain  his  eyes  lo  get  a.  glimpse 
of  the  game  when^  he  I'ist  heard  him,  wIk  n  he  is  ra[)idly  ri'- 
treating  a  long  distance  awav.  If  no  suspicious  scent  or  noise 
conliiMus  the  fears  of  ihe  Moose,  he  gradually  apjiroaches  the  spot 
whei'e  t'le  call  was  heard,  which  he  I'eadilv  locates  with  inierriu'j; 
certainty,  till  at  last  his  great  form  looms  up  against  the  liini/Mii. 
and  then  it  is  llu;  fault  of  the  hunter  if  Moose  steaks  are  imi 
over  the  camp-lii'c  the  next  morning. 

'J'he  hull  Moose  is  the  ]iriucipal  ohject  of  pursuit  in  call  hunt- 
ing, the  cow  lieing  rarelv  enticed  liy  the  call. 

Although  this  is  no  douht  exciting  sport  at  limes,  for  it  is  dilli- 
cult  to  couceive  of  a  feeliag  more  iutens(>  than  that  ins^iired  iiy 
the  crashing  tread  of  t'  >  advaiu-ing  hull  or  the  rolling  of  his 
great  antlers  among  the  iWy  limhs.  as  he  thrashes  them  ahout  in 
deliance  of  a  supposed  adversary,  w  lios(>  challenge  he  thiid<s  1h> 
has  heard,  and  with  whom  he  is  aiid)iti(>us  to  do  haltle,  vet  this 
is  not  in  general  a  successful  mode  of  hunting  the  Mouse,  and 
failures  are  many,  while  successes  are  few. 

In  Scandinavia,  Mi'.  Lioyd  t(dls  us  that  the  <'lk  is  successfully 
hunted  with  dogs  held  in  leash.  1  h'  cautioiislv  follows  in  the 
track  till  the  game  is  approache(l.  when  the  ilog  is  lied  to  a  tree 
and  the  hunter  stalks  tlu^  ipiarry  alone.  This  mode,  only  meets 
with  ((ualilied  success  there.  1  have  no  information  that  this 
nH>de  of  hunt-  .g  i\w  Moose  has  e\i'r  been  practiced  here. 


i% 


'"Wi 


Til  J::    (7/.  IN/;. 


for  the 
I  niiiti'. 
iilliirecl 
]>('rf('('t 
V  of  an 
ly  [lass- 
r.  snuir- 
)t'('n  (Ic- 
1   if  the 
sure   In 
ia|is  Ix'- 
is    ^Tcat 
;  ii  <;'ri'at 

t    of    tilt' 

'j;!iniiist! 
tidly  rt'- 
or  nolsi! 
tlie  spot 

UlUMM'illL; 

■  li(iri/'iii. 
s  are  imt 

;all  liuul- 

it  is  dilli- 
^pii'i'il  liy 
)M-  I  if  liis 
iliiiiit  in 
inl'is  lie 
vi't  this 
ose,  and 

■t'ssfully 

;s  in  till' 

to  a  tri'i' 

ly   meets 

that    thi-^ 


'I'llK    W.mKI.AND    CAUIISor. 

The  cndowinents  of  .his  animal  render  its  [lursnit  a  woi'k  of 
care  and  lahor  in  those  ree'ions  w  lucre  ii  has  lieeii  much  hnnled, 
iuul  so  the  e\citemcnt  of  the  chase  is  enhanced  in  a  coi'icsjiomliny 
degree.  Indeed  none  other  of  the  deer  i'iiniliv  ahhors  civilization 
so  nnich  as  this,  and  noiii'  so  (piicklv  desert  a  coiimi'x  upon  its 
iijiproach.  \\'hile  it  occupies  the  i'aii'j;e  jointlv  with  the  moM>e, 
thuy  are  liy  no  means  social  neiehhoi'-.  and  the  Caiil'ou  hastens 
away,  \vliene\ei-  it  finds  ii.-elf  in  close  conla.  i  with  iis  laru'ei' 
consin. 

lC\ce|i|  in  iiidVe(|nont<'d  .i"j,ions  it  is  onlvf'iund  in  timhered 
hinds  or  in  the  luishv  harrcns.  where  ii  can  lind  sale  coscrt  fi-oni 
its  ]iur>uers.  If  once  alarmed  li\  ;he  hunii'r.  it  llees  away  in 
conlinuid  alarm.  nor.>l"iis  to  rest  or  U-'A.  till  it  has  ediie  so  ei'eat 
aihstaiiee  ihal  pursuit  is  (piite  on:  ot  the  ipiest  ion.  If  lhee\- 
jierienced  hunter  wounds  tlx-  ('arihou.  he  makes  no  at'einpt  to 
follow  hini.  unless  he  l(eliev(>s  him  so  disalileil  that  he  lacks  tin- 
physical  strength  to  escape  to  anv  e'l'eat  distance,  foi-  he  knows 
he  will  ne\cr  stop  till  conipelled  l>v  ah-^olute  (.'xiiausl  inn,  or  a  per- 
fectly safe  distance  has  lieeii  aHained. 

If.  like  the  nther  <lcer,  it  dt"-s  not  reatlilv  recogni/.e  Mlijects  liy 
siglit  a  loll'-,  its  sense  ■  ■  if  In  armg  ;iiid  snndl  .are  a  Mite  and  disci  m- 
inatine.  and  this  must  he  evf>r  liorne  in  mind  i'\  the  suceessfid 
hnnter.  The  hahits  of  ^his  deer  varv  verv  much  in  dil'ferent 
localities,  so  iliev  must  lie  -[leci.alK  studied  under  varving  circum- 
stances. The  niode  t  pui-^uii  which  ma\  he  \'eiy  sncc<'sslul.  in 
remote  seclusion,  uiiere  it  is  rarely  ahirnieil.  inieiit  he  i|nil(' 
f|•nilll■-^s  whci-c  it  is  frei|uentlv  pursni'il,  and  so  has  hecoine  ever 
watchful  and  v  .'irilant 

AltliouL  the  <  ario.iii  is  iiearlv  voieidess.  vet  it  is  not  wh.tlly 
so.  I)nrine'  the  iuve  season  the  male  e\pre>ses  his  desires,  and 
invites  a  iiiait«-»  l»v  a  sl't<irt  deep  note,  s<uiietliing  a)ipreachme  :i 
hellu%v,  hut,  tlu3  Indians,  of  the  present  day  at  lea-t.  do  nut  at- 
tempt to  imitate  it  am'  so  attempt  to  '■,///  the  i\r,T  within  r.iuee 
of  the  rith',  as  nc  have  seen  they  do  the  moose.  tlcMieh  they  claim 
that  in  former  'iines  this  was  snccessfnilv  pi'acticed  hy  their  an- 
(!t\st(«r^.  .'~«talki  ^'  or  creepini;'  is  the  onlv  resource  lelt  to  tin; 
sportsman  in  i  uis  at  all  acccssilile  to  him.  where  the  deer 
June  heeii  rciulLM  1  cautious  and  wary  hy  pursuit.  In  the  interior 
of  Newfoundland  and  the  sterile  regions  of  Lahratlir,  whoe  tlu^ 
country  h.is  mil  !>•   •n  harrieil  l)y  the  white  man.  the  case  is  (piite 


i 


ill 


m 


304 


'/■///•;  dJ'Jk;;  of  amiiuka. 


(lilTfi'ciit.  I  iniiv  here  I'cpcat,  ^vllilt  I  have  iii(iiimti-il  in  aiiMthcr 
■j)lai'i',  llial  the  liidiim,  rvt  u  silicic  In*  lias  a('i|iiii'iMl  tln'  iisi-  ni  lipi.. 
ariiis.  (lues  imt  nrdliiiirily  ilrivc  L^aiiif  fioiii  a  '•uinitrv,  as  the  white 
scttlrr  (ir  cvi'ii  till'  wliitc  liiiiii  r  is  ipiiir  lil^rlv  t'>  ih'.  His  i|iiict, 
st<'altli_v  iii«i(|c  n|'  pi'iK'ccdinu- does  not  create  tli;it  penniiiiciil  iiu- 
prcssioii  of  alanii,  wliicli  rcsulis  from  the  lioi>tri'oiis  and  (  an-icss 
|)i'o('i'(Mlih_;s  too  often  indiilo-ed  in  or  )>ractieed  liv  tlie  wliite  mini. 
If  lie  kills  liis  eaiiie,  it  is  done  so  ijiiietly  and  evei-\  t  liiii-j,'  i>  so 
(|niet  afterwards,  that  tiiose  escapine'  are  liardlv  alile  to  ;i|ij)ie- 
eiate  wli.iV  ciieniy  lias  thinned  tliiMr  ranks. 

In  what  niiiv  !»e  termed  the  alarmed  districts,  iiothiiiLT  shoit  t<& 
the  skill  of  Hie  Indian  can  suecessfnlly  pnrsue  tin'  ( ';irilioii.  ;indl 
fti>  it  is  indi^  ^leiisahle  to  tiio  sportsman  who  would  hum  liiiu.  to 
sooure  thn-   services  of  a  native   hunter,  w  liose   life-lon<4'  traininii; 

alom .nld  (jiialify  liim  for  the  ditiicult   task.      The  sport   is   de- 

ferr'il  till  arlv  wiiirer  sets  in,  when  the  ground  is  covere(l  with 
snow.  whiTts.  reveals  uhc  tnwks  of  the  deer,  and  liiids  more  or  |e>s 
lodji'iwn'tiiiit  in  tho  l)oni«hs  ami  on  the  bai'k  of  the  irees.  imikiiiLi' 
efferA'-thiino'  -"  lai^arl'T  correspond  with  the  eoloi'  of  the  ('nr'h^. 
til;  ii  ■  iHi;  "JftJ-trt  «»t  1sl*e  ipiick  ;  _  •(•  of  the  Indian  can  detec  iii'i!. 
till  Jie  oonii'K.  awray  foreveu. 

3la.iuv  exijw-rr  I-iMiiar  '••■■e  for  many  yi-ars  almost  made  il  ;i 
])rofe-.-Ni("i)n  to  a-si-sr  tlh  j  ■  vnian  in  the  pursuit  oi  tin*  moose  mid 
the  diiiriil)on.  m  lfl»i)>*<-  fe-w  4i»t)rii'ts  when;  these  wli»*«*r  are  found 
and  are  svill  ;i  ie  ]'■•  tlie  sportsman.      The-e  Indians  arc  not 

oidv  skillful  liuii'teiK*,  imt,  are  often  amii-ini,'  comp:iiiions  and  use- 
ful camp  servaiii-':  makiiie-  camp,  simp p  ii,';-  t.ie  tires,  cle.iiiiii;^ 
the  e'liiis  and  c  •   kiuLT  the  mca.ls,  anil  hrinuin^  in  the  L^aine. 

It  is  ill  the  d  Mip  and  fresh  falleiii  snow  ihiit  tlie  ("airiheii  ;s 
most  succe-siiiliy  stalked.  'I'lieii  M  is  that  tl»e  foot,  ilad  in  the 
moccasin,  made  from  the  skin  of  the  lnock  of  fii  moose,  leiiirns 
no  sound  to  the  hunter's  step,  ami  he  is  enahlecl  lo  glidi.  through 
the  dark  forest  or  the  hleaU  harren  as  noiselessK  as  a  cat  upon  a 
carpet. 

'J'he  ("arilioii.  like  the  moose,  frc(pieiitlv  ci'ojis  *he  parasitic 
mosses  or  the  twie>  of  Imshes  whih;  he  is  traveliii;;-.  and  l>y  this 
means  the  e\perien<'ed  hunter  is  assisted  in  following'  his  trail 
when  his  tracks  are  indistinct:  and  from  the  freshness  of  tlies" 
sio'iis  he  jude-es  how  recently  the  animal  has  [lassed. 

In  districts  where  the  Caribou  is  not  hitnted  except  hyilic 
Indians,  as  in  the  interior  of  Newfoundland  and  Labrador.  tlie\ 
are  less  suspicioiH,  and    less   dillii'iilt    to    a.pjiro  n'h.      Tliere   tlio, 


n 


-rpr 


THE    CIIASK. 


.".(;.■) 


ui'itlicr 
III'  lii'c- 
I-  wlnti' 
s  (juict, 
,('iit  1111- 
lari-it'ss 
tr  lllilll. 

ml:,'  is  sn 
I  ;i|iprr- 

slmit  I'liii 

lull.  aiM'l 

liiiii.  t" 

tiMiiiiii;i 

rt    is    'Ir- 

■ITli  willl 
)•('  111"  less 
,    llKlkillLr 

ti'i'      ll!'!!. 

ii;nli'  i(  :i 
ijixisr  iUlil 
U-O    I'lUllul 

s  ;uv  ii'if 
au'l  us.-- 

rliMuiuL;' 
111'*. 

'airiU.'U    ;s 

1(1    in   llh' 

..  returns 

tlinumli 

it    ii|iiiii  a 

jiarasitic 

l.y  this 

liis   trail 

(if     tin's'' 

|ii  liy  til'' 
|ul(ir.  tli('\ 
llidv  lU''^ 


i 


:■ 


Inivt'  tlii-^r  rc^'iilai'  trails  and  runways,  wliicli  tlu'y  ])ur>uc  in  tlicir 
rci^ular  nii^ratioiis,  alwavs  crossini;'  tlic  stnsini.^  at  lavoritc  Irnds. 
Iiii  thee  miiiratidiis  the  deci'  march  in  small  hands,  in  silicic  tile, 
p-ncrall V  several  Ict'l  apart,  in  well  healeii  |iatli<.  Their  march 
is  h^isiii'elv  made,  and  rather  slow.  I'i'e(|ii(  iitly  )iick'inn'  the  lichens 
us  tiicy  [lass,  iinh'ss  they  ohserve  soniethinu'  tn  excite  dieir  siis- 
[)iciMiis.  This  is  tlnMinn'  t'oi'  tlu!  natives  Id  make  their  harvest 
(if  meal.  The  gmitust  opportunity  is  at  the  lord  of  a  Kroad 
stream. 

Dr.  Ilichardsoii.  in  trcatini;'  u{  the  WoitiUmid  ( 'nialn  ni.  says  : 
'-  .Mr.  !  1 11  tell  ills  iiieiitidiis  that  In;  has  seen  eighty  carcasses  dt"  this 
kind  (if  iV'i'V  lii-dueiit  into  ^  ork  Factdi'y  in  niie  day.  and  many 
I'.i.hers  \vei'(i  i"cfused  for  the  want  of  salt  to  pre-erve  them.  'I'hcse 
W'vrc  killed  when  in  the  act  of  crossine-  Ila\s  i{i\cr.  and  the  na- 
ti\('S  cMiiiinued  todeslro\'  them,  for  the  sake  of  the  skins,  hain' 
after  ili'V  had  store(i  uj)  more  meat  than  lhe\'  reijiiired.  I  have 
oeeii  iiiloi-nie(l  hv  several  of  t\w.  residents  of  ^  ork  Factory  that 
the  herds  are  sometimes  so  lai'i;i!  as  to  rci[uire  several  hours  to 
cross  the  river  in  a  crowded  ;>haian.\." 

<  )n  t  he  island  of  Newfoundland,  this  deer  is  e(pially  miu'ratoi'\' : 
lint  necessarily  ii>  mie'ratioiis  are  nioic  limiie(l  territorialK  .  e\- 
cejit  in  the  few  instances  when  they  cross  the  lii'oad  water-  uliieh 
separate  llie  island  from  Lahrador,  in  the  wini>r  on  the  ice  :  but. 
this  rather  facilitates  than  impc(|es  this  moileof  capture  li\'  tli(> 
natives,  for  it  compels  tlii'in  to  pursue  theii'  ti'avds  within  more 
dclined  routes,  and  so  they  are  the  more  easil\  wax  laid  and 
desli'  »\C(i. 

In  the  interior  of  I.al)rador  this  deer,  espociallv  in  the  winler 
si'asou,  (dutrihutcs  larg'elv  to  tli<>  sustenance  of  the  nati\(^.  who 
;Uill  pursue  it  with  the  how  and  arrow  with  some  deer( f  suc- 
cess, i  !ind.  staiidinc;- on  the  dixide  ix'tween  the  waters  of  the 
Miosie  and  the  A>liwanipi.  listened  to  the  stor\'  of  the  Indian. 
Mich(d,  the  theatre  of  which  lav  lieforc  them,  and  ^ixcs  it  tlm>: 
'MIe  had  iteeii  watchinij;  lor  some  hour;  with  his  companion  when 
tlicy  lieard  the  clattci'  of  hoofs  o\cr  the  rocks.  Lookiu'.;'  in  a 
direction  from  which  they  least  ex|)ect"(l  ('ai'ih'iu  wmild  come. 
the\  saw  two  ('aril)ou,  pursued  l>y  a  snail  hand  of  wolxcs.  mak- 
ing dircctiv  for  the  s[iot  wliere  the\  were  l\ine-.  They  were 
not  more  t  han  three  hundred  yards  away,  and  coming  with  tre- 
mendous hounds,  and  last  increasing  the  distance  hetween  tin  in- 
selves  and  the  wolves,  who  had  e\idenll\  surprised  them  only  a 
short  time  hefoi'e.      Neither  .Michel  nor  his  com[ianioii   had    iii'c- 


I; 


M 


m 


!  ! 


i' ! 


.     ! 

i 
i 

I- 

1 ; 

1 

1 

,  \ 

1 

1 

\ 

;  -  i 

(l 

h^ 

i^i 

3GG 


77//-;  />/;/•;/.'  <y/'  AMF.nicA. 


unns,  but  ouch  wjis  jirovided  with  his  bow  iuid  arrows.  The 
i\{^(\v  Ciuiu!  on;  tlic  Indians  lay  in  the  snow,  ivady  lo  shoot.  Thn 
nnsuspocting  animals  darted  past  th<j  hiinti.'rs  Wkv  the  wind,  hut 
I'ai'li  received  an  arrow,  and  one  dropped.  Instantly  taking  a 
fresh  arrow,  they  waiteil  for  tin;  wolves.  With  a  long  and  steady 
gallop,  these;  ravenous  creatures  follow<'d  their  prey,  l)ut  when 
they  came  within  ten  yards  of  the  Indians,  the  latter  suddenly 
rose,  each  discharged  an  arrow  at  the  amazed  brutes,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  transfixing  oik;  with  a  sec()nd  arrov  before  it;  could  get 
out  of  reach.  licaving  tin;  wolves,  they  hastened  aftir  the 
Caribou.  There,"  said  Ivouis  (tlie  inteipreter),  "  ([uite  close  to 
that  slt'ep  rock,  tlu;  Caribou  which  Michel  had  shot  was  dead  ; 
h(!  had  shot  it  in  the  eye,  and  it  could  not  go  far.  .Michel 
stopped  to  guai'd  his  Caribou,  as  the  wolves  wei'o  about;  one  of 
his  cousins  went  after  tin;  ileer  he  had  hit;  the  other  went  hack 
after  the  wolves  which  ha<l  been  wounded.  The  wolf  cousin  had 
not  gone  far  back  when  he  heard  a  loud  yt'lling  and  howling. 
He  knew  what  the  wolves  were  at:  they  had  turiu'd  ujion  their 
WDundc'd  coiiiptinion,  and  v.'ere  <piarri'ling  over  the  meal.  Tlie 
Indian  ran  on  and  came  (piite  close  to  the.  wolvi's.  who  madi;  so 
much  noise,  and  were  s(j  greedily  devouring  the  lirst  he  Inul  shot, 
that  he  a[)proached  rpiite  close  to  tliem  and  shot  another,  killing 
it  at  once.  'I'he  Caribou  cousin  hiul  to  go  a  long  ilistance  before 
he  got  his  deer," 

Till':  !5Ai;i:i:x-(;i;c)i'ND  cAUiiior. 

The  Barren-ground  Caribou  is  n(ner  an  objet.'tof  pursuit  by  the 
mere  sportsman.  His  habitat  is  so  remot*;  from  civilization,  and 
so  inaccessible,  that  lie  is  sought  only  as  a  matter  of  business  and 
not  of  pleasure.  ^  bdy  the  Indian  and  the  fur  trader  frequent  his 
haunts,  and  they  hunt  him  for  his  meat  and  his  pelt. 

In  its  southern  range,  this  deer  fmds  fon.'st  lanils  which  it  in- 
habits during  the  winter  setison,  making  excursions  into  the 
mossy  plains  for  food,  but  in  its  northern  migratioi'.  in  the  sum- 
mer, it  goes  beyond  tlu;  forest  regions,  and  dwells  upon  the  bar- 
ren grounds  exclusivi'ly,  where  it  hnds  an  abundance;  of  lichens, 
which  an,;  its  favorite  food. 

Dr.  Ivichardson  says;  '  " 'i"lu;  Chepewyans, the;  Cop[)er  Indians, 
tlu;  Dog-ribs  antl  Hare  Indians  of  (ireat  IJear  Liike,  wuuld  be 
totidly  unalde  to  inhabit  their  barren  hinds,  were  it  not  for  the 
immense  herds  of  this  deer  tluit  exist  then;." 

'   I''(iHii(i   Bnrttili  Anil riviUKi,  y.  244. 


77//;  <  n.isi:. 


ntlT 


^.     Tl)e 

,t.    Tlu^ 

iiul.  l)ut 
liking  a 
il  steady 
ut  wIhmi 
uiddcnly 
mill  suc- 
(Hilil  get 
.ft.i-    the 

close  tu 

lis  (lead  : 

Mirlu-1 

;  oiK!  oi 
flit  liaik 
msiii  liad 

how  ling. 
^)on  tliciv 
•al.     'I"1h' 

made  so 

had  shot, 
cr.  kiiliiig 
iii'ij  hi'lorc 


iiiit  hy  the 

atioii,  and 

sint'ss  and 

niueut  his 

lich  it  iii- 
iiiU)  the 
the  suin- 
llic  bar- 

)[  lichens, 

■r  IiKliiins. 
would  be 
)t   t'oi-  the 


On  the  next  page,  the  same  learned  author  says:  '■  The  Cari- 
bou travel  in  herds,  varying  from  eight  or  ten  to  two  or  threi' 
liundred,  and  tiieir  dailv  excursions  are  generally  towards  [\n\ 
quarter  t'rom  whence  the  wind  Mows.  The  Indians  kill  them 
with  the  bow  and  arrow  or  gun,  take  thein  in  snares,  or  spear 
tlieiii  ill  crossing  rivers  or  lakes.  The  l'iSi|uimiiiix  also  take  them 
in  traj)s,  ingeiiioiislv  I'ornu'd  of  ice  or  snow.  <  )f  all  the  deer  of 
North  iViiierica  they  are  the  most  easy  of  ajiproach,  and  are 
slaughtered  in  the  greatest  numbers.  A  singh;  family  of  Indians 
will  sometimes  destroy  two  or  three  hundred  in  a  few  weeks,  and 
in  many  cases  thev  are  killcii  I'or  the  sake  of  their  tonoues 
alone." 

Tlie  I^s([uimau\  tra[>  these  ileer,  using  the  reindeer  moss  for 
bait,  'i'he  ti'a|»  is  constructed  of  fro/cii  snow  or  ii'c,  iiielo>ing  a 
room  of  snllicient  dimensions  to  hold  several  deer,  and  o\er  this 
is  laid  a  thiii  slab  of  iee,  supported  on  wooden  a\les  forward  of 
the  centre  of  gravity.  The  to|)  of  this  is  only  acce>si!ile  \>\  a  way 
prepared  for  the  [uirpose,  and  bevond  the  tempting  nio»  is  laid. 
In  reaching  it,  the  deer  passes  over  the  ti'caehei'ous  slab  of  ice, 
which  is  lilted  by  the  weight  of  the  tU'i'V,  and  Im  is  precipitated 
into  the  room  below,  when  tlu^  top,  relievcil  of  the  weight., 
resumes  its  horizontal  position,  and  is  ready  set  f(a-  another 
victim. 

They  are  snared  with  thongs  made  of  the  skin  of  the  animal, 
by  placing  the  noose  in  positions  wln're  the  head  will  [lass  through 


it,  soinethine'  in  the  manner  describeil   in   snaring  the  im 


and 


if  they  ilo  not  find  a  tree  convenient  to  which  the  line  may  be 
attached,  they  will  hitch  it  to  the  middle  of  a  loose  pole,  whicli 
soon  becomes  entangled  in  tlu!  luishes  ai;d  among  the  rocks,  so 
that  the  animal  ('annut  escape  to  any  gri'at  dislaiice, 

(Jreat  numbers  are  captured  by  the  Indians  b\  drixing  theui 
into  pens  or  inclosures  made  of  bushes,  and  placed  in  the  coui'se 
of  some  well  beati'ii  path,  where  a  narrow  gateway  is  left.,  fnnu 
either  side  of  which  a  diverging  line  of  bushes  or  [liles  of  st«>i.ie,. 
jK'rhaps  one  hundred  feet  apart,  are  placed.  These  Tiwiy  eVK'l**!; 
a  mile  or  two,  and  at  their  extremities  be  far  apart.  A  watvh  is 
kept  from  some  higli  point  of  observation,  and  hIji-hi  a  lu'rd  i*^; 
deer  is  observed  a]>}iroaching,  the  whole  family,  hk-hk  women,  aint 
eliihlren,  tpiietly  skulk  around  them,  and  Jrivi  them  within  the 
converging  lines  of  objects  which,  in  their  stuj^iflity  and  defcctiv*; 
eyesight,  they  regard  as  iin[)assable  barriers,  nd  so  rush  sti'aight 
forwartl  upon  the  i);ith  into  tin;  inclosure,  in  which  is  a  lab\  linth 


h 


3G8 


77//;  />/•;/•;/.■  ar  ami:i:ica. 


of  \v;i\  s  iiiiidc  li\  ivpws  'if  liiislics.  wIh'I'c  the  deer  Ix'cuinc  t'liirlv 
(l;i/,cil.  ;iiii|  ;ir('  sI;iiiL;iit.-i'f(l  with  sprars,  ainl  cvi-ii  cliiK^.  iIk^ 
wiiiiicii  and  cliildrrii  in  tht'  nicaiitliiic  n'liai'diiin'  the  outside  .if  tlic 
iiiclosuiT  to  |iicvciit  the  escape  of  any.  The  inindier  shiuinlif ered 
in  tills  wav  is  very  L;'reat.  and  funiisiies  llie  native-;  willi  |irovisioii 
in  ei'eat  alMindanee. 

W'e  lia\('  nian\'  facts  related  of  tlie  IJaiTen-j^'roniid  (  .iriltMii 
whicli  -er\'e  to  infiii'ni  us  of  the  (h'Li'ree  and  accuracy  of  their 
powers  (if  \  isi  in.  and  from  these  I  thiid<  we  iua\'  safel\'  cnuclud(i 
tlial    if   theii-   sense   of  siciiV    is   (jiiick   it    is   not  I'elialile.      Indeed 

we  are   led    to    tile    conchision   that     tllev   idenfifv   ohjects    wilh     less 

cerlaintv  than  any  of  the  oiher  deer.  As  we  have  just  seen, 
rows  iif  hushes  or  piles  of  stone  placed  at  considerahle  distances 
a|iarl  ser\e  to  prevent  them  from  passing  the  lines,  and  i_;aide 
them  to  the  pound  into  which  thev  are  dri\en.      This  show-,   iiiat. 

the\'   do    not     identifv   the    olijects  which    ^llide    them,    llol'  do   lliev 

in  tln'ir  ciiiifusion  even  individnali/e  those  <il)iec(>.  hut  I'ltliem 
lhe\  are  so  confused  that  they  appear  to  foian  cont  iimous  lines 
on  either  side,  else  t"he\  wdidd  ])ass  out  hetweeu  them.  Thl-; 
defect  "f  visiiai  is  furthei'  illust  rate(|  h\-  what  Captain  l'"ranklin 
say>  of  this  deei',  as  iprnted  hy  llichardsun  :  "The  I'cinileei'  has 
a  ipiick  e\e.  hut  the  huuter.  hy  keeping'  to  the  wlnd"\ard  of 
them,  and  usIul;'  a  litth'  caniioii.  niav  approach  ver\  n<'ai',  (heir 
apprehensions  heinn'  nuidi  more  easil\-  ai'onsed  li\-  th  smell  than 
the  sii_;ht  of  any  unusual  oliject.  I  ndeed.  tlieii'  cnrinsily  often 
causes  them  to  c,)U)e  close  up  td  and  ".\heel  I'nnnd  thehinitei-, 
thus  affording  him  a  'j^oimI  opportunitx  of  sinMTni^- out  the  fa'test 
of  till'  herd:  and  upon  these  occasions  tlie\  hecome  so  confused 
hy  the  shouts  ami  in'cstures  of  their  eiiemv  that  they  run  hack- 
wards  ami  forwards  with  ereat  rapiditv.  hut  without  tlu'  power 
of  makini;'  their  escape.  The  ('opper  Indians  lind  1)\  expei'i.'nce 
that  a  white  dress  attracts  them  most  I'eadilv,  ami  they  often 
sncceeil  in  lirini;ii;e-  them  within  shot  hv  knei-liiiL!,"  an  1  \ihraliuL;' 
the  e-iiii  tVoin  side  to  side  in  imitation  of  the  motion  of  the  deer's 
liorirs.  when  he  is  in  the  act  of  ruhhiiiLi,-  his  head  against  a 
stone,  d'he  Don'-ril)  Indians  have  a  wa\  of  killino  lln'se  ani- 
mals which,  ihoiioh  simple,  is  vei'v  successful.  It  is  thus  de- 
sia-ihed  hy  Mr.  Went/ell.  wdio  resided  lone' ainoii'^'si  that  people. 
The  huntei's  e'r,  in  pairs,  the  h)reinost  man  carr\  iuL;'  in  one  hand 
the  lioiais  and  part  of  tlu'  skin  of  the  head  of  a  deer,  and  in  the 
other  a  small  hinich  of  twin's,  a^'ainst  which  he.  from  time  to 
time,  rnhs  t  h<'  horirs,  iinit.itiny  the  gestiiri's  pecidiar  to  th<'  animal. 


THE   (//A  Si:. 


300 


liiniv 
^.    tlu- 

ul'   \]\r 
iMiTi'tl 

wisioii 
.1'   tlii-ir 

illl     !''SS 

(1  i^aiilt*. 

as  ilr.it 
do  \\\'-y 
V<  \\\'-\\\ 
Ills    I'nirs 

1.  Tlii^ 
l-"r;iuklin 
ili'iT  lets 
'Aiinl  "I 
[iir,  tln'M' 
lli;m 

imil''!'. 

fan '-St 

mi'ii  -''il 

11  liMi'k- 

H'i'i"iii'ii 

■V    ot'li'll 

iliratiuL;' 

!■   (It'iT  s 

^aiiisl  a 
CSC  ani- 
lius    df- 

t     IlCDlllc. 


n 


ic  liaiiil 
,1  ill  tilt! 

tlllK'    i'> 

'  animal. 


I  lis  coniradc  follows,  trcailiiii^  cxai'tlv  in  liis  footslcps  ami  lioM- 
iiiH  (lie  n'uiis  of  liotli  in  a  liori/.ontal  posilion.  so  that  tln'  nm/./.lcs 
project  iiiali'i'  the  arms  of  him  who  carries  the  head.  IJolh 
liiintcrs  ha\('  a  lillct:  of  while  skin  around  their  foreheads,  and 
the  foicm.'st  has  a  strip  of  the  same  around  his  waist.  Tliev 
ap[)roaeh  the  herd  hy  de;j;rees.  raisiiie'  their  leL;s  verv  slowK  ImL 
KetliiiL;-  them  down  somewhat  suddenly,  after  the  manner  of  a 
(leer,  and  always  taking'  care  to  lift  I'lght  or  lefl  feet  simullaiu!- 
ously.  If  any  of  the  herd  lea\('s  oil'  feodine'  to  ^a/.e  upon  this 
e.\l  iMordinary  phenomenon  it  instant  I  v  stops,  and  t  he  head  lie-ins 
to  play  its  part  hv  liekine-  its  shoulders  an<l  performiii'^-  other 
necessary  moxcnicnts.  In  this  wav  the  hunters  attain  the  very 
centre  of  the  herd  without  exciline'  suspicion,  and  have  lei-~u!'e  to 
single  oiil  the  fattest.  The  hindmost  man  then  [iiishes  forward 
his  comrade  s  nun,  the  head  is  dropped,  and  tlie\'  liotli  lire  lu'arlv 
at  the  same  instant.  The  deei'  scamper  off.  the  hunters  Iroi  after 
them.  In  a  short  time  the  poor  animals  halt  to  ascertain  the 
cause  of  ijicir  terror:  their  foes  slop  at  the  same  nioinenl.  and, 
liaxinn'  loaded  as  tlie\-  run,  ereei  the  ga/ers  with  a  second  fatal 
dischar;;".  The  consttM'nat ion  of  the  deer  increase  ;  lliev  run  to 
ami  fi'o  ;,,  ii.e  utmost  confusion,  and  sometimes  a  g'rcal  part  of 
the  herd  is  dcstro\cd  within    the   space  of  a  lew  hundred  yards. 

This  ioii^'  extract  is  fulK  iustilie(|  li\-  tlu'  amount  of  real  infor- 
mation which  it  contains  as  to  the  hahils  of  the  l>arren-L;roiind 
('aril)ou.  From  the  facts  stated  I  arrived  tit  a  dirferent  conclu- 
sion from  tliatstate(i  hv  ('aptain  l'"ranklin.  He  sa\s  the  Rein- 
deer "  has  a  ijiiick  eve  ;  "'  luit  his  conduct  shows  that  he  has  the 
dullest  e\eof  I h(!  e-eiiiis.  .\nyof  tin;  others  with  whose  haliils 
we  are  wi'll  a"(piainled  would  have  detected  the  counterfeit,  es- 
pecially when  one  hunter  was  foUowini;  tho  other,  lonn  hefore 
thev  reached  the  lua'd.  The  facts  related  demonstrate  thai  tin; 
sense  of  smell  is  not  so  idiaide  as  has  l>ei  u  often  stateil,  else  the 
Inmters,  under  no  circnnistaiices.  cotdd  have  reacheil  the  middlt; 
of  the  herd  wilhout  (avatiiiu  alarm. 

As  further  i'liistratini^  the  liahils  of  this  animal,  I  must  'pioh; 
from  what  ('a|)tain  Lvoii  say-  of  the  mode  of  humin^  it  hy  tlu; 
Esipiimaux.  "The  Keindecr  \  isits  the  I'olar  regions  at  the  lat- 
ter end  of  Mav,  or  earlv  p  irt  of  .Iiine.  [unl  remains  till  Si'ptein- 
her.  ()n  his  lirst  iirrival  he  is  thin  and  liis  ilesh  is  tasteless,  hut 
the  short,  summer  is  siiilicient  to  fatttm  him  to  two  or  tliriH.' 
inches  on  the  haunches.  When  feedine-  on  the  level  e'i''iund  an 
Esipiiinau  mtikes  no  atteiii[it  to  ap[)roach  liini,  hut  should  a  few 


1^ 


UK) 


■11/ 1:  i)i:i:i;  or  ami.iuca. 


I  w. 


\i. 


i   '! 


M 


!  1 

j 

\ 

i  \ 

\  ■! 

i 


) 

i 

I 
I 

i 

i 


i'i:>'i 


:        :! 


nx'Us  lie  iiciw,  tli(!  Wiii'v  liuiitcr  iiiiikcs  sure  of  liis  ])r(>v.  IJcliiiid 
oiii'  (if  these  lie  caiitidiisly  creeps  niid  liiivlii!^  la'ul  himself  vei'v 
cli'se,  with  his  liow  iiiui  arrow  liei'ore  him,  imitates  the  helluw  (jf 
1  he  ilecr  w  hell  eaUiii!^'  each  olliei' ;  sometimes  for  more  con'|ilete 
(lecejitioii  the  liiiiiter  wears  his  deer-skin  coat  and  hood  so  drawn 
over  his  head,  as  lo  resemliU>  in  a  yreat  nieasun;  the  nnsnspectinL;' 
animals  he  is  enticing',  'riimigh  tlu!  bellow  proves  considei'aliie 
attraction,  yet  if  a  man  has  ^rciit.  ])atienee  he  may  do  without  it 
and  may  he  e(|nally  certain  that  his  prey  will  ultimately  cniiie  to 
examine  him  :  the  licindeer  hein^  an  impusitive  animal  and  at 
the  same  time  so  silly  that  if  he  sees  any  sns[)iei()MS  olijeci  which 
is  not  actnallv  chasiii<;  him  he  will  I'radiiallv  and  after  man\  ca- 
perinn's  and  formint;'  repeated  circles  apj)roacli  nearer  and  nearer  to 
it.  The  lvs(prniiaii\  rarely  shoot  till  tin;  creatnre  is  within  twelve 
paces,  and  1  have  heeii  fre([iiently  told  of  their  being  killed  at  a 
inncli  shorter  distance,  it  is  to  be;  observed  that  tln^  hunters 
never  appear  openly,  bnt  employ  stratagiMn  for  their  piir|iose  : 
thus  by  patience  and  ingenuity  riMidering  their  rudely  formed 
bows,  ami  still  worse  arrows,  as  elYeetive  as  tlu;  rifles  of  the  i'.u- 
ropeans.  Where  two  men  hunt  in  company  they  sometimes  ]iur- 
poselv  show  themselves  to  the  deer,  one  before  the  other.  'Ihc 
deer  follows  and  when  the  hunters  arrives  near  a  .ston(!  the  fore- 
most drops  behind  it  and  pre[)ares  his  bow,  wliili^  his  eompaniou 
continues  walking  steadily  forward.  'I'liis  latter  the  deer  still 
follows  imsnsiiectingiy.  who  thus  passes  near  the  concealed  man 
wlui  takes  deliberate  aim  and  kills  the  animal.  When  the  deer 
assemble  in  herds  there  are  particular  passes  which  they  invaria- 
bly take,  and  on  being  driven  to  them  are  killed  by  arrows  by 
the  men,  while  the  women  with  shouts  drive  them  to  the  water. 
Here  they  swim  with  the  ease  and  activity  of  water-dogs,  the 
people  in  hayaks  chasing  and  easily  s[iearing  them.  The  car- 
casses iloat  anil  the  hunter  then  presses  forwartl  and  kills  as  many 
as  he  finds  in  his  ti'ac-k.  Xo  sjirings  or  traps  wvo  nsed  in  tin- 
capture  of  these  animals,  as  is  practiced  to  the  southward,  in  coii- 
seijuence  of   the  total  absi'uce  of  standing  wotnl." 

We  nowhere  else  lind  in  the  sanu'  space  so  much  valuable  in- 
formation concerning  this  animal  as  in  this  extract. 

It  tells  us  of  the  great  curiosity  of  this  deer,  which  so  often 
leads  it  to  destruction,  in  which  it  most  resembles  our  antelojie, 
but  it  conclusively  proves  as  well  that  the  vision  is  so  defective 
that  even  with  the  aid  of  motion  it  cannot  identify  objects.  The 
facts  stateil  also  show  that  this  deer  has  not  the  acute  sense  of 


Till-   (If  A  si:. 


I'x'llilld 

ISi'lf    vltv 
liclldW  <if 

(•(in'|ilcti' 
so  (Iriiwii 

^USll(■(•till^' 

iisidcraliU' 
williniit  it 

\'   CiUlK!   to 

mil  aiitl  ;it 
jcrl    wllii'h 

iiiiinv  cii- 

1  lIcill'iT  In 
llill   t  ^.V(■tv.■ 

killi'il  al  a 
,K\  liuiUcrs 

•  piii'jiosc  : 
•Iv    ftiniifil 

.1'  till'  i'.ii- 
tiini'S  ]im-- 
\\va:  'riir 
c  the  for'.,'- 
compaiiinii 

!  (1(>CT  slill 
LM'alcd  mail 

Ml   tilt'   (lt!L'l' 

cy  invai'ia- 

•  arrows  liy 
tlif  wattT. 

■L'-(1mu'S,    llic 

TIh'  .'ar- 
lUs  as  many 
useil  in  tlio 
ai'd.  in  coH- 

^•aliial'lc  in- 

eli  so  ol'uMi 
u'  antcloiH', 
so  ilul'iu'tivc 
ijects.  'i'lit- 
ute  sense  ot 


•■171 


w  - 


■^lllell   wlliell    is    J)OS.S(>HS(.(l    l,v   tlie    ..tin.,.  J       ,.  1  ■  . 

llliit  III,.  ,l,.,.rli,„,l,,|   „|,,,   1„,;„„   III!     ,       ,..,  '"■"   ''^ 

,,r    ll„.   ;,  ,  ''"'    """■'■   l''-"llll'ii^ll.|,.,   I,r,;,„s,. 

,    ,. ;;■ -"I'- »i,i,.i, , d,.»i,.v,.,„,,i.,,  „,„,.; 

tl'e  u-a(er,  |.„fc  then   uncloubt.-.ilv  tliev  ,v,n,i,.  •,  ve    - 

-■..".■-:f:v;::::s:r:::,:::t:,:-;-;::;;:;:-; 

";;'   ■'^P">'t«'":'M  is  iH.ft,.,-  rewar I   j,,-  (]„.  ,.,,,,f,,,,,,      ,-         .      , 

^--""•'<1   '^^■•il.on,  whi<.h    l.asn.,uin.Ia!lhi  Vl    -T'^ 

SH:«HEtESa?5 

ail^M-o„ce  .n   the  c.ulovvments  for  self  ,„....,.,-,.;,..!     I   Ir  "       '  '"^ 
•spoeavs  of  ,leer,  if  not  the  m..st  niai-ke.l 


piusevvatiou  of  thi-si;  t 


tl 


leni  of  (lilfei-ent  .species,  is  still 


)f  ti 


lose  whieh   dec], 


wo 


I  r{3 


vei 


y  remarkable  and  iiit.'ivst 


ni!''. 


m 


m\\\ 

p 

1^1 

i!' 


11 


1 

1 . 

i  - 

'  1 

! 

t 

III 


1 

•. ;' : 


37:2 


■jjih'  i)i:i:it  uF  AMiinicA. 


TIIK   i:i,K. 


Tilt'  Aiiicricini  l^lk,  or  \\':i[iiti  Deer,  is  iinlilc  nnuu-.  ami  lis  |iiir- 
suit  atVni'ds  cxcitiiii^  sport  to  tlic  Iiimtcr.  His  raii^c  is  niiicli 
inori'  divcM'silii'il  tliaii  that  of  the  moose,  I'or  lie  raiiL;('s  tlic  prai- 
ries and  till'  plains,  as  well  as  the  Forests  and  the  niounlains. 
If  he  does  not  make  his  Jiome  on  tin;  Itarren  plains  of  the  far 
wesl.  he  ranges  across  them  from  on(!  belt  of  lindiei-  toanothrr, 
which  are  iisnally  found  along  the  streams  which  intersect  thiMii  ; 
and  lirforc  the  white  man  ha<l  driver,  him  from  the  fertih;  ])raii'ies 
of  the  Mississippi  valley  they  wen;  extensively  t^ra/ed  by  the  I'ilk. 

Almost  tlie  only  mode  of  hnnting  the  l">IU,  either  hy  the  Indian 
or  the  white  man.  is  l»y  stalking,  or  the  still  hunt,  oi-  soniclinics 
li\  puisuitT  on  horscliaek.  Ih'ing  social  and  eregarious  in  thrir 
lialiits.  thevare  usuallv  found  in  hands  of  greater  or  less  mimhcrs, 
although  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  lind  solitary  individuals 
scattered  through  the  country,  —  usually  young  malfs.  'I'liey  are 
less  suspicious  than  the  moose,  and  their  scirscs  of  smell  and  hear- 
ing ai'c  less  acute,  while  few  other  animals  excel  tlieiu  in  these 
regards.  Uut.  as  the  hunters  express  it,  they  have  less  .V(//.vc  than 
the  moose,  or,  indeed,  most  of  the  suudler  deer,  but  they  an-  bv 
no  means  so  simple  as  to  (U'stvoy  on(('s  interest  in  them,  or  make 
their  capture  an  easy  matter. 

WluMi  sought  foi'  in  prairie  countries,  the  hunter  ex[iei>ts  to 
lind  theiu  along  the  creek  or  river  bottoms,  where  fla^  grasses  are 
more  abuiulant  and  sweeter,  and  wluu'e  they  lind  arboi'eous  food, 
which  they  crav(!  to  mix  with  the  herbaceous.  Here,  too.  they 
find  the  shade  in  which  they  delight.  'I'hus  ociaipying  lowi-r 
groUiid  than  the  surrouiuling  counti'v,  tic  hunter  from  elcvatcil 
positions  may  overlook  the  valley,  till  the  ganu'  is  discovericl 
either  grazing  in  security  below,  or  quietly  ruminating  in  llie 
shade  of  the  trees,  lie  has  already  studied  the  coui'se  of  tln' 
wiiul.  so  as  to  be  always  to  this  leeward  of  the  ganu-.  A  carefid 
study  of  the  gromid  then  ensues,  and  objects  sought  which  may 
be  made  to  cover  the  approach  to  within  range.  This  is  not  so 
dillicult  as  t\w  approach  to  the  naoose,  still  it  is  indispensable  to 
study  the  coiu'se  of  the  wind,  for  if  the  wind  wafts  to  him  the 
least  taint  from  his  enemy,  the  Elk  detects  it  in  an  instant,  and 
is  oil'.  He  is  not  sent  away  by  the  snapping  of  a  twig,  or  the 
rustle  of  a  leaf,  if  he  cannot  see  the  cause,  still  the  hunter  musi 
observe  great  caution  in  his  a])proach,  and  especially  not  to  al- 
low the  game  to  get  <i  glimpse  of  him  when  in  motion.     In  stalk- 


I  its  ]iiir- 
is  imicli 
till'  prai- 
>iiiit;\'ms. 
f  I  lie  fur 

aiiiillicr, 
ct  tlii'iii  : 
{'  |>rairii'.s 

the  Klk. 
)(>   liuliaii 

Dtlll'tillH'S 

;  ill  llirir 
iiimilHTs, 
idividiiaU 
T\u'\  arc 
ami  lifar- 
1  ill  tlicso 
,T/(.sT  than 
lev  an-  I'V 
1,  uv  iiiakt^ 

;>\'p('cts   to 
I'l'asscs  arc 
•foiis  fond, 
,  too,  tlicy 
iiiu;   lower 
n  clfvati'il 
disL'ovL'i'cd 
iny  in  tlio 
irso  ol'  til (3 
A  cavci'ul 
wliifli  may 
s  is  not  so 
pciisable  to 
to  liim  the 
nstiint,  and 
:\vig,  or  tlu' 
luiitcr  nuisi 
y  not  to  al- 
'.     In  stalk - 


V7//;   (  //AS/:.  :;7;. 

'•'^  ',';"  '■'"-  ""•  '""""'•  '""St  1m.  ,.arti,.|,larlv  cautinus  n,„  ,„ 
Htuml.l..  npon  a  .l....,-,  wliilc  his  alt.Mitio,,  is  int.-ntlv  dcvut.d  ,.. 
""';";;V  '"^'">--l->  imhisuay.  A.hi..kl.nm:h,.ruill,.vs, 
'"■'""     "'"">"  ,y^'-S  may  h..   s,.|..,.,..d    ;,s    (|,,   ,.l,j„,,    , „,,  ,,;, 

;'''';'■'"'■';  ^'"•''  '^  ='  '""^'  lil-ly  place  In,,,,.  Klk,,.  make  his 
':"■'''■■'';""•  "'^•y^4'nMM--.!>l-r..rcy,„Miu,  ,,.,.  fee,  ;,wav,  uhcna 
sm^loUl^.l,nay,al<eidml,ey..ndvieu^ 

•-"•      ""  '•^='""l<ll»H-kaloi,dwhis,k..,falarmmavhesu„nded 

m.u-,,!,,.,,,    ,h,s,  his  liieh,  will   alarm  the  wlmk.  hamk  ami  V • 

sport  IS  pruh;ddy  up  (m-  the  day. 

NVhen  started,, he  Klk    dnes'n..MiL.   „„,   „l„„se  ,„id    , „- 

'-'-■•"sl.n^ht  away,  without    a    pause  uml   s.  if,  K  ;   ,„„    „„„, 
"^"'>=''l"'-  '•"nnine.  ,    f.,v   |,„ndre.|  yards,  the   whole   l,,.,nd  will 

^-T'M.  -me  cuunmindiii.  eh.vatinn   tu  see  wha,    istiie   n. ,-. 

"    ""'""V'"'    ""■  '''■'  """"'^-I'-P'-l'.'l.lv  will  not.  still  he  is 

;■-'    'lu.t..  happy,  and  will  ii,,t  delay  till  he  has  placed  manv  miles 

"■'™    ""''':"'   ""'   •'""'•■'••      il-a    1..I..-  animal    is  thus  'st.ned 

'-"HllS  ln.d  ot    willows  or  high  orass.  hefoiv  he  sees  the   puisuer 

H-.sve,y|,k.,|ytos,opfora  mmt  or  two  after  niakiilc  „  fe^ 

''■••'I'S.'M.d   that  momentary  p;,use   lu.s  1 „    the  oppo,.,u,dtv  for 

"|-yula,al  shot,  which  has   laid   low, he  head  which  hon.n, - 

indceiit  antlers.  ° 

Tin.  Klk  is  of„.n  found  among  ,he  foot  hills  of  ,he  mountains. 

•'"'    ";    ;'■'■>■    '"•"'<''"^  '•-••ky    ground.      This    is    the    s,     killin.r 

p.'.d.  I  mean  lor  the  hunter  to  pursue  him  in.  ,-o,.vou  nnis; 
»-->;;"'•  I'-'-ohclow  and  chnnherthrough  on  foot,  w  he,  vou 
■'^re  ha  .le  to  come  upon  a  lone  Klk  suddenlv,  and  close  helore 
.von,  when  a.pnck  shot  settles   the   matter;  oV  if  vou  see  one  o,, 

-nsnleral. lylugher  or  lower  groun.l,  one   hundred' vardso,  ,. 

away    wi  h  a  lavoraM,.  wind,  he  may  stand  seventrshots,  if  vou. 

-l.li.K,t.ng   allows    it,   1-fore  he  will   take  s™.sala..m'a,.d 
niti.ki!  oil, 

Jt^is  not  easy  to  .leler.nine  the  highest  altitude  of  the  ranee  . 

he  Klk,  but  ,t  IS  prolnt'ole  that  they  go  to  the  utmost  of  tlie"^tin 
b<"i-  lim..      I  ],tve  found  thei,.  tnieks  .„o..e  than  te..  thousand  f..e. 
a  Hive  the  sea  level,  on  the  Sierra  Mad.-e  Mountains.      Whether 

hose  that  Ire^uent  these  high  altitudes  ever  visit  the  plains,  o, 
abide  per,mu.e,itly  ,n  the  mou.itains,  I  have  no  ..ea.,s),f  detei- 
^^^^l^^^!:^.  U  lien  the  seve.'e  winter  sets  in  they  .lescend  i.ito  the 
bii.sinsa.id  caiKHis,  whore  the  mountain  .st.-eams  have  thei.-  sou.ves 
:^"'  ^^-here  they  find  grass  beneath  the  snow,  ami  in  thes,.  poekets 
HI  the  mounlauis  the   hunter  seeks  tl.e.n,  keepi.ig  on  the  liieher 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 


{./ 


:/. 


1.0 


I.I 


M    12.5 


K 


. .,.  Ill 


2.2 


!L25  i  1.4 


6" 


1.6 


^ 


PhoiDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTEh, ;.' Y.  14580 

(716)  B72-4bbl 


m 


WW 


^V 


\\ 


'."i. 


LV 


o^ 


^^•^ 


^ 


C/j 


c.^ 


;1T4 


'I in:  hi.i.i:  of  .\mi:];i<  .\. 


ii  I 


i;rHini<l  wliii'li  smridiiiiU  iIh'Di.  In^tain-i-- ;ii'«'  r<-liU<Ml  \\]icr>-  IminN 
ot  I",lk  li:i\c  lii'cii  tliii-  iilisc'i\  I'll  ti'iiii  lii'^li.  MVi-rl'MikiiiL^  jiniiits, 
wliiii  ;i  '4,ili'  III  wiinl  \v;i^  lilow  lii'_'.  win  in-i-  tli«'  Iiniit<-r  li;i>  shut 
(I'lwn  ;i  i'iiMsii|ii;ilili'  nuiiili.'i'  lii't'.iif  til"  l>;il:ili<-''  Woiilil  t;ikf  tin' 
al;inii.  IIii'N  wuiild  luuU  ii|)iiii  tin-  -tiii'_'_'i.--i  nf  tli<'  <l\in'^  in 
Miiiii/i'iiniiU    iiiit    witlnmt     .sus|>tH'tiii'^   it    \v;i<    tin-    work    ol     :in 

CIli'lllN  . 

'lliiTf  is  no  ildulil  lli.it  niir  l",lk  liiis  l.-ss  t«-ii;i<-il\  I'f  lifi'  lli.i!i 
;ui\  ntliiT  Anii'iiraii  niiiniui'  of  tin'  faiiiilv.  I  li:iv<-  iiillirti'il  a 
wiiiiinl  ii|iiin  all  l'"Jk  tlirmiLili  tlir  lii-a'l.  i|iiit<'  Im-Imw  iIk-  liraiii. 
ami  witlimit  cuttiiiL;'  an  artiTV.  ami  witlfut  iH-.-asiunin::;  inm'li 
lii'UiiiiiliaL;'!'.  uliicli  a  ('111111111111  di'iT  wmilil  li.ivi-  rarrifil  titty  inilcs. 
ami  tiiiiml  tlii>  I'ilk  di'ail  in  lialf  an  liniir  att'-r.  an<l  witlnn  liall  a 
niilc  iif  till'  plai't'  wilt  rr  lir  was  slmt.  .M\  nwii  hIimtx  al  imis  lia\i' 
lici'ii    c.iiiliriii.'il    hv  till'   ti'si  iniiiiu'  nt   nM   liiinttTs  cif   va>tlv  ninii' 

<'\|irrii'iiii'    than     I    ran    I'laini.    ami    it     niv    r >]lf«'tii>ii    I'ii^litly 

si'i'vi's  nil',  till'  olisi'i'valiuiis  ol'  Lewis  and  C'hirkt- wuri- 1<»  tlu_'  sanif 

ctVrcl. 

I  liavr  sci'ii  a  few  aii'i'iints  of  tln-ir  iM-ini:  |>Mr-iii<l  witli  izi'i'V- 
liiiiind>  mi  till'  wrstcin  piaiiis,  hv  arni\  "itlii-iTs  stati"md  at  tinii- 
ticr  i»i>sts.  liiit.  Irmii  tlir  arcMiiiits.  I  jndiLif  tln-y  af«'  ii'it  a>  ^'aiiiy 
as  till'  ('iniiniuii  di'i'i'.  —  tli'Mij^li  tln-v  iiiav  fi|nal  in  I'lidnram-i'  tin' 
I-aiiippran  states.  —  and  tlirv  iiiidiiid)tt'<llv  iai-k  tli''  i-ndiii-ancc  nl 
till'  imi(i>i'  or  till'  cariiiiiii.  W'lirii  |iiirsii.-d  i>n  li'ii-i'l>,ii'k  llif  VAk 
make-  till'  Iiiiikiii  and  riirk\  nimind.  it  anv  !•<•  ai-i-i'->il>l<'.  wlii'ii- 
till'  |iiiisiiit  ii>iiallv  tcnniiiati's.  Imt  if  away  <.ii  tin-  plains,  tlir 
rliasr  is  an  ixritiiiLi'  and  an  intcri'stiiiL;"  <>n»^.  'lln-  I^lk  Ifails  away 
in  a  rapid  trnt.  wliirli  if  iml  lirnkfn  Iir  lii.lds  for  a  Imiir  distann'. 
lait  wlii'ii  fiiri'i'd  tViiin  tliis  inin  a  inn.  it"  tlif  animal  '><■  tat.  In-  sunn 
lirraks  dnwii.  liiit  il'  Iran  lir  I'lidiiri's  it  Wfll.  and  lisuls  a  tim'  rliasc 
h.-t'iii'i'  111'  is  run  into. 

N'lini'  iitlii'i'  of  oiir  diiT  fatten  so  kimllv  or  ii»'t  so  fat  as  the 
I'dk.  and  possilily  this  may  ace-oiint  for  tlu'ir  lat-k  uf  (•"thou  in 
the  cliasr. 


Till';  Mii.i:  i>KEiJ. 

The  pursuit  of  the  Mnlr  Di-.t  is  almost  fntir<'ly  conllm'd  to 
stalking'  or  still  hnntiniLf.  Tln'V  art'  found  in  tin*  liiLrli  iiionnlain- 
as  well  as  in  the  valleys  of  the  .'rct-ks  and  rivi-rs  in  tin'  plains. 
Whci'i'  tlii'v  an-  iiiiicli  piirsii.'d  thrv  aif  warv.  and  tax  tin-  skill 
of  till'  hiintrr  to  appioarli  tht'iii.  Tln'V  an-  fond  nf  lifowsimj,  mi 
till'   yoiiiiL!;  fottonwooils,   wiiidi  j^n-ow  alontj   th<'   stn-ams   ami  in 


hi 


////:  '//.i>/;. 


•1  (-) 


Ih'V  li;iiiils 
ciiii,'  jioiiits, 
'■r  has  slint 
'1  take  tlif 
>•  <l_viiiLj  ill 
»rlv    of     Mil 

«f  lit'.'   tli.i!) 

iii|]i<'tri|   a 

tin-   hraiii, 

iiiiii:   iiiiicli 

fill  \  milis. 

tliiii   lialf   a 

aiii'iis  lia\r 

va>llv  niKir 

ii>ii    ri<_;litly 

;<>  till'  .saiiu' 

w  itli  urrv- 
t'l  at  tVoii- 
Kit  as  ijaiiiv 
Inraiic-c  tlic 
I'liiiaiici'  of 
..k  ill.-  Klk 
.il)lf.  wliii.' 
jilaiiis.  till' 
Icaiis  away 
iiT  ilistaiu'c. 
tat.  he  SIX. II 
a  liiii'  rliasi' 

fat   iis   till' 
t"  ("itdon   in 


i-nllllllcil     111 

I  iiioiiiitaiii'- 

tlic  jtlaiiis. 

a\  till'  skill 

iI'mW  sili'4'   nil 

nils   ami   in 


I 


-'•-,,,,(. I,,.  an,ll...f,,n.  ,,,;., i,,,,., I,.  „„..,„,„,,,.,„,,;, 

"'-•"'  ""■  — '-^  i-i'i.-v,ii  ,.„:,i,i,' 1,1,;,  ,_,,.„,  ,,„;:' 


III.IV       llMll,'     to     •'■(•t      ■ 


I  shot. 


II    III' 


ll-'V    ai-.'    II, .t    as   -|TL,r,.,|.i,„|.     .|^     ,1,,.      |.-||^ 

'    ■"—    -"Ui.'i-livi,l,ial    is    ,   u„l,i„a,,la,.,'    ~Tii..v 

"    '""^   '"•   •";"""-"—••---.-•'•.,„•,',„.,., ol,i,|„,  ,„,„„„,, 
'"IT   ••""'    '"'"i"''""-      "'■'•'■   •l„.yaivs,.i„.|„    1„    , I,..;,, ,..,,. 

:7'';^'""^^''""""-.i""M-M,:an,|.   as,li,.v,.a,i,i,„    i.,.  '.,,!: 

";■;;'""'  — "i';"'—n.,L;.i.  a  i-,..  ,...,..,„.,.,,,.,  ^^,^,i,^ 

'  '    •■'"    "l'!-<uiii,v,l,n,    li,....  ,,   „i,'   tirMsid„a.,h,.    1,,.,, 

I""''''''l''   o|.p.,r|l||,,ty    I,,,    will    M'rt. 

,     '"  '■;■"'■"'■" 'itain,lis,n,.,s.  ul„.|.,.  ,1„.  M,,],.  [),.,,.  ,,,,,  s,.],],  „„ 

:'7'''-''''-^'"-''  -•'•'•■'-•'-''•>  >^--.'i  Hi,'  ..aivf,,U,:,,,,,,^ 

" T     '""•    ■•'!    '"'.^   •'■ •■   <li.'   .lav  f lin.   ,„.    ,•:„,„,, ,,„„„|' 

--1.    .-'.ai.iiliai.  wall    111..,.',,, u's^^ 
ill  r''i'oM|i[/,iiM-. 

''^'''''"''''.^^/''•^■''•"''•''•'•'■'''•^•■^••-i.i.  wli,,,,il|,av,'|,.,,l 

^'"•''''••■'•■^"'■••"•'•''-"'-'^••iH.  11 mains  i„,I,.,  ,.,„.,,;,,„.,,        ""' 

.•l.si.o,-ts,iia,i,,f  v.,.v  lai'.-,.  ,.x,„,.i,, ...,,„,i,||, 

"''■,^i"n-^.  w  rites   1,1,.  :  _ 

./■''':'"■  '":"■'■  :•"•'""•  '"-'•'!   '■'•  ^n,vo,|„,.,l,.,,.   i„  ,.,„.,, 

•\l"mila,n    ,v^„,n   than    tlir   ..|k  (  r.   r,,„„/,  .,.-/.  ,.     ' 


h'    I  li'i'T, 

>       III       tllf       lllMll,|l;|i|| 


ih 


'■  I'lai'U-laik'd 


"'  '7"  '"'""'  ''"■'''■■"•'-'^''''■''  •''•'■'•    "'■'-'    '•il'innlanl    i„    \,,|.,i,- 
"'■"/":";'"'    '"."'    ""■    ^^■''i"'-'  =  'il"'l    -I'-r    on    th,'    C, ,,„.,■    \,„. 
"'";'':      '""I'^l— 'in.   f,.i,ii,l    almn.lant    o,,    ,1,,'   u-r.U-l   ,,l,i„. 
""'    "   .'^  '"^   "I'i-ion   that  a  ^nva,    manvof  ,|,„„,   „„,,.,  J,,.'  ,,,; 

;;''7:7;'\. '■'''• '-i-'''''-'>''''->>'-iii.ia,,,'.,,,,.N.,,,,,,,,,,. 

^''"'''"";'7'-'V""'"-  '■ir-.Miss„„|.i.,„v..  i„„i,  ., i„.  i, 

-inoii    I,,,,,,,.,,,     ,,nil..sfi .li.'Ro,'kvMoi,ii,aiiis.  ',!„,, 1,,' 

'•l...lv-ail..,|.|..oi'  ./..„,,    ,.n'f.'i',l,.,l,I,,.|,  l,,„n.  „„,    , I.,,.,  ,,,,,,  i,,..^ 

;:v'"\;'^"'-^- 7"" " '---''■'''••■.-..i...,s,ii,.'„,;,,:s: 

'""7  •",„'..„.,.   |„„„.,„s,l,a,    li-  .an  li.Hl.an.l  will  ,„„.,.  ,||„, 

.Y>n(owakwi,li,naf.'wf....,  ,.fhiinwi,l„„„    ii„.i ^    ,,.,;_..,. 

•'"Ill  loiin.l  I,.,,.  f,,,„|  ,,,,,.,._  -  '    ■" 


I.'   Iiiiiii 


'■I  lliinktlia,    |u..^o,l  f...,,  ,„;,vl,„   saf,'Iv  s.'|  ,lown  asti 
"      '"■'"-   ^ '   ^'-'vwli.Mv  ,„.ai'   tinil,,,.   li„.,      s.'s,.,al   , ,   u.is 


h\      I 


•////•;  /ii:i:i;  "/■  ,i  \ii:i!ir,\. 


\\'.-M 


'    i; 


:!!  ^ 


sfii^iii).  ill  rliiiiliiiin'  till-  iiiMiiiitaiiis  ill  .Nditli  N'l'W  .Mf\Ii'(i.  I  liiivc 
I'liiiinl  wliilc-tiiilrd  ili'cr   tVuin  tin-   I'mit    liiils  u|)  the  iiiiniiitMiii  >iil(' 

tn  iilinut    lO.IMHi   t'.ct,  ;illil   lInMl   S('('H  )|i)  llinrc  (Iccrtill  illl  I'li-VallMlj 

dl'  aliinit  liJ.iiiMi  I'cct  was  rcai-Iicd,  wlicii  tlir  lilarU-iailcd  deer  aji- 
lii'aicd.  and  ucii'  ui'tcii  scni  alii»\c  (iiiilirr  liiii'.  'Iliis  was  in  the 
siiiiiiiMi-.  (  >ii  till'  a|i|in>a<-li  of  winter.  Imtli  s]prcii's  ran^<'  hiwcr." 
Altn^"tlicr  t  he  Mnlc  I  )riT  dues  lint  alTi)rd  as  vai'ifd  and  cM'ii  in.^- 
s|nirt  as  siMiic  III  tin-  ntlnr  di -it.  still  tlicy  arc  will  wnit  Ii\  t  lie  pni- 
suit  '>!"  tlif  s|i(irtsiiiaii,  wlio  is  ins|tircd  liy  tliat  |ii'(idiar  spirit 
wliii'li  sliriiik>  al  no  lalmr  or  I'atiLiiic.  and  liiids  a  riiji  rcwani  fur 
all  liardslii|i<  and  discdinfurls  in  the  cxritciiiciit  nl'  tln'  rlia>e.  and 
till'  (■(■sta>\    wllii'll   111-  ('\|ifricnci-S,   wlicll   lie  sees  Sllrll    lidlilc    gallic 

answrrinu'  disdiarn'i's  of  liis  rillc  l)_v  falliiiii'  in  his  tracks  if  >laiid- 
in«^.  (ir  li\  lurninj,'  a  liiiixli  suiiicrsault  and  then  tiiniKliiiL;  to  the 
oroimd  with  a  fearful  crash,  if  oii  th<!  run.  'Ilicrc  is  a  thrill  of 
jnv  at  such  a  inoiucnt.  only  known  to  the  sportsir.an,  which  per- 
meates e\cr\'  nerve  of  the  huniaii  system,  and  which  is  in  excite- 
ment farhevoiid  the  experiences  iif  tile  sordid  man.  who  spends 
his  time  and  thouehts,  and  laiiois  day  and  nieht.  to  win  more 
j^old  or  add  ;i  few  more  acres  to  his  estate.  I  cannot  explain  it. 
It  is  not  that  liriital,  saneiiiiiary  joy  which  oladdeiis  at  the  pain 
it,  iiiav  iiillict.  or  takes  pleasure  in  the  death  of  iniiocem'e  ;  fur 
the  true  sportsman  will  never  take  life  for  the  mere  pleasure  of 
killine-,  if  h('  must  leave  his  vit'tiin  to  rot  upon  the  eidnnd.  He 
nuist  ass(jciate  his  triumph  with  the  consideration  of  utility  to 
some  one.  no  matter  whom.  It  may  as  well  lie  ii  total  strani;i'r 
or  a  hainl  of  savages  in  whom  he  fetds  no  interest  heymid  that  of 
common  humanity.  Immaterial  to  him  who  may  he  the  henelic- 
iiiry,  so  that  his  captui'i^  may  he  utili/ed,  he  enjoys  his  siiccess 
Hoarccdy  less  when  his  own  cani|i  is  well  supplied  than  when  the 
gnawines  of  hnnu'er  stimulate  his  elTort. 

'i'liere  are  those  no  doiilit  who  will  slaiie-hter  for  the  mere  love 
of  slayin;^  aii-1  lea\f  ;i  multitude  of  carcasses  to  fester  on  the 
plains:  hul  these  an-  not  sportsmen:  tlie\  are  men'  Imtchers, 
and  their  [iroper  place  is  in  (he  ahattoir,  where  they  may  satiate 
(heir  desii'e  for  blood  without  usele.s.s  th'striK'tion  and  to  ti  useful 


l""'l 


lose, 


CKUVIS    ('(iI.f.MlilANfS. 


Altlioueji  the  raiic'e  of  the  Columhia  Hlack-tailed  Deer  is  lim- 
ited, its  imrsuit  alTonls  exciting  s|iort.  This  deer  avoids  tin; 
ojieii   country  more  tluui  any  of  tliu  other  .spucies,  exci'[)ling  tlio 


CO.    I     ll;i\(' 

iliitaili  side 

II  fli'vatimi 
■d  (leer  ;i|i- 
w  as  ill  t  111' 

\<J_r  ll  1\\  1-1'. 

III  f\cit  iii'j," 
ly  the  ]iiii- 
iliar  spiiit 
I'cuanl  I'nr 
I'liasi',  and 
iilili'  ;^aiiH' 
s  if  >laiid- 
liiin;  to  till' 
a  tlirill  nt' 
i\llirll    |HT- 

ill  cxrili'- 
\liii  spi'iids 

will  niurc 
I'Xplaiii  it. 
1  till-  pain 
iTiii'c  ;  i'nr 
'Irasiirc  III 
Hind.  lie 
f  utility  tu 
il  st  railed' 
Hid  that  n{ 
111-  lu'liciir- 
llis  siirci'ss 

wlli'll     till' 

nii'ii'  liivr 
tcr  III!  till' 
!  imtclii  rs, 
lay  .satiate 

tu  !l  USL't'ul 


(HT  is  lllll- 
ivoid.s  tliu 
■pting  the 


'J/fi:   <  II A  si:.  .,-- 

0(   I 

""'"•■^"'•"""  '•"'  \v Hand  laiil.nu.       h  is  fund    ,,f   ,1       1       ,  ^ 

l,;!l  1  .  '•         1  L    IS   Itillll     III     I  II,.       ,!■,,  ■,.,,    t        , 

'"^""'    ''l'''^^   ' -'— idi.s.asuLlias   thi'di',,,   s,',.   ,  ; 

<•""''■">'•   ''>'v>tsi,f  ,|„.  l„.vlunils.      In   ('.difni-ni..  i  '"""',"' 

.IIHl      \\  as||||ln|,,|l      tl'ITItulV       I'l       i;,,    |.  I  >  "   r^"'l 

s|,„i.„,,'  ,1,  '    "'"",\-  "    I'l.d.  a  wil,.,,,,,..   I.u i„    ,1,,.,!,, 

'    ,.    ■'    ""—''-->    'V,. sulii..|Ml,..|val,„nn,|.  ,,.„,,.,,„',. 

\"''"    '■*■"•'■="    ".    |.a>.'  i.f  dan,..|..       1-    tli..   ..,;„,„,„  ,,;,,; 

'^v"-"^'="'r""'-^-''- -■>.  .1,1,^,1, ;,,,': 

'"'■"'  •,"":'"''\"'"'-'- '-'-'■  "-V  inlialiit,  t,., I,..     ,,' 


nnril  \-. 

In    llir   inipi 
this 


iil;i'1  s  .S,iiiii,|  1 1 


I'-y  iissiTt  i||,.ir  niiiiHTiial  snin 


^'""""1  '-^''.v  llii'  stilMiiint  iii-.MMlkii,.,-       A     ,1,         .'":'""- 

;;::;>,-'■"•;';'-•"" "- •'-'■-n:i::n:':r;t;;i::: 

^''■^tdawni.ltli,.n,,,,.nin,.|nustl,,.fa|.l.,.v,,nil,i,,.,,,ln,.n.,      f 
1 ..  >  ■  1  \   Mt    I   inii>       II'  ta Ki'ii     K  ii     .1    .1    .  ■     • 

"-»- ■  ^"' -'i.i- -,.  I,,.  I, :,:        '■;;;,''p; V" 

» |-  .iM...ig.,i  I,.  ,„  ,„n.,,i„,  ,,„„„  ,„„  :.,'„,■,,:,.,; 

wliii'li    iiia\-   <>•  \(>   wii-ini.,,-     CI-  siiaiM'ii, 

"".'^    f,i\*    waiiiiiin   ,,(    iiij^   iircsciic.'.       I'ji,.  sd...,i        r,     i 

;"""'v '"■■■"'- ■'"'■•. '"s..»i.i,..n,', :;,:!;;:;:!';:,':; 


to  cat.li   I'Vi'M   till'   faintest  .sound   fn 


liiiinr   may   l,o   i„il,..s  awav,  l.iit   tl 

•■I'- "P""  it.  'n..-..,.ia.,i,i»,..,„i,„-r;„.;i:;r;i;,.:-;i,:,: 


""   "".V   i|nai1i'r.      '|-||,i'.  tlio 
"'"•  :t.^'aiii,   the   liiinlcr   i„,iv  l„. 

•al 


:',7S 


77//;  i)i:i:i;  nr  .1  ]//:!: /<  1. 


cliimi'i'  will  111'  lust.  'I'liis  tlic  ('\|icri('iiriil  Iniiili'i'  will  Hf\i'r  (!'>, 
i'l.r  wi'll    li"    kii'iws    tli;it    c'ln-    will    in    tlic   t-inl    \<i-    rcwiirdrcj    with 

sn ss.      Il>'   iiiiU   lAjii'ds   III   liml  ;i  si.lii;i|-\    iiiili\  ii|ii;,l,  t'lir  tlifsi- 

iji-ri'  Mil'  less  ;4ifi:;iiii>us  tliiiii  till'  lit  licrs.  ;iii(|  si'Mdiii  wjiinli'i'  i;ir 
ill  "•iiin|i;iii\'.  Ill'  limy.  IIS  In- cjiiit  imitily  jic('|>-;  uviTtli.'  riil'_;i'  nr 
tViiiii  lii'liiml  '111'  riii'k.  lirsl  si^rlit  tlic  i^iiiin'  witliiii  cIum'  nuiui' 
(•ru|i]iiiiL;-  till'  li';iv('S  tri)iii  the  slinililicry.  ur  tlic  ','r,iss  lr<ini  the 
vmIIi'V.  Hi'  till'  wilil  mils  iViiiii  the  whiti'r.cij  lii'lii,  ur  he  nmv  sec 
him  Irilt  II  mile  iiwiiy.  eliiiiilieiiiiM-  up  the  n|i|iiisite  iiiiiiiiitniii  siile 
;iiii(iiiM-  the  lnukeii  iiiid  M-atlercil  meks.  In  the  Urst  e-ise  a  single 
ili'lilielate  shut  cllils  the  eliasc  ;  in  the  i  it  her.  Slieecss  is  seiirci'l  v 
less    assill'eil.   i'lr    now   that     he  sees    the    uliji'et    iij"    his    ]>U|-silil.    the 

hiiiiti'f  wall-lies  his  nio\  iiiieiiis.  aeenriliii^  to  which  111'  la\s  his 
plans  ami  makes  his  appriiach  with  cuntiniied  eaiiliuii.  which  in 
tlic  eiiii  will  surely  luiii^  him  within  ranee  of  the  Imck.  wliusc 
iirsi  111. lice  ul'  tlic  presence  lit"  all  enemy  will  lie  the  fatal  luillet 
crashiiii^-  lliriiiii;h  his  frame,  when  In  will  irap  liiii'h  ami  fall 
aniuiin'  the  nii'ks.  ami  in  his  dyiiii,'  st  iii<4H|fs  w  ill  mil  farduwii 
intii  the  valley  lieluw.  S.iiiictimes  the  pursuit  is  ended  while  it 
is\cl  early  iiiiirniiiii;.  and  soiiict inies  it  last>  until  the  evcniiiL!,- has 
('(Uiie.  when  the  liiintci'  will  make  a  lire  lieside  a  luuken  ruck, 
cut  mil  a  steak  and  limil  it.  eal  his  supper,  smoke  his  iiiexiialilc 
])ipc.  and  then  lay  him>e|f  dnwii  lic>i(le  iils  Imphx  and  cduiiI  the 
stars  till  he  eors  to  sleep,  all  the  tim>-  having  his  trustv  rillc 
wit  hill  his  leach. 

Such  was  the  liistiiry  of  the,  chase  and  cajitme  uf  the  last 
I'lack-taili'd  Deer  which  I  helped  tn  eal.  lie  was  a  iinlile  luick 
with  ma!4iiiliieiit  twice  liifiircaled  antlers,  which  imdiiiilil  still  lie 
hlcachiiiu'  liieli  ii|)  a  cariuii  uf  the  ( 'uast  l{,iiii;e.  alimit  iifteeii  miles 
friiiii  the  (ie\scr  SpriiiLi's  iif  ( 'alifurnia.  It  iimk  the  ea]iti)r  half 
(»f  the  next  dav  til  hriiiLj  out,  the  meat  to  where  he  e(Hili|  reach  it 
with  a  mule,  when  he  hecanie  tun  fatiL;'iieil  to  ;;o  hack  for  the 
licad  and  antlers,  except  ioiial  as  they  were  in  si/e.  I  do  not  l>e- 
lie\e  there  is  ally  more  fat ieiii ml;;' sport  than  this;  vet  for  all  that 
it  is  the  nioi'e  keenly  relished,  since  sport  without  fatigue  is  often 
too  cheap  to  have  a  relish,  is  loo  insipid  to  Iia\e  a  tlavor. 

Another  favorite  mode  of  chasing'  this  deer  is  with  hounds, 
niiich  after  the  manner  of  chasin;^  the  N'irLiinia  Art-v.  iintalilv  in 
(  Md  \  ir^'inia.  only  it  is  i^eiierallv  done  upon  more  level  nroiind 
and  in  lii'iivicr  forests,  tlioueh  sometimes  anioni;'  the  fooldiills 
jiiid  even  in    the  nioiintaiiis.      j-'.veii  here  the  deer  have  their  riin- 


w 


!iys,   which    the    s[tortsmen    of    the    ncie'hliorhood    soon 


aril, 


•ili'il  with 
,  ti  If  t  Iicsr 
i'.'IIhIiT   |';ir 

■    I'iilu'i'   iir 

IViilU     the 

'  in;i\  sec 
iilain  s'uli' 
>t'  11  single 
is  si-;iiv-i'lv 

ll'Sllil.    I  ll>' 

•  lavs  his 
.  whii'h  ill 

<'k.   whiisr 

ilnl  ImiHcI 
1  and  fail 
far  tliiw  I! 
il  while  ii 
.I'liiiiL;-  has 
ikril  I'liik'. 
iiic\  italih' 

CI  111  lit     I  III' 

rust  V  rillr 

"  thr  last 
lohli'  liiick 
l.t  still  lii. 
tt'i'll   llliirs 

•a|>ti)r  half 
id  i-cadi  it 
■k    for   thr 

Id    lint    lii'- 

nr  all  that 
ic  is  often 

h  lioiimls, 
iiotaltK  ill 
el  eroiiinl 
foot -hill- 
jlirir  nm- 
lou    learn, 


'/'///.•      //Is/; 

\vll.Tr     fhev     .tatio,,     I  heins..]  Ves     list,. 


park    t..   iihll, ■,■,!.. 


imiil;-   hir   tj. 


^\""    1-^    to    hr    fa\.,|V,| 


'iniiiL;-   ,,f   ih,. 

I' 


•'■u-;:;:::;-'\'; '■'■''-■' -■■-■"■-^:"'^.•;.::r::;,:''•'' 

'  ""'  ^\'i'''liiTs  aiv  waniril    in    ill           i       i 
■•       .,,■      ,      ■  ,  ^'""'  "    '?    ""■    li'inii-U    that     la m,, 

'^     ;il""I.     Ml      thus,.      !• ,,|is      uhi.r..      1      .1  1  I  " 

.,1,1,,        I,-   ,1,     ,.  .  "'""    '•'il''l   ■lii'i'   IS  \,.|v  .  isir. 

^      ;.,";■'•,"■ '•   '-'ir--liin,-.  ,„.„|,:,,,h    1„„    ,,'.    , „ 

'  '^"   ''"■'^""•Mhi.iv  uiav  h-lu:,i,rii,„v        If   ,„     f 

'■"  '     I'"-- 'I-    \vill     iiiaki.    for    ,h,.    i.taii.s    ,„•    ,■     K      l       , 

;.;'', "'.""■ ■'■  '■'■■■"iii>  '-■■'"■  .ii,.,i„:,.„ini„. 

I    ,,           r                       '    I    111.    wan  I   i(   |;i|,,.  ,,,.  |.|\,.,.  1  IV I, .h  •  If  il,,. 

'•""■'••  ''"'.v  iiiav  !,,.  ,.x, ,,„!  t,.s,...tti.rif  ,h,.,.    I 

■';"""■ ""■:  '■ "•  '"■  ^'I'l- 1"  .i.-i.-i' iiii.  f„.i  .„  .,„ 

:■;;,;'''''■'•,-"--■-''--■- ■  f. t ,,.„;,.',:. 

:'"':■■"": ""■ ' i.-, ■.i...i.:.l  ■:„::; 

■ill,\   pnlerivil   t,,  thr  rill,..  ■--   '"  ' 

''''•Y''-a,..|,astIie(',.hniil,ial;ivi.r.o,.,,nislai,,Mii,h..S,,,    :, 

'"'•|-rs„e,.s,„.,nakin.  f,,..  .„i„he,.  islaii.l.hat    if  ,,, 

;;;;;^-'-^-i;.'MMon.i......,.k...th..v ,...,,.,.,,,_,,  J 

,      "^' ;-n„on  lie..,..      When  thev  take  ,„,!„.  wat..,.,h..vnnv 

:  ;::;;;:'^ '■' Vr^ ''■  :'■•';' •— --iiwhiehti:.. 

"    "■"!''     '•v.M.(ake„.se,/..,l    l.yth.   aMth.,.s   ami    ,|,.,.w-,ie,|     if   ,!,. 
,  ^""'"""    '■^'i-irep..ai.(i..al.l..  in,hefo,.e.stof,h,.  l,.wM„ils 

;;;;  i ';';;';f ,'"; "";, r''>;--'-'<ino.,in,hisJ.::;.: : 

''"'^"'  '"•'"'•"*''"' '"'-      In  the  still   I ,    inth.    f,.,-osfs 

--vui..,.e.,,n..,.allv>,«,,.,,/,   ,.,,,,,,,,,, ,,,_^^^^,^^^ 

lllell    e.se      le.         I  he      1111O..1.     tl.    .     r  ■  ^ 

1  ii'«.  liiinte,,  thereloiv,  must   1,.;  ever  on  ih.-  al..,.t, 


:]s() 


Till:  hi:/:/;  or  .i.i//.7,'/r.i. 


ainl  l.;i>  im  liii>iii<'S>  In  lie   ^IiidyiiiL^  iiiMtliciiKil  ics  wlim  he   is  slil 
lniiitiii'j,  till'  ( 'kIhiiiIiIii  r»l;irk-taili'il  Drcr. 


I 


iiii';  ((tM.MnN   m;i;i:. 

Till'  \  ULrii'iii  l><'i'i'  is  imt  (iiily  tlic  iii'ist  alxmdanl.  ami  Iicih'c 
tlic  ]\\'<-\  ii'^i'tiil  'it'  all  llic  Aiiicriran  s|icrics.  Imt  its  caiilini'  al- 
t'diils  till'  iiiii>t  varii'd  ami  llir  iiinst  cxcitiiiy"  cxiTcisr  tu  llir 
s]iiirt>iiiaii.  Its  >i^lit  is  fully  im|iijiI  it'  not:  suin'rim-  to  that  nl'  any 
of  till'  otiicr  spiTiis,  wliilr  its  senses  of  lieariiiy'  ami  siiirll  air 
oiil\  iiifi-rlor  to  tliose  of  tlie  moose.  It  liiis  an  iiitrHij^eiice  wliiili 
eiuiMi's  it  to  rrsort  to  i'\|H'ilii'iits  to  liatllc  its  pursiiei-,  ami  it  |i(is- 
sessrs  a  vitalitN  wliirli  fiialiles  it  to  esea[)c  with  woiimls.  which 
woiijil  iH'ostrate  some  other  species  tit  once.  If  its  actual  iihIui- 
aiice  is  inferior  to  s(jme  others,  in  lleetiiess  it  siii'|iasses  all  of 
them. 

ill  all  the  tiTiitory  now  occiiiiinl  liy  the  I'niteil  States  ami 
Noiiliriii  Mexico  at  least,  the  Common  Deer  was  a  lar^e  resource 
f(i|-  fooil  to  the  ahori^ines.  ami  hence  the  |iursuit  of  ihem  was  a 
life  stmlv  with  the  Indian.  Ills  [irincipal  weapon  of  di  struction 
was  the  how  and  arrow;  to  maki'  this  eil'ective,  it  was  necessai'V 
to  aiiproach  the  ^anie  within  very  sliort  rane'e.  and  to  acconiiiliNh 
this  his  im^eimity  was  taxed  to  the  utmost.  To  he  successful  he 
must  lie  familiar  with  the  hal'its.  the  tastes,  the  instincts,  and  the 
capahilities  of  the  animal.  TaUine'  advantaLji?  of  the  wind  he 
wavlaid  him  on  liis  known  routes  from  one  [>lace  to  auoihei'.  he 
secreted  himself  in  trees  near  the  salt  licks,  to  which  the  deer 
jiaid  niictuin;»l  visits.  At  other  times  lu'  wonld  assume  the  skin 
with  the  head  and  antlers  of  the  deer,  and  thus  diseuised.  cau- 
tionsly  approach  his  game  to  within  shooting  distance,  lie 
Would  sometimes  imitate,  tlu;  call  of  the  young  fawn,  anti  thus 
allure  tin;  mother  within  his  reach.  In  dei'p  snows,  he  pursueil 
the  deer  on  snow-shoes,  and  soon  exhausted  the  strength  ot  the 
latter  in  the  uneipial  chase,  or  followed  him  on  the  crust,  through 
which  the  struggling  animal  would  sink  and  lacerati^  his  lees  in 
Ills  t'lVorts  to  escape. 

The  early  settlers  of  this  coimtry,  depended  lai'gely  upon  thi> 
ileer  for  their  [U'ovisions,  and  their  mode  of  j)ursuing  it  was  gen- 
erally the  still-lumt.  When  the  deer  were  a'lundant  in  all  the 
forots  the  new  comers  had  little  trouble  in  securing  an  ahundant 
siip[ily  of  venison,  without  even  much  elToi't  or  the  loss  of  much 
time.     In  the  winter,  when   thev  cut  down  trees  to  hrowse  their 


Tin:  (II A  si:. 


j;,si 


r    is  slill- 


ml  liciici' 
|iliiri'  al- 
;<■  tu  ihr 
at  III  aii\ 
■^iiH'll  ari' 
Iff  wliirli 
1(1  it  |nis- 
Is.  which 
111  ciiiliir- 
■cs    all    i'i 

at<'s   ami 

■  I'csdill'rr 
Mil  was   a 

stnictiiiii 
iicccssai'V 
•(•(iin|i|i>h 
csst'iil  III' 
S  ami  till' 

wiiiil  he 
lotlicr.  hi' 

tile  ili'i  r 
•  the  skill 
iscil.  caii- 

lll'C.         Ill' 

uinl  thus 
'  |)iirsii('il 
■til  1)1  the 
,  tlirniiuli 
is  li'i;s    ill 

uiiiiii  tlii> 

was  n'l'ii- 

II   all    the 

ii1)Uiiilant 

of     lIUIi'Il 

wsc  tliL'ir 


•  Mtth'  I'ur  the  want  c.t"  \\w    li  „■.,  .  ■    . 

..ailvi 'uln,.-  .       ''''•^•'     "•'^"•"    ■•'""" -nun  tl,;,,,-  In  till' 

""'"■,"■■"••"■■  ^'-^i'''!- "1,1 ,,„..,,,„,,„. ,„i„„.,.",  ,,':' 

"""    '•    ""•   '''ii'ii'i'   niadr    a    cIms,'   shut 


'':"">,U'  in  his  Janln-. 


'"'   vi'ni-,,,11    wiiiiM  su, 


thu 
Hill- 


:,?'';7' '".''-'-', '■ "— i«. .v,.,„,i„„     ' 

■,""7''^   '"".'■■''■'■ '"'• l'l-» I. inuwi ,.       , 

:-■:-■;:;:::  i;:i::::;;,;:;:,::r:::;:-;::;:t;;:::^ 

I"  a-nv.-;,,i,l  vi .,.„,  lif,.       If   ,,„.,  I  I'l  •"■"■■I"  >lill 

;,„,•   •  .   .1             ''i-i     •     ,      "''"'"   >iii..i\    1  ni'vci'  wvaric,    ,,|-    i^,,,,, 
7,'"  '•       ""■"■  'i"K'  .■N|~  ri,. ..„-|, i,,.,..l.„,      „     I 

':;'.""|"";"'' '■';■. -m,, i« i„n,i... ,  ■,     ■ 

;:''''f '■'':'^'' "'"'I' '''■^v»,,,.,.:,,i,i,,,i, , ,,,,,,,, 1,,,,^'''- 

;:::::;™;ps;t;;;;r::;;  ;:;:::■;::;;,;;:;; 
™.t:';t;::;:.:;:;,:-;,, :;;,:;; - ■"': 

''   '"Wl"   ""t  l"-.lil'i™ll   i„  ,.,.„„., .,.,,, I,  „f  ,|„    ,  , 

">'■" '"«»-' !<•     Dm... s„lli,v,  ...  i,   ;■".,"'';"'■'■"■ 

»-"'"'^'ll.v  ■• ,i;"i»..I.    A  sHil,.,- 1,.,|   „.„!   •,  '  '■'    '     '"" 

'•"■■" '""I '-^'ii" ■i--iui.-viM,ii;;,4i4,,;,i, ;,,,;,  ;r'f 

""■ ,•'■;•■■  "■■  -i-'i  i"»  riM,:  ,„„i  ,,;..„■";",;:';« 

"I'l"---''   »"""  l-lM.M  a  ,-m,v..„i,.,„  ..I,,.,,,,.   ,.,    I    ,        ■■     ,' 

"■'';■"  i' »'-"■'!  •ii->iy-v„vr, I ,,:  .ir; ':;;;• 


!li 


.';s2 


Till:  hi.Ki;  "/■■  ,1 1//.7.7'  .1. 


I'.' 


^1)11(1  liiiiisr\\  il'c  \\;is  iiiiMiiiisU  walrliiiit:;  llic  i'i'>iilt.  liiil  uli.'H 
sill-  saw  till'  Ljaiiic  L;rai'''lull\  liiiinnrni^-  a\\a\.  Iht  liMjir<  of  Vfiii- 
suii  iicarU  ilii'd  ciiil.  SiKiii  till'  ilcci'  passril  i'lii-.c  \\\  ilir  huii-,!', 
wlicii  in  Im'I'  i'\'ltriiii'iit,  slic  slai'ti  d  atli'i-  it  a-*  it  -Im'  i  iitiinli'il  In 
I'liii  it  (|i)\\ii  ill  a  iair  lirld.  As  ^Lc  was  a  larj^f.  lal  1iim|\,  iliiri|._;li 
\(  iiiii;,  lii'altliv .  and  |)(i\V('rt'nl.  tills  to  tlir  av('i'a;j,('  liiinliT  iniMln 
Iia\f  srciiifd  a  dcs|ii'iatc  iindfilakiiiL;'.  and  pri  iliai>l\  llu'  a^'l  il'-f|t' 
\\asMil('l\  line  III'  ini|nils('.  Ilowcvn-  t'urliinc  kiinlh  laM'n-d  lirr, 
I'lir  in  a  iVu  li'aps,  tlic  drcr  plun^^cd  into  llu;  cvcavali'iii  iii>l  <\i-- 
scrilif(l,  wliicli  liad  a  vertical  wall  (in  tin-  ii|)|i(isilr  side  uliicji  ihr 
deer  t'aili'd  to  scale,  and  fell  liai'k.  Tile  excited  Wuinan  cMiii|,ie- 
lieiided  her  cliance  at  a  n'lance.  and  rushed  d'lw  n  the  iiiiTnncI 
wav.  sei/.ed  the  deer  1 1\  t  he  hind  le^s  and  III 'Id  it.  I  ill  t  he  liii>lianil. 
ha.^leiied  hy  her  niilciv,  ran  up  and  ended  the  sciillle  with  his 
liiinlinn'  kiiile.  This  erc;iL  leat  made  the  wninaii  a  heidinc  the 
c'iiiisc  111'  which  she  could  luni;'  years  alter  relate  Id  IhI'  !j;rand- 
childrcii. 

NiiW  this  was  looked  U|ioll  IiV  those  old.  e\|ierie|icei|  hunters 
as  scarcely  less  than  a  niii'acle,  I'or  with  the  at  l  lilnile^  tins 
luid  idways  ascribed  to  the  deer,  it  siioiild  havi;  kiekvd  hei'  lu 
ile;,!h,  oral  least  Creed  itsell'  rroni  liei'  in  an  instant  :  and  so  ii 
would  have  done,  had  she  sei/ed  liiit  one  ol'  the  hmd  le^s.  I'nr 
with  either  hind  jooi  loose  it  would  have  iiiade  lilondy  work  with 
the  ad\ersar\.  My  own  e\|ierience  shows  that  a  man  can  leadiK 
liold  a  i\vy'v  il'  he,  can  sei/.e  lioth  hind  l(\i;s  at  once  :  Imt  it'  he 
•frasjis  liiit  one,  he  must  let  it  go  imincdialtdy,  or  he  will  lie  >ure 
to  sillier.  When  the  hind  legs  arc  well  stretched  out.  and  not 
allowed  to  touch  the  e-inund.  the  aninnil  is  almost  [n  werles>.  lit- 
is always  ureiiiL;'  himselt'  forward  as  niiicji  as  possilile  with  his 
i'ore  leiis.  and  unless  the  man  liolilino-  hiin  is  so  lin'hl  thai  he  can 
draw  him  up,  lu;  has  im  [iiircliase  with  his  hind  lees,  and  cannot 
\\\v\i  at  all.  It  is  the  ra[tidity  ot"  the  inuscuhir  ai'timi  of  the  deer 
that  makes  it  apjx-iir  so  stronjjj.  Its  motions  lire  so  very  ipiiek, 
that  it  is  th(^  most  niniiana<^e;il)le  animal  of  its  actual  streiiLith  I 
Iiiive  ever  eiieoimtered,  if  it  ean  Imt  get  a  chance  to  act.  I  have 
seen  two  men  try  to  I'oree  a  pet  yearlint^  deer  into  a  park  from 
which  it  liail  I'scaped.  hy  tlieii'  cai'tdessly  leaviiiL;'  the  .^ale  ojieii, 
when  their  clothes  would  lly  oil'  in  shreils.  Two  sIioiilC  men, 
with  a  strap  around  tiie  deer's  neck,  can  do  it  ;  hut  tliev  have  no 
leisure  to  ilo  anything  (dse  at  the  same  tinu!.  lOither  one  nf  them 
ootiUl  liave  walked  right  away  with  it  by  tiie  iiind  legs.  J  have 
found  this  the  easiest  way  to  handle  the  Common  Deer  when 
castrating. 


In 


I 


■////.'       '     //I    N/.. 


is: 


1)11 1    \\\\>'\\ 

I'S  cit'  M'lli- 
IIh'  Ipilisr, 
llt>'l|i|<'i|   l>> 

||}  ,  I  liiiii'4li 

II'  ;hi  itself 
i\iirf(|  licr. 
HI    jii-l   <\<-- 

W  llirll    ill,. 

I II  l'(  Jllljll'l'- 

K'  ilh'lllh'it 
r    llll--li;illi|. 

If  w  ith    hi-; 

Cioilli'.    t  he 

her  j^iaiul- 

■l\  llUlltcIN 
ImIIc.-,     thi'\ 

aiiil  >M  il 
,1  Ir^-s.  I'wf 
wnrk  wilh 

(Mil   I'lMiliiv 

lull     if    \\f 

ill     III'   sUl'i' 

II,  mill  not 
itIi's,-,.  III. 
li'  with  his 
:liiit  lir  i';ui 
mil  caiiiiol 
>f  tiic  (Ifcr 
ii'iy  iiuicU, 
sti'i'ii^th  I 
t.  I  haw 
j)ai'k  from 
i;ali'  ()|)('ii, 
tlnlllf  iiieii. 
I'V  havi!  no 
no  of  them 
s.  1  have 
)i,'i'r    when 


'•-ni.M,,ni..,h..,r,.lli.v..,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,^,,,l,,.  ^^  , 

'"':  '-'•■''•■'-■•—    'niLv.,,,,.  I,..,,.,  tiii..,.|..i,„. 

'V    •■  '■7^'-  -""• '-^^--'.U.a,ii|.....K|..:„n,.ii.l,: 

•'•-""  =  ""■",  uli..,Ml,i.,vhail   f,,||„wi.,la  trail  I, 


■""'  ' '''   •-"'   •"i'i-ipati.  tii,.ir,.,,Tix;,|  ;,, 

.     '"    •'"■'■^'11    "f     Ih-    \.Mf.     Ulll.,,    till.    . I 

'ii'ii,  maii\    iihiil,. 


'I"    :i    -h-ll    ili-.|;i||,.|., 

I  ,ui\i'ii  pMiiii. 

'■"'■  '■"'■•    ill    ih"    lim-l    rMihli. 
I  Imi.iiii-..  ,,f   hiiiiiinu   ih,.,,,.  t.,  l,u   in  ,  0,,,.,  ,„• 

I------        Thi.    .,,11-hunt     uas    ,1,,.,,    i. .i„.    ,;„  ' 

■■^'''■"•^"'--''•'1    .l-ii'uav.ln. h    ,1 i..,    ,,„  ,•  7 

:v-"',"r ;''- "••- ^'•i^>''>"iii:::i:.i': :::  i::;:';. 

I''-;-    -l''l-ii-l...na„„ns|.„,,„.,|„    t  h-m  .,.„.„.,:      ,. 

;;■' ;;''^^:--'-''-.v.nn,:i.,i,h,.  ,,.,„,.,,,,,,, ,„  ,    , 

••"■      "'••'"."'•      ""•    ^'' ='li.    ha..,    ,h,i.ki.,7.l,      . 

;  '7'' ^''■'■, ''''•'-'"•"— •'■'•• ^.■.•.n,.,.,nivf,„.,h,.    ; 

umt:;:.:::: '''''■'''' ''^^^  ..i-.  ..o,.,,  t,,..':: 

Jt:;:^:::;:,::::'''';::';;:::::-^ -'- ■:•';-' ^-^■ 

•l",l^-.    Willrh     ImIIou,.,!     I.V    si., Ill      .,,,,1  I 

,1,      ,  III  ,  ■       "^  ■■'"   ^"""   "^    '"•  '■'III''  ii|i  uilh 

""'''■'": ^•'■'•'"■■""'■^'" '--'-  'i'--i.'.i  him-uui,  I I,,;! 


-I'l'iir,. 


'''^'iniiismas,..,.sh„n|.ln.,ni...|.,„i|u,tha,.,.>i,i.,  .1,,,, 
•^I'lr'-Mi.r   .1,0   ..„a„..|.s  w..,v   that    tho   .|..|.,.   .„„|,|    ,.„„„    ,,: 


;4'i  ■  I    1 1 1 1 
i\i.     thi. 

Hill.         Illll 

iiHHlal 


'"'    '"'    '7    ="'"    ""-.^l'    "i"i'.Mllv     u„un,|,..l.    u,.ul,|    „,; 

''■^''  '7'^  Vr'   •''■'■'-■   '--.iil.liinailv..a,,t,n.|.h.:, 

♦^'^^"''""^'l-^-ill   K'.-  tar  ami   s„   las,,ait.:r   n.ioivi ., 

7''''    v.vsalo,.h,.   ,s,,n,i,fs,,.ht,l,,.f,,,...   howHI    li,.   ,|„J, 
m     .hsti..Y.l,t..iv..ovi.r,.,s,..,.i,..      Tho   h..st    .,,.,.,.  ,„^ 

'■"    '     ''7'^';''--'-v..v,,,  tiii.still-ln,nr,ua,sa..r,,ssl,..,..,..,H 
tI..-grovho..mla,,.lal,ull-<|,,,..     ilo  uas  lleot.  sai^ioi,,,,.    ..„il     ,.,■ 
i;--'-''-     l;     -.iastor.iam.tsoi.,.ar...v,.a.,7h,.|.:^^'^ 
l-v..umlo.     aoortoi.ay.   howassttn.   tot.U   h |„..   ^ 

';.".'""!"'""'  ""•"  -"'^   I'i^  "lastor  and    h-a,!   I 
lliis  iiii-ht  1.0  miles  awav.  f,,,.  if  tl 


11    ;iiiil 
li'ii    ."    tin-    sjiiit. 


10  wound   IS   11, ,t  \rv\  s..v(.iv  a 


,  ,  ^       -    -    ..    I,,,      itwiiiKi    p,    I  III    \|.r\    si'V,.,.,-  •! 

».n.„«,i™,.„,ii,,..,i„„.,,.»t,,,„„,„„.„i,.».,i„ ,i,„,;.;;::,;; 


n.s4 


77//;    hi: 111!    (>/•   A.Mi.HhA. 


\  ''• 


'i 


Ix'l'drc   'H'   Is  (iVcrlllUl'll.        Tile   licst    (Inijr    I    v\rV  oWllfil    t'lip   |l|r   >till- 

liiiiit  was  !i  pdiiilcr.  'rii(mi;li  imt  mi  lli-ct  nr  sn  iiuwcrl'iil  as  tin- 
nllicr,  Ills  liiii-  iiDsc  aiiil  yi'cal  saijacilv  ciimiii'iis'iliil  ii>\-  nil  rl>i  . 
Ill-  woiilil  take  tlif  track  nl'  tlir  iIimt  aial  tullt.w  ii  Kv  I  lie  scent 
jii^t  IIS  last  (ir  slow  as  (lii'c'clfil,  , Mini  as  >l  ill  as  a  cat.  Wlini  In* 
lti'iiii'_;iii  a  wuiindcil  (|c(i-  (i)  |pa\.  lie  wniiM  ^i\c  tuiie'iir  as  I'liii- 
<iiisl\  asciiii'  ciiiilil  (Icsin-,  am!  Imld  liim  at  lia\  with  L;i'cal  pci'- 
tiiiacity  :    Imt  of  cmirsc  lie  iie\er  sej/ed  llie  animal. 

'rilii>e  early   sell  Icrs  ol'tcll    llllllteil    tile    (leel-    oil     llolSeliack.  ami 

ma\  lia\i'  tlioiielil  the  i,raine\\as  more  easilv  a|i|iroacliei|  tliiis 
than  oil  I'liut  :  imt  m\  own  e\|)ci'ienee  has  led  me  |o  a  dil'lei'iiit 
coiiclu>ion.  The  ilcer  when  liiiis  hunti'd  soon  leanied  that  the 
mounted  hunter  w;is  as  daiiLCerous  as  it'  on  fool,  while  e.Miceal- 
inciit  was  almost  inijiossilile.  (  )ii  ihe  [uairies  the  horse  was 
prcferal'ic.  for  coiiccalmcnl  was  dilliciilt  in  either  ca-e. 

The  nioimled  hunter  in  the  e\ent  of  success  had  the  means  of 
takiiiL;'  home  his  ^ame  when  ca|itiireil.  If  the  iV-rv  was  too  lar^e 
for  him  to  lift  to  the  horse's  hack,  with  a  cord  or  the  lion^h  of 
a  tree  he  mi^ht  Ke  allacheil  |o  the  horse's  tail,  and  thus  drawn 
lioiiie.  and  this  was  tin,'  usual  practice  of  some  who  insisted  that 
a  lioise  could  draw  the  lar^'est  ilcer  in  that  way.  without  the 
least  appearance  of  disi  ress. 

When  the  pedestrian  liuiiler  killed  his  deer,  lie  Med  him  and 
removed  the  \  iscera,  and  then  liiiiie'  him  in  a  t  rei'  iie\  ond  the 
reach  of  the  wohes.  until  he  could  come  for  him  with  the  means 
to  reinosc  him.  This  mi^lit  seem  a  dillicult  matter  with  a  heavy 
deer.  liut.  it  is  not  so.  (  )f  course  a  Ioiili;  cord  slioiiM  l>e  carried 
in  the  jioeket  for  the  [uirpose.  11  the  deer  is  too  heav\  to  lie 
(sustained  l>y  u  sapliiie-  which  the  hunter  is  al'le  to  Keiid  down. 
liL'  selects  the  largest  he  can  maiiaec  near  to  a  hireer  tree.  The 
sapling  is  heiit  down  and  fasteiie(l  in  that  ])osition.  To  it,  ten 
or  twelve  feel  from  the  ground,  the  dei'l'  is  attached  liy  the  heels. 
The  sapling  is  then  allowed  to  spring  liackwith  the  cord  at- 
tached near  the  top.  This  cord  is  then  passed  over  a  limli  of  the 
larger  tree,  when  a  moderate  jiull  will  assist  the  small  tree  to 
assiinu'  a  vertical  [xjsition  and  your  deer  is  safely  sus])ended.  (  >f 
(toui'se  you  must  go  as  far  from  under  the  liml)  as  possiWle  to  save 
fricti<iii.  Ill  this  wav  a  mail  of  moderate  streimth  can  hang  the 
largest  deertpiite  beyond  danger. 

lift  m(!  say  hen;  to  the  honor  of  frontiersnion,  as  well  iis  sports- 
men, that  I  never  know  a  deer  thus  h>ft  in  the  woods  to  lie 
stolen.     1  reidly  helieve  a  man  who  would  not   hesitate   to  steal 


■ 


■r 


!•   Illr   >tll!- 

Illl     ;is     llir 

!■    .'ill     rU,  . 

llir     scflit 

Wlini  li,. 
II'  a-  I'lii'i- 
Lii'cat    pi-r- 

■I'ack.  ami 
cIu'iI  tliiis 
a  ilill'i'i'i'iil 
<l   thai    till' 

Ir  i-.illi'i'al- 
llnl'si'      Was 

iiicaiis  (if 
>  I  (1(1  lar^c 

iioimli  "I 
IIS  draw  II 
^i-^tcd  tliat 
iIkmiI     the 

him  and 
•\iiiid  the 
he  means 
h  a  heavy 
he  carried 
•avy  til  he 
•nd  ddwii. 
I'ee.  'Idle 
III  it,  ten 
the  heels. 
'  C'lvA  at- 
ml>  III'  the 
dl  tree  to 
idcd.  Of 
lie  to  sa\e 
haiie'   the 

iis  s|)orts- 
ods  til  hi' 
i   to  stcul 


)S-) 


////■    '//(s/.;. 

;^r '■'  '■ " ^ '  ^'■: ,.. 

i  lle-e     saim. 
^\llll    il|||,|'(,v,., I    C, ,'....    I.,  ' '""'V    U-eillleiii,.,, 


'     ^'ll'le     froliliel'sni,.,,     i,,     ,'  I 


^•"Mlfry    the     .leer    ..Icstlv     Iw^^nuu^"^]     ,      !'     ""■''•^'■'"'•'■N.'M    l.illv 

^;7'''';i'''''--''t''.-.i...es.'i,..H,,,  ,,,'•;' "-••"-•-■at 

•■''1st,, el.    h,'Ue,,,ss..d.MVU     ,1.  '■'"'■■>".  HI-  where    ,  !„. 

;;'''''■'•' ■•i''-v,:i(,M,add;: ;/;,:;;:;;, ^::'''''^''^ 

•'"'"■'■"""■"''"'• 'lie  s,i(,ri    tini,    he       III         ''"■''"""'    (""■^"'■'1   the 

<'':■'••■''' i-ii..  Til,.  .i',:r::i':;'''''''' =';••''■'■ '•'■•• i-.,,,,,. 


^t",.id.  h,„.,„,.  't,   "     :^'""-:;, '"-(-..us,.,,. 


""''"'•'• 'l"i^  was   m,|,,n.-,.. 


'""'•      The    >„i.liin,.    s 


'""""'"     "'■     >l,e     (|;,rk      f,,,,..,      is 


"'    stllliicss     ,,(•   ^jl,, 


'    '     llla\     ;|(|d 

'"     ii:i<iire    i,,    ,|,,. 


real 
I     'he 


I'^'"'^^    "'■   li'Hinds.  ;„„!    the    ,:;.,",""  ''"^'"""'^vl'^ivof  ,,,. 

"'"■'■•■■""-■' •"■'« ''^''i-M,,,,,  ,,„;„., ,, ,„,,„, 

''"^\"  \\lii('li  rl\ers  („■ 
l'l''it''d.     III,-, I     >],, 


""■""■"''' I  f"i-n,„„i„^.  ,i,„,i ,..,,,    ■    ■■■■'■  (■ 

'"-  '':"■'"  "'■  ^- ■■  •■.- 1:..  ,„   I  .',:';■:/;■  ":■■■ ','"; 

'■■; "'v'  '•'"•■■I"-  '"-I.  N~.ii,„.ii  '"""""'"'• 

^;iri::;:::;:i;r'';:;::;::-:;.;-' -"...•■.. 

,.f.i dl  :  ::; '-"t •"«■".-■-„„„, 

-' -»'■:."  :;;:;c;::i;:;:: '::::: --".:i 

'■"-'''-''':::;;:i.;r::;i:;r:'i,,.i-,- p~''': 

"'■■' 1.-, s,    1;       •''"■'•.''''■>■ -■'■■^"ir''.i..n,i 

si- .„„.,„..  Tl„^,i.H,,.;^:''■■v^*'"'■''• '''■■' 1.^ 


"'■IVolll'ses    ill    e-,,i,|a. 
'>■   ■•Ipl'l-'iaell     Ihe    liltj" 

I'larlv 

''■lleraJly  (111 
"•d   at    ,.;i,.|| 


lilt   (iiiiiiii- 
1 


^.■'i'",  af   first   lih.  .,  f  •    ''"""•^•'-     ''■"•-■'vvay  in  tho  dist, 

■'■'■— "H^^,:!,:'  :«:;■;;;;■  ;;':'»i-"f--^-.. 

l-«   the   favon,d     ("      V''"^ 

-i.  watcher  i.  Jj::r-    .i'e-!  ^''^'■-  ^''-^^^'-ion  0^ 


•''• ''^ -stnimed   to  the  ntim.st 


tension,  to  detect  bv  tlio 


886 


THE  liEKll    OF  A  Mimic  A. 


^r\ 


i . 


sound  tlic  ooiirso  si'lcctcd  liy  llu'  di'cr.  liillfs  are  CMcked.  not  a 
\vliis|i"r  is  lu'ciitlied.  not  ii  twig  is  lind^cii,  not  a  lent'  is  stiri'cd. 
Mvcrv  waiidei'iii''  tlioiinht  is  suiuiiioncd  hiu'k  and  al)soi'l)fd  in  ilit; 
cxcilfiHcnt  1)1'  tlic  nioiMi'iit.  TIk'  courst!  of  ilic  liuiimls  niav  Itc 
tniccil  liy  ilicii'  voices,  facli  listtMUT  calculalini^  tlic  rlianccs  u|" 
tli'ir  arriving  at  his  stand. 

'J'iiis  is  llu;  moment  when  tin;  iiiex;j)erit'nccd  linnter  is  I'alile  to 
mai;e  hi:?  greatest  mistaUi;.  He  forgets  tiiat  the  deer  is  not  witli 
tlie  dogs,  liut  may  In-  a  mik",  or  more  ahead  of  tiiem.  lie  listens 
to  the  dogs,  and  his  eyi's  are  in  the  direction  whence  the  soniid 
comes.  If  they  seem  to  ai»]troach  him,  he  forgi^ts  tlnit  the  game 
may  he  already  upon  him.  When  lu)  letist  exjx'cts  it,  there  is  a 
rushing  noise,  ;i  ciaekling  of  the  brush,  and  the  deer  emerges 
from  the  thicket,  and  with  an  elastic  hoimd  isalreadvat  the  ford, 
and  with  a  few  lofty  k'aps  is  across  the  creek,  ami  like  a  llash 
disappears  in  the  dark  covert  beyond  before  the  startleil  watcher, 
(|iiakiiig  from  hciid  to  foot  with  the  liiifk-fern\  could  more  than 
bring  his  gun  to  his  face  and  lire  a  I'andom  shot,  when  all  is  still 
again,  save  the  tumultuous  beating  of  Iiis  own  heart. 

Less  fortunate  is  the  deer  if  lu;  makes  tlu;  runway  (>ccupie<l  bv 
th(;  t'.vperieiiced  sportsman,  ^^'dy  thinking  of  the  danger  behind 
him,  and  conlidcnt  of  liis  })owers  to  far  outstrip  the  baying 
pack,  he  bounds  througli  tho  forest,  ])roudlv  throwing  aloft  his 
great  branching  antlers,  as  if  in  derision  :  bidding  deliance  to  his 
pursuers,  nor  dreaming  of  danger  before,  he  fearlessly  rushes  to 
the  little  opening  on  the  biuik  of  the  stream,  where  he  is  at-cus- 
tomed  to  nnike  the  ci'ossing,  whether  at  hi.s  leisure  or  when  pur- 
sued. This  is  just  wliat  the;  watcher  is  lioj)ing  and  expecting. 
While  he  hears  the  distant  baying  of  the  pack,  he  is  intently 
listening  for  the  letist  noise  in  the  near  forest  which  could  indi- 
cate the  apjiroach  of  the  game.  And  now  lie  lu'ars  the  breaking 
of  a  dry  limb,  or  the  heavy  tramp  among  the  rustling  leaves,  if 
his  ])ulse  quickens  a  little,  as  it  surely  will,  still  no  tremor  or 
agitation  is  felt,  but  only  tension  and  lirmness  are  established  in 
every  nerve  and  in  every  muscle.  The  trusty  ville  is  (piickly 
brought  to  the  cheek,  juul  the  next  instar.t,  with  ;i  lofty  bound, 
the  magntlicent  but  graceful  form  of  the  statelv  stag  bursts  from 
the  b(trder  of  the  covert,  his  face  in  a  Iiori/.ontiil  line,  his  antlers 
thrown  btick  upon  liis  shoulders,  so  that  every  branch  and  vine 
must  easily  glance  from  the  backward-pointing  tines,  his  scut 
erect,  and  his  bright  eye  glistening  in  the  excitement  of  the 
moment,  when  instantly  and  while  he  is  yet  in  mid-air,  a  sharp 


Hi 


I'll,  nut  ;i 

^  stii-rt'il. 

■d  in  tlio 

UKiy  In' 

i;iuc<'S  lit 

V::\\>U'  to 

U'lt  with 

Ic  listens 

ill-  sound 

thf  pinif 

lien-  is  a 

I'lnrrijjcs 

tlio  ford. 

(•   a   ila>li 

wali'lu'i', 

lore  than 

dl  is  still 

L.'U[)it'il  liy 
cr  lichind 
H'   baying' 

alol't  his 
nee  to  ins 
nislu's  to 

is  aci'iis- 
\hfn   IHU- 
.'spectiuii'. 
rt   intently 
ould  indi- 
•  hreakiug 
leaves.     11' 
tremor  or 
blished  in 
is  (juiekly 
t'tv  bound, 
lursts  from 
his  antlers 
1  and  vine 
s,  his   scut 
jnt  of    the 
ir,  u  sharp 


'•<;i'"i'(-   is  heard,  wln-n,  to  us,-  ;,  I, 


•  ).>  I 


Holds. 


r:;::.i;'-''-f''-;'-::::::.':::::;:i::;::::,:z 


Hi,,i,    „    II  ,  /  -        •.    vi.i  11.-,  a  cniu  ) etc  sn 

.1.    upon    the   ,.,.,.„,„,    ,,i„,...,,    ,,,,„,,,„_ 

-^1'  f'-H"  Shoulders  sinash.-d;.,,.  in,,,., I,..,  ■;,„,. J 
'^•M'-    l-rhaps    the    shot   w,s    I,i,.|...r   ,1 
«tlteh  is  dropped   in  fi,..  ,'"- "'    ^''^"'    ^^''^^    '-'tended,    ai 

mnn. ,  '    ^"^'•'"'l"^^'""Vertons,.a-nu.     I,   I.,,,,,,. 


""''■-'iiidi.  and 

heai-l.  HI'   witli 

•Si'endiiio;  ji,   1,1^ 

'"    \\:is    intended,    and    a 

'"  ''if'"''-  eaM..  tl ,,„. 

'"•>""•"(.  and   uiisur,nss,.,|    I'.'i "^" '•^■'i".    I.  i-  a  -|.,ri,,„s 

nadthedeerl,..,,/,',''''''.'^-^'''^!'''^'!^  '''•'-'  l^'''-l'-d^e. 

'- ^''-'■^ue;:;::;   ':;c:'.;;^^ 

■'^^•'•il-'lhe,.,.,,!,!,,,.,,,.     .,,.  ':      '"      '•"•'""     '"    ""■    ]-si.i,,u     de. 

""n  111  \  CI  1  iM'  ai ',1 1  n 


with  walerino-  uiuutiis — 


'''•""''"•»''l-   they  have  hr,.|i   I' 


"'   I'il's.  and 

'■"li'l^;-    since 


•1-1.  f-r  ...el,,  das,.,.-;  ,";■'''   "^''  '■'■'"-'■  »"-!- li.li,,,.. 

(-"It..,-:  ,„.    !,,»,.,■   ';i  ■',""•*"" ''"'"'   "^il'.  I,.,v..,l    h, 


f:il'M-i"'Saiidtiieirtrininnl,.     'I'l  '""■'   ^'""    <'M'"'^"'vs,   tlu-ir 


i  ..  «tl.,„„,  cl,,.,,;,,  i,-,„„  vo„is„„,  lx,„-  „a,.t, 


888 


Tin:  i)i:i:ii  or  am/:i;i<\. 


wild  turkey.  'Ilicii  it  \v;i.s  lie  K-iiriu'd  to  use  tli--  ritl--.  ninl  cuni- 
iiH'iicctl  tlic  study  (if  the  Ii;il)ils  of  tlie  various  animals  lie  limited, 
as  iiuirli  for  siisteiiaiiei'  as  for  the  sport.  lie  h-arued  all  tlieir 
liidiiiL!,'  places  and  runways,  and  ^ri'W  eiinniiig  in  everv  iii'mIc  <,f 
their  piM'siiit,  and  has  watehcd  the  cliaiijjjes  wliieh  new  enndi- 
tioiis  have  iiitro(hu'ed  in  the  mode  of  huntine;  the  dilTereiu  i,'ame. 
These  \ver((  frecpieiitlv  iiicn  of  mariced  intt.-llivt  and  eiilmre.  and 
tiieir  observations  with  tongue  and  pen  liave  contributetl  mate- 
rially to  the  cause  of  science. 

'iiie  nKJtle  of  iiiinting  the  deer  upon  the  prairies,  or  rather  in 
the  prairii'  countries,  is  in  many  ri'spects  ditVereiit  from  those' 
practiced  in  moiiiitaiiious and  limbered  countries.  Where  piairies 
predominate,  as  in  Illinois,  for  instance,  they  are  fn-qiieiuly  dotteil 
with  isolati'd  eroves.  and  are  intersected  bv  >kirts  of  timb<'r  alon<f 
till'  borders  of  nearly  all  the  water-courses  wliich  traverse  the  jn'ai- 
ries.  so  soon  as  the  streams  become  large  t-nough  to  arrest  a  ])rairie 
tire.  Tnesi!  groves  are  of  various  sizes,  from  a  few  acres  to  nianv 
miles,  and  the  belts  of  timber  aloui;  the  streams  varv  from  a  few 
rods  to   miles   in  width. 

The  I'eal  lionu?  of  the  deer  is  always  in  the  timber,  but  lie  is 
fond  (jf  visiting  the  prairit'S.  and  indeed  at  favorable  seasons 
spends  much  of  his  time  there  during  the  day  at  least,  though 
as  a  geiu'ral  rule  he  repairs  to  tlu>  timber  to  pass  the  night,  un- 
less indeed  ]u\  is  prowling  about  in  the  farmer's  maize  or  wheat 
fields,  which  he,  very  much  atfoets.  A'ery  "ften  tlie  deer  may  be 
seen  leaving  tlu;  forests  for  the  prairies  in  tiie  gray  of  the  morn- 
ing and  returning  again  in  tlu;  dusk  of  the  ev»-ning.  During  the 
day,  too,  they  are  often  seen  passing  from  one  forest  to  another, 
whether  the  inti'rvening  prairie  be  one  mile  or  ten  inih's  wide, 
though  generally  where  there  are  long  stretches,  they  will  stop 
and  rest  on  the  wav.  They  iiiid  much  of  their  aliment  in  the 
prairie  grasses,  but  they  will  have  their  arb.»ivous  food  if  any  be 
accessible,  and  this  they  usually  take  in  the  timber  in  tho  night 
tinu'.  Indeed  they  spend  most  of  the  day  in  repose,  well  se- 
creted in  the  hiu'li  slou<>h-<frass,  or  if  the  tlies  and  nu)Sfiuitoes  are 
troublesome  they  resort  to  the  high  prairies  where  the  pests 
are  likely  to  be  kept  down  by  a  smart  bretze  :  and  there  conceal 

I  iKirtial 


themselves  in  a  clump  of  tall  grass  which  may  alYord  a  ] 
shade'  and  there  enjoy  tiieir  (piiet  siesta.  All  these  conditions 
and  habits  the  e.\[)erieni'ed  s{)ortsman  lias  well  and  carefully 
studied,  and  having  observed  the  time  of  tiie  day,  the  season  of 
the  year,  the  state  of  the  weather,  the  topography  of  the  conn- 


ml  i'>ini- 
liiintrd, 
nil  ihfir 

Illi.clr   iif 

w    fiiiidi- 

!il    Ll'lltllt'. 

tui'i'.  and 

•d     llKlt*!- 

ratliiT  ill 
jin  tlmsf 
e  ]>iaivies 
tly  dnttcd 
li>-r  almig 
ill''  |irai- 
a  ])rairi(' 
;  t')  many 
>in   a   lew 

Imt  Ik-  is 
t>  st-ascms 
st,  lllollgll 
iiiulit.  uii- 
nr  wheat 
vv  may  l>t' 
tlif  morn- 
)iiriiig  the 

0  aiinther, 
iiilcs  \vid<', 
y  will  stop 
cut   ill  the 

1  if  any  be 
th(>  nij^ht 

I',  well  se- 
HiiitofS  are 
•  the  pests 
ere  oinieeal 
d  a  partial 
3  conditions 
,1  carefully 
le  season  of 
[  the  coun- 


880 

le  prairie,  and 
e.  he   ivniilatcs 


I'lu:  I II  {si:. 
f,-v..,„l,l„.,vl„t;v,.  ,„„i,i |.  ,;„,!„.,■  ;„„l  , 

«"•, nsiisj,:  :,:'"■" 7''" —>!,:,, i„. 

■■ ' ■'-'^^'''>^«:-^::^.'  !:::''^::v":': ■'"■'■ 

"""■- '-■'■•■'-■i" .:iH,,.,,,,,,.f  :;,.,;,,;'"''':;:'■-■-■'' 

"rli,.|,  ,„■  |i,„|„.,  „„.„.   ,  "    ,""'l-    "■'l-■^"m•,■a,■,|,  ,n» i;,.,,^,. 

'»•  <■ I  r.:;,:.','::,:;:.,:;,:/';::;;;:'  "-■•■•  "■'-'■  k i .™» „., 

i'«i'.'.^ii...i,.,.,.„iM  I..  iii<,.iv;,    ■,. ,    '    "  ""■"  "■'"' 

^■p.-.i.."f-u.,,ll  ,;::;:;;;:■■;,,-■:-■■'''■", - 

"t  W.aU  str..;„„  „|,  f,. ;.  ,.'        ,     ■     ■    ""■',""■ Ii'«  n,VH 

^"^ -'-".i«...Hu;:   :r'::;r''V"T'' ' 


•""■'^'^CL^^X.  z T  ""■'■"'  '"-^ '■■"•"■>■• ' '■■■ 

"■'■"i"™  an  ,,,      „             ,       "'"I":"'-  M,  ,,  l,.is,„,,,  „,,||,,  ^,,,,1 
■lis,.,, „M,,     ,,,      ,       •■-'^^I'tt , .,„„|,|,„ 

-■"::^-t;;::;;;;;ri;:;.,::Lr:^:r;:r::/;:;'^^^ 

comes    111       f  'ill    ,1  .    „   *  •  t.iKes   as     i(> 

f-*  i»  "V,.,..  ::;■', ;:;t,^^^^^  - 

l"">  .iln.,x»  „,s„   tl,e  ubb,-,vi,,te,l   ,v„nl,   „f  |„,',|  „, 


390 


Tin:  i>i:i:n  i>f  amiiiuca. 


i;      I 


?  ;l 


tF.^ 


crackers  and  cild  vi'iiisdii  steak.  Tlie  coui'se  for  llie  (l;iy  is 
agreed  upon,  and  tlic^  wayon  is  taken  alonn' and  t  lie  teamster  is 
<liri'iMed  to  ke('|)  upon  tiie  most  ele\;ited  ;4round  and  to  observe 
as  well  as  In-  enn  the  position  of  tln'  several  hunters,  to  listen  for 
tht^  lejiorls  of  shots,  ;iiid  to  look  out  for  signals,  ^vhi(•h  he  is  to 
answer,  and  to  tal<i'  the  game  on  lioui'd. 

The  hoi'seuieu  se|)arate,  aecording'  to  the  nature  of  the  ground, 
ecuerallv  following  tlie  sloughs  where  the  long  grass  is  usually 
left  standing,  even  when  the  high  ground  has  l)een  huriied  over. 
Here  they  usually  expect  to  lind  tJic  deer  eoneealed  in  tlieii'  hiiis. 
The  dog  is  taught  to  follow  close  to  the  heels  (»f  the  horse.  ;ind 
on  no  a<'eount  to  leave  that  position  till  he  is  eoninianded  to  go, 
and  if  he  is  propeidy  trained  hi-  will  keep  his  position,  no  matter 
how  many  deer  get  up  around  him,  or  liow  many  sliots  are  tired. 
The  horse  is  kept  Upon  a  slow  walk  through  the  tall  grass,  while- 
the  elevatiil  position  of  the  horseman  eiialiles  him  to  eonimaiid 
the  entire  view.  'Ihe  liridle-rcins  iisiiallv  lav  (Ui  the  pommel  of 
the  saddle,  across  which,  also,  the  rille  is  carried,  or  in  the  angle 
of  the  left  arm,  usually  cocked,  l)iit  not  always  so.  b'or  myself, 
I  nes'er  cock  tlio  gun  till  the  game  is  ii[),  whetlier  it  he  Mid  or 
([uadi'iiped,  always  carrying  it  with  my  thumb  on  the  haniuiei', 
at  half-coi'k.  and  linger  on  tin,'  trigger,  and  if  I  have  a  doulile 
shot  I  lower  the  hreech  and  cock  tlie  other  lock,  and  1  have  al- 
ways found  I  could  shoot  right  and  left  as  (piickly  as  tliose  who 
carry  their  guns  cocked.  I  have  never  hunted  with  hut  one  man 
whose  haliit  was  the  same,  though  I  presume  there  are  many 
othi  rs.  It  is  all  a  matter  of  practice,  and,  if  conimenced  young, 
the  act  hecoiues  automatic,  and  is  performed  as  unconsciously  as 
I  now  form  my  letters,  and  more  unerringly.  It  has  always 
seemed  to  me  the  safest  way,  though  others  may  think  differ- 
ently. 

The  deer  usually  lay  till  tlH»  Iiorseman  gets  nearly  upon  them. 
If  there  he  more  than  one,  which  is  usually  the  case,  they  will  he 
found  l\iug  within  a  few  rods  or  even  feet  of  each  other.  l)Ut 
ni'ver  actually  together.  At  the  least,  a  considerable  belt  of  the 
tall  grass  will  be  found  seiiarating  their  beds.  UsualU  the  iiear- 
ist  will  he  the  first  to  rise,  and  the  lirst  bound  he  makes  will 
arouse  all  the  others.  The  second  bountl  tlu,'  ileer  jumps  high, 
as  if  to  survey  tlie  situation,  and  this  is  the  best  for  thi;  shot,  for 
it  will    likelv  l>e  within    ten   or  twenty  vards.      When    a   diaible 


shot  is  olTerc 


th 


le  hunter  it  is  freiiuentlv  advisable  to  take 


tl 


le 


longest  shot  first,  and  liis  own   ])ractice  will   suggest  whether  to 


P 


«I 


.)en  with  the  ball  or  the  bucksliot. 


'/■///•:  ciiAsi:. 


w  (l;i_v  is 
anistcr  is 
:()  (iliscrvc 
lislcii  fur 
1   lie   is   td 

II'   ol'()\lll(l, 

is  usually 
rncil  ()\cr. 
llifir  laii's. 
idi'sc.  auil 
(k'(l  to  go, 
no  inatti'V 
-  all'  lii'i'il. 
rass.  wlnlc 

rnnnnauil 
tunmu'l  I'l 
I  till'  aiigli! 
'or  nivsi'lt', 
1)1'  Mrd  or 
r  liaiuuH'r, 
I'  a   (loulilc 

I  liavo  al- 
tlinsi'  ^vll() 

t  (iiie  man 
ai'i'  many 
rt.'d  ynuny, 
isci(Uisly  as 
lias  always 
link  ililYer- 

upiiu  tlicni. 
hey  will  bn 
other,  luit 
bi'lt  of  the 
ly  till'  iicar- 
makcs  will 
jiimiis  lii,i;li, 
111'   shot,  for 

II  a  (loiil)li' 
to  taki'  th(> 
whether  to 


niti 


'..■":x:';;'::;;:;:;:;:;,::;^;-:;::;;i;;:;.::,;;,,;;;^ 

r;:-  "■■■■'■ '- -^v t:,,.. ,,„„i',,.l  :  .j ;''"- 

M,,.,n. „,,„„„. .„.,.,.  i,„i i,  i„.  ,•.,„,,,,, ,„.;, 

'       ""    "■;"    l«'r^    I""'    ""I- iv,,l,   :,M,I    „„.M,V    ,1  ,.,. 


■■^  II. 't 

II    Im    s|,,[, 
•     l|llii'l      fnl' 

prnliahly, 
■    :il'e    thus 


^\  Iiiiiiiil;'   imisi'  li 


ll|i     \n     Ins 

l'''^-^   him,  an. I    l,v  j,     |,,^.. 

i..:i:;::,:;:',;'r,.;;:: ""- "'"•■ 

=:;;:::::;:;J:-;nL;::^;-::::,!   i-v''- 

.        nms,    ,   ,,.  ,„„,,    ,,„.  ^.^^,,  ^.  ^^ 

"•'^-.s-     another  shot,  tl ,.  you  nms,  not  .'x,,,,,. 

;>«-lose   the  sivon.I   time    as   In-   ,11,1    .,t 


<'-;'■  's_nofs.,rea.lilyl,roi,^ht   to   hav  in   the   ,. 


"    .i4"   oir   .jiiii'tly  ami 

and    si'Kli' 

pe.'l     jiini    Id   |;iv 

tile   first.      Tl,,.  woiin.l.il 
prairii'   |,_v  ih..  ,|mu-. 


;'^  ""   '-   ni  tin.l,,.,  :   pn.hahlv  h.-ran'si.  h.-  ran   s...    ,,„.    ,,         ,     i 
..lav  l,.v..  t„  ,,,  s,.v,.r,l    ,„:.,„  ,'"  •'™""l'l'»l.   tl.is  l„. 

-■^'■•■."--.■v.^  a  ,;    :  T'''■^"'■''''|''■M-- 


'n 


8it2 


77//;  i>j:j:ii  or  ami.iu'A. 


v\ 


!■ ;  i 


iuul  struck  all  (il'ji'ct  witliin  two  iiiili'>  of  cam]),  uliicli  f  Uiuw 
was  oil  tlic  \va\.  and  tlicii  I  spent  t  \vu  liums  or  more  circling; 
rouinl  on  a  section  of  land:  every  halt  hour  oi' so  I  \v<inld  pass 
close  by  the  olijeei,  with  the  same  liearinLj,'  and  distance  as  the 
lirst  time.  'Ihoueh  I  was  perfectly  familial'  with  every  ohjeet  on 
this  [loitioii  of  the  prairie,  nothiiie-  at  this  time  looked  natinal  ex- 
cept the  stuk<'  stuck  in  a  littli;  nuaiiid  oi'  ant-hill,  with  tiiat  evcr- 
lasliiiLjowl  sittiiie,"  upon  it.  That  looked  natural,  and  I  knew  I 
could  leave  it  in  the  pi'oper  direction  for  cam|i.  but  before  Ioul; 
the  inevitable  owl  on  the  stake  would  a,L:;aiu  appear  not  a  hun- 
dred feet  away  on  my  rlyht.  At  leiieth  I  detected  the  faint  trail 
of  the  wan'oii,  which  I  knew  had  ^'oui'  out  over  the  same  erouud 
that  morning'.  I  disiuoimtecl.  carefully  examined  for  prints  of 
the  horse's  feet;  and  when  fomul,  I  discovered  1  was  headed  the 
same,  \\a\  the\  had  eone.  No  one  who  has  not  tried  it,  can  a|i- 
pieciaie  how  ditlicult  it  is  to  make  the  inclination  yield  t<»  t!ie 
judjj;iueut.  \  flit  that  I  was  headed  dii'cclly  for  camp.  I  Ini./r, 
from  the  evidence  before  me,  that  I  was  faced  the  other  way. 
Jiidi^inent  prevailed,  and  I  carefully  follow  ed  tin  faint  back  tiail. 
and  in  half  an  houi-  I  readieil  cam[)  just  before  dark.  'Ihen  and 
not  till  then  did  familiar  objects  look  natural.  J  had  been  lost. 
'llu.'  mental  faculties  had  becoiiu!  bewildere(l.  Why  pet>}tle  in 
this  condition  sliould  incliiu'  to  wainler  in  a  circle,  it  is  not  luv 
place  now  to  iiKpiin-,  but  such  is  fre(piently  noiu;h  ])robably  not 
always  the  case.  Nor  does  it  seem  to  make  miii-h  ditVereiuM^ 
whether  one  is  lost  iii  the  woods  or  ou  the  prairie,  the  same  sys- 
tem or  the  want  of  it  in  bewihU'rmeiit  si'cms  to  pre\ail.  It 
comes  ou  when  one  is  not  susj)ectine;  it,  or  l(K)kiiig  out  for  if,  I'lse 
by  watchfulness  it  might  be  guardeil  against. 

FrcMiuently  in  this  kind  of  prairie  hunting,  one  hunter  may 
th'ive  the  deer  upon  am)ther.  The  instant,  tlieicfore.  a  shot  is 
heard,  tln'  hunter  should  stop  and  remain  perfectly  still.  If  he 
does  not  move,  the  deer  iiuiv  coiiu!  directly  ujioii  him  if  lie  is  in 
their  .selected  cour.se,  witlu)ut  recognizing  him,  and  ln'  may  get  a 
shot  as  it  passes,  or  wliut  is  much  mori'  likelv,  he  mav  trac;(!  its 


Ct)l 


use  at  a  distance,  and  watch  it  to  a  new   bed. 

d 


*'  1  was  veturning  toward.s  cainj)  one  evening,  said  my  irien<l, 
who  was  an  exj)ert  at  this  mode  of  limiting  the  deer,  and  enjoyeil 
it  more  than  any  other,  ''slowly  walking  my  horse  along  .a  high 
ridge  ill  the  prairie,  when  1  discovered  a  large  buck  on  the  op- 
posite ridge,  half  a  iiiilo  iiway.  lie  was  evidently  intently  watch- 
ing inc.      He  stootl  ill  a  narrow  belt  of  grass  which  had  been  left 


I    kiifw 

cirtTiiiL; 
ihl  ]>;iss 
•   a->   tlic 

lljlTt     llH 

iiral  i'\- 
at  cvcr- 

klHW    I 

I    a  limi- 
liiit  trail 
'  uriiiui'l 
|>rints  (it" 
idcil    tlie 
,  can  ap- 
il   tn   the 
I  kii<  ii\ 
her  way. 
ifk  trail. 
I'licii  ami 
)('eu  I'ist. 
)t'oi)K'   ill 
s  not   my 
lably  imt 

liil'tM-l'llCt^ 

iaim'  sys- 
."vail.  It 
or  it,  else 

liter  may 
a  sluit  is 

11.  If  lie 
I'  lie  is  in 

iiKiY  i;'i't  :i 
'  trace   its 

uy  frieiiil, 
id  enjoyed 
ng  .a  liiiili 
)ii  tlie  (pp- 
itly  watcli- 
l  been  left 


77//;    ('II ASK. 


''>  '•"■  I"'''"'"  '■"••'•      I  'li<l  ii"t   liidt,  aiHJ  ^ave  no  siu-,,  that    I  stu 
'"111,  iait    slunly   luirs.ied   my   way,  l.earin-.  Iiowrver.  to  tlic  |,.f, 
so:istoo,.l    mure  helueei,   thedccl-and  llle  timher.      'rile,„,siti,,p 

"'    ''"■  '''■'■''  '• iiiandcd  a  view  ,,f   t|„.   ii,t,.r\  .'niiiL:  valley.      |'r,.s- 

••"^'>  '"•  '••''''  ''"^^"  '■"  ='  '""i.'l.  of  Inn],  .,,,ss.  "^I  ...,ntinm.d  t,. 
AViilk  mv  liMiN,.  slowly  across  the  valley,  ^.'aduallv  drawin..-  m,.,v 
'"  ,"';•  ''"■'■'■"""  "'■  tlledec,  he  l,..,i,.v  ,n,^-  he  was  entilvTv  eu,,- 
'''■*'''•''■••""'   '•^'<l''"<ly   thought    he   had   llMt    I ndisCMVel-ed     '     I   ■,). 

I"-"^"''""!  'l'"l"iekiMadi,veiiun  which  w.H.ld  pass  him  n.„  ,n,„v 
tl'^i"  tliirty  yanis  distant.  I  kept  whistling'  a  luwtMiie  all  the 
way,  ami  a»i,med  as  caivlrss  an  attitude  and  adi,,,,  as  I  ..add 
'^l'"'""'.-  "'^^•'X'^  '"  '"••'<  i"  "Hother  direction,  th.^ed,  n„w  and" 
tli-n  a  M.nck  -lance  showed  the  un,,t  antlers,  which  looked  like 
i'  ■•".•km-  chair.  llir,„i..h  the  dried  -rass.  I  had  for  the  last  Imn- 
'li-"d  ,xaid>  or  more  l,een  chaii-ino.  th,.  positim,  of  mv  -nn.  some- 
times to  my  shoulder,  sometimes  to  mv  h-ft  arm.  and  somei  imcs 
^"   *'';'I' •""•'"'■  '"vsaddh..      WiM.nloot  opposite  him  I  couul 

r"",'    "  """""■  "'"   '''•'  ''"'"'    '='>'"-■  "••'t  ""   "'"  uroumi,  i,ut    the 

""'•    "•''  •■'""-Hh'd.     At  the  proper  moment   I  c .kcd  mv  horse 

I'va  word,    turned    in   the  saddk.,   raised    the  eun  and   ih'ed    the 

"""''";'"'•"''"■'''■"'•  ''^""'"llvnade  up  his  mind  that  he  was  dis- 
covered,   re.ersini^   the    l.uckshol    tor   a    fairer   mark   in  case    the 
bail    miss,.d,   and    he   sho.dd    jump    up.      I'.ut    he    did    not       l[e 
•sl'-ai,^lilen..d    himself  out,  jfml    .^ave   up  the   si  ruenle  with   a    U'^^■ 
spasmodi,.  kicks.      That  was  the  lareest  deer  killed   l.v  the  parlv 
•Innng  ,1,,.  hunt,  and  was  a  satisfactorv  conelusio,,  of  a  lin,.  d av's 
sport       An   old   l.uek    is  as  eunninn-  as  a  fox,  hut   if  von   undi..-- 
stand   Ins  ways,  ,t   is  possible  to  circumvent  him.  amfto  do  so  is 
I  .<■  very  ess,.nce  of  sport.      My  companions  were   returnini,^  will, 
111..'  wa.^on  halt  a  mile  away,  and   had  been  watchino-  nn  niovo- 
ments  tor  some  time,  but  havi.io.  seen   no  ,|eer,  supposed    I   had 
1";"<1   to  brino'  them   that  way  rather  than  ,i;o  out  of  mv  wav  to 
j.'in  them,  and  so  were   relu.-tant  to  answer  mv  signal   to  come 
...I    they  came  at  last,  duly  a.lmire.l  mN-  trophV,  assisted  to  put 
l'"H   ou  the  wagon,  when  we  all  returned  to  camp  together  with 
as  iine  a  loa<nu.  I  have  over  seen  brought  in  from  th^  prairie  in  a 
snig  e  ,lay       \\  ,,  were  tired  and  hungry,  no  doubt,  but  all  bo.v  a 
'':i"'l    to    hang    up    the    deer,   and    in  a  few  minutes    the    trees 
•"•ound  that  camp  were  f.-stooned   in  a  way  to  make  a   hunler-s 
iH'art   re.io,ee.     After   bathing  the    face   and    han.ls    in    the   .-ool 
spring   water   whi,.]i    burst    from    beneath    the    bank    below,  we 
gathered  around  our  venison  stew,  which  was  our  favorite  dish  in 


r,04 


77//;  i>i:i:i;  or  ami:i:ic.\. 


i';iin|i.  ;iiiil  it  ^i'ciiit'4  as  it"  cadi  oiir  was  (Icfci'iiiiiird  to  s|hiI1  ninn' 
ol'  it  than  aiiutlicr.  At  tifst  ravciiniis,  tlicii  inoilrratc,  tlii'ii  ili'l- 
iriiic,  [lickint^  ovci-  tin'  savory  mess  to  get  ;i  sweet  iiioistl." 

'I'll!'  sii|i|ici-  ill  caiiiii  is  not"  a  iiastv  im-al,  towanls  tli''  cimI 
at  lfa>t.  ami  is  usually  afcoinpauird  liv  lull  ai'couiils  of  tlio  iu- 
ciilfiil-;   dj'    tlic  (1m\  and   of    foinirr    sportiuif    cvpiaiciici's.   wliicli 

ai'f   coiitimu'd    lonj^'   after    tlie   pipes  liave  1 n  lighted  and  the 

weafy  iiuntcr  is  stretched   out  upon  his  rohe  at  the  inoiith  of  the 

tent,  eliiMyiiij^r  tile  sootllint,^  illliuellee  of   llie   luil'lled   llel'li,   witllollt 

which   camp   life   wmild  lose  half  its  chai'ins. 

l'erliap>  the  most  exhilaratinLj  mode  of  eliasiiie-  the  deer,  is  in 
the  piaiiie  with  the  ei-eyiioiind.  The  broad,  iinlirokcn  prairie 
pioeiits  a  tii'ld  for  this  sjxirt  unsurpassed.  After  the  prairie  lires 
have  left  most  of  the  elevated  portions  of  the  crcat  plain  ipiite 
iiaUcd.  and  tiie  dry  seasons  wliicli  j^eiicrally  prevail  in  the  fall  of 
the  Near  leave  the  sloiie'lis  suHiciently  hard  for  the  free  passa^e  of 
the  horse,  while  the  tall  grass  which  covers  tlieiu  and  has  heeii  liy 
moisture  Uept  too  green  to  ii'viX  the  lire,  whicli  cohsuiikmI  tiiat 
which  had  matured  and  withered  on  the,  dry  upland,  the  proper 
conditions  for  this  unitaralleled  sport  exist. 

The  dogs  should  !)('  well  trained  to  the  s[)ort,  should  he  strong 
and  enduring,  and  the  more  experieneo  they  Iiave  had  the  lii'tter. 
The  liorse  as  well  as  the  dog  soon  learns  to  enter  eagerly  into 
tile  spirit  and  the  excitement  of  tlie'chase,  and  evidently  enjoys 
it  as  miu'li  as  Ids  master.  It  takes  a  smart  greyhouml  to  coiiu^ 
up  to  the  average  deer  on  tlu;  prairies,  and  <>idy  one  that  has 
learneil  his  lesson  severely  can  hanilh;  the  deer  id'ter  he  is  over- 
taken. Much  of  this  he  must  h'arn  l)y  experience  aided  l»y  his 
own  sagacity.  His  master  is  rarely  up  at  the  first  encounter, 
and  the  iieopliyte  is  sure  to  be  cut  by  the  feet  and  antlers  of  the 
deer,  which  th<!  hitter  knows  how  to  use  with  threat  dexteritv. 
Tliesi'  wdiiuds  ar<'  the  chastening  lessons  of  the  tyro,  and  if  intel- 
lig<'nt,  he  soon  learns  how  to  avoid  them.  liiit  tlui  experienced 
dog  appreciates  help,  and  will  prolong  tluf  chase  in  order  to  secure 
it,  if  it  is  in  prospect,  either  from  the  hunter  or  the  rest  of  the 
jiack,  and  will  only  close  when  he  sees  that  he  alone  can  over- 
take the  ipiai'ry.  The  expert  greyhound  will  not  atti-mpt  to 
pull  down  his  game  by  main  force,  but  will  take  advantage  of 
his  luomentum  to  throw  him,  when  the  fall  must  be  severe;  and 
I  have  seen  tliis  done  repeatedly  before  closing.  In  this  way  he 
greatly  exhausts  the  deer  by  these  repeated  hard  falls,  and  gives 
time  for  the  slower  dogs  to  coiue  up,  or  his  master  to  arrive  to 
assist  at  the  death. 


1 


'/■///■;  riiAsi:. 


:;;•.'. 


s|Hiil  nii'i-c 

'.    thru     (icl- 

■sri;- 

(Is  till'  ciiil 
of  till'  iii- 
ii'cs.  wliicli 
■d  iiml  the 
Mltll   of    til.* 

rl),  witliout 

•  ilct-r.  is  in 
kcii  |ii';iii'ic 
iraii'ic  liri's 
pliiiii  i|iiit(^ 
til.-  full  of 
|i.'lss;|o(.  nf 

;is  liccll  liy 

siimcil  iliat 
tlu'   {iro]>cr 

[  l>i'  strong 
thf  Ix'ttfi-. 
igcrly  into 
itly  enjoys 
1(1  to  conies 
('  tluit  luts 
lie  is  oVlT- 
(Icil  l)y  his 
rnconnttT, 
Icrs  of  the 

dexterity, 
nd  if  iiitel- 
xperirnced 
.'r  to  seenre 
rest  of  th(i 

can  over- 
itteni|)t  to 
vantage  of 
'vei'e  ;  and 
1 1  is  \v;iy  he 

and  gives 
u  arrive  to 


""■i-u-„ ■.r...,i„.,i,,,  ,  t,  ■  ,,;' '--•i-";.i 

;"-v..,,,,,,,  „.,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,,.,„ ,;    I..... 

""''"'•'■■"  "■,iii„.f,„„„i,i,,v,.  :„„„., i„„,.  I,,,.,  ,1    "  "■'■;■ 

('(tlllVn    Ml,.    - 1        ..  •        .  .  .  *        ■     111    (III      W  1  1 1  I  ( '    .    ()f 

<ii;:::J  ,,:!::;;,;;:::■ ""■'■'-- ' '^ ■^"■■^h 

tamed  a  considerable    start.      Xow    fl,o  .■,.,!      i 

TI,-.     1  ,    ,  ^"^    "'''     f'hase     coilimeiiees 

ilH^  dogs  and  horses,  stinmlated    !„•  ,...,.;. 


'•ses    stin.nlated    !.y  excitement    and   the   loud 
ers,  lay  down  to  their  work  1 

;'-•;  shap,.s  his  course  f(.r  the  nearest  point  of  ,inil,..r.      With 


^I'onts  of  the  hnnters,  lay  down  to  their  work  l.c: 


iiitifidlv.      'J'h,. 


i.V'      I     '      ■'         |,a«.s  „v,.r  ll„.  f.n„„„i  will,  ,n,,,t  s«iri„,..s 


•rt."ns       ir„  unproves  i,is  ..iian.vs  l,v   I 'id „lv,„|.,.r  I 

:;;:;;':^'j,;"  !'"■«■■" '-..."^.'a^.. 1^7:  ■7LZ 


], 


")\ 


:v.H\ 


iiii:  i>Ei:i!  "/■  .1.1//;/,'/'  i. 


cnvt'i't.  Tilt'  clcviitfcl  mill  (lis|i('rs('(l  pcisitioiis  (if  ijii-  linrscmrii 
ciiaiilc  tlicin  to  iiiwiivs  k('r|)  the  <'li;isi'  in  si^lit,  iiml  >o  tlic  \vr|l 
traiiiiMJ  IiiimikI  is  kept  ii|)iin  liis  coiii'si'  w  itlioiit  loss,  tli'iii^ii  tin' 
^^iiiiii'  may  lVi'i|iii'iit  ly  lie  lust  to  view.  ll  is  a  pluiidiis  si^lit 
wlicii  till'  JiurM'iiH'ii  and  llic  IiipiiihIs  draw  iirai-  t  In-  i;'aiiii'.  w  Iumi 
I'vasidii  (ir  cinicitaliiit'iit  is  iiu  Imi^fr  |i(pssili|c,  and  it  lircdiiifs  a 
iiicri'  (|iicsli()ii  ot"  niiisclc  and  cndiiraiuM'  ;  wlicii  tlic  slioiit^  of  tlio 
ridi-rs  stiiniilati'  Imtli  tlir  liorscs  and  tlic  lioinids,  ami  iiiaddfii  llic 
trii^litciicd  di'cr  to  the  last  piissiMc  clfort  of  cvci-v  sinew.  Tlic  |iai'k 
is  st  i'iiiil;' uiit  in  a  Iohlj  and  scattered  line  and  sm  are  the  Imrsc- 
nieii.  each  striving'  to  tlie  iilimist  to  u;ain  nn  tlic  i|iiari'\',  ti>  kce[i 
the  lead  or  to  make  \\\)  the  lost  distance.  To  lie  the  foremost  in 
such  ii  chase,  to  keep  even  with  the  leadin^'  lioiuid,  and  sei-  that 
<'acli  stride  lessens  tilt!  int er\ fiiinn'  space  lietween  the  piir.^iiers 
and  the  pursued,  is  tlit!  culmination  tif  excitement  only  knuwii  to 
the  artlcnt  sptirtsmaii. 

At  each  st title  the  hiudinn'  hoiintl  ilraws  iienrer  to  the  deer 
that  is  strainine-  every  muscle  to  maintain  his  distjinci",  his  wihl 
eye  protnitliiiLC  frt>in  its  socket,  his  month  with;  open,  ami  his 
tail  occasionally  lasheil  hetween  his  lee's,  as  e\iilciice  that  he  is 
pressetl  lieytnitl  his  strength,  and  is  alrcativ  tlistressed  with  his 
e'reat  ellorts.  At  leiigMh  as  ho  soos  his  pursuers  are  i^ainine'  upon 
him,  and  tlio  friendly  thicket  is  yet  far  ilistant,  fear  comes  and 
inoreases  the  emharrassmeiit  of  fati<^iie,  ami  he  begins  to  jump 
wildly,  which  retards  his  lliffht.  The  horseman,  meantime,  nrj^fs 
his  steed  to  the  utmost  to  keep  up  with  the  lioiiiitl,  which,  htiw- 
evei',  lit>  fails  to  do  ;  luit,  as  he  sees  the  rae(>  is  soon  to  terminate, 
he  strives  tt)  kee[)  us  near  as  ptissilile.  Xi>w  the  leader  tif  the 
])ack  is  ii|iwitli  the  game.  He  seizes  him  a  litth;  insiile  the  thigh 
just  as  the  hind  feet  leave  the  ground,  and  by  a  side  jerk  throws 
him  heavily  to  the  groinitl,  letting  go  as  the  tpiairy  falls.  If  an 
ex'pei-ieiicctl  dog.  aiitl  sure  of  speeily  supptirt,  he  will  wait  till  the 
deer  gets  up  and  resumes  his  flight,  when  he  will  again  throw 
him  in  the  sanu^  way,  and  st>  repeatetlly  till  others  of  the  pack 
come  up,  wIhmi  all  will  close  in  upttu  the  exhausted  animal  and 
usiiall\  make  short  work  of  it.  Hut  great  vitality  remains  in  an 
old  buck.  If  an  inexperienced  dtig  exposes  liims(df  to  tlu;  blow 
of  a  wounded  buck  lu^  mav  be  knoeketl  ten  feet  away  by  either 
foot,  or  he  may  be  impaled  by  a  single  dash  of  tlu^  sharp  antlers. 
One  s(*vere  lesson,  aitled  by  the  example  of  the  older  dogs, 
is  generally  enough  to  make  tlic  beginner  cautious  even  in  the 
midst  of  the  excitement.     One  or  two  dogs  at  the  throat  laying 


linrsciiii'ti 

n  \\\r  wrll 
ll'lllnli    til,. 

DllS  sin'lit 
lllr.  wlli'll 
lirciinii'S  ;i, 
nils  of  ihi' 

aildi'ii  t  he 

Tile  |i;|r|< 
t  lie  Ikptsc- 
y.  til  l<iM'|) 
irciiio.st  ill 
il  sec  tliat 
•  |nirsurrs 

kiiuuii  (() 

till'     (IcCf 

',  Ills  wild 
1,  ami  his 
liat  lie   is 

with  his 
liii^'  u|n)ii 
omcs  and 

to  jmnp 
me,  urj^cs 
lich.  how- 
iTiiiiiiatr. 
liT  (if  the 
th(^  thigli 
rk  throws 
Is.  If  an 
lit  till  the 
lin  throw 

tlic  pack 
liniiil  and 
iiins  in  an 
I  tlie  bhiw 
by  (.'itlicr 
p  antlers, 
dor  dogs, 
en  in  the 
)at  laying 


■/■///•   '  IIAsi:, 

■  >.•( 

^ H'- I  IN,. ,„„'„ ,, ,„.,:,ii     ■„  '  '":'"'■;■ "'"  '^ 

Il.r..„.|,i,„l,v,s„.|„i„.r  ""■■'-",  ,1k.  l.„v,.,-,h,„l,  I 

"■■- m".».nk/.!::;:.:^;:::;:;:  :;;;::;,, ':;,,,tf  ■■■''■■ 

filing  the  I  viii..'..-anie   'u..!  ■.^  fl,  1     "^     ^"    >  "*    J"-iiHr,  p,,,-. 

Of  all  the  mod,>.s  of  eliasiiM.-  fhe  . !<.,.,■    W  ■  . 
^•i<^  -ith  horse  and  hound   i  1,      ,      1  '  T'''^'"'"' "'"  I-''" 

"".1  a  Jn„i  i>,„i  ,;,;„':  r.""™  »■■"■  ■■' ' - 

..er;:::,;:,,;:c:;^;:;;'::;;.r;"r' ;"■•""" ■ -- 

-I'ii"  otiu.,.,".,,,  „„i.  1  .:,„•':■;:  ttt '>• 

^-w™  w\  ;::';■  :.i;'"tV'':  '"'I''  ""•  '■^"■'■^-  '--" 

i"  ti'o  pri„u.  „f  life . ,  I  ,  r      ;■  ",'■■"=-'' -'■•I- 1"^ -k, 


ml" 


nns 


'/•///;  j>i:i:i.'  <>r    \Mi:i:ir 


■I     M 


:  hr 


i  :■.    ,f 


oliscrvat  inns.       It   is  iidI   iiiiu'Ii  t";i\iirf(l  1p\  s|ini'Uiiicii,  luit   is  liitlid' 
ciilisiilri'iMl  ;is  licliltiiin-  \\li;i(  an-  ciillcil  /"■f-lnnif^  rx. 

Tlic  (leer  is  larj^i'ly  a  imci  mnal  aiiiinal.  rspccially  in  tin' 
nfiM;||l„,|-|i(),„l  of  settlements,  oi-  in  fe^'ions  niiirli  Ininleil.  l-'oi- 
this  mode  of  Iiiintinn'  a  still,  ilai'k  nii^lit  is  selected.  The  plaee 
chosen  is  wheie  inilieations  are  almndant  that  the  deer  niahe 
llnir  noeiiii'nal  visits,  and  where  the  eovrl  is  not  so  thick  ;is  to 
(ilisli-iict  the  ai'tilii'ial  lin'ht  too  iniich.  It  niav  In-  in  the  fanners' 
gi'ain  liclds,  around  salt  licks,  or  aloni;'  the  margins  of  ri\ei's. 

( Jein'rally,  two  i^o  (oLjether  in  this  sort  of  hunt.  They  are 
providi'd  wit  n  an  artiticial  liij,'ht,  usually  made  of  |iitch-]pine  knots, 
oi  the  loose  outside  hark  of  the  hickory  tree,  which  cdutains  an 
inllamnialile  oil,  and  makes  an  admiralde  torch.  This  is  so  ar- 
raiieed,  and  carried  in  such  a  |tositiou.  that  none  of  the  rays  of 
lie'hl  fall  u|>on  the  hunters,  one  of  whom  either  precedes  or  fol- 
lows close  behind  the  other,  who  carries  the  torch  al>o\e  his  head 
or  in  front  of  him,  his/her  than  his  head.  A  supply  of  material 
(o  renew  the  lorch,  is  taken  aloii^-  and  used  as  occasion  reipiires. 
The  hunters  of  course  proceed  with  care  and  watchfulness  and 
without  noise. 

The  deer  sees  the  lii;ht  slowly  approachiuL;' and  is  rather  fas- 
cinated than  alarmed  liy  it.  and  so  he  facos  and  starts  a;  it  in 
wdiideriui'iit.  when  his  eyes  act  as  mirrors  and  rellect,  hack  the 
lie'ht,  and  ap|)ear  to  the  hunters  like  two  M;reat-  stars,  or  as  they 
sometinu's  express  it,  like  two  halls  of  lire  set  in  notliing  but 
darkness:  but  neither  of  these  expressions  give  a  c()rrect  idea  of 
the  appearaiU'e  of  the  lii;'ht  rellected  by  the  eve.  The  radiation 
of  the  star  is  not  seen,  und  the  li^iit  is  whiti;  instead  of  the  red 
liLiht  of  lire.  Nothing  else  of  the  d<'<-y  is  seen.  The  advanco 
should  be  made  with  extreme  caution,  for  the  least  noise  would 
l)e  sure  to  scare  away  the  game.  The  shot,  if  low.  should  be 
fatal  ;  yet  it  is,  I  am  told,  very  freijueiitly  not  so.  It  has  some- 
times lia[tj)ened  when  several  ileer  have  been  thus  found  together 
that  those  not  hit  have  seemed  to  be  so  faseinati'd  with  the  light, 
that  after  a  few  bounds  away  they  stopped  to  gaze  upon  it,  and 
wi'it'  i)revented  from  uoine;  further.  'J'his  sort  of  liuiitinu'  can 
never  be  safely  j)racticed  in  the  neighborhood  of  settlenuMits 
•where  cattle  an^   rumiing  at  large,  or  the  hunter   may  have  to 


>lt 


or  a  eoit  or  a  cow^ 


Nearly  allied  to  this  is  the  jaek-luuiting,  or  niglit  hunting 
upon  tlu!  water,  of  which  I  eannot  plead  entire  imiocence. 
When    thick  underbrush  obscures  the  view,  and  not  a  breath  of 


t  is  liitlicr 

ly  ill  till' 
It'll.      I''i.r 

Till'  |il;iri' 
li'cr  iniiUr 
llii'k     !IS   ti) 

I'  liiniH'rs" 

M'lS. 

Tlicy  iU'i' 

illi'  Ullnts, 
iitiiiiis  all 
•;  is  so  ai'- 
lii'  rays  n\' 
Us  ur  Inl- 
'  Iiis  Jn-ail 
iiiali'i'ial 
i'('i|iiir('S. 
liios  ami 

alliiT  t'as- 
s   a;    it   ill 

liark  Ihc 
>r  as  tlii'V 
liiiig  but 
ct  idi'ii  of 
radiiitiuii 
I'   the   red 

ailvaiii'O 
isr  would 
iliould  lu! 
has  soiui,'- 
I  togi'tllt'l- 
the  light, 
in  it,  !ind 
iitiiig  ran 

ttlcilHMltS 

'  liiivo  to 


iiuntiiig 
iiuoceiu'i'. 
breatli  of 


•''"'  ^'ii-<  :i  Iraf  iiiioi,  ill,.  «,.,.,.^    ,,,i,   ,  ,  .        . 

Il'"  'l-r  ■.u.■^.■n    f.N„l    r  ,.      !■       ",  '"■    "'■"""'•  "'    »l''-l' 

"^""r''""^"'••sh.uvw„uld  1.1' di.,1.,.",    '""""""•'': 


"lll'-ll      lllllsl 


'"  i';isi.'.     .\  |i,,|,, 


ii'ial    i.r   raiini.. 


.hi' oaiMii'/is I!:;:':'''';'' '';■'.'•''-■■'-'-' ^i--  u...... 


j :'\---iM..    IM.   di'si|...d.      A    li,|„    isi.a.,.i,.d 

.    ■   '•    /  —  'i-,|..'shaM'   I „    ius,.n>.'d|-.„',his   li 

■""■'^■^:    I'",    a    wa..'li,i,an-s   lam,,.   an;„.h,..l   .,.   .,.  ''^'"' 


i"li   Mil' 
I'all'i'ij 


iiiaii 


''••"hiT  Jial.  aiiswi'i's 


"!•'   ''llnMii'd   In   ihi'   iVuni    ,,|    ;,    li,,.. 
I.. M'i-i'dl,vah'..,h   .'   7-u'   1""''"'^"  ^^■""-      ''''"■   lii^!ii    >h„„ld 

-i^^ •'.-.:;::.!;;"';;;::  ;;;;''i::;;;'::-     't'"" 

'"1  "-I-d    that    Ih.    Ii,,|,,    ,•   II  ;  '     •       ""^  ""'^'   '"••-" 

'■■"^ ■ '''i'H^;:;:::,,:':-;':;;-'-'-^--''.''.' 

"I.i"  fur  ll.is  ,,,„„,.         "     "      "'■      -\''^"l-«l Hill  is  ,i,.si,.. 

,JI;;:,.  •:;;: :,:; ;'-""■■'; -..ni :„„„. , 

'"'^.ai.i"«Mi,,,„i,M,.,,,,,.  ;•'.;;:'■  •■•■ -'" i 


;;<■    >';    two    Iiiindi',.,1  yards    nf   ih",. 

g'l  to  Ileal'  ihi' 


11    :i   stil 
Indian   I  Wo 


>.l"m  .     l,M.n-fl„„g  H  |,rof„,„„ilv  siili,  |,„||,  li,,,,,,;,,;, 

ll'Sllt   II1I3  may  1.0  ,l,.t..,.tL.,l   l,v  Hi i,.|.   ,.,,,,',■  ,, 

"'■    llilv..    I,u,i.l,v,l    vanis    -uvlv       \   '  ,  ' "'""" 

i"    II"-    »at0L-   U   ho.           I       T  V             '"    ""■    "''■I'  "'■    ""■    •''■••I 
li.o  ,..,int        ...„,'    "'"/'."'';"•    ■V""'^'>    ""■"»   ""■  ■■ I" 

''■--i'|v.".h:i  i7"i:i;:Jr  •■> 

Kvml.      I',v,o„tly,  two  balls  of  |i„|,t  ,  ''"■'  ''  -'"'"" 


yo.  of  tho  .,00,.  ..olloofing  baol.  „„.  Ti,  ,  „.„„  ;"■■',.;:"  ,'"" 

auLin.itiiy  oltnuted  and  d.'in-e.s.sed  in  the  -wi  ,,f  f .    i- 

-i«i.  I  I..V.,.  boon  at.,0.  to  coiooivo  boj':;  i::,;,  ^r;'!' 


ev 

sue 

ll 
th 


••''  '-i'vii.      TIk'hi'  an;  the 

r 

e 


400 


Tin:    DF.KIi    OF  AMKRICA. 


t  ' 


full  reflection  fnun  the  eyes  wlicii  tlie  Iicail  was  (Icprcsscd  to  the 
very  water,  feathering  the  a<|iiati('  L;rass,  l)ut  no  matter  wliat  tlio 
])osition  is,  the  refleetion  seems  always  eciually  brit;Iit  as  it'  look- 
ing dii'eetly  towards  you,  and  it  is  only  by  the  movements  tliat 
you  know  that  tliey  sire  not,  and  th'it  tht;  animal  is  feeding  un- 
C'oncei'nedly.  When  sutlieientlv  near,  delihi'iate  aim  slmidd  bo 
taken,  not  between  tlie  eyes,  but  about  four  inches  lielow  them. 
I'nless  one  is  niueh  accustomed  to  this  kind  of  shootinir,  he  is 
almost  sure  to  over-shoot,  and  if  the  face  of  the  deer  is  nearly 
lioi'i/ontal,  as  it  will  be  if  he  is  looking  at  you,  on(,'  inch  too  high 
will  miss  the  deer,  while  if  you  shoot  too  low,  a  shot  in  the  neck 
is  as  fatal  as  if  in  the  head.  The  <>'reat  excitement  in  tlii>  mude 
of  hunting  is,  when  the  Indian  is  rapidly  paddling  you  toward 
the  splashing  in  the  water,  while  the  j)addle  di[)s  so  softly  that 
it  gives  out  no  sound,  and  all  you  can  hear  of  your  own  advance 
is  a  gentle  murmur  at  the  bow  as  it  swiftly  divides  the  waters. 
You  are  then  earnestly  looking  into  the  still  glixiiu.  and  when 
the  orbs  of  light  ahead  are  seen  moving  up  antl  down  and  from 
side  to  side,  while  you  are  vet  too  far  awav  to  shoot,  but  with 
the  gun  to  your  face  waiting  for  the  Indian  to  say  xlii">t,  if  you 
do  not  breathe  r-'pidly,  and  your  heart  does  not  thump  as  if  it 
would  brt'ak  your  ril)s,  or  ap[)ear  to  get  into  your  throat  and  half 
'•hoke  you,  tlieii  you  have  become  a  /i(ir(hiiciJ  huntei-.  and  lost  a 
IKirt  of  that  nervous  sensibility,  which  afTords  such  exijuisito 
pleasure,  if  not  too  painful,  for  the  line  between  these  sensations 
1   know  to  b(^  verv  thin.      With  the   linht  upon  your  head  you 

t  Oil  t, 

cannot  so  well  judge  of  distance  as  the  Indian  in  the.  stern,  so 
leave  that  to  him. 

The  last  time  I  was  in  sucli  a  place,  —  and  it  is  not  many 
months  since,  —  then;  broke  out  from  the  darkness  four  balls  of 
light,  both  deer  evidently  feeding  a  little  way  a[)art.  The  Indian 
pulleil  first  for  the  one  on  my  right,  and  he  dro[)[ied  with  a  shot 
in  the  neck  close  to  the  head.  Innnediately  I  cockeil  tin;  other 
lock  for  the  one  on  the  left,  but  when  the  gun  cam.'  to  the  face  I 
could  see  nothing  for  the  smoke,  but  the  Indian  umlerstood  his 
work,  and  shot  me  out  of  the  cloud  of  smoke  in  a  fraction  of  a 
second,  and  before  the  big  doe  could  turn  half  round  to  jum[)  tin? 
bank,  presenting  the  left  hip,  a  shot  in  the  loin,  ranging  far  for- 
ward, dropped  her  on  the  spot,  and  it  took  two  men  to  pull  her 
out  of  the  water  and  u[)  that  bank.  They  were  a  pretty  jtair  as 
they  lay  side  by  side,  and  the  loud  whoop  of  the  Indian  showed 
that  he  thouti'ht  it  a  well  executed  ri'dit  and  left. 


sscd  to  tlio 
•r  wliat  the 
t  iis  it'  look- 
Miicnts  tliat 
fcc(llii<j;  un- 

I  sliniild  bo 
K'liiw  tliein. 
iDtiiiu,'.  lie  is 
or  is  noarly 
icli  tdc)  liiu'li 
ill  tlic  neck 

II  tiiis  iiV'dt' 
vou  iD'iVai'd 
)  softly  tliiit 
)\vn  advance 

till'  waters. 
1,  and  when 

11  and  from 
ot,  but  with 
■hunt,  if  vou 
iiii[t  as  if  it 
oat  and  half 
•,  and  lost  ;i 
di  exiiuisite 
ic  sensations 
ir  head  you 
he  stern,  so 

is  not  many 
four  balls  of 

The  Indian 
1  with  a  shot 
ud  the  other 
to  the  face  I 
deistood  his 
fraction  of  a 

to  jump  the 
liinu'  far  for- 
1  to  |iull  her 
retty  pair  as 
dian  showed 


*''■'■!"■'•    Waler    when,     tlleve;,..      ..-    ■  '■  ^''^      '' •■'•      ^'1 


"i|'e    th, 


Mil    Mlhlilel'..',.     t  liMiiic     K- 

-■wi^.n,,,v,,.,i\:.7;-"  ■■"■■■■"■' ■■'- ■"-'■■ 

wahM    \  o  iiiiiai'i  \      t,  ,,•   1 1, 
«\viiiiiniiiM-:,er,,ss.  '^-niiu    l,,,    t|„.   ,,|,,.|„,„.    ,,j- 

'^.''''..''nle'i;:!:,;;::::!,:;:^ 


N'laslie..  some,; ,..;.i,:..    ,"""!''">     '""ak,,,;^    wale.    ui,|,    | | 


l'-^    S\\;ini|,.,|    ^^jii, 
with  s„e|,    ,,,e;.„.v.    ■      '"".'       ^^  "''•'•     "'     tl'"c:„ ,„d    ,•,, 

'"  •'  'ii'''l  wMh  lis  ;,nd 


'|Me||t|v 
'■   '^"'""     il-        'I'hev   h:„'| 

nrvn.ha;;;:::.:,::,,^;::;';:;';''^^';'''';'  '-■'-uii,h,:wiid 

'"'"'''""■"'■^-      One  Ml    n,v  ,.,, 

"  I   ■■"''''  I  ~'    1 1.1 1 1        1 1 1  r  1 1 I     ( . ,  ,      I       I  • 

Ml    In 


''''■■'"••-vi"i"i..  :';:";;: ::'r-'^'''', !-'■- '<- 

'"■■ I  sn.l  „,.  ,„i,„|,t  „„.  ,,   '  ,  ll.isnll,.  |„„;,|,. 

"-!■".■  .1.  v,.„is ;:,, I,   „""■''" '"■^' '■'   'l'l"-l  -. 

IV- ., I,,;.;,        ',,''■  ,'"'''1' "'""'" -'!'i'i-'i  "i'l' 

Il,i.„.,.„„„t;,,     ,  •      •"■ f'-'-;     (His.,,.,,,  „-,..,,.„.., 

•;•' ^     •  -       •  "•'"  '^''^  thi-oiioi,  (h,.  iioiHT  hd<,. 


oads  ^    \'    /  /  .  I'.iiise    at    tile    bur, Cr  ,,f    , 

-"'  -■  -.uld  ^et   them   ,he,.e  if  ai.vwlien  ;"'• 

"iir  skill   in  all    ,!,..  ,.-„.. ,  ">""(!..      \\  ,.  ..xha,,. 


'"  'III    Hie  wavs  we  k 


le    Illy 
•b'hil 

ed    ,'(.1 


'^'-•^''•-rnpnnit     m     r;        "^'n^'''"""^^ 

r''^n.s  ..ei^.  ,,.;:;;;;;;.;;-;■;  -<^-  

^'^tf'""i 1   b.   move  in  and   then  tl  .  '      ""  ■""''"'^" 

l"-kod  alive-. ,,.,""'"'">  the  sport  commen I.      J,,,,, 


''"    '^'''I  -^"ny  a  merry  tune.      Join,  was  we 


1110 


-::s:;i;;: ::;;:-:,;--:  t'^:r:'  • « ■"- ^ 


la.j 

IS    iiitu 

up  h) 


tl'l-    lljr 


m 


M- 


:  I 


i: 


402 


77//;  in:/:/,'  (>/•  .\mi:i:/i  a. 


tile  liiisim'>s  am!  riiii  the  caiinc  into  tin-  lak'-.  I"  \<*<-y  liiiii  liryoiul 
the  lil\  sldiis,  for  if  lir  had  L^nt  aiiniiiL::  tln'iii.  iii\  ta<lilf  wdiiM 
have  liccii  III)  iiidrc  lliaii  a  coli-w  di  tin  i'-.  >.■  .-."iii  as  I  <u\\  sea 
iiiiiiii  I  \\a>  Mill'  of  him.  for  ihr  lin<'  \va>  l"ii;:  tlioii^li  >iiialL  ilc 
liit  a>  la/il\  as  a  siickcr,  luit  afbT  lliat  tli>'r<'  \\a->  iioi  a  hi/y 
imisi-lc  ill  him.  lie  foiij^hl  lil<i'  a  ti^'rr.  or  i-.-aln-r  liki-  a  sahiioii  : 
sc\fial  times  luiiiiiiio-  a\\a\  and  th<n  nmiiiii;.;  in.  rc|irat<Mllv 
thi'owiiiM'  himself  oiit  of  water  aiiii  ti\iiiur  t"  >liake  the  Iiook 
from  his  month,  luit  I  maiiaL^ed  iiot  to  M;i\e  liim  an  in<-li  of 
sLick.      After   a    lon^;'   and    eaUant    ^triiLTL;'!''.   he   >nneiideied    and 


•11   I  lloated    him  up   to  the  how  of   tii 


I'olied   over  oil   Ills    S!(!e,   \Vll( 

raiioe   and   Slocki(m  lifted   him    in  witiioiit   a    -trif^L:! 


le  nad 


foIlL 


lit      till     lie    W  as     Comiili'telV    e\ 


haiist.'.l.      II. 


was   a> 


iii^'ht.  e\ee|iliiie'  mi  the  Kelly,  w  hieh  ua^  [larlly  .ui'ay.  lie  WMS 
lmni|i-sh(inldere(l  and  thick  nieated.  and  ali^^.-iiier  the  liiiesi  hass 
I    hail  excrseell.       It    |iro\cd   to  lie     ]//,r"/'t,  iiis  in;//-,  r.iiis.   ISaii'd. 


T 


le  secret   was   1 


io\\  out.      At  alnio-^t  f\eiv  ea^'  W"  took  a  lisii, 


hilt    ne\  <■!•  lelt    a    lilte 


.M. 


ire  than  halt  o|  the  t  im--  ">■         ere  slnie' 


all 


n^'  with  a  liie'   iis1i  siiuiiltaiieoiisl\ .      If  it  was  exeliiiii;  spoit  it 


was  liani  worl 


After  we  ha 


il  each  smashed  a  ti]'.  we  took  time 


to   look   at    till'    pile   ill    the  ealloe.  and  eolie|l|d>d   ih-'le   was  ellollL^h 
for  that    chowder.       There   were    seventeen    li-ll   ^Vei^hill^  >evellty- 

iive   |ioniids.      The   larn'cst  was  over  >i\    poimd-.      \\  hen  wc   i^nt 
to  cani[i.  Stockton  laid   him  on  a  piece  oi    paper,  and  cut    out  his 


lU'otlle 


It 


IS   tMciitv  inches  ami   tlirei'   line>  [■•nu  and   six  inclies 


■p.  and  he  was  \ery  tlTu 


liat   was  a  nice   ehowilc'r  we  liad 


and  when   the   lisli  was   fried  with    iioik    it    made  a   huiiurv  man 


aniialilc.  to  eat  it. 


W 


e  reele( 


1  in  our  lines,  and  -lohii  lieade.l   tl 


le  ealloe    lor   caiiiii 


As  we  were  [tassine"  through  the  strait,  we  heard  a  pack  of 
wohes  la  r  away  in  the  woods,  hut  tiny  seemed  to  lie  approach- 
iiiti',  and  when  ahoiit  in  i!ie  middle  of  the  lower  lake  nearly 
ahead  of  us  \vo  saw  a  lar<^e  huck  dash  from  tlie  thicket  int(j 
the  slialliiw  watxT,  which  was  covered  with  lily-pads,  ami  rush 
tlir(m<ih  if.  slackiiie-  his  s[»eed,  however,  as  the  water  deepeiie(!. 
AN'lun  III'  reached  the  edge  of  the  lily-pad<.  and  the  deep  clear 
water  was  rij^lit  liefore  him,  he  stopped  short,  threw  hiL,'Ii  his 
head,  disiilavinii'  to  the  hest  advantage  his  irreat  branchiiiij-  ant- 
lers,  and  looked  hack  and  listened  at  the  yelping  of  Ins  pursuers. 
The  Indian  hail  stopped  [laddliiig,  not  a  hreatli  of  air  was  stirring, 
and  the  water  was  as  smooth  as  a  mirror,  while  the  liriglit  de- 
elining  sun  cast  the  sluule  oi.  the  tall  pines  on  slmre  far  out  upon 


■/■///.•  <  11 A  si:. 


liiii  lii'voiiil 

M'klr    WiPllld 

IS  I  n'lit  sc;i 

M.iall.       Mr 

li(i|    ;i    l:i/.y 

a  salninii  : 

rcjii-ati'dly 

tlir     llKiilc 

an    iiicli    (if 

nilcriMl  ami 

liiiW    lit"     lilt' 

,-.  Il.lia.l 
a>  I'hu'k  as 
V.  I  li'  was 
•  liiii-sl  liass 
//(.•>'.  Uaiid. 
todk  a  lisli, 
ci-i'  stnig- 

IDM     >[M  ll't     it 

I-  iiMik  time 

was  ciioiiLi.li 

iim  x'vciity- 

lini  \vc   ynt 

.Ul     iillt    Ills 

il  si\  iiK'lics 
(l.T  \\r  hail, 
Imnury  man 

('  f(ir  camp. 
I  a  |>afk  dl" 
ir  aiijirnacli- 
lakf  nearly 
thirkft  into 
Is,  and    rnsh 

■r  ilccprlH'il. 
!■  dec])  I'lrar 
cw  liiijjli  liis 
aiii'liiny  ant- 

llis   JUIVSIH'I'.S. 

was  stirring-, 
I'  liriLilit  do- 
far  cuit  n[)()n 


Id:: 


iH'f'.ivns  in   all    hi     ,„         •  r"       """''■'■''"'    "'"  .^'val  arlis,  s„„,d 
"■'l""l'-"lilnd,'is  raivlvhruk,.,,  l,v  inv; 


"'■I''-   Wiv  cMi'niics   l,rloiv   I 

"'     '■^'•:i|>''    iV.ini    wiiirh    Ik 


IICIV     S|r,||M-|,|.     ■     ;||,,|       ., 


"'    ""•  M"i''l    l;il<i'.  whciv 

"''II'-;'  iiiaii.  iiMt  divaniiip.- 

'"""""■'• 'l^'";^'-|--nsil,an  I  hn>,.  i.,.l,in,L 

'    ''"'^V"'''!    hl^    l-rih.  -In.  ,.,„„, 


''"'—''    -"•'!    hnHv  hiss,.d    uJ,      \...       '':•      ?'"' 


Iln 


;-: .■"-■-".^i:;™: ,;;;;:;,::::  •!'';,:''''V' "''"7 

;■■" '■■■"■>"""'i"-".i.  .1..  u:„.,..„.„  .iin,,K.  I,,  ,■  ,""■ 

;.'";■■'"'■"'■■;'"'■"■■—' i-ii ;.:    i,,i,r: 

hiddin-       I   aimrd    t„  s.rll-      l'       •  ,  '"'"''    ""  "■'■ ' 

•  ll-rr    (live,    as    v.m     I,.,,-         C.  ninu  i     j,i\\,         J  III. 

>;   I   I  '   '•ul...ns,...nam„skral  .liv..,  hp,ui ,|„. 

"""'   l''iil'>  '■"iisi,|,.ral.|\   uul  of   wit,.|.    uu-;,,  ,   *        I  "'.-"I' 

^'ii 1". v,.-„;oi  II,, ,,,';;,;"'' '" • 

';-'""- "i. s.. I i,i,-,,i,.ii,ii,  .  1  ,  i. i';^ 

-.>-:;::;;:::::;:;:  :;r --.,,,  .1::;;;:.;;;;::-:.;; 

■'-  '"   til.    ua\,M,   1  could  not  shoot,  I,„t  if  tho 


-ioi 


Tin:  /)/:/:/;  or  amkiuca. 


k'  •  I 


!i;r 


i^'iin  li;i(l  liccii  in  iiii('\[)crii'iicc(l  Iiaiids,  I  would  iint  liuvc  Ix-cii  in 
StocUtiiir.s  |il;icc.  nnd  I  was  impatient  with  tiic  Jndiaii  tiial  he 
would  not  .i;'i\<'  nic  a  slmt  iict'oiT  we  not  so  in'ar,  luit  I  now  saw 
if  \\i'  had  liccn  ten  yards  I'arthci-  olV  the  oaivass  would  liaAc  suid< 
out  of  I'l'aih.  When  the  tro[)hy  was  srinirc'd,  the  Indian  <^avc  a 
whoop,  such  as  only  an  Indian  can  L,dv(',  tluniuh  1  nnist  confess 
ihci-c  were  sonic  i)ra\f  attempts  to  inutatc;  it  ri^ht  then  and 
there.  At  tlu;  di'ath.  we  were  scarcely  a,  (piarter  of  a  mile  fi-oni 
tin-  landine'.  ami  in  full  hearinij;  of  the  ca.m|»,  and  it  was  a  si^ht 
worth  seeing  to  seu  our  t  wo  (•om[)ani()ns  and  the  thr,  .;  Indians, 
all  of  whom  were  in  camp  wiieii  the  shots  were  lired,  conn;  rush- 
in^'  down  to  the  beach  to  see  what  it  all  meant.  It  was  slow 
towing  the  deer  thronL;h  the  lily  pads,  which  extendeil  out  foi'  hftv 
vai'ds  or  more.  liefore  we  landed,  the  three  Indians  on  shore. 
rusheil  into  tlui  water,  seized  and  dragged  the  dei-r  to  the  Wank. 
JK;  must  have  been  a  gi'eat  warrior,  for  all  the  points  on  his 
luitlers  wei'c!  broken  off.  lie  was  a  big  {{vi'V.  and  a  Ix'autlful 
sight  as  he  lay  there  upon  tin'  gn-en  grass.  Ibit  I  have  sjiokeu 
uf  his  remarkable  si/e  in  another  and  more  appropriate  place. 

That  was  one  of  those  fortunate  but  unexpected  chances  which, 
JKJweVi'r,  often  occur,  and  which  tlu^  discreet  hunter  will  be 
always  prepared  for.  It  would  be  diilicult  to  recall  a  liner  after- 
nuuu".s  spurt,  or  one  with  mure  satisfactory  results. 


ff!  I    . 


'"trnmrnmi^ 


•  l)i'cn  ill 
1  that  li(i 
now  saw 
laAc  Slink 
n  <^a\('  a 
;t  ci'iifcss 
tlitii   ami 

llilr   tVnlU 

IS  ;i  si;j,iit 
Indians, 

line  rush- 
was  .slow 

t  Ini-  lil'ty 
on   sliMi'ti 

tl.c  liank. 

its  nil  his 
hcaiitil'iil 

,•(',  spuki'ii 
jilai-c. 

■cs  whirl), 

[■    will     lit! 

ner  alLci"- 


VEXISOX. 

^IN.-K   ,1,,.    ,,,Mlitv„f  (h.   |l,.sh    ,h.,."n.lsv,.n-nn„.h    n, ,|,.. 

;,;;;:' '^,^'^^'!'■•-'^^•■••■''^i'''■''•-'.^i,h( ,., ,',„,i.i.i 

';'''''''''''''7V''T--^''^  ••'•'•-- -llvwl,..,M|„...„,,,„i,J 

.:::,:::::;::'.!;■  '"'^'"  ^''"^"  "'-i— '-^  ^->  i-i..^  i...  nut 

Alla,n.,Ml,at,1,,.   ,l,.sh.r,h,.^  ^,„.„,,,^^,^^ 

■'"  ;"''."'•  V"».soii,    ,n    this,   thai    th,.   ,.x,..n,;,l    (,t    whi.],    i. 
pn,.,.t,.,lw„h    tl,..    n„.s,.h.   iss.,t.an,l    iv^iiiis   i,s   nni-liu   M 
;:;    '■'';;''-;'•-'  -'il:-''-in,,.n,al  fat    is^.n-hanhnk,.   ,1,..   ,a, 

^    H   sw,.,.t    aii.l    ,ui.y,    .v.n    thuii.h    nn,    i,,    ,I,„   i,„„    „,•„,,,,,.; 

;'';"'■';";""•,  '^''•''-'i-"-ys:-ri„.th.sh„nh,.M„„..is,noiv 

■      ''•    -3-;tl-  amn.al,  an,,    p,.i,,,.^^  ,„ 

J'l^l'lv    P'-..i...,.nhy..pinn...s,wh,.,h,.,-i„   „ an,,,  ...I         , 

1    .,..,. ,ni,.n,.,,n.nto,,h.  ,.,.,, in.  s,.as wh.n  th.  ll.sh 

th..   ,1    n,,,l,.s,s..ons,.],.,v,|,.i,.|iaiHl,i,.ii..i,,,,s.      Cap.ain 
ranlvha,,      "^   a  v,.,.,-  la,-,,   n.al.   M,„.,.  whi-h   .I„h„.  h 
:'•;'•    7'   '•''"'■''  "'••      -n  — ..i„„.ni.„_..C„n, Ca     ,.     •• 

'">"■'"'"'•=   l'"l"l^'<-i'intl,..  Iall,iotso.,-.„„|,|, 
t«),i--|,  and  Mack.'" 


goiMl   lllollgli  ;    SDoli    ..-rL 


,, 


"'."'"'   "'   !'"^='"".al   has  always  l.vnhi^hlv  ,..(..,., |    i 

;-'-"— vi-v  ,t  is  fo,n„l  in    X,„lh..,.„    K,.n,,.,:a,;,l    a,    ,,,.       , 


v-.-nw..lla.la,,,,.,l,..,,,...s,,,.va,i,,n,n,,,,.,,a,av|,wi,l,,,i,.kl,.,,,. 


IS    ihc   .i|ii\- 

C';;',:::j''- "' - ""- ^.". '  ,n:.:,"„:v:i,; 

-i'--'.v"i  "1."""..;  i,utti,.„.,.i.i„„f  „i„ii,„,:i,i,i„  ,,;,,^,; 


li  iv 


H  ! 


I  ■ 


^\ 


'  ?»  :  JC»^' 


JL 


400 


77//-;    /'/.7;A'    "/■   AMi:i;ii  A 


its  <'Ni'clli'iicy  wlii'ii  it  is  in  tjooil  nnJcr  in  tin'  pfnpi'i'  sc;is.>ii. 
(';i|il;iin  I '-ii'il  y.  spiMkiuL;'  <il'  tlic  Woodlinid  ( 'aiilxm,  s;i\s  ••  ilv- 
(■i'\'  |ii)iinil  (il  nii'iit  |i:iys  In'  |i;ii'l\iiin"  it  mit  iif  tlic  wmids.  lirinu-, 
ill  my  (»|iiiiiiin.  t';ii'  limT  wild  iiii'nl  ihnii  anv  ntlici'  vi'iiismi  I  iiav(? 
ta>tcd.""  (Ml  till'  hiIici'  liaiid.  Ilii'iiardsDii  sii\  s  nf  liiis  dcrr  :  "It 
is  iiiiii'li  lai'^i'f  tliaii  till'  r>aiTiii-^i'niiiid  ('ariliuii:  lias  siiialliT 
lidi'iis,  and  is  iniicli  iiil'crlur  as  an  artitdf  oi'  I'und."  lluwi'xcr. 
as  this  is  liiit  a  i'niii|iai'isiiii,  ami.  as  ■«•<•  shall  prcsi'iit  Iv  sec  In; 
speaks  ill  lii^h  Icniis  >!'  tin'  il'sh  uf  thf  snialliT  spccii's.  the  tastes 
of  t  liese  1  \\  II  iili>er\crs  niie'lil  imt  hi-  irrecdiieilalile,  at  lasi.  AI'I'T 
all.  tastes  >n  widely  dilTer.  espeeially  as    to   eaine    I'dnd.  men    mav 

We'l    (li>ai;ree   a->   tn    the  i|llalil\    111"    this   meat.         l''l'Mni   nlhel'  SKUITeS 

I  learn  that  this  \cni.--nii  i>  eenerally  very  hie'hlv  esteemed.  \ 
have  imw  hei'e  seen  a  i'iim|iai'i>i)ii  made  lietweeii  the  ilesh  nl'  imr 
('aril)nii  and  that  nl  the  [•jirujiean  lleindeer  ur  hel weeii  that  nf 
the  tame  and  the  wild   Keindeer  there. 

liiehardsdii  is  almnst  mir  mily  aiitlinrity  that  speaks  direetly 
ill  the  ipiality  i)f  the  xcnisnii  of  the  iiari'en-n'i'iaind  ('aril)ciii. 
■■The  Ilesh  111'  the  (arilnni  is  ver\'  tender,  and  its  ilavnr  when  in 
season  is.  in  my  npininii.  siiperiur  In  the  liiiest  MiiLillsh  xeiiisun; 
lait    when    the    animal    is    lean    it    is  verv  insipid:   the   dilTereiieo 


lielllLi'    iJl'calei'     liiiwei 


11    Well-led    and    lean  CarilMni  than  aii\   nil 


eaii   eniiiei\e  wlin   has   lint    had  all  nppnrtiinity  nf    iiideiiin'.       riio 
lean    meal    tills   the   stmiiaeh.  l)iit  never  satislies  t  he  appet  it  e.  and 


seal'eely   Sel'SeS 
'I'he     ll'e^h     nf     t 


tn   1-eernit    the   .streiiu'tli  when  exhausted  li\    lalmr, 


le    ninose    (leer    and 


1.1  iff 


lln.  nil    I  lie    nt  jief  iialld.   1^ 


Iniieh  when  leaii,  liiit  is  iii'ver  sn  iitterlv  tasteless  and  de\nid  of 
iiniirishineiit  as  that  nf  the  ('arilmii  in  pnnr  eniiditinii."  All  tlesli 
fmiii  pnnr  animals  has  a  lai'u'er  pmpnrtinii  '^i  water,  and  is 
i^{  pnnier  ll,i\nr,  aiid  is  less  iinii rislii lie'  (hail  frniii  fat  animals, 
evi'ii  the    mnside  ;    lint   we  nia\   lielieve    fmin    this  stateiiieiil  nf   so 


en, III    an    niiserver.    and    haxiiiL;'    siieli    almndaiit    nppnri  unit  les    i 
fnrm  an  npininii.  ihaf  tin'  Ilesh    f^i   the    I  barren- L;'rniiiid    ('arilmn 


IS 


v\ 


\ceiitinnal  iii  this  ree'ard.      \\  lietiier  tins  is  a   cniistit  iit  mnal    pe- 
iliaritv,  nr   results   frniii    peculiarity  nf   fnnd,  we   mav  imt    safely 
('ertain    it    is   that,  in    the  siiriiie'  nr  summer  time,  when,  if 


sav 


tlle\  are  like  all  the  ntlier  ileer.  they  are  III  the  |i(iiiresl  enlidltinll, 
tlie\     eel      lln     arlinlenlis     fnnil.     lieille'     dependent     elltireK'      nil      till! 

lielieiis  of  tin;  liarreti  eronnds,  only  liiidiiiL;'  tree  fnnd  in  their 
soitthern  raiii;e  in  the  fall  and  winter.  \\\\{  then  that  is  their 
jiriiieipal  fnnd  at  all  times,  and  is  e'eiierally  areredited  as  lieiiie; 
very  iiniirishiiie'.       The  ntlier  species,  Urn,  depend  very  largely  ou 


I 


I7;.\7.so.V, 


407 


[K'f     SCMSoll. 

says    '•  I-'.v- 

lillls.    lll'ill^', 

lisoii  1  liavt? 

,  .Irrr  :    ••  It 

lias    sinalli'i' 

I  Iiiwcvcr. 

lll\'  srr.  ll(! 
^.  llh'  tasti'S 
lasl.        Aft'T 

1.  iiK'ii    may 

,  lii'l'  snlirrcs 

^t^'^'llll'(l.        I 

tIl•^ll    (if    dill' 

rrll    llial    (if 

aks  (lii'cctly 
1(1  (  'arilidii. 
Vdl'  wllcll  ill 
isli  vciiisdii  : 
(•  (litTi'icnce 
liaii  any  niio 
IgillLi'.  'Hit' 
|)|)('l  itc.  and 
(■(I  li\  labiir. 
Iht  hand,  is 

(I    llc\(li(l     ol' 

••  Ail  llcsh 
ltd',  and  is 
fat  animals, 
lenient  111  so 
jrtnnities  to 
1  ('ai'ilxiii  is 
illllidlial  |ie- 
IV  iidt  safely 
me.  when,  if 
'st  cdnditidii, 
ivlv  dU  flu; 
Odd  ill  their 
that,  is  theii- 
led  as  heiiiu; 
rv  lar^clv  on 


mosses  fdr  their  siisteiinneo.  altlion-h  tlmvaiv  raivlv  if  evei' en- 
tirely dependelU  „,„,„  the,,,.  TlvAl  the  liesh  ,,f  this  ('aril,,,,,  is 
•■X'V,,tldnalIy    tender    we    must     l,e|ieve.    for  even     in    its    , v.,    e,,M. 

•''"'""  ""ll'i'i.uis  said    a! its    heine-    t(„|eh.  lait    onls    that    it    is 

tasteless  or  in>i,, id,  and  n.,t  iidnrisiiine'.  I  think  ucmnM  ;„|,nit 
thaf  when  It  ,s  i.,  ^.M.d  ednditi(,n  it  differs  from,  and  is  deeidedlv 
t^iiperidi-  td  all  dther  \cnisdii. 

*"'    ""■    ^■""'^""    "'■    '""■     I'^ll^      I    >h'Hdd     he     ahle     td   speak     imde,- 

•'^'  =  ""'"'-'>     '""''    "•■    ""■    ^vild    animals    and    thd.e    raided    1,,    ,nv 
f"7"'^-      '''I'"    '^'ll'-v    "(   'Ihs    deer.    Iha,     is.  the    internal     fat,  is 
''■"''''■'•  "'^"'  "'■•""'■  '"'>-"l'   >h(.  other  deer,  and  almd.t   a-  hard  as 
l><'''sua\  dr  stearin,..      A  temperatnre  df  im     F;dir.  >(■,.,„.  .e,,velv 
t-s,,|(e,i  the  surface  appreeiaMy.      The  external   fat   i.aUo  l.n-de'r 
'''■'"    "'•■'•    "'    "">■  "ll'-fdeer.  thd„.i,    i,     is    „,,,    „,|„,,|    .,,  ,,„.  j„. 
^'■'■"•''    '■■"•       '    'l''"l<-    hdwexer,   after   <Mrefiil    ohserval  id,,,  ihat     I 
'iiavsately  say  (hat   h,,|!,  theinte,-nal  andeMeinal  h,t  are  hankr 
'"    •'"'    ^^''''    '''11^    '1'^'"    i"    tlH'se   alwavs   e,,„hne(l    i„     i„ei,,.„,v. 
Ill-    i^ivater   activity  and    la,-er   a.nomit    ,,r   ,.„,,,ise  ul,ie|,    ,he 
wild    1-Jk    evis    may  reas,,iial,ly  explain    this   dilVcvaee.      |;„,    i,, 
'"'111  "li  — Menial  fat    issohanl    as  to    ,nake    >,,ecial     lavcan,  i,,„s 
necessary  t,.  |„v,,a,v  l|,,s  v.mison    (ny  the  tahle  ,de,-  Idaianv- 

'■''•""■."^'""'■^'•'■i'''!"'"-         K     nin-t    he.MM-Ved    hdl     ;,„d    kept    hdt.,,r 

'■'"■  ''    '''"'■'■  '"■    """■!'    ''■"   '"    il   "II-  will    tind  a,  Ihin    >,,|e  ,,f   ,he 

'"    '■■'=' I  "lU-   I  he    r(u,f    df    Ihe   n„,„,h.   uhlch    1,,    ,„.,sl    pe.Sdnsis   ^erv 

disaeiveahle,  and   (ny    which    hnl    an    indilhav,,,  cdmpe,,.al  io,,    is 
'"•""'  '"  ""■  '■''•'"■■'<   ll:ivdran(l  then„,st   nn,  ,-ii  i  ve  pi'opert  ies. 

•*''''"'^";'l.^  ''  '^  I'd,  s(,  tender  as  the  ve,,i.,„,  ,,f  ,|„.  s, nailer 
'^'■'■'■'  '""  "  '■"  """■•'  I'lili'ilidus  than  anv  dihe,-  llch  uiih  uliid,  I 
=""   ■"•M'l^ii'il.'d.      \V|,i|„    I  I,;,,,    ,„,   ,,„,,i,,|,  ,,|,|,  ,^,,1,.,,    ,,^  ^^^.^1^^. 

''"■''"'"I""''^""-   '    li:ive   hamd,    l,y  actnai    „se   ,,„    ,n,„v  a>i,,„s 

=""'  ''"''  '"•'">■  I"-!'!'',  that  al.d„|  ,„,(.  half  the  an,dnnl  ,,f  I'lk 
meat-  will  satisfy  l,,i,,^er  a,id  sustain  the  system  which  WduM  ]„. 
n'(Hiired  dt    e(„„l    h^ef. 

AllotluM-  |)eciilia,-ity  is  that  this  Is  the  nidsl  dilli,ailt  ((f  all  Id  oiv- 

serve.      'i'he   (hijienlly  ,,f   eman;.    Klk   mea,.  i.    Ursi    n,i,.n,.,i  hv 

Lewis  and   ( 'larke,  at 


Cd 


'"'II'    winter     eailip     ,,e;ii-    the    ln,,u|j|    ,,f     ihe 

"I'l'iii'ia,  liive,-.  ahdut  Christmas  i;,  1m),-,.  'n,,,,.  ,.,,._  ..,,,,,. 
|-:ik  nieat  is  sp,,ili„e.  i„  eo,,se,p,ence  ,,f  |  he  wa'rmlh  ,,f  the 
leather— I  h.ai^h  we  have  kept  a  cdnslanl  sn,..ke  nnd.a'  il." 
Ac-am.  ••  Ihe  whdie  st,,ek  ,,f  meat  l,ei„-  n.,w  cdinpleielv  spoiled 
•"11'  p-nnded  lish  hecanie  acain  (,„,■  chief  depe,„lence."  'l.;ik  was 
tl>''ii'  only  meat.     I   lost  several  hdsof  Klk  meal,  which  I  prepared 


4  OS 


77//;    J>EKi:    <.]■•  AMEHK  ,\. 


t'i'i- (lr\  ii|M- ill  ilic  saiiif  \v;iv  I  wmilil  1 f  for  tliiit  purixisc.      W'lu'ii 

iMit  iiiiii  iliiiiiMT  [licccs  it  is  [MTlVctU'  |pi'actii-;il)li'  Id  ciirr  mid  drx' 
il.  I  III-  dryiiit;'  sliould  Itc  pit'tlv  rapid  and  tliiiroii^li,  wlirii  ilic 
j)rcpanil  meat  will  I'fiiiaiii  ^wcd  fur  an  indclinitc  tiiiic  if  kept 
dry. 

'ill"   luari'dW-liciiii'S  (if  tile    V.Wi  arc    very  rii'li.  and  >cc(iiid  nnK 
t'l  tliMSi'  i.f   ihc  Msuii.  and  tin-  sanir  is  trur   of   tlic  tuii^nc. 

1  lia\i'  licTii  uiialilc  to  discDvcr  any  apprcriaMc  ilit'fcrcnfi'  in 
tin-  'pialiiy  cif  lilt!  vcnisKU  (if  (lie  Mnlc  l)i'i'r.  llic  IMack-taiJcd 
I  )i'cr.  and  I  lie  \'irL;inia  Deer.  Lew  Is  and  (Mark c  fnund  tlic  \cnisiiii 
iif  tile  ( 'iiliiniliia  l>lack-lailc(l  Deer  dry  and  liai'd,  and  (•(indciinicd 
it  as  t  lie  piMii'csi  iif  all;  Imt  il  is  evident  tliat  the  speeimens  t  liev 
pri  11-11  r.'d  iimsi  lia\  c  Ik -en  in  liad  i-midit  imi,  for  all  since  speak  (if  it 
in  fa  \  oral  lie  terms  ;  it  (-mnniaiids  as  liie-h  a  prici'  in  t  lie  markets  as 
any  111  In-r  \  (•nisiiii.  and  is  as  nuK-li  approved  Iiv  epicures,  i-'nr  my- 
self. I  iiiav  say  \vli(-never  1  have  had  an  (ippurl  unit  \'  nf  tasline-  it 
I  liav(-  alwavs  had  to  resort  to  (-ollal(-ral  evidem-e  to  (li-t(-rmin(i 
what  deer  it   was  from. 

'Ihe    \e||i>(ili    of    the    Mule    Deer     I     liave,   witll     feW    exceptions, 

only  (-ateii  in  eain|i;  and  it  ninsl  he  admitted  that  a  hard  day's 
tiamp  in  the  mountains  makes  an\  dish  that  is  r(-ally  ^ood  tasti; 
Verv  l;oim|.  and  has  a  tendency  to  destroy  that  nii-e  disi-rimiuation 
which  Would  ciialile  one  to  detiM-t  the  ilavor  of  the  nude's  hoof  in 
the  mushroom  soup,  when  the  veo'ctahle  had  liecu  (-i-ushed  by 
the  tread  'if  that  animal.  Still  I  douht  if  anv  one  i-an  distineiiish 
the  llesh  of  the  Mule  Deer  from  that  of  the  common  ^V'rv. 

Almost  i-verv  one,  in  America  at  least,  is  familiar  with  the  ven- 
ison of  tin-  \  ir^inia  Deer.  While  ;i  few  persons  (-aiinot  eat  it, 
and  otli(-r>  dislike  it,  to  say  the  least,  a  majority  of  mankind  ad- 
mire it  as  food,  and  othor.s  esteem  it  above  all  other  llesh.  It  is 
dark  colored,  is  line  gi-ained,  and  has  a  llavoi-  |)e(-nliarly  its  own. 
Wln-n  (-ooked  wiiiioiit  accessories  il  is  dryer  than  lieef,  Imt  is 
ten(l(-rer.  r,f,  ris  jittrihns.  This  venison  is  tender  and  noiirish- 
iuL;.  and  of  e'ood  Ilavor,  even  in  the  sumin(-r  time  when  the  ani- 
mal is  alwavs  poor,  though  of  course  far  inferior  to  the  luscious 
feast  aH'orded  hv  the  fat  hiick  just  at  the  commencement  of  tht^ 
rut.  wli(-ii  he  fairly  swells  out  with  new  made  fat  and  llesh, 
which  Ik-  has  taken  on  in  an  incredililv  short  time.  At  this 
time  1  think  the  Iuk-Ic  in  the  itriimt  of  life  affords  the  liest  and 
most  siilislantial  vi-nisou,  hut  at  no  lime  will  the  same  ipiantity 
nourish  the  system  as  much  as  beef  of  the  same  (piality,  and  so 
is  vastly  inferior  in  this  res[)ect  to  the  venison  of  the  VAk. 


I/;  v/.sM.v. 


•I't'.t 


't-Ni..U,..,..n.i..r,..M,„v.nn,li,s,.i..|,ll,-,v,„..      1,   i/v., '    .vnlil  - 

:;"■;■  '•>''':>'"f-  'i-^.'^" .i-^-.is,.n I. i.n. i,,:;:;  . 

-|k.;'-n,n,l,...,..lin:,,.vU,.|,,,,,n,i,,,.,,,,,,,,,,^,.|,  ; 

;:;7';r^  ;:'''-■''-'-'''■'• '--",,,.. .i,,,,.,,,!,.,..,..: 

.111(1  na\  (ir  all  tlic  tiini'. 
JVI-n.l..  In.lians,j,.,.ki,    tin.-  ..,„  i,  intn  .hi,,  s,  rips  ,.,•  si (. 

:''"-^   """'"'""'    "'••-'--l-ii'-lHnn„hlv    .l„n,:i,    I,,.,. 

;r  '''•:"=!'•'"''•=""';""    '"■"^''^    ^ •    "'^'^    'i'--    l-.n,,  nnl..s 

'■'""■;    ;'■"'    •'-'--    -.    .■x...ll..nt    sou,,.    U   ^vl,i,.h    i, ,,    ,„. 

'"'".'"''■"    '"•';">-  ''""•      '^    -   --,. 1.^.   ../..,/.  a.nli.  a    , 

v>nu,M,n>rl,  totak..  intu,|„.  u.,.n,is. 


I 


'■■111    "Illy    CMll jrctllr,.     ;|,s     t, 


Aeapiilcu  I),.,T.      'Jo  do  this  is 


'   111''   '|iialit\-  (.f  the  \(.| 


ll-'ill     h|    ill, 


iiiiiiriTssar\-. 


r  ii 


Till":    SKINS. 


t  III 


h\ 


xM 


if:' 


M3 


l'<  ti'Xl  ill'i'.  I  111'  .-skills  III'  all  llic  ilriT  iili'  alil<i'.  TlirS  ruiisi^t 
•il  .1  iiia^>  lA'  fi'lli'ij  lilircs.  ainl  an-  sul'l,  .s|llHl^•\,  ami  clastic  Iniiii 
wliii'li  tlic  i'|iiilri'iiiis  is  ca^iK'  si'iiai'ati'ii.  'I'lu'sr  |ii'ii]ii'rl  H'-^  ail- 
iiiii'alily  aila|i!  tln'iii  to  sii|t[)lv  tin-  |)lai'c  nl'  I'lutli  in  llic  I'lul  liiiiu; 
<||'  till'  iiativi's,  ami  sd  (Miistiiuir  llicir  ]iriiici|ial  material  t'nr  dros. 
'Ilii'  |ii'iiifi[ial  artii'lt'S  used  liv  lln'  Iinllaiis  in  taiiiiiiii^  llicsi'  skins 
air    liraiiis   ami    smoke,  lliniinii   (lie   latter  is   riei|iieiit  ly  i>init  teil. 

es|ierially    liV   tlle   Wi'St'TIl    tl'ilieS.        Ill     tile  mill   riillllt  ries    tile   >killS 

an-  usually  taiiiud  with  tlie  hair  mi,  wliieh  is  SDiiietiiiies  wurii 
inside,  and  sniuelimes  outside.  in  the  temperate  and  tropieal 
oliinates  the  hair  is  removed  from  the  skin  hefore  it  is  tanned, 
unless  it   is  desii^iied  lo  he  used  as  a  rolie. 

Whenever  the  skin  is  lliiek  and  heavv  it  is  chiiiiied  away  on 
the  llesli  side  till  it  is  so  rediieeij  as  (o  make  it  even  and  |ilialile, 
and  eoiiveiiieiit  fur  Use.  In  this  way  they  reject  the  weakest 
part  of  the  skill. 

TIh!  skill  of  the  Moost"  is  thick  and  heavy,  and  alwavs  re- 
qiiin^s  to  be  reduced  lo  lit  it  for  use  as  clothini;',  or  even  for 
rohes.  ^\  It  lioun'h  coaise-L;'rained  it  is  stroiie'  and  serviceable. 
Here  is  wliiit  Kichardson  savs,  speakini;'  of  the.  Moose  Deer: 
''Their  skins,  when  properly  dressed,  make  ;i  soft,  thick,  pliable 
leather,  cxcellentlv  adapted  for  moccasins,  or  other  articles  of 
winter  clothiiie'.  The  I  )oL;-ril»s  excel  in  the  art  of  dressing  the 
skins,  which  is  done  in  the  following'  manner  :  Thev  are  first 
s<.'niped  to  an  eipial  thickness  tliroue'hoiit.  and  the  hair  taken  olV 
l)y  a  scrujier  maile  of  the  shin-bono  of  the  deer,  split  longitu- 
dinally ;  they  are  then  repi-atedlv  moistened  and  rul)lieil.  after 
being'  smeared  with  the  brains  of  tin;  animal  until  tht'y  acipilre 
;i  Soft,  spongy  feel  ;  and,  lasdy,  they  are  sns])ended  over  a  lire, 
made  of  rotten  wood,  until  they  are  well  impregnated  with  the 
smoke.     This  last  mentioned  process  imparts  a   peculiar  odor  to 

the  leather,  aiid  hus  1 1 IVect  of  i)reventing  it  from  becoming  so 

hard,  aftt'r  being  wet,  as  it  would  otherwise  (h).""  In  fact,  this 
describes  the  mode  of  tiinniiig  the  skins  of  all  the  deer,  b\  the 
diU'erent  Indian  tribes,  who  de|ieud  so  hu'gely  upon  them  for 
tlie-ir  clothing,  except  that  the  hair  is  freipieully  allowed   to  rt;- 


Tin:  >h/.\s. 


411 


V  consist 

[if.  IViim 

Itii's    ;i(l- 

rliitllilin 

III'    (ll'OS. 

CSC  slv'ms 
uinil  Icil. 
tlic  ^kliis 
ics  wnni 
t  ninic;il 
s  tiuiiicil, 

;i\v;iy  nil 
il  |ili;il)lc, 
;  wciikcst 

I  WHYS  vc- 

CVCll     fill' 

rviccablc. 
sc  I)i'cr  : 
k.  pl'uil'lc 
rticlc.s  of 
'ssiiic'  tlic 
,•  ;\yr    lirst 

taken  olV 
t  loiic-iiii- 
licil,  after 
'V  acnulre 
,(M'  a   lire, 

with  tlic 
ir  odor  to 
•oiiiing'  so 

fact,  tills 
•cr,  1)_\  the 

tlieiu  for 
veil   to  re- 


I'l.'iin,  especially  o„  H,,.  .kins  ,,f  il„.  rcii„|,...r.  '1"!,..  ,,i,mc  anil„,r 
says,  wjirii  (ivaliii-,.f  tlic  iiancn-erniin.l  Ciiril.nn:  ••Tip.  Iii,|,. 
'li'''sse,|  nil!,  ,|„.  f,„.  is.  ;,s  lus  I n  alrea.lv  mciiiioncl.  cx, ■,■!!, .nt 

'"'■    '''"'"'•     '■'""li"-C,    :M1.|      Sll|,,,li,..     ||„.    |,1;m.',.   uf     l„,l|,    l,|;,,,kcl     ;,,m| 

I''"''"''-'""''  '"  I'"'  inlial.itaiil,  (,|  il,,.  .\ivtic  uil,U.  Wl„.„  ,,,1,. 
■!''''''■'''"''"'  I'l''"'''^^ '''■^•■lil'c.l  in  Ilic  arlicl,.  ,,n  ll,..  M,,,,,,.  |),.,.r 
''    '''"'"'^^    ='    ■•^"'''    '""I    I'li.il'l"   leather,  ;,.|;,,,t,,l    f, ,,  „i,Mvasins  ami 

""" '■  '•'"•I'iiiL^-.  or,  wic.n   sixiy  ,,r   sevcniv   ..kins   arc  scu..,l   |,,- 

,^e||„.r.  th.-y  make  ;,    tent    Mitliriml    f,,r   the   ivsi.lrn. f  a    hii-c 

h'inily."  -  'I'll,.  niMivssc.l  hi,|,..  ,.,ft,.,.  ,|„.  |,,,i,.  is  |;,k,ii  nlT.  i,  ,.nt 
"ilo  thon-s  ,,f  various  t  Iii,.kii..>s,  uhirh  aiv  luis|..,|  i,,i,,  .1,.,,,. 
snares,  how-sti  in-s,  nc(-|in,.s,  ami.  in  fac.t.  siippK  ;i||  i|„.  ,,„,.- 
poses  ,,f  rup,..  'I'll,,  liner  lliMi^.  ;,,...  us,.,|  j,,  il,,.  inaniilad ,,,  v  ,,f 
tishinu'-nris,  nr  in  niakin- simw-shnrs  ;  while  the  tciMlnns  ,,|  H,,. 
dorsal  iiiiis..l,.s  aiv  split   inl,.  line  and  .■xcHmr  scu  in.-i  |,,,,;„|;- 

.   ''''"•  l""-li""  "'■   Ihcskin  of   ih,.    M,„,s,.    innst    prl/cF  \\,y   i .,.a- 

smsislhat  ahoiil  thclc.k,  whi.-li  is  p,.,.l..d  .luwn  witlioiif  hcine' 
<Mitop,.n,  is  prop,.,.|y  laniH.d  with  ih,.  hair  ,,n.an<l  sc\v,.d  up  a"t 
the  lower  . .11.1.  and  is  haiiid  tul„.  w..||  shap.'d  l.v  nalii.v  Im-  il,,. 
''""'•  '•''"'  -^1^''^  '■'•'""  >l'"  l-U'  i^  lii'nier.  aii.l  is  nioiv  iii,p..,N  ious  |,, 
'.'"'  ^^■""'    "'••'"    'I'^'l    "I'   111"    1-dy.  aii.l    Ih,.    Iiairtl,..rei.  .hori,.,-, 

'■'■""■'' 1  'iioiv.  cndiirin-'  than  on  oih,.!-  jiarts. 

'I'h.-  skin  .,f  th.'  \\-apiti  I)....r  is  l,.s.s  i,.iia..i.nis  an. I  I..ss  ..ii.hnin..- 
tli'i'i  that  n\-  any  ..tli..r  ..f  the  sp,.,.i,.s.  'I'his  fact  was  ,lis,.,,v..iv,l  |,v 
I.cwis  an.l  Clark.-,  nm.'li  t..  lli..ir  ,.,,st.  'i-o  ....v.-r  lli..ir  ir.ui-l  iMni..d 
hoat  al...v.'  th.'  falls  ..f  th,.  .Missuiiri.  tliev  s..|,.<.|,.d  KIk  skins  in 
pivf.'ivn..'  t..  the  skins  .,f  ih,.  iMiflalo.  (...-ans..  ih..v  snppu...d 
th.'y  w.'iv  'Mii..re  str.me-an.l  .lural.l.".-  l.nt   wli..n   it   was   t,,,,   lai,. 

they  dis,.,.v..|v<l  their  urr.ir,  an.l  th..  Iniat  ha.l  to  1...  al.aiid I. 

Hnl    my  own  experiments  have  !„..•„  .■..ii..lusi ve  a.  to  ih,.  ,.,,in- 

parativ.-  w.-rthlessn.'ss  .>f   the  skin  .,f   th..  KIk.      1    Iv.iw  ha.l  th,.ni 

ta,niie.l  l.y  vari.uis  pro....ss..s  an.l  int.,  vari.uis  kin. Is  .,f  |,.atli..r.      J 

had  a  prime  hiiuk  skin  taiin...l  ini.)  ham. -ss  l..atli..r.      k  was  soft 

ami  jiliahl.-,  hut  ha.l  very  little  stl•..n^•th  ami  ..n.liiran....      Ilii.J,. 

inexstraps    niad.^    fnuii    it    seined    v.'i-y    ni.....    hut    their    t..iisil,. 

streiie'th    was    v(.ry    |,,w.   iin.l    tli..y    a.'ti'ially    w.uv   oiii    hv   a    iVw 

\v.-..ks'  use.      Sev.'ral   skins   fr,. iii   y.Hiiie-   Klk  |,.ss  than  a  \..ar  .,|.|, 

taniu'd    int..  sli,,e   l.-ath.-r.  app,.ar   all    that   .-.miI.I    h,.   ,l..s;n.,l    f,,,- 

sho.'s  ,M-  s<,ft  l)o..ts,  hut  th.^y  have  so  littl."  str.-nmh  that   tli.'v  ..an 

1»'-  t'H'ii  in  two  hy  the  liamis   like  a  pi,..v  ,,f   mu.lin,  whil.-    \    liu.l 

Mil  th.'  skins  ..f   Ih,.  other  sp,.,.i,.s  of  d.Htr  wlih^h  I  liav.,.  in  .•.mliii,- 

Hiciit.   taiin.Ml   in    the  same   way,  as  struiiu-  as  if  tann.j,l   hv   th 


ne 


lii 


'1 


1 1 


412 


77//;  /'/;/;/,'  or  .\mi:i:i(  .\. 


Iinliaii  [(I'lH'i's^.  mill  tlTn,  Imi,  wIh'Ii  IIh'  skins  ni'i'  Iimiii  iiniiiiiils  nl' 
iill  iin'i's.  I'lvni  till'  skins  i>\'  t Imsc  wliii'li  ilicil  in  the  ^;rniinils, 
inul  MTV  |iiH)i'.  all  liKiij^li  \t'i'\  tliiii  ami  lij^lil,  arc  as  sIimum'  ii-,  |i|ii- 
jinrliiiii  to  ilicir  tliickiii'ss  as  tlinsc  IVnm  animals  in  prime  vnw- 
(iitiiin.aml  pnivc  wnndt'i'fuliv  ciidurinL;'  wlirii  wni'ii  as  slijipcrs. 
Tlic  ^raiii  lakes  a  euixl  polisli.  tliuue'li  il  is  easily  liruken  l>y 
vmieji  usae'e.  'I'liis  sjiiiws  llial  tlie  mmje  uf  tannine'  ilid  nut  ile- 
sti'ii\   the  |enaeii\-  or  diiraliilit  v  ol'   tlie  I-"Jk  skins. 

I  liase  liad  manv  \'AU  skins  tanned  \\i\-  mlies.  \\  jien  llie  skin 
jii'(i\cs  siillieienlly  emlurine  to  wear  (ml  tin-  hair,  which  is  mi 
fraeile  that  it  is  sdon  woi'n  olV  if  nsed  as  eiisliiinis  or  lieds,  thnneji 

(he   Ulldel'-I'ui'   still  remains.        liut    the  |i>SS  nt"    the  ends  III'  the   \n\^^_f 

liair  e'ivi'S  it  an  nnsieiitiv  a|i|H>arance.  and  it  liecmnes  (if  liltht 
value.  If  used  carefidlv  as  a  la[i  in\n\  ttv  covcrine'.  it  einhires 
fur  a  ImiLi,'  time,  and  is  verv  warm  and  cumfni'taMe,  tlmneli  if 
the  animal  was  in  full  winter  cnat,  the  Imrih'n  nf  hair  is  so 
]iea\\   as  Id  make  its  use  rather  ineimvenient. 

What  has  lieen  alread\-  said  snlIi<Menl  ly  explairs  the  \ahie  and 
the  uses  (if  tlie  skills  (if  tile  enmniiiU  deer,  the  lUllle  deer,  and 
the  ('ulumliia  deer.  These  arc  iiidistiiinuishalile  when  taiine(l  in 
any  kiidwn  nidde.  The  s]<ins  of  all  our  deer,  then,  when  pmp- 
crly  tanned,  make  line,  suft,  and  eiiduriiiL;  leather,  I'xeep.t  that  of 
the  l--ll\,  which,  thdiie'h  pliahle.  is  cdiiiparatively  of  little  value 
where  streiiuth  and  endurance  are  desirahle.  It  would  he  inter- 
estiiie'  to  know  whether  the  skin  of  the  red  deer  of  I^iii'o|»e.  an 
animal  which  possesses  all  the  other  pc'culiarities  of  \\'aj)iti,  re- 
seiiihles  it  ill  this  particular  also. 

It  is  no  douht  remarkid)le  (hat  this  e\-e(>ptional  ipiality  of 
the  I'-lk  skin  has  lieeii  so  rarelv  alluded  to  l>y  those  who  have 
had  e\tensiv(!  opporl  unities  to  ol)serv(!  it.  It  must  be  well 
known   amoiie'  th(>    iudi   ns  and   the   fur  traders,  and   yet    I    iiiid 

them  iio\\her )mi>laic,inn-  that  the  I'dk  skin  is  valueless,  thoun'h 

I  nowhere  learn  that  it  is  purchased  by  tlie  trath'rs  lik(3  the  skins 
of  the  other  deer,  l^veu  Richardson,  who  so  rarely  overlooks 
aiuihiiie-  (if  interest,  makes  no  mention  of  it.  (lioue'h  he  says  the 
skill  of  the  aiitelop(^  is  considered  nearly  valmdess  by  tlu^  Indians 
and  Iraders,  and  yet  a  stiino'  cut  from  tin;  skin  of  ihe  I'^lk 
iiftet'ii  times  as  heavy  as  that  cut  from  the  antelope  skin,  is  not 
as  stroiie-,  and  probably  would  not  have  ;i  hnndreiUh  [tart  the 
endurance  when  used  as  a,  string  about  a  pack-saddle,  for  iii- 
stiuiee. 


ihi  1 


A  I'l'KX  Di  X 


A  I  \]\r  la-t  iiioinirii.  f  ; 


""  '-ii.-il'N'.l  In  |,ivM.|,t    in  ||,i,   |;,| 


'■"V.-s   .•\,-milll;ilinIi   ainl   .IrMTipi  inn   ,,| 


I'll!  liic  i;,ii,,u- 

liinii' 
I'.'''"'"'    ''■  iiii|'"i-i:.ni  t;i,i,  in  ill,.  |,.\,.      .M|,'m,,'' 


•f    -N.nmal  s,,,n,.,,  H.ii,;,,.  x.  S.     \,„i|  ■.    |>--     i       , 


''"■  '■:^'    '"    'll''   l"'''k   nrih,.  Ciiil,,,, 


•  <r- 


li'-i   .n,.„tinn..l    l,v   llnlrjiin.    .,n,l    In  ■  ■ ■"' '" 

'^ '.'i^' :;i:i: :: !:. 'ni:^  --- 

waiiliiii.-   in   il„.   u-.,,,;,;   .1 ■.-,  •  .        '  ''     '  '''"'   '"'""'   'ii"'" 


"".-    '"    ""■    "■■M'i'i   '!'■'  r.      'l-lns    1,,,,, 


-^-'••-''^'-s.l.:.Ml.,.v..i.in    i'     ,:        ''••'"'•'•';"— '-I- 
gIan.lnlarnu.,nl,,.ix|,..,.nliart„ilH.  CVrvi.l,.  '  ' 

"'" ■■•'"■•-"^.1  s„v. ■■ ,,;:;;":;;i':,,;:;r;;;;:™ -■■ 

.l/A-V/v/r/  ,)/■„/'„,„.,.    ,.,,,,/     |,,,.,7'i     Is;--    /    ,■        ,,       , 

r.-.^!'s-'r;::s:,:;:;;::;:;!',:i:;::;;l  ..... 

:viti. ii.u. „...„ ,.,i.,  „„„, ,,„,.,,  Jl;;,,  ::;;,;;::;;•  .::;"■?'"',!;"'■'' 

is  an  u,,..ni„^  throw  J,   ,1,.    .kin,  nrar    ,1,,.    lu.a  I        ,  ■  "'"'■" 


!  ;i 


111 


'j'/'i:.\i)/\. 


mill.  (':ini|HT  foiiml  ;i  irii'iiiliraiinii--  civl  (Jii  ilic  uriii'.lccr  iilHi\c  llic  lliyroiil 
carlilii'^c.  ;iiiil  (i|M-iiiii'^  iiilii  llif  l:irviix,  lull  I  li;ivi'  im-l  wiili  iid  M'Tiiiiiit  n\  a 
i\-\  M'illi  a  duct  (i|ifiiiiiL;  I'Mcnuillv  lil;c  llial  <U'~crilii'il  li_v  Mr.  I  liilcliiii-.  aiul. 
iiiitdrliinatclv.  I  was  nut  aware  (it  lii~  rciiiaik-  milil  ilir  nirinis  ol  a~(  crl.iiniii'i 
wl'iiiiri-  Mirli  a  .'ac  <'\i-ls  ill  llir  I  i.ii '"vi-.;!'!  iiiiid  Cariliuii  were  lic\(iri(l  iii\ 
ivacli." 

.Mr.  IMiiiTdW  liiid  -rNcral  liiiii's  lunkcd  Wir  \\ir  cyst  williunt  success,  liiil  always 
fuT'^ol  i(,  (III  >(i  liir  ilic  s.ic;  and.  in  order  Id  (ilil.iiii  shhk.  iiilMrinalion  mi  Imlli 
]  Klin  Is.  lie  went  1(1  I  lie  w  (Mills  in  l)eceiiilier  last ,  and  siicceeiled  ill  killiii'i  a  lai'iic 
liiick.  llie  re^iilf  III  ilie  cNaiiiiiiai  i( ill  of  wliicli.  anil  di^^eciidn  df  (illii-rs.  male 
and  Icmale.  iiia('e  since,  lie  woiiM  place  lieldic  llic  lii-lilnle.  Itiil  lirsi,  he 
llmiiulii  it  iicce-sary  Id  j^ive  ('aiii|iei"s  ilescii|ilion  u(  the  ineiiiliranou-  -ac  li'Hii 
;;  l!t  indeer  "  Idiir  ye.-ir^  did."  '"anijicr  >ays.'  '•  tliat  as  lie  did  imt  kimw  the 
lieiiideiT.  and  as  the  im]iciicct  accdiinl  wMcli  \'alclityii  L:a\e  of  Siciiniis's  dis- 
seciion  in  lii7L'.  did  mil  i^ive  liiiii  iimcli  liiilu,  lie  was  l'drce(l  to  jirdcccd  wiili 
caiilidii  ((laie,  .Iiiiie,  1771  ).  lie  had  (il'len  (i!i-cr\('(l  in  the  Imcks.  that  when 
tlie-e  animals  swalldwed.  all  llie  larynx  ni-e  ami  tell  in  a  |ieciiliar  m.iiiner,  and 
Seen  led  Id  iii(licale  siiincl  liiiii  sin  ■pillar  in  I  hi-  jiarl.  lie  then  renidved  the  skin 
dl'  llie  neck  willi  iiillch  care.  The  milscles  hcin'.:-  raided  in  the  same  \va\-.  lie 
t'diind  a  nieiiihraiiiiii-  -ac.  which  had  it-  d|-iL;iii  lielweei.  the  os  hyiiido  and  the 
ihyi'diil  cai'liLiL:!'.  I  le  llieii  di-cii\c)'i(l  two  muscles,  wdiich  lake  their  dri'.:iii  Irniii 
the  Id  wer  part  (il  the  os  livdidcs.  cxaellv  where  the  lia-e  (jt  I  he  (is  lii  .iniliiriii  and 
the  Cdi'iiiia  11. ret.  'I'liese  iiin-cjes  Were  llat  and  thin  al  llieir  liei^iiiniiiLr,  Imt 
widened  Id  ward-  iheir  iiim  linn  wiih  the  <ac.  and  certainly  serve(l  In  -ii|i|idii  it 
i)s  Well  as  to  ex|iel  the  air  iVoiii  it  a  I  the  w  ill  ( it'  llie  animal.  .Mter  lie  had  d|iened 
the  (i'Sd[ilia<;iis  t'roiii  hi  hind,  he  i'oimd  under  tlie  liase  ot  the  e|)iL:l(illis  a  lar,:e 
drilice  which  adniitlcd  ids  lirvier  very  easily.  Tin-  iirilice  spread,  and  t'nrmed 
a  inemiii'.iiious  canal.  \\lii(di  passed  helweeii  the  two  muscles  already  men- 
tidiied.  lerminalinLi  in  the  meiiiliramnis  .sac.  ('()iisc([ueiilly  the  air  driven  from 
the  hiiiLis  iiitd  the  larynx  tell  intn  this  sac  ami  neee.ssarily  caused  a  consid- 
eralile  swidliri^." 

Mr.  .Mori'dw  said  that  when  he  shdt  the  luick  alluded  tn,  he  had  imI  seen  the 
aecdunl  liy  Camper  ol'  l  he  sac,  and  his  s] ice i men  is  mil  theret'dre  sd  perl'eet  as  it 
mi;;ht  olherwi-e  lia\c  lieen.  llxamiiiiiiji  the  outside  of  the  throat  ot  the  animal 
the  cyst  of  Mr.  lliiu  hiiis.  with  '•  an  opeiiiiej.  throm.:li  the  skin."  does  not  exist ; 
lull  iiniiie(liately  iiikIci'  the  skin,  there  was  a  roiiiidish  suh-tiiaiiL;ular  ey.st  or 
valvu  of  cellular  inemliram;  of  the  '•  hiiiie-s  of  a  crown  piece,"'  and  on  cntliiiij 
through  the  celiuhtr  luemlirane,  this  ••  valve  "  is  t'ouml  to  he  a  ido-cd  sac  hav- 
ing; a  iieculiar  liniiiL'  ineiuhraiu',  ami  clusidy  paidvcd  with  what:  may  lie  called 
loose  hairs  of  a  llaxtui  color,  ill  a  <  oiisideralile  (piaiitiiy  of  sehaceous  nia'ler; 
at  tlie  same  lime,  however,  the  linini:  memhraiie  is  covered  hy  hair.sof  th'-  same 
((ualily  i^'rdwin'.i  from  ami  rather  lii;hlly  attacheil  to  it.  CJamper  in  !;is  account 
has  descrilied  this  valve  as  if  il  were  th,'  sac,  and  his  drawing;  jvives  only  the 
valve,  which  the  larynx  e.xhihited  hy  Mr.  ^hirrmv  jilainly  shows.  T"he  niu.'cles 
which  Calliper  (lescrihe.s  as  conneetiiiir  the  sac  with  the  os  hyoides,  in  Mr. 
Mdirow's  speeiinen  do  mil  exist,  luit  their  representatives  are  jirohahly  the 
inus(des  found  in  the  laryn.\  of  the  yduiej;  hmk  hy  Dr.  .'^oininei':),  as  will  later 
appear.     T"he  valve  is  eonneeted  with   the  omo-hyoid  musid'js  as  they  pass  to- 

1  Camper,  \()1.  i.,  chap,  vi.,  ]i;i;;c  .'i-is,  I'nris,  l^iO'l,  where  retoroiicc  is  made  hy  let- 
ters to  a  plate,  which  cannot  hu  done  here. 


$■ 


K1 


I 


M'i'i:.\i)i.\. 


41.-. 


lie  iliyruiil 
i'diint  lit  a 
liiii-,  ami. 
-(  crlaiiiiii'i 
licvDi'iil   my 

hut  always 

111     utl     liillll 

Vuvs  :i  laivc 
itlii-fs,  male 

illl     lil'Sl,   111' 

II-  >\\r  tVum 
t  kmiw  the 
■iiiiii>'s  iii>- 
oct'i'il  with 
,  tliat  wlii'ii 
aiiiicr,  ami 
(■(1  till-  >kiii 
mr  wa\',  ill.' 
ilrs  ami  till' 
oriLiiii  I  rum 
miliii'iii  ami 
;lllliill;i.  lillt 
I)  siippiiri  il 
liail  ii[irm'il 
ilti>  a  lai'ui' 
aiiil  liiriiiril 
rcaily  mcii- 
(Ifivcii  ffimi 
il   a  I'liiisiil- 

iiiit  seen  tlif 
licrtVct  as  it 
f  till'  animal 
.>s  not  exist ; 
liar  (')>t  111" 
I  on  rutting 
I'd  sac  liav- 
,y  1)1'  callud 
Ills  lua'tcr  : 
III'  til"  sami- 
l.is  accoiiiil 
I's  only  I  he 
riie  mil. clcs 
lies,  in  Mr. 
iroliahly  the 
lis  will  lator 
ley  [lass  to- 

iiuiJc  hv  iit- 


wanUihiir  iii.,.,ii,in   in   thr   liv,,i,l  l„,m'.      '!'!„■  viK,.  wl,l,.l,  r ,,  i 

'":;;">-"-":"-'  - ' -< .in. :t:!:l'^Tz:;:z 

:"'r^";"7      "-"-""-"  —  Ho,    til,,   tnii.   .11.    .„., ml!.,, 

'fr'; :,'--^-— lin.l„n.it,„lina!ly,„„„,I„.l,.„i,i, .  •  ,    |„     : 

"""■"'>'•""'  -■'i'^'^-'  V  lM,m,hi.,.i,mav..x„.,„,-, .,„„„,,,,' 

l-H-MMal..o,  the -,,..,.i,H,.nal,.|.ailv,,,..n,i,,,,.,,|/,,..  ,,,.,,,,,,;,,,'•;    ''•'''    """ 
""■-•"'■  —  ''■  -IVall  i.  :in  oi-^ f    .„:.,..      TL  ,.  '':T'"' 

"""^  '"^^""•'  '-^"-      '^'l" ----■'Mlii.  larynx  a,.|.  a-  lull,  J.!L 


i.i-nuth  iif  larynx  from  ha-..  ,,f  ,.|,iul,,ttis  tu  l,av  „|  iIm  ,-,, 

f.-iriihiui'   .... 
('iriiiintrrciiri'  iii'  Jai'vux 
ln>iili.  (lianii'trr  oi'  larvnx 

'I'lira::.'  Ml'  thrrrimirrrwliirii  Camiirr  <li-. ,.,■(,., 1.  1„. 
I"'t  •■  il  hail  not  aliaini'il  its  tnll  orowtli."     It 


"••'  imlii'^. 
"11  illclirs. 
"■■-'     iiiihi's. 


"- - '"".'- .1..V..1.. Ti,,. ,,.. ,,,.-,','„::.,;'';::';■;;: \:r"- ■'•"' •'■■'■'•■ 

.Mr.  .M.i.-n.w  siiil  thai  Im  had   mail,.  ,.vrrv  rxriti,,,.  tu  ,,la  ,1,,    , 

'"■" -; .1". i^"...-». r,. ,„, I..!.,,,::,:,:  :;:'■'  ':;:,ir;:::;. 

.' '   ''."■  ""  |i"l   .11  ill-  'li.,,M.,,|   |„   Mr.  T.  .1.  ,:..,„,    .,,,,1  ,|i.  ,.,.,    ;  ,.  ' 

I.'.     Mr.   Morrow   iravc  an   a, nt  of    ih,.   ,li-M.,-io„  ,,f  ,l„.       ,1  '■",• 

'^"7 ';■'-";:■"- "M.,..  s ,... n-f:.::::;!;:'';;,;  ;;.:,:'■:;;; 
"■7''"-'     '"'■"•- ---l-'-'inanim,.a,,i,.,.Ma,i.:itw,7,|    :      ,         ;': 

.v.o,,..,lw,t     ,!m.rowthof.lma, :d :  llm  m,.,.l..- wi-r.  ,„„    i,  '       , 

■'''-''-;'•'---■'-,.  a,,,,an.,i,ly  f,.,,„.   Hm  1,,,..  of  ,1a.  .,i,,|,.,,.    ,7^^ 

"''"•  '"'"l'''^-  • '''''''■''-^'•''tl''-l---n'i.l"nid..anamlan;.i,,,.,.,,  ; 

'•;;•.   .nus,.h.s.   arc  .wu  hands  of   mi,<nilar  lilnv-   pa-Mmi    ov^r  m,    'l     "  " 

"■" •■'^^■•:•^•r'>^''•b■-n,dd,.v,.,o,,anllfln.nl^hc.;l;::    :^^^^^^^^ 

r^'' ;■"■'-"'"    '•>-'''---"---cx,..m,in.  f.„..ard-,h  •,: 

'"■  "I'Pn-  and   iiun.r  i  H,,.  „f  ,1„.  hyoid  l,„nc.      TIicm'  111,,.,.,  h-ivo   m,  ., 

al-l    .1.^  SI...  .,   a  Miiall  horsi-la'an)   was  h ,   ,..:„n-i.    naJlv  i'J 

.ss:ii.   vitli  a  n  odcr.tc  prop„r,i,„.  „r  ,,an,ilar  ....Ps.      Thi.  |„„K.  wliiH.  w       . 

'"-■l-:dv..wasaI.scn,in,hcdocandvc,.yr„i ncarv  in  th.    f,.  ' 

,     <-"!'-•  ;-'"-—t-l,at, he   fcniaic  n.iml......  is  wi  n.HH   ihi-  „,....       i" 

lam.x.and....thatitisno,   ptvscntinthi.  „..'     .  .'W  dcr.  am     .  .  , 

specimen  exhioited  it  was  s.'cn  that  it  was  n„t  in  ,|,..  Vi,..i„i,  deer 


a 
h 
ati 


MMde  „t   ,h..  hoek  oflhe  ('a,.il,„„  ,h.  re  is  a  pateh  of  hair  ..f  a  li.,hter  eo'i.r 

nds.i,pha,    .m,..r,i,an  thai  which., ,ve:s  the  skin  in   its  it. ,•      ! 

»'""-'•  and  the  skin   inidcr  thi.  pal.h  is  slightly  thicker  than   thai  in,     ^ 
tely  around  ,..    This  spot  is  u.ially  called  a  -  glan.l.-'    It  i.  ciu..,      ' 
ar,en.e„.ofthehairlol,icles.l.as,.^ 

>•       t      glaiHl         I,.,  n.attcr  -.roducing    this  scent  is  e„,i,.,.lv  dlflerent  f-., 

1  at  .,,.  ai,i..d  in  the  liih  .;  it  appears  ,.,  ....  .  „i,,,,  ,.,,„;,;  .,,  ^.,     '  ;- 

«alt  lo.  a  long  tune  .iter  tUe  rest  of  ihe  .kin  Las  becuine  saturated ;  when  dry 


416 


A/'/'i:.\i>/.\. 


■; » 


R0, 

11 


II 


I' IK' 


* 


,M 


■•i 


h: 


i;' 


I  I 


it  cipHciTS  nil  lllc  Mi|t~i.|c  (if  tllr  ;>kill  ill  tln'  form  I'f  \iTV  'lllilll  -imIc-.  -Ilrli  ;h 
wiiiilij  lie  Irt'l  liy  ininiili'  |iiii'l  inn- (if  v:iriii-ii.  Altlioir.'li  Mi'.  M'TViw  ijiil  iidt 
sec  the  animal  i\~f  tlii-;  s(i  callcil  •■  'jiaii'l."  vit  iii-  Iii'liaii  liiiiitcr  saw  a  iIim' 
CaiilKiii  use  it  in  ilii<  way:  wlicii  >iu'  iiaij  lini-lnil  iiriiiaiiii'^  (-in-  xjiial- 
ill  ilic  act  aliiKiM  iwacily  !ii\c  a  sliic|i)  -lie  riilili.il  tln--c  •_'laiiilrt  inLictluT, 
ii'aviii'^'  true  >i,'('iit  licliiiii!  Ik  r  \'nv  a  >iiort  d'-tan-i-.  \Vlii'n  i  r-cpiii:;  modse 
(ir  Carilirin.  lliis  >(■(  iil  llnatin.:  in  liic  air  liii'l  nt'ii-n  lui  n  with  liim  ii  siili- 
jcct  (if  ini|iiiry,  ami  he  ]\:v\  \cry  little  dnnlit  liiit  tliat  tlii-  was  at  li-a-l  one 
way  in  wliich  thc^e  '^lainls  are  ii-cii.  anil  in  (■"iiliriiiati'Hi  he  iiieiitiniied  iliat 
the  (lo-s.  at  (ine  lime  (i|ieiily  iim-i|  tnr  iinntinu  iikki-c  iliil  net  ot'teii  take  the 
scent  (if  that  animal  fi'um  tlie  mhiw.  Imt  liy  -taiidiiei  ii]inii  their  liiiid  Icl'-  as 
if  il  hail  lieeii  rulilnij  frmn  ejanils  as  de-iiilieil.  'I  he  |)('iiit  was  merely  men- 
tinned  in  tile  hope  that  -nine  Lieiilleman  |a'e-i'iil  would  !"•  alile  tn  ilnnw  -nine 
li'_dil  ii|inii  it.  or  kee|i  it  in  mind  when  an  (i]i|initiiiiit v  niVered  fnr  n!i-''rvation, 
(•(iiifninainry  or  nllierwise. 

.\  lillle  fiirllier  dnwii  the  Ic'i,  nil  the  niit-iih'  at  tlie  liair  parliii^.  lie  -hiiwe(l 
the  ••  iiie!alar-al  'jiand,"'  wliieli  had  lieeii  Innkeil  fnr  diiriie.'' ;i  loiivr  |ieri(id  hv 
l)r.  (iilpin.  Ml-.  'I'.  .] .  Iv^aii.  and  liiiii-elf  in  aii-wer  tn  an  iiniiiiry  frnm  ijie  Hnii- 
oralile  .Iiid.;''  (ainii.  'I'iii-  was  the  lii'st  lliey  liad  ever  -eeii.  and  may  prnlial.ly 
lie  taken  a-  a  mark  nf  adull  a-e.  Il  was  afterwanN  fnimil  in  the  old  dni'.  lint 
II, it  -n  |ierfeeil_\  iiiai'keil.  jin^-ilily  lieeau-e  the  dne  wa-  killed  ill  Fehrnary,  the 
liiick  in  Deeenilier. 

Atleiilioii  was  al-o  drawn  tn  the  tiilie<  in  the  feet  of  the  ('arilMiii.  which  first 
altracte(l  the  iintice  nf  Dr.  (iilpin  fmm  iininiries  made  hy  Jiidje  ("ainii.  Dr. 
(iilpin  as  well  as  nlliers  tlioiiuht  that  they  were  niilv  tn  I.e  fniiiid  in  the  hind 
feet,  and  the  discovery  of  them  in  the  fnre  feet  of  the  Carilmii  i-  due  eiitindy 
to  Dr.  .^nmmers. 

Camper  say-;,  speakiiiix  of  these  tidies:  "  In  additinii  to  the  peeiiliariiies  of 
the  reindeer  nf  which  I  have  jn-t  spoken.  I  ha\c  di-( nvered  he-ide-  -oiiicthiii'j; 
very  siiiuiilar  in  the  hind  feel  nf  this  animal,  that  i-  tn  -a\.  a  (hep  -heath  lie- 
tweeii  the  skin  at  the  jilace  where  the  dew  (laws  are  united  tnuether.  of  the 
si/e  of  the  harrel  of  a  (piill.  riiniiiii'j:  (lee]ily  a-  far  as  the  point  where  ilie  dew- 
claws  are  articulated  with  the  hone  <>(  the  metatar-ii-.  The-e  sheaths  were 
filled  internally  with  Ioiil;'  hairs,  iuid  '  yellow  olea'^iiinus  m:itter  jiroceeded 
from  them,  the  odor  of  wlii(di  was  not  \ery  aiireeahle.  I  have  not  I'niind  these 
sheaths  ill  the  fore  feet.  Il  was  not  pos-ihle  for  tlle  tn  ili-cover  the  n-e  of 
llieiii,  inasiiiiieh  ;is  the  heat  of  the  siitiinier  ohliniMl  me  to  remove  the  llesh  from 
the  skeleton."  Atid  further  on  !.  ■  -av-.  that  in  another  reindeer  he  loi.iid  no 
tnlie  in  the  hind  fnnt.  Imt  one  very  aii]i:i''eiit  in  the  tore  foot,  and  ai^aiii,  he 
found  ttilies  in  the  hind  feet,  hut  none  in  the  fore  feet.  "  >(,«  tli:it  I  am  imt  ahlc 
to  determine  anyihiifi  very  exactly  nti  thi-  sulij     t." 

In  till'  -kill  of  one  t\i  the  hind  leus  ni  tile  oM  Imck,  the  hones  (if  which  had 
hecii  removed  for  the  purpose,  the  tiihi  ..  s  shown  (the  tiihe  nf  the  ntlier  foot 
had  lieeii  used  in  exiicriinents),  and  also  a  iiiimher  of  other  speeinieiis  of  tiihes 
frniii  the  Carilinii.  one  from  the  Vir'j.iiii:i  deer,  and  the  hind  foot  of  a  moose,  eon- 
taiiiiiiL::  a  tuhe.  In  the  skin  of  the  fore  feet  of  the  old  hiiek  Carihoti.  al-o  exhih- 
ited.  there  was  no  appearance  of  the  tiihe^.  they  hail  heen  ahsorhed.  I>y  niiiny, 
Mr.  Morrow  said,  these  liihes  weri'  eonsidereil  to  he  seetit  •"•.iland-."  Camper 
evideiitK'  did  not  ti  ink  them  so.  altliouL'h  he  meiitiiins  that  ilie  skin  of  the 
hind  as  well  a-  the   fore  feel   "  wevo   sprinkled  with  ■_'la.>ilules  which   pidhahly 


4 


Aj'/'i:\/)!.\-. 


417 


(U], 


-ivp  out  an  (.Icn-iii.ar.  mattn-  i.it.MMl,-.!  (,,  ,,n,t. ct  tlir  1 f  ■.v'.uu^t  (!„•  mk.w  "' 

i'nnv  to  DrrnnlMT  la.t,  Mr.  .Mom,.v  v,i,l  ,l,al  W  lr„l  ,,;,i,l  vn-v  linl,.  .timii/,., 
''-  lIu'M.  iul„...  .,,,,1  l>a,l  tl„.  ,i,„.Mi,,„  Imtu  a>k..,l  1,;,,,.  Wer,.  ihiv  .rrni  ■■hnuU  ' 
''"'  •'">"•'■'• '"i^l'l  I'ave  hc.Mi  allinnaiivr.  I,ur  aih-r;,  ,.nvi>,l  fxaniiimii,,,,  ,,f  ,|,.. 
animal  wl,il,.  warm,  he  lia.l  ,-,.,„,.  to  the  .■,.nc!;;HM„  ,l,,,t  tl,..,.  Uxh.<  aiv  nm 
■•-lan.ls--  |,n,,„.rly>Mrall.Ml.      Ilislir>t  \i..w,  il,;,,  l!,,-  i  nl.r.  wnv  |,,r  tl,r  ,„„- 

I'" '    -nTi.^iiln.innu-   llu-  Lmc^  of  il„.    f..,.,  ,,f   il,i.  a.,i,nal  i„  ils  .pri,,,.    ,,,„„ 

""■tl..Tcxa„Mnat:„nof  a  Mum!,,..- „f  \n:h  tnl„...  an.l    IV ,1„.  ,.!„..rvati..n<  oC 

Dr.  San-iHTs  .lurs  nm  „,,u-  a|,|„.ar  I,,  I,,-  imaM,..  ainl  Mr  lii~  ,,nu  part  hr  lia.l 

<"adupl   (■a,„p.r-sslat,.n„.ul.a,„l..nnM  ,„,t    .,v  ulr.I   ua.   tlMaru-,.:    I,„l   tl„.v 

are    m't    scent  "^lamls."  il    tla-v  wrr.  i.  seetne.l   ..anelv  pr,,l,al,le   tl.at    a>    the 

Hiek  enuH.s    tn    maturity  l.e  w.,ul,|    |„.  .|,.priw.,|  ,,f    tl,.  .'nran.  ,,f    Lavi,.-  M.,.„t 

t-m    nsl„re    ....,  at    tl„.   tia,..  when   l,e    n.,M  re,|nir,.,l  i, .  u  i, „    takin.  inio 

•■"nM,!,.rali,,„  the  ,aH  that  ih.  tul,e  „nly  .■xi<t>  in  tlie  lor,,  fi.-t  uf  ih.  malr 
t"  an  nnkn..wn  a-v)  „r  in  ijie  tmiale  in  a  laalimeniarv  Male. 

The  waxy  maltrr  is  e,„itaine,l  in  llie  tnhes  ,,l  ih.'hin.l  leet  ni  tl,,.  ('ariiM,,, 
■■I'xl  n.  all  th,.  tulM-  in  the  l.-et  nf  the  Virginia  deer,  owin^r  tn  tlieir  ^l,ap,.  ami 
the  ,hsa,i:r,.eal,le  Mtmll    aMTil.e.l  ,othi>    matter  is  ,hm    to   the  ,p,anl  it  v  uf   i,  n- 

'^""";'  '"  '■'  "■''""'  ' '^'^-     'I'""'  in!"-  of  th..  Carihnn  ar,.  ra,h,.r  widm-  in  ihe 

"H'uthan.lni  m„n.  equal  diameter  to  their  l<,wer  eitd  thanih.,-,.  nf  ,he  Vir- 
,^mia  .hrr,  which  at  their  oprnin-  arc  soniewliat  na>T,,w  and  widen  toward- 
the.r  crnlre.  Th,.  Moose,  eontrary  to  preeonceiv,.,!  id.  as  (and  tld.  -how. 
'"'"•  II"'''  "iir  animals  are  stu.li..,!),  also  has  tnln.s  on  its  fe,.t.  fnllv  d..x,.Iop..d 
'"  "'"  '"'"'■  '•'"li""'>"a^v  ill  tin-  fore  f,...t,  hut  of  a  verv  ,lirf,.n.ut  "-icm,.  f',,m 
11-.^-  of  th,.  Carihon  and  Virginia  .l.-r.  hein^^  in  th,. 'liin-i  f,.,.,  v.-rv  wid,.  ai 
'  "■  >iH.uth  an,i  ufa.inaliy  tap.-rin- towanis  their  l„wer  ..xtr..n>ii  i..s:  ti,.-.,.  fnan 
their  -liape  ..an  i.etain  hut  littl..  if  anv  w.a.w  mall..r. 

In  .^,.n,.ral  t.-rms.  the  Kn.'k  ( 'arih,;.  wh.'n  v.ain-  le.-iJn'  lua...  in  th.'  inn- 
teet  m  a  n„i.,n..ntary  form,  whi.-h  instea.l  of  pas-in^  upward  an.l  ha.kwar.l 
to   th..    skin  ..lose   t.,    th..  .lew-.-laws.  as    in   th..  .l..velop,.,l   tul„.  of    th,-   hind 

te..|.  1„.  l„.tw....u  an.l   n,.arly  parallel  with  th,.   h ,s  ,,f  th,.  f,.,.i.  an.l   th..v  are 

.^Ta.h.ally  ahsorhe.l  until  ..eriahdy  in  th,.  a.lulf  male  th,.v  entir.lv  ,lis;,pp,.,,  • 
tlu'  . loe  has  thetu  also  perf,.,.tly  ,lev..lope,l  iu  th,.  hin.l  an.l  rt.linu.'ntarv  it,  th,.' 
tore  teet.  an.l  it  ,s  a  .p.estiot,  whi..h  is  yel  to  he  ,l,.,.„h.,l  wIh.iIu  r  lh,.'-e  tulu.s 
',.v..rentir..ly  ta.l,.  out  of  the  feet  of  the  .l,,e.  In  the  .,1,1  .j,,,.  the  tul„.s  al- 
though small  are  still  plainly  to  he  se..n.  A  y.am^  moo^.,  in  possession  of 
Ml-    .)     M.    Nairs.   has   th..   luhes   in   all    its    f,...,.    ,h„se   in    .he   hin.l    f..,..    ar,. 

l.erte..tlyd,.v..lope,l.an.l    pass,  as  in   the   farih.Mi,  hetw..en  the   phalai -   in 

the  tore  leet  th,.y  ar...  as  in  ,1,,.  Carihou  of  ll,..  suae  a^..,  onlv  ru,lim..nt;n.v.  I,nt 
at  what  time  ot  lil,.  they  ,lisipp,.ar  on  this  animal,  or  wh,.ther  iu  uial..  nv  fe- 
luaU..  or  hoth.  ..annot.  owin-  t.,  our  pr.,hihit,.rv  law,  at  pr.sent.  he  ,|..,ide.' 

Mr.  .Morrow  .ai.l  that  it  ha.l  heen  shown  that  th,.  Carih.a,  ami  uioom.  have 
tl...  tiihos  develop,..l  in  the  himl  an.l  ru.limeutarv  in  tlie  for.,  f,....  Vn  ..xim- 
n.at.on  of  a  Wapiti  or  J-;ik  (Cn-us  Cnn.,,!,  „..!s)  ,kin  with  fe.  t  atta,!,.,!,  in 
.Mr.  Kuan  s  (...llecti.-n,  presented  the  fact,  ...mliriue.l  hv  J.ul-..  Catoii.  that  this 
iinunal  has  n..  tuhe  iu  any  foot,  and  that  its  feet  ar..  of  a  ,liirer..ni  shap..  from 
thos..  of  the  M.,ose,  Carih.,u,  .,r  Virjriuia  d..er,  an.!  that  th..  phalan.n.s  ar..  verv 
nra..h  shorter  Ml  proporthm  to  the  size  of  the  ani  nal  in  the  specimen  r,.ferre,"l 
to  tiiau  in  the  Carihou  or  Vir-lnia  ,h...r;  fr..iu  tl„.  meta..arpo-plialan  ...al  arth- 
Illation  to  the  point  of  the  hoof  they  measure  seven  inches,  while  th.js..  of  tl... 


■! 


!*r- 


L  \mi 


418 


\'iiiiii'i  ii'i( 


k  Ciril 


)Oii  iiK.',i-:nri' 


A /'/•/:  M>/.\. 


IIlr||('~.   lit    Ilic    (II 


1    (1 


ii  iiiin  I .',  iiii-iir-.,  and  lit  till 


I'M  liiick  :i  iiii-lh--:.      Tlir  LiriitlriiKUi  iilri'iidv  rclcrrcil  I.I  inlnriiicil   him   tliMt  tlir 
\\  ajiili  i<  ;i  ii;iiiiral  iroitrr,  '  "  \\r,  liowrvci',  ran  aii'l  (liir~  run  niuih  ra-;iT  ilian 


lie  (,'an  trut,  Imi  it  i-;   a    Lilnircil   I'linPl    aii'l    >()i)ii  tiiTs  him  uiil. 


il 


IS  run  i> 


an  awkwanl,  luiulirriiii.  lulliii'^  '^allnii.     A  t'rw  liumlrcil  yards  ui'  iliis  ^'ait  telK. 
It  i-  saiil  lliat  an  flk  will  trot  at  an  cijual  ^pcrd  witlmat   sln|i|iini  nv  cviui  ihi'j- 


uiiig.  for  twenty  miles."  Tin'  N'ir^rinia  iIiht  lias  a  tiilie  in  eae'ii  tnot  t'lilU-  ile- 
vclopi'il,  whii-li  Inl  him  to  ini|uirc  the  i^ail  ot  this  animal,  his  ini|)ressii)n  thai 
il  Wdulil  [u'livi'  tci  111'  a  runnin.;'  ileer  ln-inu'  i-niilii'mecl.  Tin'  inlVrcni-i'  he 
wislit'il  til  ilraw  was  this,  that  the  nnnilier  (if  tiilies  in  tlie  feel  of  the  ilillrrent 
species  of  ileer  will  puiiit  mit  tlie  i;ait  of  the  animal,  tho-c  whiih  liavc  a  tulic 
fully  ili'Vi-ln|n'il  in  each  fnot  >liouM  lie  lioiunlers  or  runners,  while   tlio-c  -.vant- 


tlie  tnlies,  or  havinj;  tliem  partiallv  ilevelopeil  in  the  fui 


ami   fulU-  in   tli 


liinil  feet  sliould  he  trotteis.  This  point,  as  far  as  he  was  awai'e.  had  nevei 
he.  ■.  t'liiehed  npuii  liy  any  naturali.-l.  and  as  it  e.uild  nut  he  pursued  liei'e,  hi 
nie'.i;  line  !    it   ie  the  hope   that    il    may  he   examined    into    hy  th.iM.'  who  liavi 


aeee 


unilier  (if  different   specie-  of  ill 


u;(  .  e^ 


llet 

llv  Iho.-e 


to  tlie  tulies,  Mr.  .^h 


iw  slated,  that  as  his  notes  upon  them  wei'i 


liiinti 


therefore   of   verv  little    .-eientilic    \alue,  he  wouM 


Use  thus..'  of  Dr.  Sommers,  as  follows  :  — 

In  the  oliservations  here  annexed  1  have  en.leavored   to  funii-h  an    aeeurate 


deseriiition  ot   th 


e  -o-ealled  ■•  iiiteriliiiit al  glands,"  whieh  exist  in  the  feet  of 
the  Carilion,  hy  >ulii.'etinu-  them  to  very  eareful  anatomieal  and  mieroM'opieal 
in-peetion.  'J'lu' eonehi>ion  at  whieh  [  arrive  relative  to  their  >l  ruel  lire  and 
fiinetions  is  that  thev  are  not  '.^lanijular  in  the  correct  ineaniii'i  of  ihai  term,  an 


oiiinion  whieh  eoiiieu 


des  with  that  wliiel 


1  you  pre\iously  i'Npi'es>e 


'i'his  or^an  presenl>  the  a]ij  earanee  of  a  lli'shy  tnlie  with  thick  walls  and  a 
rounded  blind  extremity  like  that  of  a  small  te>i  tiilie  llattened  on  its  ]io>terior 
ur  under  side,  conve.x  on  il<  upper  or  iinteriur  side :  that  from  the  yiiuiiL:  hiii.'k 
heiii'j;  ahoiit  one  and  a  half  inches  in  leiiLith  helow,  Miinewhat  >liiirter  ahove  : 
its  cireumferenee  ahoiit  three  ipiartersof  an  inch:  it  tapers  sli'^^htly  towards  its 
termination  :  when    \  iewed    in    position   it   hear- a  strikiiiLi'  I'csemlilanee 


to  th 


liiiinan    "uvula. 


T 


le    .-urlat'C    expi 


d    liv    d 


i-seciion    exliiliiis    a    structure 


coiisistine  of  rounded  or  sli'^liily  pulyi^onal   >pa('e-  re<enihlini  very  lar^e  eells 


the-e  are  convex,  of  a  deeii  red  color,  and  united  hv  paler  iiit 


-V 


Th 


wiioie  or 


e-an  has  the  appearance  of  a  hody  con-^tituted  of  immense  I'ells  united 
li\  tlieir  thin  cell  walls ;  ihi-,  liowc\ei',  is  deceptive,  these  spaces  are  the  I'ouniled 
terininations  or  bases  of  the  bulbs  or  t'ollieles  from  which  the  hairs  inside  of 
^row;  the  reM'inhlaiiee  to  eellular  intersj)aces  arises  i'roin  tin;  pressure 


tlie  sac 


of  a  very  delicate  layer  of  true  skin  upon  which  they  rest,  and  which  has  1 


H'cn 


till 


.-hed  into  these   inti 


i'<pa. 


bv  the  trrowth  of  the  hair  follicles  ;  the  saur 


le  skin  hv  disscctill'..;'   o 


<triietiire  can  he  nbserved  in  other  parts  of  tl 

skin  whieh  is  underneath   from  the  e|iitlielial   layer  which  co\ 


crs  It   am 


f  the  true 
1  tiives 


ori'iin 


to  the  hairs  :  but  here  the  snai 


paces  oljserveil  are   ni 


nch  smaller,  since   th' 


hairs  and  their  bulbs  are  more  crowded,  the  space  occupied  by  each  bulb  liciup 
li'.-s  than  in  the  cul-de-sac,  or  .irjian  under  notice, 

'i'he  orijau  in  the  fore,  (litters  from  that  in  the  hind  fi'ct  by  heiivi  very  slial- 

in  inch  in  (lejitli;  when  dissected  from 


iw,  ineasiirin;,;  not  over  a  ijuarter 


the  snrruundiivj;  tissue,  it   presents  all  the  characteristics  of  the  or'^^an  in  the 
1  ritihi^  (>f'  till'  Onat  ]\'i>t,  liy  Col.  Doil^e,  pages  lli4  ami  ll'a'i. 


•i'i'i:.\i>i.\. 


41U 


¥ 


liin.l  Irrt,  y.t  il  ,litf,,-s  in  pOHli,,,,  ivlativr  to  l':„.  plialMI.. .■,.;,!  1„„„.<  h\u-  ,„, 
,.'"""'■  I'"""'  ''^  '''■■''  '"'  '!"•  inilrrior  wall  Ml  ihr  ^v.l.,  it.  .,u„  a,.|,.,i„-  w,ll 
"■m-„H.„r,,or;m.,lwiil,  ,!„•  ui.l-r  M,rl',„v  „f  tlu-  A\n  and  thm  hv  ^1„„  im,.! 
t'-al.oui  nn,.,inart,.r,.raninrl,  in  Im^ih;  llu^  |„..„.rinr  wall,  l.owrvrr.  .vinu,,. 
<l'-t'n.M  an,l  ,ut.a.Mnv.s  fru,„  tiie  Lii,,!  .■Mrcinitv  t,.  its  Imninai  i,,,,  .oiu.-uj,,, 
"vt  r  an  inc  Ii. 

I  in'    nii,T.,s,'u|,i,.   ..xaniination   of   this   oru'an    provrditt,,   1„.   ,,f   ,.|,i,|rr.ni,. 
-num.      S,.,,ion>  iln-ouul.  tlu-  tlii.  knr^-  of  it<  walU   ^h,,w,.,l   au   rxirrna!   I,,v,.,. 

'.'^  "■"'"'"■'1    l"''^ i'l.-il  '■..ij.  witli  Muall  nurlri,  ami  a  .Ir,.,,,.,-  ,.■   ini,.rn,al  hu'rr 

111  whirl,  ,lu.  ,.,.11.  „.,.iv  nu.iv  ronn.l.Ml  iunl  lllh.l  with  |n-ulo,,!aMn.  '11, i-  .liifVr- 
'•'"■^•1"  Hi-  upiMTniost  ;iinl  lowrrnioM  lay.T  was  l.r,,u,hi  on,  l,v  ih,.  Mainii,.- 
I"-'";'-s.  and  il  i.  in  thrM'  ,,nly  thai  w.  liml  th.  lin,.  „l  drniMiT.ai'ion.  th..  intn" 
vcnuu;  lawT~  iinT'ln-.^Tadnallyonrinto  tlu- oihrr.  (  )i1ut  stnn-turrs  ol,~,.,-vr.l 
|v'Mv  Ihr  haii's  and  hair  f,,lli,.h..  wiihihrir  a-ruinpanvin-  li^Mir..  and  ^unu- 
fihivs.  rrpr.-rnlinuno  douh;  ih,.  ,,,„■  skin,  whirl,  i^  n..i  drvrloprd  in  ihr^r 
or-ans  to  any  c'oii>idcrahic  c.strnt. 

The   two   l.-nvrs  of   .-.dU  roriT^pond    to    thr  same  |.arl.  in   man.  namrU-.   , 

'""■".V  la>rrrxt,.nial.  hnt  of  rour-r   inlrrnal  in  th,"   .-nl-dr-sar.  a  nm ,.    layn- 

f.xtrrnal  wImmi  ilifsac  is  di-rrtrd  from  its  sni-mundinus  ihr  .diavrd  po-hiMn 
ot  Ihrsr  lay.Ts  is  owin-  to  th,.  rirrnm.tanr..  ,,f  ,hr  >ae-s  hdiu  an  ins  a^.  inai  i,.n 
ol  thr  cpid.Tnnr  layer  into  the  true  >kin. 

Keuardin-  th,.  funnion^  of  this  Mrurinr,.  various  and  coiitradirlorv  ,.pinion< 
are  express,.,!,  that  of  ii.  hein^.  glandular  l„.in^  mo^t  prevalent  ;  a.ain  it  is 
^aid  to  have  no  exiM-.m-e  in  ih,.  wapiii  and  moose  and  in  the  Ion-  f.-n  of  the 
a'lult,  Carihou.  The  fan  ..f  it.  ,.xiMenr,.  i,,  for,,  ami  hind  tm  ,„  ,1„.  Xdr.inj., 
deerhe.n-w,.ll  nndrrstood.  itspreM.nee  in  th,.  animal  is  said  t,.  1,,.  lor  thr 
l.urp,.M.  ot  K.avin-  a  trar,.  ,,r  s,.,.ni  ,.n  th,.  ..n,nnd,  and  in  thi<  wav  srrvin  ■  tl„. 
imi.m  of  th,.  s..x,.s  al  ,.,.riain  .-raM;,,-  ;  Imt  if  thi-  is  ,1,,.  ,.as,..  w..  m  ,v  a~k  v  hv 
shoul.l  ,t  not  ,.xi.t  in  th,.  w.-,piii,   and    he    fnllv  develop,.,!   ,n  th,.    Caril,,,.,  and 

i"o,>se.  sn„.e  ,r    mn>t   1„.    ohvions   to   ns  that   t!,e   fnKill ni  of  i  hr  ,.„nditi,m> 

Avhieh  ohtaiu  m  the  Vii-inia  d,.,r.  ar,.  re,p,ir..,l  aK.,  in  thr  wapiii.  M,,r,.  th  ,n 
this  we  kiH.w  that  a  true  seenl  or-an  in  th,.  Cariimn  is  Minat,  d  ,„,  ihr  indd,. 
ot  the  Ii,.els  or  u-ainlirils. 

On  tin.  oe,.,.,Mon  of  my  lirM  ,livM.,.ii,,n  of  this  strn,.tnr,.  in  the  Carihou  l,n,.k 
l.^iwn.  1  expr,.sse,l  t!,..,, pinion  tliai  it  w,)ul,l  h,.  Ihini,!  also  in  l!ir  lorr  t-,.,.i  of 
""■  ="l"'f  animal,  thonrl,  p,.rhap<  nior,.  rmlim,.,,! arv.  and  a  suh^..^,,.,,,  ,.xuni- 
"•"""'  "f  •'"  a.lult  ,1,„.  has  fully  ,.onlirm,.,l  Hii^  opinhm.  >in,.,.  I  found  tld^ 
^trm.lnre  as  well  ,!evelope,l  a<  in  the  youn..-  animal.  I  now  ir,.]  mor,.  ihin 
L'ver  ..onv.ne,.,!  that  it  exists  in  all  our  ,|,.,.r  Irihe,  noi  ,.x.ludin  ■•  ih,.  wapiii 
|>lthon.,h  ,t  may  h,.  lar^r,,,  i„  „„„,  ,i„„  ;„  ,„,„,,.^.  ,^,,  i„„„^,„„,^.  ji^j,,,,  J^^^J 
111  l.,i~.<ession  ot   Mr.  ,].  \V.  .Stair.-,  hein.^  provi,l,.,l  with  il. 

'Il.etol!,,win.4  snnunaryof  its  histolo-i,,,!  r,.lations  will  aid  in  arrivimr  at 
correrl  eonehisions  relativ,.  to  its  imporlane,.  : — 

1st  It  isa-rowth  or  otfsel  from  th,.  epi,Un-i.iie  laver  of  tin.  skin  inva.d- 
n:U..,l  hetween  th,.  phalan.,..al  hone..  ..ontaininr-  the"  „,alpi J,ian  an,!  hornv 
'■•'.v'Ts  ot  the  ..pi,l..rmi<.  an,l  earrxim^.  witli  it  a  verv  thin  laver  of  ih,.  tru'e 
skin. 

I'd.   Hair    f,,lliel,.s.    ami    hairs  .^row    from  its  internal    wall>.    ..ind    eim.r-,. 


lhrouL;li  it>  ,ip,.ni 


3,1.    1' 


iH.ninr-,  th,.<e  liein.u'  aU,,  ,.pi,l 


le  ahseii,.e  of  uhili, hilar  ti- 


imlermie.  or  of  i.|jillu.|ial  origin, 
e.xei'ptiiin-  liie  sehaeeoiis  lollii.l,..  whirh 


:        i 


I'       I 


420 


Ai>pi:.\i)ix 


ilrciil 


ii|),ni_v  ilic  ]i:iir  fulliclcs  or  Kullis  dvcr  tlic  wIkjIi'  iiili'LT'imi'iit   of  ilic  iiiii- 


lual,    ••  this  ixiT|iiiiiii   i-  mailc   for  uliviiiiis  aiiiitoiiiical 


nM«iiii-i,       lir\fl 


ihcU 


thr  >i'li;iir(iu>  tiiliirli's  WlTC  Hot  (il)SiTVr(l   ill    tlir    ^JK'iiMirns    CXMlllillfil  \\\\\\  t!l 
Illicr(iscii|)i'. 

Itli.   'I'lir  cxMiiiiiKiliiiii  of  llic  iiiiillcr  tilling;  tlic    tulics   in   tlic  A"ir<iiii 


la  ilciT. 


anil  ]ir('M'nl  in  iiiuch  Muallri'  iirnjinriiiin  in  tlic  Cai-ilnpn.  ^liducd  ii  \n  ciin.^i-i  in 
l)i'iiici|iai  [lari  of  (K'<([uaniaii'(l  ciiiiJiTinif  >t':iii's  ami  oil  ^lolnilcs.  .Microscojii- 
caliv  it  n'-ciniilcil  >iiic^ina  frcjin  the  skin  of  man,  or  jii'iliaps  cIo^it  -lilj.  the 
'■  NiTiiix  raM'ii>a  ■'  from  that  of  a  i'im-imiI  ly  ilcli\  crcij  infant  :  rcmcmlici'iiii;  iliat 
tlic  epidermis  in  man  and  in  all  animals  is  a  noii-vascnlar  tissnc.  that,  unlike 
onr  oihci-  tissue,  it  is  sliclled  o|f  from  the  snrfaee,  we  can  readily  aceoinii  for 
these  deM|namaled  scales  heinu'  I'ctaiiicMl  here  in  a  narrow  poi'kct,  from  which 
they  Could  not  lie  easily  dis<'hari:fi|.  l{ctro:;rade  chani^es  in  these  cells,  secre- 
tions from  sidiai'coiis  and  sweat  i:lands  in  adjacent  ]iarts.  will  acconnt  not  only 


le   substance,  but   also 


lor  ll 


le    inlor 


for  the  oily  matter  seen,  the  vi-cidity  of  tl 

\vhi(di  it  possesses,  the  latter  heiii'j;  no  ereater  than  that  of  the  ^'ciieral  iiitei 


'lit.  and  aiises  from  the 


Ves;  ■■<■{  tliey  arc  not  in  any  decree  compa 


same  cause,  namely,  the   jicrspiration  :   hut   in   this 

lolleciioii  at 


ralilc  with  the  elamli 


t'  .'k-  before  mentioned,  which  will  retain  the  peculiar  odoi'  of  the  animal 


for  a  1( 


»'A  ]< 


riod  after  the  renio\al  of  the  ski 


In    jireseiire  o 
!i      'irv,  u'' 


us  orLiaii   IS  onl\'  riid 


f  these  facts  We   must  conclude  that   tl 

no  I'linction  which  is  obvious  to  its;  it  is  not  ii  sccri'tin'i  oruan, 
ndiilar  tissue:  the  oiieiiini;  in  the  dorsum   instead  of  the  sole 
the  foot,  would  point  also  in  this  way;   it  does  not  ser\c  to  j^ive  strength  or 


since  it 


(Iriniiess  to  tl 


le  loot,  iiaviu;. 


none  of  the  totiiiliness  and  elasiiiil\'  of  the  sk 


11) 


in  other  jiarts.  without  comparison  with  the  tendons,  etc.,  which   are  provided 


for  this    jiurpose,   (some   instances  of    oi'Lians   without  ii: 

I'loin  an  indiviiliial  |)oint  of  view,  takiiiii  ii»  nH  the  circiimst: 

there  ajijicar  to  be  only  two  ways  of  aceountiii;j:  for  this  strnclure  :   ii  is  eith 


es   were    also   Liiveil), 
illces  referred  to, 


aljoi'led  ••iinuual  follicle."  or  otlierwise  it  is  a  ciil de-sac,  n 


itill'r    ill' 


ture  I'ornieil  bv  coalescence  of  the  skin  from  side  to  side  in    the  fieiiis.      Its 


striietiire  would  cunvinct?  one  of  the  first  conehision  if  tl 


le  aiiima 


1  had  riidi- 


inentary  toe  hones  in  tlie  same  position,  indicative  (jf  a  three-toed  ancestor; 
hut  all  observations  rilativi.'  to  tlu'  inor[)holoLry  of  llie  foot  are  ojiposed  to  tliis 
view,  sincv;  the  ouUr  bones  and  their  aiijiendaj^i'S  ari^  aborted  in  all  animals  of 
this  kind;  we  are  therefore  compelled  to  adopt  the  otlier  view,  wliicdi  eaii  only 
be  settled  satisfactorily  by  examination  ot'tlie  jiart  in  the  iVetiis.  Xevertheless, 
kiiowiii'j;  the  dilliciilty  of  substantiating;'  any  theory  connected  with  its  supposed 
ori;;iii  and  tise,  still  more  tlie  dilliciilty  of  riddini;  one's  mind  of  a  theory  once 
entertained,  my  faith  in  either  of  tiiese  is  held  very  loosely. 

TIu'  pajier  coii(diideil  with  some  ijeneral  observations  by  >Mr.  .Morrow,  and  a 
coiiversalioii  in  which  a  lumiber  of  the  members  of  the  Institute  took  part. 


IXOEX. 


A. 

Abiim-iiiiU  antlers  on  fciiiiiliMk'ci-,  L'.'VJ,  2.'!.'). 

tiiU's  on  luitlfi's,  1  ,>*.■!,  22(1,  221. 

growths  of  antlers,  1S2,   IS;!,   187, 

.7  sif].,  22."),  2211. 

Aoapnlco  Deer,  ll-'i,   121,   I.Mi,   ICs,  228, 

241,  2.")0,  202,  2(;;i,  271,  2',m;,  .'JdS,  .■il2,  r< 

S'-'/.,  •'!22,  .'!:1S,  40!). 

Alaska,  .Moose  in,  72. 

Alee  AUes,  IV.). 

Ak'cs  American ns,  (ll). 

Alees  maleliis,  I'p'.t, 

Alliinos,  ]')<.).  Kio.  I 

Aliment  of  Antelope,  41.  ' 

of  the  (Vrviihe,  7'!,  S.'!,:il,  2iis, .'ilS, 

rf  HI''/.  I 

Ameriean  .\iitelo|ie,  1(1,  21.  '  B. 

American  lilaek  KIk,  r,'j.  i!.,;,.  i    i>,.  ,■  ■      .  , 

.  ,         ,.     ,        ,  li.iHd,  J  loi.,  eonimuniraiion    to    1,\   ( 'an- 

Amusein.'nts   or    jihiy  ot    the    deer,    •2'Ji),  ,j^^,|,|   .,,; 

297,  .'ioi.  "  I  (-.'"•'■ 

;  nl^t  iiotic's  n-;uir    o|    tarsal   ylaml 


I  Antlers  of  female  KrindciT,  s;),  2(<2,  20;!, 

201,  20',l. 

of  I  tlier  fi'inali'  deer,  2;i2,  2;!;>. 

not  as  lar::u  in   parks  as  wild,  21.^. 

carried  to  sprini;- on  \Va|iiti,  21'.i. 

are  true  hone,  icit,  i  rj. 

their  constituents,  1 1','). 

sy>tem    of    niitiition   and  mode  of 

.!.;ro\vth,  I  70,  it  .v.  y. 
tire  drcidnoiis,  I  7o. 
hlood  circnlaliuL;  in,  I  74. 
not  strictly  solid,  1  7.-,. 
uroovi's  in  .-.ni-faic  of,  I  7i;. 
why  hranidicd,  2;!o. 
Arteries  of  prriosicnm.  172,  17;;. 

not  comprcs.-ed   hy  \,[iv\-.  1  7i'p, 


Antelo].c,  17-21. 

Antelope,  Ameriean,  l',»,  21. 

Antiloeapra  Americana,  IS,  21. 

Antilocapra  fnrcifer,  21. 

Aiitilo))e  Americana.  21. 

AiitiloiK^  antcflcxa,  22. 

Antilope  (Dicranoccr.is)  palmata,  22 

Antilopo  fnrcifer,  21. 

Antilope  iialmata,  21. 

Antlers,  17,  l(;;i,  1!».3. 


in  Wapiti  Drfi-,  2.'it',. 
,  JJarren-sronnd  Carilion,  104,  </  s, y. 
antlers  of,  204,  it  s.  y. 
11  distinct  species,  lor,,  //  .s,  y, 
Khlilils  of,  2.')4,  2."i.').  ;!(;.■). 
linntiiii:  of,  ;!i;il,  it  sn/. 
venis{jn  of.  4ori. 
Bartlett,  liis  p.aper  on  the  .\ntclop:',  2i! 
Haitle,  mode  of  joining',  2;!0. 


Anil 


ers  (]f  Ai'apiilco    Deer,   224,  228    (t     ] 

SI  I/. 

Ceylon  Di'cr,  22!l. 
Coliimliiii  Deci-,  210,  f/  .«< 
("omiiion  Deer,  lo;!,  22;!. 
15 


licam  of  ;intlcr,  !:•;!. 
'.ell  of  the  Moose,  74. 
l!e/.-tiiie,  Hi;!. 
Hifnrcatcd  antlers  alik.>  on  Mule  Dec:-,  and 

lilack-tailcd  Di'cr,  21  !i,  220. 
niack-tailcd   ("'olnmlda  Drcr,    '.m;    ',i7     ;m, 


n-ren-nmnd  Carihou,  207,  20s.        HIaek-tailcd  Falh.w  I 


Kiiropean  Klk,  1'.I4,  Hi 
iEoose,  lii.'i,  it.  .vii/. 
'Slnln  Deer,  2Hi,  it! 
Wapiti  Deer,  21  1, 


)i'i'r,  ;i~- 


I'.IS,  I '.HI. 


ccr,  '.1;;. 

nie  deer  is  jKM'sist- 


it 


Woodland  C 


'/• 


iiri  1)011,  I'.i'j,  (/ 


l'>laid<-tailed,  or  .Miilr  D 
niaek  tuft  on  tail  of  .M 

ent,  124, 
IJIood-vessels,  systctn  of,  in  antlei-s,  171 

it  S(  a. 


I 


!•  .H 


42: 


niiii'  ciiiit  of  ii.MT,  121.  iji; 


/.\ii/:\. 


lit,   -J'.H,   liil.'i,  od.'l, 


liiri'iliiii:  ill  (loiiic-'tic'iitii 

oor.w  .■.,./. 

Mrou  till!',  r.i.'i,  L'no. 

r.iiiT  (if  iiiiilcr,  171,  iTi'i.  r./;;. 

~ii]iill   (111    (  iiriliiiii    ami    Uciiiili'cr, 


>inr    (liir-     lint    coiiiiiri'.- 


O0(l-\(/SSC'l.«, 


t'^llil ,   L'-J. 

Cimiiilil,  Dr.,  oil  tlic  Aiiti'lo]i(',  'Ji'i,  SO, 
('iiiilMiii,  I!:irrcii-;:riiuiiil,  I04,i' 


CciMis  tarMiidiH,  vjir.  ff.  Airlica,  lo.' 

\'ii  jiiiiiiiiiis,  lilO. 

\\'a|iiii,  77. 
('i;vliin  \hvv.  Il."i,  1  Ifj.  I.-|«. 

if  o.iil-  oT  (li.T,   IJJ.  -/  .■;. 

..VcMjiiili'd  Di'or,  I  ."id. 

l!an'rii-L:roiiiiil  ( 'arilmii,  1  I'J. 

( ■oliiiiihia   Dcrr,  l-Jl. 

.ModSf,  7."),  1 -'.'!,  I :!(',. 


Cliai 


IK^' 


:\liili'  DccT,  1-jCi 
I) 


iruiiiiii  Drcr,  liil.  1  l7.  W 


'/■ 


■Wiijiiii  I)<'cr,  li'.!.  I2."i.  iL'ii,  1-14. 
WochIImihI  ( 'ariliiiii,  111. 


riinso  of  Anil 


7- 


aiillii-s  (il,  L'ii7,  (/  .• 
\\'(MM|laiiii.  S.").  ./  s"i 
aiilliTS  cf,  I'.i'.t,  ,/ 


7' 


(111,  (111,  Asm'  ^aiiva;i(',  ."^ii. 


Cni-i) 

( 'niic  1  (liif,  (ir  (  iirilioii,  .'^li. 

( 'a.-iirali(iii,    cUcii  of  (-in    antlers,    Is-i,   it. 

■~'7- 
( '(  rl  iiiiilil.  '.•.'1. 


( 


(1  \  nla   (I 


I  N'orili  America,  fii'i 


<'el\u^  .\ea|iiileeii>is,  ll.'i,  .'(08. 
<  >ceiilelltMlis,  77. 
Alee>,  Cii;,  Ci'.l. 
iiinitiis,  ',!.'!. 
!iil  ureal  lis,  22. 


Cai 


ladcii?]^.  (ifi,  <  I . 
(( 'ariaciis)  Leuisii,  !17. 
(( 'ariaeiis)  inaerotis,  '.t.3. 
Caiiaeiis  |illlleliilal  ll>,  '.I". 
(Caiiaeus)  \'irL:iiii.iiiii>,  100. 
( 'iiliiiiiliiaiiiis,  til).  ;i7. 
I)aiiiii  Aiiierieaiia,  loo. 
cla|iliii>,  I'.'il,  i'.-!.-). 
elajiliiis  ('aiiaileii?is,  77. 


h 


iiiialiis,  :i2. 


liestalis,  .^(i. 

I.eiieiiriis,  loO,  IG7. 

l.ewjsii,  '.)7. 

lolialiis,  t'l'.l. 

iiiiR'ruiis,  !);). 

var.  ('(iliiiiiliiamis,  07. 

major,  77. 

MeNieaiiils  i;7,  100,  308. 

oeeiilelltalis,  77. 

oiij;li;il.  till. 

liielianisonii,  '.t7. 

stroii^vloceros,  77. 

tarandiis,  ti(;-,*<t;. 

taraiiiiiis  Aretiea,  6(i. 

taraiidiis  Carilion,  si;. 

tai'iuidii.s  (iroiMilaiidieus,  lO.'j. 


J!an'eii-;;roiiiid     < 'arllimi,     .'tlit',,     {■( 

]{la(dv-lailed  Deer.  .■i7ii,  w  sn;. 
Coiniiiiiii  Deer,  .'i7'.i,  d  sai. 


Moo-e,  .■!17,  -/ 


'I- 


Miile  Deer,  :\:2,  <i 


W. 


Deer,  .■i7l,  il 


'I- 


^\■o(Hlland  rarilioii,  ;!tl.'i,  <t 


Ciiiii,  l;i:i. 
('las>ilieiitioii, 
Coat  ol'  .Veaiii 


Deer,  l.'iO,  l.-)l. 


Antelope,  .'l.'^.  .'i!l. 

liarreii  ;:roiiiid    t'arilioii,   lo.'i,  12ii. 

l-'s,  l.'Ui,  Uli.  1  l.i. 
r>l,iek-tailcd  Deer,  147,  W<. 
('(ililliioii  Deer,  lOJ.  \i>^,  <  t  .on. 


Ml 


■4.  I'ii;,  (/ 


7- 


IMlile  Deer.  H."),  l.'i'.l,  Ul'i,  147. 


7- 


Coals 


Wapiti   Deer,  144,  (/; 

Woodland    Carillon, '.10.   IJi'i,   1J8, 

l.-.o,  141. 
shed  Iwiee  a    vear,   112:.'     1-j;).   14o, 


7- 


Color  ol'   \ 


ea|iiik'o 


Deer,   114,   I'jO,   1,-)1, 


1 


i7.  Iti'.t. 


Anlelope,  ;!'.). 

]{arren-L;roimd  Carilion,  lo.'i,  144. 
HIaek  tailed  Deer, 'J7,  147,  I4S,  l.-|'.l. 
Coininoli    Deer,  102,  103,  14S,  14".t, 


IM 


1.-1.5,  l.-iC, 
oose,  7."i, 


1.51. 


:MiiIe  Deer,  ii.'i,  '.10,  141.,  147,  1.".4. 

\\'apiti  Deer,  144,  (I  sn/. 

^\'oo(llaIld  Carilion,  iio,  1  il,  lyj. 
Coliiinliia  IJlaek-tailod  J)L'er,  '.I7. 
Coiliinon  Deer,  100. 
Comparisons,  117. 
Coiiiieiiers. 


Moose  and  Klk,  .'ii'i',  (/ 


*■( '/. 


Carilion  and  Hi.'indeer,  '.^2'),  (t  sn]. 
Wapili  and  Red  Deer,  3;io,  d  snj. 


/.\i'/:.\. 


1 1  It'  11 


I'I'i.    l-'8. 


Coni^i'iKiN.  ,  ,,        c  K       , 

.  ,       ,^  '••VI'  (if  Aiitcldii.',  i;4. 

Ac;i|,ii|c,,  l),,.i-   aihl  (Vvloii    Dai-  1! 


rnrisiilrrcil,  .'l.'W,  ,/  >•,./. 

('iiiira-c,  I  i.'i.  2',ii;,  .'m:. 
Ciuwii  Aiiilrrs  .III  li(.,l  I), .CI-,  :>i;i. 
I'll  \N'Mi.iii  Dfci',  \>\\, 

C'lirio^ily  ui  Alllrldpr,  .-,7,  .-,s. 

I!iinrii-i:r.)inii|  ( 'aiil,(,ii,  oi'i'-*,  .'!7ii. 
Cvstiiiiitrkof  t'aiil.oii,  41;!,  ,/.v,y.' 

D. 

l>;i,u-  Miitli'i-s,  i!i.'i,  211,  L>i;). 

Dc'iilMMiis  )i(,nis(,i-  Aiit.'ln|M.,  Is,  I!),  •>:,. 

antlers  (,f  the  iIct,  IS,  17(i. 
])cfoctiv,.  vinon  c,f  all  ,!,■,■]•. /i  (c,. 

l>q»>"iII'''Hi  l!anv,i,:.M-oiin,l  Caiihoii,  L'lC. 
Disuasi's,  Uiis,  .■;(i|i,  ;j.||^  ,f  ^., 

l'is|M)M'ti,„i.      Sue  Unhlt. 

I'icl'ailCM'iTdS  AllHTicMllllS,  L'l'. 

DiscoMi'v  .,r  Aiuc|,,|„.,  -2^, 

lilack-lailcil  Deer,  !I7. 
l>|)^s,'anti|iailiv  ol"   \\ 
]) 


ini'ii-i^idiiihl  (  'ai'il.i.ii,  1 1  •>, 
Hl.U'k-tailcl  Dicr,  ;is,  |i;|. 

(  'nllllllnll    I  )r.T,    I  ti  I  . 
Mii(i>c,    I  till, 

]\Iiili'  I)(i  r,  ii;i. 
Waiiiti  D.ir,  iiii, 
I'O'-iuliti.r  .\iii, ■!„,„.  ami  !),.■,■  ,i,.r,rtiv,., 

•'"i,  'ir,.':-!!;,  .-ii-iu,  .'ji;;),  /ic^, 

l\ 

F.-iiv,  Il':i,  ./  ,v,  y. 

'■'•'"'■ii  'piii'l^l^.  Mil  .livr,  Lid.-i-L'dS. 
l-'awii  (if  Aca|iiili'i)  |),.ci,  i-,7. 

I'.iack-laili'.l  l),vr,  l.-,t, 

(Vvlmi  DcT,  l.-|S, 

Coimiiiiii  Deer.  I.'i.'i,  l'7ii,  ii;)s. 

Mull'  Deer,  l,"i|,  i);is, 
••■i;:liiiii-,  iiHMlrcf.hy  ilr.-r,  L".i(),;;(ii;,, ./,.,,, 

I''<"iil  <i|'    Alltrl,,|„.,    (1. 

Ill  ilic  Cci-viila',  7.'1,  n;;,  '.i|  ,  ;m;    ^us 


ipiii   I'm-,  Iti.-i,  iiic, 
onu^tir.mou  of  A,-a,,„l,.„   !),.,.,•    ;j„s    ,/     ,.     ,     ,    ;"^'    ''"'I- 

s,,/.  '  ""'  "'    ArajMiIco  Drer,  21;! 

\iiti'lii]ii>,  .'( 


Antiii|„\  -lii, 

I'lanvii -iMiiiiil  C'an'h.iii,  112, 

I!lark-I,iii,.(|  l)r,T,  2;i;i,  ,t  s,,/. 

CiiiiiliKiii  1),.,.|-,  2!i7,  .■ill2,  </  s,ii. 

I.aplaiiil  K'liiiiliMT,  -'SO   •)-s| 

^l'"-|.,  27(;,  277. 

.Miilo  Dfcr,  2',it;, 

■'^'■.niiliii.avlan  Klk,  277, 


\y 


Ijllll     DriT,    2SI,  ,/  ,s-r 


^Vdiidlaiiil  Caiilmii,  ;il,  l.'.'^il,  2S1 , 
"''    il'li'ci>     IIII     Ihr     ivjiriMliictive 
liiiwiTs,  ;!(I4,  ,1  ,«y, 

Doiihli;  jialiii,-*  on  aiitU'i-s,  i;m,  I'J."). 

E, 
Imh- of  Acapiilcd  Dcrr,  li;s!,  n;;). 

-AmIc'1()|ic,  2.'), 

l!lack-tail(.,|  I  ),.,.r,  i(;7. 

<'i»iiniiiiii  Dci'i-^  ics, 

iMiiii.sc,  IC,,-), 

IVIiili'   I)(.,T,  ICCi. 

AVapiii  Drrr,  itu. 

"\\'i.'iiillaii(l  Carilioii,  Hi;}. 
Klan,  (Ml  (iri-iiMi,  fiii, 
I-.Imii,  Srau',  or  A|ita|)ton,  G'j. 
Kiajiliii.^;  CanailriiM'.'*,  77. 
I'ilk,  iViiiciicaii,  77. 


St'aniliii.avi.iii,   l<)4,   i;),-,^   i<,j,j^  ,,)g^ 


liaricn  -riiiiiKl   ('aril ,    i.'si    ];{-,^ 

I  -M:i,  2H;, 

I  ( ''iiiiiiioii  Drcr,  |;i.")   -I  |7 

I  M..l.,-r,2t.!. 

I  Wapiii  j).  rv.  |:!i;,  2|.'i, 

'  W(iii(l|,-|ii,|   Carilioii,   ;mi,    1;m    •'41- 

LMO, 
Form  (if  Aca|iiilc,,  j),,.]-,  12I. 
!  Aiiii-l(i|,c,  22,  21. 

Iiarrcii-Mri,ii],,|    ('aillpiui,    |ii,->,    121 
j  -'114.  '     "   ' 

lila.k-tailril  !),.,. r,  '.i7,  ;is,  l|;i. 

'  'iiiiiiiHiti  1  )iTr,  112,  I  2ii. 

Ka^tcrii  Ueimiivr,  .•i2'<,  .■;2II. 

^loosi',  7),    I  17^  ;;2;j,  ;;2.j, 

.■MiiIl'  Dci'r,  !!.".,  I  |!i. 

Sraiiiliii.avi.aii  Kik,  1  17,  ;!2.'i,  .■i24, 

Wapiii  i)i'rr,  N|,  lis. 

Woiiiilaml  CarilHiii,  1  1  y,  2(14,  .•!2>^ 
Fiis>ii  aiillcrs,  21.'!,  227, 

skck'ioii  (,f  ,1,.,.|-,  227. 
Fur  of  aiitcl„j,c.  and  iW'rr,  r.x,  141,  14s. 


a. 


ai'.'i,  ,f  ,s-,, 


Einnsi 


isciil.-itioM,  rItVcton  antlri-.s  IM,  t/ .s-e,y. 
F^oof  Aiapuk'o  Doir,  Kii. 


Gait  of  Acapiilco  Deer,  i>7l, 
Alilclopi',  ,-,7.  (;2. 
J51ack-tailc(l  Deer,  :ili.  272. 
Ci'vlon  I )(■(>!•,  -'71. 
f'ominon  Dfcr,  l.").),  270. 
Jloo.^ic,  27.';. 


I 


i| 


ii: 


■'  h 


t 


ill  ! 


424 


Gait  of   Mule  I) 


f\i>/:x. 


I'lT,  '.l.'l.  -JTi' 

Wn|iiii  Dm-,  27  i.  ■_'7."). 
■WiMidlaiul  CiirilMMi,  J7;!. 
(icniliils  (iC  AmIi'Io|,c,  .17. 
MdDSC,   •ji\'.). 
Sc.'iiiiliimvinn   Klk,  -JC,'.). 
AVii|iiti  DciT,  :ii',i). 
A\'c)oi|l:iiiil  Carilioii,  \>W, 
f)!'  llic  oihcr  ilccr,  L'H'.i   270. 


Oliinils,  L'i7.  '/ 


'/• 


(iliind.s  (if  Aiajjiilco  Dt'LT,  ll;i,  2<\-2,  2('p.1. 
Aiilclii|if,  .'id,  .'i7. 
Huri'i'Ti-firiiiMiil   CariliDii,  1I.')J,  41l', 

ft  S(  I/, 

Bliick-lailnl  l)iTi-,',l7,  2,js,  L).-)i»,  i)r,l, 

•MU. 
Cevloii  Di'cr,  L'llj. 
roiiiinoti  DciT,  '.'.■)!>,  (/  .sri/.,  aCi."!. 


Ilaii'.-i  of   Wdoillaiid  f* 


iiriliiiii,  'ID,  )2S,  in 


.•iiiiiiiiiri-  lOMt  of  ilcir.  1  Jl,  1  t.'l,  144. 


wiiiti'r    coat   of     (kur, 


I  ID 


14!l,  it 


'/■ 


11  ivi'isiaii  systriiis  in  aiitUi-,  I7u',  174. 

II  lyilrii's  Kik,  217. 

Ik'iid  of  AtMimlio  Dicr,  \i',\. 


Anil 
IS 


ipc,  21. 


ai'ic'ii-^iroiiinl  (  aniioii.  1  tii). 
niiicktailiMl  Drcr,  hW. 
CorniiKJii  Dcir.  lOl. 
.Mo()>c,   Kill. 

.Mule   DciT,  101. 

\Va|iiii  Dicr,  I  I'll. 
Wooillaiiij  ( 'ai'iliou,  It'll). 


liiiniiir,  .ii 


ir 

Horns,  i; 


71),  n;;). 


Ai)ti' 


Jl 


iio-i',  2.'"i(},   2.")2.  2.1 


I'lonc,  li.i. 


Mill.'  I) 


Hollow  lioiiis,  1 ; 


I'cr, 


't 


'/• 


ScMniliiiaN  iaii  Islk,  I'.'il . 
I-a|ilaiiil  Ki'iiiili'cr.  i'.").'!, 
Wa|.iii  I), 


(Icciiliiiiiis,  of  Aiitcl(i| 
trrowtli  of,  2s,  ,  t  si'i. 
MU.       .See  C/iiiSi  ,  .'i4.). 


cr,  2.')4,  2.')."),  '>')*'>. 


llvl 


A\'ooillaiiiI   Carili( 


iriii#,  .'11 .  pt  SI' 


111,  J.").!,  2.')4,  2:>C>,      livliii.ls  mil  alwavs  iinfcTlili",  .•!12. 


firoiqiiii^is,  17,  tt  sn/,  tiiV.). 


H. 

Habitat  of  .Acaimlco  Deer,   11."). 


Ante 


2.'i. 


]5an'L'n-;ri'oiiii(l  Carilioii,  101. 
Rliicktailcd  Deer.  !IS. 
Coininoii  Di'or,  liil. 


JI.; 


■1. 


:MiiIc  Di'it,  (14. 
AVa|iili  Deer,  78. 
AVooiil.'iiiil  ('arilioii,  S7. 
Haliits  of  Aca]ailro  Doit.  115, 
AMt('lo|p|',   I.'!,  '  I  so/. 


!i)7,  .'lOS. 


Bunvn-f;roiinil  Carilioii,  lOS,  ct  seq. 
Elack-taiU'il  Deer,  2'.l'.),  et  seq. 


(.'oiiimoii  Deer,  .')02,  tt  .s-i 


]\r 


seq. 


OO.'Sl',    ,,), 


27(1,  ''/ 


]\Inlc  DiH'r,  200,  ct  si 


'/• 


^caniiinaviai) 


Klk, 


AVapiti  Dcvr,  s:!,  2s|,  ct  srq. 
AVooillaiid  C;arilioii,   108,  2S0,  281. 
Hairs  of  .\utL'li)|ii',  'iS. 

Hanvn-.ui-oiind  t!aiilioii,  142. 
Blaek-taik'tl  Dwr,  148. 
Coninioii  Deer,  14!>. 
MnoH",  124,  12-!,  12'.». 
Mule  Deer,  2;!r). 
AVajiiti  Doer,  12C),  12S. 


Ilvliiidiiy  of  ilic  (V'rvicliu,  .'ill),  ii!  siq. 


TiitclliL;'i'nc('  of  Aiiirlopo,  .")2. 

Ititonlijrital  jjlainN,  2(i.'i,  it  skj.,  41.'!,  et  S(q. 

Iri.>,li  Klk,  I'.i."). 


KacliiTmal  sinus,  nil,  1G2. 
I,c'.:s,  color  of ,  40,  1.!."),  130. 
r,u  \\'a|iiti,  77. 
Lou;,'-tailud  deer,  lli2. 

-Ar. 

.Araniu)a\  all  deer  have  four  activo,  2'.),5. 
sialic  of  .AIoosc,  12',). 

AVajiiii  Deer,  129. 
Metatarsal  -laiiiN,  l.'i.'i,  250,  it  so/.,  41 G. 
Migrations,    of    liarri'ii-^round    Carilioii, 
'.)1,  108,  1  ()'.). 

AA'oodlaud  Caribou,  01,  108. 
Monoi;aniic  habit  of  Moose,  75. 


of 


De 


»oe  1  'eer,  i  .>. 


Aloiitana,  Moose  in,  72. 

.Aloose,  (10,  et  seq.,  117,  118,  12(1-128,  l."?0- 
13.1,  137,  it  seq.,  151,  152,  157,  1(13,  103, 
et  seq.,  236,  250,  et  sn/.,  2(10,  273,  27(1,  it 
seq.,  310,  323,  et  seq.,  347,  it  si q.,  .353, 
400,411. 

Moose  Deer,  00. 


I,;': 


f.\/>/:\. 


Mudlc  covci-cd,  SCi,  l.'ll ,  l.'(7, 

iMilli'  Deer,  U2,  !i:). 

M\ivu;  Dr..  (.n  jr|,ii„U  ,,f  Atiicldiie,  .'(7. 

Mm/.h,  \r,{),  i;ii. 

O. 

"ilor  III'  .\ntrlii[ir.  .'K;,  .'i:,  CI,  c;,, 

of  tMi-.-ul  Miami  (if  CiiiilK.ii,  i\:,, 
of  intcnli-iial  -lands  „f  ,|,.ei-,  yo;)^ 

' '  ■•>■'  '/• 
"i-iiaiiiciital  ccial,  l.'il,  ,/  stq. 

<  M'i-iial,  C.'.i. 

<  iv-ilicaliiiii  of  aiillT--,  I  7.(. 

1'. 

I'lilin  0)1  aiitlci-.s,  i;i;!, 

ol  Ara|puli(i  1  )n'i',  -J-Js,  'J^'.). 

15arrfii-;;roiin(l   CaiilMJii,  2(>^,  -JHU. 

-Moose,  i;i4,  rl  s,,/. 

^^  "oillaiiii  ( 'aiilioii,  I'm). 
J'c'licel  fill-  aiilli'is,  I  :i),  177,  jy.'j, 

I'l   Acajpiilro  I  )('(.i-,  vjvjj^. 

\\'ii|iiti  Dicr,  I'l  1.    • 
IVlanc,   l;!^,  1  JO,  ,/  ,,,^ 

IVriostfiiiii  of  aiillrrs,  I7ii,  170. 

I'lar,;    i„    Xaiural    llisiorv   of   Anlrlopc' 

<;■■!,  .■100. 

riay  or  aiMiiscnicnt  of  ilrcr,  Mi).  ■J!i7,  .'!()|. 
l'ol.v;:aiiiou-.  Iiahit  of  \Va|iiii  I  )eiT,  .v;!. 
I'roti;;   Kiiik,   111,  'J-J. 
l'l■oll^'  lloiii  Aiitidoiic,  :.':.'. 


'H   miiiatiiral   ^oiiictiiiioji, 


Sexual   iiicliiiaiii 

■•il.-i. 
Si::lil  of  Aiit(li.|.r.  :,{\. 

J{iirrell-;.'liiUiiil  < 'aiilioii,  .'ms,  ,rs<i;. 

(  '0111111011  l)i  er,  .i^l. 

Moose,  ".■|'.i. 

\\'ooiilaiii|  ('aiilinii,  .'li;.'), 
Si/.e  of  Aea|mleo  Deer,  Il'I, 

Alltelo)  e,  :.>-). 

Jiiiireii-;ji(jiiiMl  ( 'aril. oil,  loj,  \-j\. 
Ulaek-laili.l  Dn-r,  i  |;i, 
I  ('oiiiliinii  I)ei  I-,  1(12.  I  jii,  |-Jl. 

LM|ilaiHl  Ivi'iiiili  ir,  I  I'l,  .'j;)^ 

Moosi',    rn.    7  1,    117,  ;.j;;,    ;.^,|_ 

i  Mule  Dr. T,  I  1:1. 

Iv(  li    1  »e.|-  111'  .Sia;;',  .'l.-.^,  1/  s,,/. 
(  Srti  ,li>||   I'iik,  ;!;-;;,  ;;2|. 

Wa]iiii  Dfrr,  M,  lis,  .■);j2, 
W'ooillaii.l  ( 'aiilioii,  Mi,  1|>,  ;;os. 
Skili>,  412. 

of  Alllelii|ie,   tl. 
liiaek-taileil    Deer,  -i]:]. 
Com 1    I  (err,    I  12. 

MiMiM',  ilo. 
Mill     Dicr,  tlL'. 
Wap-ii   Deer,   111.    112. 
^^'ol^ll,l^||  (  'arli.iiii,  liii. 
Smell,  .M'liM    (.1   in   D,.ir,  .jiill  in   IJarivn- 


Kiiii,i;il'er  <  iroeiiliimiieiis,  10.-,. 

Haniiifei-  liastalis,  Sil. 

Itaimifir  laramlus,  m;. 

Heil  eoat  of  Deer,  1  20. 

]!ud  Deer,  78,  14ti. 

Red  Deer  of    Ceylon,  llCi. 

Keindeer  or  liaindeer,  8lj. 

Koyal  tine,  I'.I.'J. 

liumiiiantia,  17. 

Kiittiui;  season,  time  and  eliaraefer  of — 

of  AliteIo|ie,  44-4ti. 

]{arren-y round  Caribou,  101). 

Cominoii  ])eer,  .'5i)7. 

jNhile  Deer,  21»7. 

Moo-sc,  75,  278,  280,  ;5:)0,  3('>1. 

Wapiti,  83,  284,  2S;i,  rf  s,^. 

S. 


.i^roiiml  ( 'aiil.iiu,  I  I  2. 
Siia^s  on  antlers,  \\i:;,  228. 

on   lii'ow  and   lav.  lim'S  of   anilers 
of    lied    Deer   and    Wapili    Deer, 
I  214.  21.".. 

Solid  II0111-,  IS. 
',  Speeies  of  Aeapiileo  Deer.  1  l.'i. 

of  .\ineiiean    Deer  eiiiimeraieil,  iWl. 
of  liarieii  Hi-iiuMil  Caril.oii  diMinet, 

lIM'i.  't  sii;. 

CerMi-  leaeurii-  ■",,1  Crrvus  .M,\i- 
I'uniis    are    Cervus   \'ir;:iniaiuis, 
1(»2,  121. 
Spceilie    drs.'riplioii    of    Aeajiiileo    ])eer, 
ll't. 

Antelo'i  ■,  -'2. 

Jiariv        ■::' ml  Carilimi,  10,-,, 

]51aek-taiied  Dnr,  'I7. 

(,'0111111011  Deir,  loo. 

Moo>e,  To. 

Mule  Deer,  '.i.'i. 

Wapiii  Dr.'r,  78. 

'Woodland  C.irilioii,  ^C. 


Spike  antlers,  I'.l.i,  2.'iii,  r/ ,s, y. 
iipv„.,l    ,      .  •  ,...  ^^''^^"^   Hiieks,  no  siieli  varietv,  2'iO,  ri  sen. 

Sexual  ave.s.on  among  dilferent  species,  :  Sportsmen  heenniino  naturalists,  .'U.!. 

Spots  oil  fawns,  i.-)i,  ,7  sen.,  157,  158. 


Scandinavian  Klk,  llilt 
exual  aver 
310,  ct  seij 


42ti 


i\iii:\. 


S|Mil:4  (III   Mllllll-i,    I  "ill,  I  I  SI  ij. 

ill    phlrc  (if  illlllrlS.    1  .'i'^. 

Slii|ii'l,  li.iiirii -nniinl  (  ■.iriliiiii,  \\^^,'M'u. 

SlIlllIIH'l'  ('Dill   III     lllr   liri'l',    I  'I\. 

SwiMli-li  lak,  I'.i'.i. 

T. 

TmII  (if  AciiimlcoDicr,  ll.'i,  L''M,  •-'!  I, -'tl'. 

Ant  ■l(i]ii',  ■')■>. 

15iinvii-'jniiiiii|  '"ariliiiii,  -j;; I. 
]51iick-taili(l  DiTi-,  !i:.  j.M,  i>;i.-.. 
CiMimioii   Krcr,  1(11 ,  -SW.  JKI,  :i41. 


!M 


()(),«c,  li.'U,  li.'j.l 


ISIiilc  Diicr,  ',).■!,  -.'.'ll,  :i.'!5,  L'.'iCi, 
Hcd  Wvw,  .•i.'tii. 


Wiiiiiii  Drcr,  'J'll. 


•S■\'^.  -'.'111, 


Wdocllaml  ('aiilioii,  t^Ci,  :i;u,  :i;i,"i. 
Tursal  ;,'laiicls,  •JJl,  ./  sn/. 
'I'ai'iiiuliis  Arcliciis,  Id.'), 
'raraiidiis  ( 'arilicii,  8ti. 
'raranilns  vaiii;il('i',  SC. 
'I'ciillilaliiiai'aiiii',  '.I'l. 
'I'lir  Cariliiiii,  Ml. 


T 


lasi',  ■■;i." 


\'i'lv(.'t  is  iKit  ill  .■<triiyi'il  hy  i'(iiiiiiii'>sioii  dI' 

ai'ti'iii  s  at  llir  liiirr,  I  7i'. 
\'ciii-(  n  (if  .\iiii  lii|"'.  1 1 . 

Iiarii  ii-uiiiiitiil  (  'arilioii,  Iii7. 
\'(.'iii-iiii  (if   lihu-ii-lailcil  i)(cr,  '.IS,  ID'.). 

('iiiiiiiii)ii  D-cr,  ■»ii'.i,41(l. 

M(Mi»r,    (IMi. 

.Miilr  l».i  r,  |ii!i. 

^VM|'ili  I  111  r,  lii-^. 
X'ciiisdi)  (if  Wiiiiiilniiil  ( 
N'ii'uiiiia  DciT.  Kill. 
\  itality  (if  Aiililiii  I',  .'iT,  .'>' 

ColiniKlll    I  >(  rl',  .1-1 . 


'II,   lOl'i, 


\v 


itiiti  I  )rcr, 


'I'lic  Uciiidcrr  or  ( 'arilmii,  -il. 
Till'  Wa)iiii,  7."^. 
■i'iiic<  (if  antlers.  I'.i.'!,  -M:i. 
'rrl|ilrt  aiiilcrs,  l'1  .'i,  Jl  i'>. 
'I'iiIii'itIcs  (in  am  Ids,  I'l.'!,  "J'-''!,  'I'l'.K 
Tufts  of  lijiirs  iiM'i'  alaiiils,  l'17,  it  sn/., 
L'.'jS,  -M'lit,  'Jl'il. 

on  tail  of  .Mule  Dcur,  ',i.'),  -'.■)."). 

U. 

L'liiiatiiral  as<(ii-ialiiiu  lirlwi.'i'il   tlu;  .soxos 
(if  iliffcrciit  Liciirra.  -il  .'i. 

y. 

W'lvL't  (in  antliMS,  171. 

h(i\v  it   i.>  Iiini  (iff,  1  7-',  1  '.  I,  177. 


N'dicc  (if   till'  .Mm.-',  .■l.M,.'!')-.',  .'ICil. 
ihr    \\'.l|iitl    I  li'ii',  ><t,  -'Si^. 

the  WiiiMllaiiil  ( ■.iiiliiiii,  .'ii'i.'l. 


\V 


Wapiti.  7s. 

Wapiti  I)(ir,  7.S. 

Wans  (111  aiitlrrs,  19.'!. 

Wi'cpiii'^,  (if  Aiitcliipc,  4ii. 

We'Ua-ki>~,  7s, 

Willi   Lapland   i!ii  iidnr,  antler- of,   'Jo:!, 

L'lll. 

Winter  coat  of  deer,  l-f- 
White  piitcli  on   rump  (  liijie,  lo. 

Wapiti  Deer.  II.,. 

WJlitelailed    Deer,    |IIL>. 

Woodland  <  'aiilmii,  sti. 

autler>  of,  I'.l'.t,  it  scq. 


ViiUU'''  Anteliipe,  -.'(I,  4'.l. 


deer,  l.'il  ,  it 


'/• 


15arri  ii-^riiuiid   Carilioii,   wliun 
drnpiied,   1  (2,  N.'!. 


iiirc-iMiiii  lit 


tii7. 
'.•s,  lutt. 


!U,  40f,, 


UV.i. 


r-  (jf,    -Jit:), 


,   \vlicii 


